Science is a complex system of acquiring knowledge about the natural world through systematic observation and experimentation. It involves research to discover new phenomena and develop theories to explain them. Technology applies scientific knowledge for practical purposes through invention, innovation, and development of materials, tools, and machines. Together, science and technology have evolved societies from hunter-gatherers to today's digital information age through advances in agriculture, industry, and medicine. Ancient civilizations like Sumer and Babylon made early contributions to mathematics, astronomy, law, architecture, and more, establishing foundations for modern science and technology.
Science is a complex system of acquiring knowledge about the natural world through systematic observation and experimentation. It involves research to discover new phenomena and develop theories to explain them. Technology applies scientific knowledge for practical purposes through invention, innovation, and development of materials, tools, and machines. Together, science and technology have evolved societies from hunter-gatherers to today's digital information age through advances in agriculture, industry, and medicine. Ancient civilizations like Sumer and Babylon made early contributions to mathematics, astronomy, law, architecture, and more, establishing foundations for modern science and technology.
Science is a complex system of acquiring knowledge about the natural world through systematic observation and experimentation. It involves research to discover new phenomena and develop theories to explain them. Technology applies scientific knowledge for practical purposes through invention, innovation, and development of materials, tools, and machines. Together, science and technology have evolved societies from hunter-gatherers to today's digital information age through advances in agriculture, industry, and medicine. Ancient civilizations like Sumer and Babylon made early contributions to mathematics, astronomy, law, architecture, and more, establishing foundations for modern science and technology.
- System of knowledge of the natural world people, methods, tools, organization,
gained through the scientific method. facilities, materials, physical resources - Primarily interested in the acquisition of devoted and directed to the research, knowledge. development, production as well operation - Preoccupied with the “know-why” resulting of a new or improved product, process or in new knowledge usually disseminated services in a reproducible way. through - Is concerned with the know-how resulting science papers. in a new product or process distributed for - Science is a kind of human cultural activity commercial consumption or appropriated which is practiced by people known as through patents. scientist and ➢ Deals with how humans modify, formerly called natural philosophers and change, alter or control the natural savants. world. - Science is complex system of people, ➢ Concerned with what can be or skills, facilities, knowledge, material or should be designed, made or physical resources developed from natural world and and technologies devoted and directed to substances to satisfy human needs the inquiry into and understanding of the and wants. natural ➢ Focuses on Development and world. Innovation - Science as a modern science is the ➢ Inventing new or better tools and dynamic cumulative inquiry into nature materials. using the scientific Society – an organized group of people method. associated as members of a community. ➢ Deals with the natural world. Development -which involves transforming ➢ Concerned with WHAT IS (exist) in research findings into prototype inventions the natural world. of new materials, devices and processes. ➢ Focuses on Research Innovation- which involves the ➢ Discovering natural phenomena commercialization of prototype inventions of (knowledge) Research and Development into Technology marketable products or processes. - Comes from Greek words tekhne meaning Research- a process of acquiring new “art or craft” and logia meaning a ‘subject or knowledge. interest”. ● The power and promise of - Practical application of knowledge technology can be further enhanced - Science of industrial arts and manufacture through the study of technology to - Material products or result of human assure that all people are fabrication and making. technologically literate in the future. - A kind of human cultural activity or Society- people in general thought of as endeavor which is practiced by people living together in organized communities called technologist with shared laws, traditions and values. which include engineers, craftsmen and machinists. Types of Research Science Processes 1. Fundamental/Basic Research- gaining 1. Identification of an aspect, problem, new knowledge question or phenomenon of nature of 2. Applied-practical application interest to the scientists or practitioner. 3. Mission-Oriented-accomplishing a 2. Formulation of some sort of intellectual particular mission or technological objective construct- a guess or hypothesis or theory Types of Technology explain the aspect, problem, question or 1.Material technology-extraction, phenomenon. fabrication, processing, combination and 3. Application of the construct to the aspect, synthesis of materials problem, question or phenomenon. 