Science - A complex system of knowledge, skills,

- System of knowledge of the natural world people, methods, tools, organization,

gained through the scientific method. facilities, materials, physical resources
- Primarily interested in the acquisition of devoted and directed to the research,
knowledge. development, production as well operation
- Preoccupied with the “know-why” resulting of a new or improved product, process or
in new knowledge usually disseminated services in a reproducible way.
through - Is concerned with the know-how resulting
science papers. in a new product or process distributed for
- Science is a kind of human cultural activity commercial consumption or appropriated
which is practiced by people known as through patents.
scientist and ➢ Deals with how humans modify,
formerly called natural philosophers and change, alter or control the natural
savants. world.
- Science is complex system of people, ➢ Concerned with what can be or
skills, facilities, knowledge, material or should be designed, made or
physical resources developed from natural world and
and technologies devoted and directed to substances to satisfy human needs
the inquiry into and understanding of the and wants.
natural ➢ Focuses on Development and
world. Innovation
- Science as a modern science is the ➢ Inventing new or better tools and
dynamic cumulative inquiry into nature materials.
using the scientific Society – an organized group of people
method. associated as members of a community.
➢ Deals with the natural world. Development -which involves transforming
➢ Concerned with WHAT IS (exist) in research findings into prototype inventions
the natural world. of new materials, devices and processes.
➢ Focuses on Research Innovation- which involves the
➢ Discovering natural phenomena commercialization of prototype inventions of
(knowledge) Research and Development into
Technology marketable products or processes.
- Comes from Greek words tekhne meaning Research- a process of acquiring new
“art or craft” and logia meaning a ‘subject or knowledge.
interest”. ● The power and promise of
- Practical application of knowledge technology can be further enhanced
- Science of industrial arts and manufacture through the study of technology to
- Material products or result of human assure that all people are
fabrication and making. technologically literate in the future.
- A kind of human cultural activity or Society- people in general thought of as
endeavor which is practiced by people living together in organized communities
called technologist with shared laws, traditions and values.
which include engineers, craftsmen and
machinists.
Types of Research Science Processes
1. Fundamental/Basic Research- gaining 1. Identification of an aspect, problem,
new knowledge question or phenomenon of nature of
2. Applied-practical application interest to the scientists or practitioner.
3. Mission-Oriented-accomplishing a 2. Formulation of some sort of intellectual
particular mission or technological objective construct- a guess or hypothesis or theory
Types of Technology explain the aspect, problem, question or
1.Material technology-extraction, phenomenon.
fabrication, processing, combination and 3. Application of the construct to the aspect,
synthesis of materials problem, question or phenomenon.
2.Equipment technology-design and 4. Assessment, evaluation or analysis of the
fabrication of tools, instruments, devices adequacy of fit, compatibility or
and machines. appropriateness of the construct to the
3.Energy technology- deals with the aspect, problem, question or phenomenon.
distribution of various forms of energy such 5. Acceptance, adoption modification or
as solar panels, wind turbines and rejection of the construct base on the
hydrothermal. application and assessment, evaluation or
4.Information technology- based on analysis.
machines that collect, store, process, Technology Processes
retrieve, transmit and utilize data or 1. Identification of a specific need, desire or
information. opportunity to be satisfied of interest to the
5.Life technology- these are devices, practitioner or technologist
medicines, procedures and systems 2. Conceptualization of design or plan to
designed to preserve, repair, maintain, satisfy the need or opportunity
reproduce and improve living systems. 3. Production or execution of plan or design
6.Management technology-Planning, 4. The use of phase.
organization, coordination and control of Classification of technology based on a
social activities country’s level of technological
Branches of Science sophistication.
1. Geology 1. First Wave Technology- Agricultural Age-
2. Chemistry comprising the pre-industrial technologies
3. Physics which are labor-intensive, small-scale,
4. Biology decentralized and based on empirical rather
5. Astronomy than scientific knowledge.
Scientific Processes 2. Second Wave technology- comprising the
1. Observing industrial technologies which were
2. Describing developed since the time of industrial
3. Comparing revolution until the end of World War II.
4. Classifying These are usually capital- intensive
5. Measuring technologies and are essentially based on
6. Making inference the classical principles of classical physics,
chemistry and biology.
