SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY 2.

Social Science – study of people, culture, societies

(Economics, Politics, Geography, History…)
 How social, political and cultural values affect
scientific research and technological innovation and Technology
these in turn affect society, politics and culture.
- Techne – art or craft; Logia – study, interest, subject
 Endless cycle of co-dependence, co-influence, co-
- Application of what we know
production of technology and society upon the other.
Society
MAN’s ACHIEVEMENTS in S and T
 Is a group of individuals involved in persistent social
2 Elements
inter action, or a large social group sharing same
1. Discovery – the recognition and careful observation of new social territory.
natural objects and phenomena.
3C’s of science
2. Invention – is a mental process wherein man’s various
1. Critical Thinking
discoveries and observation, combined and guided by
2. Creativity
experience, lead man to make some other new ways
3. Curiosity
( operations ) and means (tools) of obtaining things useful or
profitable. STS – inter-disciplinary course.
What is Science? Inter – own behavior or opinion
 Knowledge acquired by careful observation Disciplinary - one person judge, criticize, evaluate other
 The systematic study of the structure and behavior of person
the physical and natural world
Historical Perspective
Scientific Method
 Stone Age
 Is a series of processes that people can use top  Copper and Bronze Age
gather knowledge about the world around them,  Iron Age
improve that knowledge, and, through gaining  Ancient Civilization
knowledge, attempt to explain why and/or how  Medieval and Modern Technology
things occur.  Renaissance
1. Identify the problem  Industrial Revolution
2. Gather/ Study Information  Nineteenth Century
3. Formulate the Hypothesis  Twentieth Century
4. Testing the Hypothesis
 Twenty First Century
5. Make a Conclusion
6. Verify the conclusion Intellectual Revolutions that defined Society

Branches of Science: - Scientists are ordinary people doing extraordinary

things for humankind.
1. Natural Science – seeks to understand the natural world
and different processes. Charles Darwin – theory of evolution and natural selection

a) Physical Science (Chemistry, Astronomy, Physics, Sigmund Freud – Psychoanalysis

Earth…)
Nicolas Copernicus – planetary motion, renaissance in science
b) Biological Science (Zoology, Botany, Anatomy…)

THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - They interpreted the movements of heavenly bodies
AGENTS to predict seasons and climates, and in organizing
days into months and years.
Pre- Spanish Philippines:
- Scientific knowledge; planted their crops, in taking
- Had their own belief system and indigenous care of animals, and for food production.
knowledge system. - Preparing the soil for agricultural purposes
- Discovered the medicinal uses of plants.
 - They developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking,  Human resources
and finishing; for fighting their enemies during war  Economics
or tribal conflicts.  Politics
- Developed technologies in creating musical
instruments. External Influence

Some Prehistoric beliefs and practices:  Foreign Influence

 International Economic Demand
- Tangad  Trades
- Piloncitos – gold, currency
- Babaylan or bayugin
- Karakoa – warship
- Baybayin
GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Spanish Era:
- Goal: to prepare the country to meet the demands of
- Brought their own culture and practices.
a technologically driven world and capacitate the
- Established schools for boys and girls introduced the
Filipinos to live in a world driven by science.
concept of subjects and disciplines.
- 3 Piece
- It was the beginning of formal science and
 Policy – social needs, issues and problems,
technology in the country, known now as school of
natural growth, international reality, legal
science and technology.
framework
- Medicine and advanced science were introduced in
 Projects
formal colleges and universities established by the
 Programs
Catholic orders. (University of Sto, Tomas)
- The galleon trade had brought additional technology Cluster 1: Social Sciences, Humanities, education and
and development in the Philippines. International Policies and Governance.
- Filipino students who were able to study in Europe
also contributed to the advancement of medicine,  Local food security
engineering, arts, music and literature in the country.  Integrating ASEAN awareness in basic education
without adding to the curriculum
American Era:  Developing school infrastructure and providing for
- Established the public education system, and ICT broadband.
improved the engineering works and the health  Emphasizing teaching in the mother language.
conditions of the people. Cluster 2: Physics, Engineering, Individual Research, Earth
- They reorganized the learning of science and and Space Sciences and Mathematics.
introduced it in public and private school. (focus on
nature studies and sanitation)  Stressing degrees, licenses, and employment
- They established a modern research university, the opportunities.
University of the Philippines.  Evaluation of Repulic Act 9184
- They created more public hospitals  Employing science and technology as an
- The mineral resources of the country were also independent mover of development
explored and exploited  Outright grants for peer monitoring.
- Transportation and communication systems were
improved Cluster 3: Medical, chemical and Pharmacuetical Sciences
- The protestant church missions in different places in  Allowing food and drug agencies to conduct
the country also brought hospitals and schools to far- evidence- based research as pool of information.
flung areas.  Guaranteeing compliance of drug manufacturing
- However, World War II had destabilized the firms with ASEAN harmonized standards full
development of the country. implementation of the FDA.
Development of S & T  Enacting a law supporting human genome projects
 Establishing an education council dedicated to
Internal Influences standardization of pharmaceutical services and
cares.
 Survival
 Cultural Cluster 4: Biological Sciences, Agriculture and Forestry
  Keeping and protecting biodiversity by full  Creation of common food and safety standards
implementation of existing laws.  Practice of biosafety and standard model by ASEAN
 Fostering indigenous knowledge systems and countries.
supporting indigenous people