2.Equipment technology-design and 4. Assessment, evaluation or analysis of the fabrication of tools, instruments, devices adequacy of fit, compatibility or and machines. appropriateness of the construct to the 3.Energy technology- deals with the aspect, problem, question or phenomenon. distribution of various forms of energy such 5. Acceptance, adoption modification or as solar panels, wind turbines and rejection of the construct base on the hydrothermal. application and assessment, evaluation or 4.Information technology- based on analysis. machines that collect, store, process, Technology Processes retrieve, transmit and utilize data or 1. Identification of a specific need, desire or information. opportunity to be satisfied of interest to the 5.Life technology- these are devices, practitioner or technologist medicines, procedures and systems 2. Conceptualization of design or plan to designed to preserve, repair, maintain, satisfy the need or opportunity reproduce and improve living systems. 3. Production or execution of plan or design 6.Management technology-Planning, 4. The use of phase. organization, coordination and control of Classification of technology based on a social activities country’s level of technological Branches of Science sophistication. 1. Geology 1. First Wave Technology- Agricultural Age- 2. Chemistry comprising the pre-industrial technologies 3. Physics which are labor-intensive, small-scale, 4. Biology decentralized and based on empirical rather 5. Astronomy than scientific knowledge. Scientific Processes 2. Second Wave technology- comprising the 1. Observing industrial technologies which were 2. Describing developed since the time of industrial 3. Comparing revolution until the end of World War II. 4. Classifying These are usually capital- intensive 5. Measuring technologies and are essentially based on 6. Making inference the classical principles of classical physics, chemistry and biology. 3. Third-Wave technology- comprising the the City of Uruk- a great wonder not only post-industrial or the high technologies because it is considered to be the first true which are called science-intensive since city in the world they are based on the modern scientific Divided the circle into 360 degrees. knowledge of the structures, properties and Developed advances mathematical interaction of molecules, atoms and nuclei. functions to permit accurately plot and Evolution of Societies forecast. 1. Hunter and Gatherer Societies- the most Zodiacal map of Sumer was used for primitive of all societies. practical mathematical and observational 2. Shifting and Farming- e.g. slash and burn purposes. farming Code of Ur-NAmmu- the oldest surviving 3. Agricultural and Mining Societies- both law in the world. It is the earliest existing depend on the natural resources of the legal text world to sustain the needs of people but Fabrication of copper both entail the risk of environmental 2. Babylonian Civilization damage. Babylonia- ancient region bordering the 4. Manufacturing and Processing Societies- Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Southern Iraq) the use of coal marked the start of Nebuchadnezzar ordered the construction industrialization. of the famous “Hanging Gardens of 5. Synthesizing and Recycling Societies- Babylon” and the Isthar Gate. production of synthetic food and other They adopted the Sumerian sexagesimal resources and recycling of nonrenewable system of counting in units, Ziggurat and resources. cuneiform. Ancient Times Their measurements made use of fractions, 1. Sumerian Civilization squares and square roots. Significant Contributions book-keeping, a simple but adequate Cuneiform- a set of word pictures depicted system of double-entry accounting. in symbols made of triangular marks. Zodiac signs, concept of horoscope Sexagesimal - using the number 60 as Prediction of solar and lunar eclipses. base, system of counting and a form of Jewelry making originated from the place notation. Babylonians Ziggurats- Mountain of god, served as the Code of Hammurabi sacred place of their chief god The Babylonian Map of the World- first map Potter’s wheel. Astrology, the science of studying the Wheeled vehicle made of solid wooden position of celestial bodies. wheels on axles now regarded as the 3. Egyptian Civilization greatest mechanical invention of all time. Egypt- located in the Northeastern part materia medica -made up of assorted of the African continent, a desert country botanical, zoological and mineralogical thriving on an agricultural economy. ingredients. The Egyptian writing was in the form of seed plow pictorial symbols known as hieroglyphics, sail boat representing individual objects or actions. intricate system of canals, dikes and They wrote with ink and brushes on paper reservoir. made of papyrus reeds. Ancient Egyptians studies the heavens to They used rope trusses to stiffen the beam record time, calculate distances/directions, of ships forecast the seasons and predict annual In Hellenistic Egypt, lighthouse technology flooding of the Nile river. was developed, the most famous example The earliest Egyptian calendar was being the Lighthouse of Alexandria- a based on their observations of the port for the ships that traded the goods regular appearance and disappearance of manufactured in Egypt or imported