3. Third-Wave technology- comprising the the City of Uruk- a great wonder not only
post-industrial or the high technologies because it is considered to be the first true
which are called science-intensive since city in the world
they are based on the modern scientific Divided the circle into 360 degrees.
knowledge of the structures, properties and Developed advances mathematical
interaction of molecules, atoms and nuclei. functions to permit accurately plot and
Evolution of Societies forecast.
1. Hunter and Gatherer Societies- the most Zodiacal map of Sumer was used for
primitive of all societies. practical mathematical and observational
2. Shifting and Farming- e.g. slash and burn purposes.
farming Code of Ur-NAmmu- the oldest surviving
3. Agricultural and Mining Societies- both law in the world. It is the earliest existing
depend on the natural resources of the legal text
world to sustain the needs of people but Fabrication of copper
both entail the risk of environmental 2. Babylonian Civilization
damage. Babylonia- ancient region bordering the
4. Manufacturing and Processing Societies- Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Southern Iraq)
the use of coal marked the start of Nebuchadnezzar ordered the construction
industrialization. of the famous “Hanging Gardens of
5. Synthesizing and Recycling Societies- Babylon” and the Isthar Gate.
production of synthetic food and other They adopted the Sumerian sexagesimal
resources and recycling of nonrenewable system of counting in units, Ziggurat and
resources. cuneiform.
Ancient Times Their measurements made use of fractions,
1. Sumerian Civilization squares and square roots.
Significant Contributions book-keeping, a simple but adequate
Cuneiform- a set of word pictures depicted system of double-entry accounting.
in symbols made of triangular marks. Zodiac signs, concept of horoscope
Sexagesimal - using the number 60 as Prediction of solar and lunar eclipses.
base, system of counting and a form of Jewelry making originated from the
place notation. Babylonians
Ziggurats- Mountain of god, served as the Code of Hammurabi
sacred place of their chief god The Babylonian Map of the World- first map
Potter’s wheel. Astrology, the science of studying the
Wheeled vehicle made of solid wooden position of celestial bodies.
wheels on axles now regarded as the 3. Egyptian Civilization
greatest mechanical invention of all time. Egypt- located in the Northeastern part
materia medica -made up of assorted of the African continent, a desert country
botanical, zoological and mineralogical thriving on an agricultural economy.
ingredients. The Egyptian writing was in the form of
seed plow pictorial symbols known as hieroglyphics,
sail boat representing individual objects or actions.
intricate system of canals, dikes and They wrote with ink and brushes on paper
reservoir. made of papyrus reeds.
Ancient Egyptians studies the heavens to They used rope trusses to stiffen the beam
record time, calculate distances/directions, of ships
forecast the seasons and predict annual In Hellenistic Egypt, lighthouse technology
flooding of the Nile river. was developed, the most famous example
The earliest Egyptian calendar was being the Lighthouse of Alexandria- a
based on their observations of the port for the ships that traded the goods
regular appearance and disappearance of manufactured in Egypt or imported in
Sirius the brightest star in their horizon Egypt.
which coincide with the annual rise and fall Library of Alexandria
of the Nile river. Obelisks and pillars
Another calendar was based on the phases 4. Greek Civilization
of the moon, consisting of 29 and ½ days. Greece- is an archipelago in the
The first 365-day calendar was possibly Southeastern part of Europe.
devised by IMHOTEP. - Known as the birthplace of western
They calculated the time by means of philosophy.
waterclock- a conical earthen vessel with - Some of the major achievements of
hours equally marked off on the inside and the Greeks include in-depth works on
spout at the bottom. philosophy and
Nobles, men and women wore wigs, mathematics.
they used a variety of preparations for - Their wise men were the first to
the hair such as henna. systematically separate scientific ideas from
They used tweezers and razors to remove superstition and stressed the logical
unwanted body hair. development of general principles or
Both sexes wore jewelries, sandals, theories about natural phenomena.
perfume and cosmetics-eye make-up and - Transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron
Kohl around the eyes to prevent or even Age
cure eye diseases. They designed various mathematical
They built pyramids such as Pyramid of models and mechanical systems to
Sakkara as Zoser’s tomb and memorial and explain the planetary motions and
Pyramid of Khufu or Cheofs and Great mechanical systems to explain the planetary
sphinx- a stone statue with a king;s head positions and movements on
and a lion’s boy to guard the geometrical determinations and logical
pharaoh’s tomb. deductions.