PROGRAMS AND PERSONALITIES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Government Programs to Support the Development of Science and Technology

 Offering funds basic research and patents related to science and technology.
 Scholarship for undergraduate and graduate studies of students in the field of science and technology
 Expanding more branches of the Philippine Science High School System

10 Filipino Scientists 4. Fabian Millar Dayrit- for his research on herbal

medicine.
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba – for his outstanding research
on tissue culture in Philippine mangoes. 5. Jose Bejar Cruz, Jr – internationally known in the field
of Electrical Engineering.
2. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz- famous scientist on sea snail
venom. 6. Mari-jo Panganiban Ruiz – outstanding educator and
graph theorist.
3. Josefino Casa Comiso- for his works on observing the
characteristic of Antarctica by using satellite images.
 7. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III- for his research on tilapia Other Filipino Scientists
culture
Caesar A. Saloma – an intentionally renowned physicist.
8. Lilian Formalejo Patena – for doing research on plant
Edgardo Gomez – famous scientist in marine science.
biotechnology
William Padolina – chemistry and president of National
9. Gregory Ligot Tangonan – research on the field of
Academy of Science and technology (NAST) – Philippines
communication technology.
Angel Alcala – marine science
10. Enrique Mapua Ostera, Jr. – research on drugs
Emil Q. Javier – famous for his works in developing rural
agriculture.

SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Teaching Science

 involves creating ways on how to successfully

teach science by exploring pedagogical theories
and models concepts and processes effectively.

Learning Science

 Includes helping students appreciate learning

science and get involved in science activities.
 Entails using science process skills and
developing high level of science literacy.

What is Indigenous Science?

- Includes complex arrays of knowledge, expertise, practices and representations that guide human societies in their
enumerable interactions with the natural milieu; agriculture, medicine, naming and explaining natural phenomena, and
strategies for coping with changing environments (Pawilen 2005)

Indigenous beliefs also develop desirable values that are relevant or consistent
to
scientific attitudes, attitudes in science, and attitudes to
science identified by Johnston (2000), namely:

- Motivating attitudes
- Cooperating attitudes
- Practical attitudes
- Reflective attitude
HUMAN FLOURISHING

- People experiencing positive emotions, psychological, functioning, social

- Living within an optional range of human flourishing

3 Points of Happiness

1. Psychology – emotional and mental state of well-being

2. Behaviorist – captive of emotion when we do something good or positive, mixed emotions
3. Neurons – flood hormones that releases in the brain that makes us feel good

Happiness

1. Pleasant Life – enjoy every daily pleasures

2. Meaningful Life – contribution to greater good
3. Good Life – skills for enrichment

Eudaimonia

- Good and Spirit

- Defines as the pursuit of becoming a better
person.
- Presence of happiness, absence of pain

TWO TYPES OF HAPPINESS

1. Hedonic Well-Being (Emotions) 2. Eudaimonic Well-Being (Self-satisfaction)

 Pleasure  Achievement
 Feeling good  Functioning well
 Positive emotions  Meaning- serving a purpose beyond the self
 Maximizing enjoyment  Engagement- flow, playing to strengths, realizing
 Subjective well-being potential
 Peak moments of happiness  Effort into meaning = fulfillment
 Short term  Deeper happiness
 Sustainable

Ernst Friedrick Schumacher Human Flourishing

- German-British statistician and economist, best  Aristotlianism

known for his proposals for human-scale,  Technological Pessimism
decentralized and appropriate technologies  Technological Optimism
- For him the source of wealth is human labor  Existentialialism
- Buddha’s Noble Eightfold Path - “Right livelihood’. It
is clear, therefore that there must be such a thing as Aristotle
Buddhist economics. Spiritual health and material - Followed that knowledge of the world begins by
well-being are not enemies: they are natural allies” looking and examining that which exists.
Buddha’s Noble Eightfold Path Selected Views of Technology
1. Right view – know the truth Technological Pessimism - holds that technology is
2. Right mindfulness – control the thoughts dynamic and beneficial but is also questionable in many
3. Right concentration – practice meditation ways.
4. Right effort – resist evil
5. Right action – do good to others Technological Optimmism – through technology problem
6. Right livelihood – respect life may arise but technology will still be the solution.
7. Right speech – say nothing to hurt others
8. Right intention – freedom of mind
 Existentialism - the state of being which is led by the norm
of authenticity. Highest good of human endeavor and
toward which all actions aim.  Meaning and purpose
 Positive relationships
Human flourishing arises as of different components:
Principles of Human Flourishing
 Phronesis
 Friendship  Dignity of human person
 Wealth  Common good
 Power  Preferential option for the poor
 Subsidiarity
Tech can help users flourish:  Universal purpose of goods
 Stewardship of creation
 Positive emotions
 Participation
 High achievement
 Global solidarity
 Life satisfaction
 Engagement & flow

Different Conception of Human Flourishing

Eastern Western Science, Technology and Human

Flourishing
 Focus on community – centric  Focused on the individual  Every discovery, innovation
 Individual should sacrifice himself  Human flourishing as an end and success contribute to
for the sake of society  Aristotelian view our pool of human
 Encourage studies  Eudomonia as ultimate good knowledge
 Good os inherently related
to the truth.