The ancient Egyptians knowledge of Ancient Greeks invented the alarm clock-
human anatomy, physiology and medical used large complicated mechanisms to time
plants enabled them to master the art and the alarm.
science of embalming the dead. They made use of water ( or sometimes
From the Hyksos, they learned military small stones or sand). That dropped into
technology and system- horse driven light drums which sounded the alarm.
war chariots manned by warriors armed with Watermills were also considered as one
bows, bronze swords and lances. of the most important contributions of
The Egyptians invented and used many the Greek civilization to the world. They
simple machines such as ramp and were commonly used in agricultural
lever, to aid construction processes.
processes like milling of grains which was a -postulated the geocentric theory of the
necessary form of food processing. universe.
Greek Philosophers 5. Roman Civilization
Galen made the first steps for the - The Roman Empire was perceived to be
advancement of the science of anatomy. the strongest political and social entity in the
Hippocrates- “Father of Greek Medicine” west.
First to regard medicine as a science apart - Considered to be the cradle of politics and
from religion. governance.
He taught that diseases have natural One of the major contributions of the
causes and that somehow the human Romans is the newspaper- Gazettes-
body is capable of contained announcements of the Roman
healing or repairing itself. Empire to the people, made metal or
According to Empedocles nature was a stone tablets and then publicly displayed.
mixture of four elements: earth, fire, air and The ancient Roman Empire was able to
water. produce the first books or codex.
Thales of Miletus- Father of Philosophy, They introduced the Roman numeral.
taught that nature was composed of or They constructed the Pantheon as one of
convertible into the world’s greatest domed buildings and
water. Colosseum,
Anaxagoras- argued that matter was Rome’s stage for individual gladiatorial
composed of countless tiny particles, contests which held 50,000 spectators.
each made of dominant substances such Chariot races and gladiatorial fights were
as water mixed with other random held at Rome’s principal stadium, the Circus
substances. Maximus, which accommodated some
Aristotle- proved the importance of 300,000 people.
critical observation and systematic means Roman government were able to implement
to identify and classify organisms. major projects such as large churches
Thales,Phythagoras,Euclid- perfected (cathedrals and basilicas), aqueducts,
geometry, as a single logical system. amphitheaters and even residential houses.
Archimedes- performed experiments which Vitruvius first described the odometer as
led him to discover the laws of lever and the being used for measuring distance
pulley. around 27BC, but evidence points towards
– invented the science of hydrostatics- Archimedes of Syracuse as its inventor.
measurement and use of water-power. Anaximander was one of the first pioneer
- made planetarium powered by water to cartographers to create a map of the world.
demonstrate the movements of the sun and Olympics were dedicated to the Olympian
planets Gods.
around the stationary earth. 6. Arabic/Islamic Civilization
- discovered the concept of gravity Arabia- is a rocky peninsula in
Ptolemy- wrote the Almagest, wherein he Southwestern Asia.
presented his ideas and summarized - The most influential Muslim intellectual
those of the earlier Greek astronomers contribution to the modern world was their
about the universe. synthesis of
the scientific and technological knowledge They invented the “earthquake
they learned from and transmitted to the weathercock” to detect earthquake
various cultures they encountered. occurrence
They introduced the Arabic system of The use of toilet paper was also traced in
numbers China back to the sixth century.
The Arabs interest in the pseudoscience Development of calligraphy, water color,
of alchemy encouraged them to mix and painting and block printing were invented.
manipulate chemical elements and The first movable type printer made form
conduct experiments to transform base pottery was developed by Pi Sheng.
metals into gold. Chinese had an outstanding contributions
They were the first to use glass lens for such as the invention of gunpowder, a
magnification naturally magnetic iron ore used to
First to manufacture the black powder magnetize a floating needle (prototype of
They produced the first gun- a bamboo tube the magnetic needle in compass) to indicate
reinforced with iron that used a charge of location, the use of coal as fuel, water
black powder to shoot an arrow. wheel, the wheelbarrow, and the flexible
7. Chinese Civilization bamboo pole that speedily enchanted the
- It is considered to be the oldest civilization transport of heavy loads, the technology of
in Asia. copper coinage, the artistry of wallpaper
- It is also known as the middle kingdom, and porcelain.
located on the far east of Asia. Tea production was developed.
People learned the technology of silk 8. Indus-Hindu Civilization
production India- mainly in the Northwestern regions of
The outstanding contribution of the South Asia.
Shang included the creation of Considered the most remarkable
magnificent bronze vessels, discovery of accomplishment of the Indus civilization
lacquer, the development of the horse- was the construction layout of its cities
drawn war chariots and the first known which featured water wells (that piped water
Chinese writing which was discovered supply) bathrooms and wastepipe or drains
incised on flat shoulder bones of cattle or on in nearly every house.
tortoises shells called “oracle bone”. They excelled particularly in medicine and
Chopsticks came into use. mathematics.
They invented the escapement, the basic Traditional Indian medication had a very
device used to regulate clocks. extensive pharmacopoeia and varieties of
They constructed the Great Wall of China herbal remedies and drugs.
and the great palace of the first emperor. Indian surgeons successfully performed
The Chinese had one of the most advanced various operations like repair of broken
systems of pharmacology- discovery of limbs, complicated bone setting,
healing drugs and herbs. amputation, plastic surgery and Caesarian
They also practice apothecaries and section.
acupuncture- was used to treat illnesses or They introduced the negative and positive
pain by pricking the patient’s body with quantities, square and cube roots,
needles at points believed to be connected
with the visceral organs causing the pain.
quadratic equations, mathematical them a metal impression of the letters, and
implications of zero and infinity and value of pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece
pi up to nine decimal places. of paper, which then made an extract
They also developed the steps in sine impression on paper.
functions, spherical geometry and calculus 2. Gunpowder and Canon- appeared
Iron pillar of Delhi-the world’s first iron pillar. around the 9th century A.D, followed by
Stupa was used as commemorative vigorous development of explosive weapons
monument associated with storing sacred from 1040 A.D about three centuries before
relics. it appeared in Europe. From fire-lance using
Great technology was needed in the fields a rocket combination and bamboo tube as
of weaponry, navigation, mass food and close combat weapon, all barrier guns and
farm production, and health. cannon were constructed at the beginning
9. Persian Civilization of the 12th century A.D.
Introduction of a uniform system of gold and 3. Water mill – it was an integral part of the
silver coinage. feudal economy. By using suitable
The first regular postal system in the world mechanism, its rotary motion could be
Taxation system, an important component converted to reciprocal motion making it a
of the Achaemenid state administration. source of general power.
Qanat is a gently sloping underground 4. Windmill was used primarily for blowing
channel that carries water from an aquifer or bellows, filling cloth, forging iron, sawing,
water well to houses and fields. It is used for weaving and threshing.
drinking water and irrigation of crops. 5. Mechanical clock- tells time using gears
Sulfuric acid was first discovered by Abu driven by weights that pull the gears at the
Bakr Muhammad Ibn Jakarta al-Razi. right pace.
Medieval Times 6. Horse Harness and Horse shoe allowed
• The period from 450A.D to 1450 A.D the horse to increase its” attractive” effort
• is generally known as the period of history five times and for protection. This innovation
between Ancient Times and Modern Times. came from the 7th century A.D china
• This is usually divided into the so called reached Europe early in the eleventh
Dark Ages and the High Middle Ages. century, resulting in the horse taking the
• The Age of Exploration. place of oxen at the plough. In addition, the
• The start of the middle ages was marked introduction of the horses’ modes put the
by massive invasions and migrations. horse on the road for pack and wagon.
• The Islamic world had become a 7. Distillation and Alcohol- the first
civilization of colossal expansive and had preparation of strong spirits of wine was
imposed a unity of religion and culture on made in Europe in the 12th century. As
much of southwest Asia and North Africa. the distillation of perfumes and oil was
Technological advances during the Middle already known, alcohol was probably
Ages include the following: produced by accident in the course of some
1. Printing press- After the Chinese, medical preparation.
Johann Gutenberg developed a more 8. Universities and Scholastics- By the
reliable and way of printing using a cast twelfth century, these schools swelled to
type. Gutenberg utilized wooden machines become universities with set of courses and
that extracted juices from fruits, attached to teaching the seven liberal arts, philosophy
and theology. The first and most famous of 16. Library of Malatesta Novello in Cesena-
these was the University of Paris in 1160. In considered to be first ever public library in
the eleventh century A.D, medical school the world.
had been existence in Salermo. 17. Coffee House became popular in Arabic
9. Church, medieval towns, Iron-chain and Ottoman lands.
suspension bridges, segmental arch Renaissance ( 14th century -16th
structures were built. century)
10. Canon of Medicine- authored by The period of rebirth
Avicenna, an Arab physician. It contained a Beginning of the cultural movement
good summary of the period’s medical Rediscovery of ancient texts was
knowledge and accurate descriptions of accelerated after the fall of Constantinople
meningitis, tetanus and other diseases. in 1453.