Education is concerned with exposing children to good, to - From tekton, we infer “techne” which refers to the
truth, to beauty, to honesty, to love, to compassion, to skills of every kind involving the process of
integrity. These are qualities which must inspire education: production
- Can refer to “craftsmanship” and “skills” of any kind
- It is only possible to know about these qualities of
or ability to create a machine
life when we have experience of them.
- Experiencing music, the arts, the beauty of science,
and the joy of learning are enriching parts of life.

TECHNE AND EPISTEME

Techne

- Came from an Indo and European stem that was

approximately pronounced as tekp, and refers to
“carpentry”
- In Greek, the stem appears in the word tekton,
which refers to the “master builder” and the
“carpenter”
- Is carried in the word architect and in the concept
“tectonic”
GOOD LIFE

 A life filled in material pleasure and luxuries.

 A life marked by a high standard.
 A life according to moral values and religious law of
one’s culture.

Elements of Good Life

1. experiencing pleasure

2. Seeking self-development

3. Avoiding negative experience

4. Making contribution to others

The good life as a concept has been redeveloped into related

idea of human flourishing.

THE GOOD LIFE

- The pursuit of techne makes sense only to the extent

that it pushes forward the attainment of what the
Greeks call eudaimonia.
- If it does not push forward the said goal, then techne
loses its value. kind of feeling that one has maxed
out his potential in the world, that he has attained
the crux of his humanity.
- “Now that is thought to be a mark of a man of
practical wisdom to be able to deliberate well about
what is good and expedient for himself, not in some
particular respect, e.g. About what sorts of thing
conduce to health or to strength, but about what
 sorts of thing conduce to the good life in general. - The products of techne employs instrumental
This is shown by the fact that we credit men with deliberation about what sorts of thing are conductive
practical wisdom in some particular respect when to a production end
they have calculated well with a view to some good - The aim of the practically wise man (phronimos)
end which is one of those that are not the object of points to the leads to eudamonia as a whole
any of the art.” (techne). conducting to the life in general.
- Characteristics of Phronetic Deliberation:
Aristotle
- (1.) its tele (virtuous action) – the constituent means
- Human Flourishing is a kind of contentment in to the end of eudamonia
knowing that one is getting the best out of life. A - (2) the main of its agent, who aims at eudamonia
Teche and Phronimos - Example: the physician aims at “health” while the
- The practice of Techne – clarifies the good life (good phrominos aims at “living well”
life in general)
- Phronetic deliberation focuses on “some good end”

Happiness as the Goal of Life  In terms of human flourishing, matter is what makes
us attain happiness. Material wealth is the primary
- John Stuart Mill – declared the greatest happiness
source of the meaning of their existence.
principle by saying that an action is right as far as it
maximizes the attainment of happiness for the 2. Hedonism – led by Epicurus
greatest number of people.
- He said that individual happiness of each individual  They see the end goal of life in acquiring pleasure
should be prioritized and collectively dictates the  For them life is about obtaining and indulging
kind of action that should be endorsed. pleasure because life is limited
- When an action is affirmative then the action is  Their mantra is:
deemed ethical (meant to lead us to the good and  “Eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow we die”
happy life.)  They don’t believe in the notion of afterlife

Schools of Thought (perspective of a group of people) 3. Stoicism (also lead by Epicurus)

1. Materialism (led by Democritus and Leucippus)  For them, to generate happiness, one must learn to
distance oneself and be apathetic (from the world
 Their primary belief is that the world is made up of apatheia which means, indifferent, or feeling of no
and is controlled by the tiny invisible units in the interest, enthusiasm or concern)
world called atomos or seeds. That the world and  This shows that some things are not within our
human beings are made up of matter. control and the sooner we realize this, the happier
we can become.
  Care about only those things you are in control of.  Man is literally the captain of his own ship
Leave the rest behind.  They believe that they are not just the stewards of
the creation but as individuals who are in control of
4. Theism
themselves and the world outside them.
 They find the meaning of their lives using God as the  Started and turned to technology in order to ease
fulcrum of their existence. the difficulty of life which were all undertaken in the
 People base their life goals on beliefs that hinged on hopes of attaining the good life.
some form of supernatural reality called heaven
To Conclude:
 The ultimate basis of happiness is the communion
with God  Man is constantly in the pursuit of the good life
 Science and Technology has been for the most part,
5. Humanism
at the forefront of man’s attempt at finding this
 The freedom of a man to crave his own destiny and happiness
to legislate his own laws, free from the shackles of a
God that monitors and controls.