11. War Weapons such as cross bows, Technology for printing books was
long bows was developed so that they regarded as the most important invention
could attack the enemies at long ranges, that facilitated dissemination of knowledge
keeping themselves safe with the and new ideas.
protection of wall and fortresses. Soldiers Paracelsus- an alchemist and physician of
wear body armors and chainmail to protect the Renaissance. Medieval alchemists
themselves. worked with two main elements: Sulphur
12. Lenses with spectacles- The and mercury.
discovery of lenses resulted in the The astronomy was based on geocentric
invention of spectacles in Italy around model (earth-centered) described by
1350 A.D. This gave impetus to the Claudius Ptolemy.
study of light or optics. Grosseteste, Nicolas Copernicus published “On the
Dietrich and Roger Bacon explained how Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”.
a lens could focus light rays and Andreas Vesalius described the anatomy
magnify things. The demand for of the brain’s function. He wrote the
spectacles gave rise to lens grinding/trading book “On the
and spectacle-makers. Fabric of the Human Body”.
13. The sternpost rudder apparently came Scientific Revolution
also from China. This led to the It has been established that most, if not all,
development of the sail that could be of the discoveries and inventions in science
adjusted such that ship voyages could be and technology during each time period
made in rougher weather. were due to human needs and wants.
14. Mariner’s Magnetic Compass- the ability Brilliant minds responded to the call of the
of a natural magnet to show direction was times and created things that could make
known o the Chinese several centuries ago life easier for the people.
or about sixth century A.D before it passed There have also been instances when
to the West or Europe. advancements in science and technology
15. Flying Buttress- one of the changed people’s perceptions and beliefs.
architectural innovations associated with Much of these events happened in a period
Gothic churches. This allowed buildings to now known as the Intellectual Revolution.
have much higher ceilings and larger Scientific Revolution is used to refer to the
windows. great intellectual achievements of science
from sixteenth to seventeenth century The remarkable achievements of specific
marking a radical change in the individuals such as Nicolas Copernicus,
assumptions attitudes and methods in Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, Andreas
scientific inquiry. Vesalius, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei,
Scientific revolution was the golden age for Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton.
people committed to scholarly life in science The philosophy of new science, a new way
but it was also a deeply trying moments to of doing science using what is known as the
some scientific individuals that led to their scientific method advocated by Francis
painful death or condemnation from the Bacon and Rene Descartes among others.
religious institutions who tried to preserve The desire to break away from the ideas of
their faith, religion and theological views. the feudal middle ages and the Aristotelian
The Scientific Revolution develops as an view.
offshoot of the Renaissance. The same The establishments of the universities from
questioning spirit that fueled the the 12th century which were later engaged
Renaissance led scientists to question in the critical analysis of the Aristotelean
traditional beliefs and the Church about the views.
workings of the universe. It was a new way The Renaissance hopeful period of
of thinking about the natural world. concerned with the present life as well as
Before 1500, the Bible and Aristotle were the empirical and mundane interest in the
the only authorities accepted as truth natural world and humanity.
A geocentric model of the universe, in which Important inventions such as mechanical
the Earth is at the center was supported clock, lenses, telescope, microscope etc.
during the Middle Ages The combinations and cooperation’s of the
Until the mid 1500’s, European scholars skills of the craftsmen and the intellectual,
accepted and believed the teachings of computational and logical method of the
Ptolemy, an ancient Greek astronomer. scholars.
Ptolemy taught that the Earth was the Printing press spread new ideas
center of the universe. Age of Exploration fueled a great deal of
People felt this was common sense, and the scientific research because of technology
geocentric theory was supported by the needed for navigation
Church. Translation of the works of Muslim scholars
It was not until some startling discoveries opened the minds of European thinkers to
caused Europeans to change the way they new scientific knowledge
viewed the physical world. Nicolaus Copernicus
Industrial revolution- refers to complex • Copernicus was a Polish mathematician
technological innovations from 1750 to 1895 and astronomer who studied in Italy.
characterized by the substitutions of • In 1543 Copernicus published De
machines for human skill and machine revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the
power for that of human and animal bringing Revolutions of the
a shift from handicraft to manufacture and Heavenly Spheres).
marking the birth of modern economy. • In his book, Copernicus made two
Causes or Genesis of the Scientific conclusions: The universe is heliocentric, or
Revolution sun-centered.
The Earth is merely one of several planets Johannes Kepler
revolving around the sun. • After Brahe’s death, his assistant, the
Copernicus’ model of the solar system: German astronomer and mathematician
1. Sun Johannes Kepler, used Brahe’s data to
2. Moon calculate the orbits of the planets revolving
3. Mercury around the sun.
4. Venus • Kepler’s calculations supported
5. Earth Copernicus’ heliocentric theory.
6. Mars • His calculations also showed that the
7. Jupiter planets moved in oval shaped orbits, and
8. Saturn not perfect circles, as Ptolemy and
Copernicus came to these conclusions Copernicus believed.
using mathematical formulas. • Kepler’s finding help explain the paths
The Copernican conception of the universe followed by man-made satellites today.
marked the start of modern science and Galileo Galilei
astronomy. • Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer
Up to the time of Copernicus, people who built upon the scientific foundations laid
thought that there was a sort of crystal by Copernicus and Kepler.
sphere that kept the planets, moon, and • Galileo assembled the first telescope
stars in orbit around the Earth. It was which allowed him to see mountains on the
Copernicus that proposed the idea that the moon and fiery spots on the sun.
Earth revolved around the sun, and not vice • He also observed four moons rotating
versa... The sun was the center of the around Jupiter – exactly the way
Universe, not the Earth. Copernicus said the Earth rotated around
Most scholars rejected Copernicus’s theory. the sun.
Most scholars rejected his theory because it • Galileo also discovered that objects fall at
went against Ptolemy, the Church, and the same speed regardless of weight.
because it called for the Earth to rotate on • The Church punished him for his belief in
its axis. this idea. He was questioned by the
Many scientists of the time also felt that if Inquisition and forced to confess that his
Ptolemy’s reasoning about the planets was ideas were wrong.
wrong, then the whole system of human • The Church came against Galileo because
knowledge could be wrong. it claimed that the Earth was fixed and
Tycho Brahe unmoving.
In the late 1500s, the Danish astronomer • When threatened with death before the
Tycho Brahe provided evidence that Inquisition in 1633, Galileo recanted his
supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory. beliefs, even though he knew the Earth
Brahe set up an astronomical observatory. moved.
Every night for years he carefully observed • Galileo was put under house arrest, and
the sky, accumulating data about the was not allowed to publish his ideas.
movement of the stars and planets. Sir Isaac Newton
• Sir Isaac Newton was an English scholar
who built upon the work of Copernicus and
Galileo.
• Newton was the most influential scientist Artificial Selection
of the Scientific Revolution. • To find an explanation for change in
• He used math to prove the existence of nature, Darwin studied the changes
gravity - a force that kept planets in their produced by plant and animal breeders
orbits around the sun, and also caused • Some plants bear larger or smaller fruits
objects to fall towards the earth. than others
• Newton published his scientific ideas in his • Some cows give more or less milk than
book Mathematical Principles of Natural others in their herd
Philosophy. • This told Darwin that variation could be
• He discovered laws of light and color, and passed from parents to offspring and used
formulated the laws of motion: to improve crops and livestock
1. A body at rest stays at rest • In artificial selection, nature provides the
2. Acceleration is caused by force variations, and humans select the ones they
3. For every action there is an equal find useful
opposite reaction • Darwin knew that variation occurs in wild
• He invented calculus: a method of species as well as domesticated species
mathematical analysis. • He realized that that natural variation
Charles Darwin provided the raw material for evolution
• Studied medicine at Edinburgh, theology • Darwin wanted to gather as much
at Cambridge evidence as he could to support his ideas
• Interest in natural history before he made them public
• Taught by a freed black slave who told him • In 1858, Darwin read an essay by Alfred
exciting tales of the South American Wallace whose thoughts about evolution
Rainforest were almost identical to his!
• Darwin developed the biological theory of • In order to not get “scooped”, Darwin
evolution that explains how modern decided to present his work at a scientific
organisms evolved over long periods of meeting in 1858 along with some of
time through descent from common Wallace’s essay
ancestors • The next year, Darwin published his
• In 1831, he began a 5 year voyage on the complete work on evolution: On the Originof
HMS Beagle that would change his life. Species
• Darwin observed that the characteristics of • Struggle for Existence
many animals and plants varied noticeably • From Malthus’ theory of supply and
among the different Galapagos Islands. demand, Darwin reasoned that if more
Among the tortoises, the shape of the shell individuals are produced than can survive,
corresponds to different habitats. they will have to compete for food, living
• Darwin thought about the patterns he’d space and other necessities of life
seen on his voyage • Darwin described this as the struggle for
• He realized that there were many existence
similarities between the animals he’d seen. • Variation and Adaptation
• There was evidence that suggested that • Individuals have natural variations among
species were not fixed and that they could their inheritable traits
change by some natural process. • Some variations are better suited to life in
their environment than others
• Fast predators capture prey more • Natural Selection occurs in any situation in
efficiently which more individuals are born than can
• Prey that are faster, better camouflaged or survive
better protected avoid being caught. • Over time, natural selection results in
Variation and Adaptation changes in the inherited characteristics of a
• Any heritable characteristic that increases population.
an organisms ability to survive and • These changes increase a species’ fitness
reproduce in its environment is called an in its environment.
adaptation • A single “tree of life” links all living things
• Examples of Adaptations: • This is known as the principle of common
• Tiger’s claws descent.
• Camouflage colors • Darwin argued that living things have been
• Plant structures evolving on Earth for millions of years.
• Avoidance behaviors • Today, fields like genetics and molecular
Survival of the Fittest biology support Darwin’s basic ideas about
• Darwin felt that there must be a evolution
connection between an animal’s DARWIN'S FOUR POSTULATES
environment and how it survives • individuals within species vary
• Ability to survive and reproduce in a • some of these variations are passed on to
specific environment is called FITNESS offspring
• Fitness depends upon how well an • individuals vary in their ability to survive
organism is suited for its environment and reproduce
• Fitness is a result of ADAPTATION • Individuals with the most favorable
• Good adaptations allow organisms to adaptations are more likely to survive and
survive and are passed on to their offspring. reproduce.
• Good fitness: Reproduce • Natural selection produces organisms with
• Low Fitness: Few offspring/extinction different structures than their ancestor,
• Darwin thought that this seemed very different niches, and new habitats.
similar to artificial selection • Each living species has descended, with
• He referred to “survival of the fittest” as changes, over time.
Natural Selection Lamarck’s Evolutionary Hypotheses
• Survival means more than just staying • Proposed that the use or disuse of organs
alive. It means reproducing and passing caused organisms to gain or lose traits over
adaptations on to the next generation time.
• Natural Selection: Nature chooses • These new characteristics could be
• Artificial selection: Man chooses passed on to the next generation.
• Favorable characteristics are inherited • Suggest that species are not fixed
over several generations. • Explain that evolution uses natural
• Natural Selection is the process by which processes
organisms with variations most suited to • Recognize that there is a link between an
their local environment survive and leave organism’s environment and its body
more offspring structures
• Lamarck’s work paved the way for later
biologists, including Darwin.
Thomas Malthus 3. Unconscious mind – is completely
• In 1798, Thomas Malthus noticed that outside of our awareness (could produce
people were being born faster than people anxiety if made conscious).
were dying Structures of Personality
• He reasoned that if the human population • Id – “pleasure principle” unconscious
grew unchecked, there would not be impulses that want to be gratified, without
enough living space and food for everyone regard to potential punishment.
• The forces that work against human • Original Core of an Individual personality
population growth are war, famine and • Biological Driven
disease • Primarily Unconscious
• He reasoned that what Malthus proposed 2. Ego “reality principle” – tries to satisfy id
for human populations also applied to all impulses while minimizing punishment &
living things. guilt.
• He observed that most organisms produce - Self- Identity which arises out of ID
many more offspring than survive. It controls voluntary motion and self-
• He wondered which individuals would reservation behavior
survive . . . and why 3. Superego – the “moral principle” of our
• If all the offspring that were produced did personality which tells us right from wrong
survive, they would overrun the world. our conscience.
ORGANIC EVOLUTION - Developing out of the Ego
• the slow and gradual process by which - Serves as conscience
living organisms have changed from the SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY:
simplest unicellular form to the most PHILIPPINES
complex multi-cellular forms that are SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
existing today. ● Introduced formal education and
Sigmund Freud founded a scientific institution.
• An Austrian Neurologist who became ● Parish schools were established
fascinated with studying hysteria. where they taught religion, reading,
• Father of psychoanalysis. writing, arithmetic, and music.
• Psychology was considered more of an art ● The Spaniards made contributions in
rather than a science. the field of engineering by
• Psychoanalysis- is the study that explains constructing government
human behavior. establishments, churches, roads,
Levels of Consciousness: Iceberg bridges, and forts.
theory ● Biology was highlighted during this
1. Conscious mind – like the top of the period.
iceberg, only a small portion of our mind is ● Galleon trade
accessible to us. ● Introduced formal education
2. Preconscious mind – material that is ● founded scientific institution.
unconscious, but can be easily brought into ● roads, bridges, and forts.
awareness. Moves back & forth easily ● Biology was highlighted during this
between conscious & unconscious. period.
● Galleon trade
AMERICAN PERIOD AND POST- ▪ Presidential Decree No. 49, series of 1972
COMMONWEALTH ERA as a support for promoting the scientific
● Bureau of Government Laboratories research and invention.
was made in July 1, 1901 which ▪ PAGASA which function is to give
serves a purpose to study the environmental protection and to utilize
tropical diseases and laboratory scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of
projects in the country and later the nation.
replaced by the Bureau of Science in -PAGASA which function is to give
1905. environmental protection and to utilize
● The National Research Council of scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of
the Philippines was established (on the nation.
Dec. 8, 1933) ▪ In 1986, he established campuses of
● During the regimen of Carlos P. Philippine Science High
Garcia in 1958, The Philippine School in Visayas and Mindanao.
Congress passed the bill entitled “ FIFTH REPUBLIC
The Science Act of 1958” President Corazon Aquino replaced the
● The National Research Council of National
the Philippines was established -Science and Technology Authority to
( Dec. 8, 1933) Department of Science and Technology,
● Bureau of Science in 1905 giving the science and technology a seat in
"SCIENCE ACT OF 1958" the government cabinet.
REPUBLIC ACT No. 2067: "Science Act ▪ In 1989, the budget allocation for science
of 1958" AN ACT TO INTEGRATE, and technology was increased into 1.054
COORDINATE, AND INTENSIFY billion pesos.
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ▪ In 1998, during Pres. Joseph Estrada’s
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND term, the internet age was pushed for the
TO FOSTER INVENTION; TO PROVIDE advancement of schools and industry.
FUNDS THEREFOR; AND FOR OTHER ▪ Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
PURPOSES. ▪Science and technology reached its golden
MARCOS ERA age.
MARCOS ERA▪ Science was given ▪R.A 9367 or the “biofuels” act that
importance. promotes the development and usage of
▪ Provided science-teaching equipment for a biofuels throughout the country.
period of 4 years. ▪ In 2014, Pres. Benigno Aquino honors
▪ In 1968, he also recognized that scientists’ contributions.
technology was the top reason in economic President Rodrigo Roa A. Duterte on 15
development, and gave extra funds to June 2018.
support projects in applied science and - Balik Scientist law
science education. - This sharing of expertise significantly
▪ In 1969, he allotted large amount of war contributed to the acceleration of the
damage funds to private universities and scientific, agro-industrial and economic
encourage them to create courses that development of the country
focus on science and technology and
research.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND NATION • He called it the instrumental and
BUILDING anthropological definition of technology or
SYNTHESIS: simply means by which the human ends are
▪ Nation - early concept is defined it as a realized.Martin Heidegger (1889-
group or race of people who shared; 1996)
- History, Tradition, Culture, Language and
Religion
- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
APPLICATION
▪ Certain criteria must be considered in
evaluating this aspect.
- Scientific knowledge and implementation
- In many developing countries, science and
technology plays an important role in social
and economic progress.

LESSON 6: THE HUMAN PERSON

FLOURISHING IN TERMS OF SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY LESSON
ARISTOTELIANISM
This views technology as basically a
● means to an end.
● To Aristotle , technology is the
organizing of techniques in order to
meet the demand that is being
posed by humans.
● This may seem that technology is
primarily concerned with the product.
Technological pessimismJacques Ellul
(1912-1994)
French philosopher
Holds that technology is progressive and
beneficial in many ways, it is also doubtful in
many ways.
Technological optimism believes that
technology is the answer to all man’s
problems.
A well-known German philosopher,
examined the two usual definitions of
technology: means to an end and a human
activity because he believed that this kind of
confusing and there are questions to it that
we easily overlook.