in Sirius the brightest star in their horizon Egypt. which coincide with the annual rise and fall Library of Alexandria of the Nile river. Obelisks and pillars Another calendar was based on the phases 4. Greek Civilization of the moon, consisting of 29 and ½ days. Greece- is an archipelago in the The first 365-day calendar was possibly Southeastern part of Europe. devised by IMHOTEP. - Known as the birthplace of western They calculated the time by means of philosophy. waterclock- a conical earthen vessel with - Some of the major achievements of hours equally marked off on the inside and the Greeks include in-depth works on spout at the bottom. philosophy and Nobles, men and women wore wigs, mathematics. they used a variety of preparations for - Their wise men were the first to the hair such as henna. systematically separate scientific ideas from They used tweezers and razors to remove superstition and stressed the logical unwanted body hair. development of general principles or Both sexes wore jewelries, sandals, theories about natural phenomena. perfume and cosmetics-eye make-up and - Transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Kohl around the eyes to prevent or even Age cure eye diseases. They designed various mathematical They built pyramids such as Pyramid of models and mechanical systems to Sakkara as Zoser’s tomb and memorial and explain the planetary motions and Pyramid of Khufu or Cheofs and Great mechanical systems to explain the planetary sphinx- a stone statue with a king;s head positions and movements on and a lion’s boy to guard the geometrical determinations and logical pharaoh’s tomb. deductions. The ancient Egyptians knowledge of Ancient Greeks invented the alarm clock- human anatomy, physiology and medical used large complicated mechanisms to time plants enabled them to master the art and the alarm. science of embalming the dead. They made use of water ( or sometimes From the Hyksos, they learned military small stones or sand). That dropped into technology and system- horse driven light drums which sounded the alarm. war chariots manned by warriors armed with Watermills were also considered as one bows, bronze swords and lances. of the most important contributions of The Egyptians invented and used many the Greek civilization to the world. They simple machines such as ramp and were commonly used in agricultural lever, to aid construction processes. processes like milling of grains which was a -postulated the geocentric theory of the necessary form of food processing. universe. Greek Philosophers 5. Roman Civilization Galen made the first steps for the - The Roman Empire was perceived to be advancement of the science of anatomy. the strongest political and social entity in the Hippocrates- “Father of Greek Medicine” west. First to regard medicine as a science apart - Considered to be the cradle of politics and from religion. governance. He taught that diseases have natural One of the major contributions of the causes and that somehow the human Romans is the newspaper- Gazettes- body is capable of contained announcements of the Roman healing or repairing itself. Empire to the people, made metal or According to Empedocles nature was a stone tablets and then publicly displayed. mixture of four elements: earth, fire, air and The ancient Roman Empire was able to water. produce the first books or codex. Thales of Miletus- Father of Philosophy, They introduced the Roman numeral. taught that nature was composed of or They constructed the Pantheon as one of convertible into the world’s greatest domed buildings and water. Colosseum, Anaxagoras- argued that matter was Rome’s stage for individual gladiatorial composed of countless tiny particles, contests which held 50,000 spectators. each made of dominant substances such Chariot races and gladiatorial fights were as water mixed with other random held at Rome’s principal stadium, the Circus substances. Maximus, which accommodated some Aristotle- proved the importance of 300,000 people. critical observation and systematic means Roman government were able to implement to identify and classify organisms. major projects such as large churches Thales,Phythagoras,Euclid- perfected (cathedrals and basilicas), aqueducts, geometry, as a single logical system. amphitheaters and even residential houses. Archimedes- performed experiments which Vitruvius first described the odometer as led him to discover the laws of lever and the being used for measuring distance pulley. around 27BC, but evidence points towards – invented the science of hydrostatics- Archimedes of Syracuse as its inventor. measurement and use of water-power. Anaximander was one of the first pioneer - made planetarium powered by water to cartographers to create a map of the world. demonstrate the movements of the sun and Olympics were dedicated to the Olympian planets Gods. around the stationary earth. 6. Arabic/Islamic Civilization - discovered the concept of gravity Arabia- is a rocky peninsula in Ptolemy- wrote the Almagest, wherein he Southwestern Asia. presented his ideas and summarized - The most influential Muslim intellectual those of the earlier Greek astronomers contribution to the modern world was their about the universe. synthesis of the scientific and technological knowledge They invented the “earthquake they learned from and transmitted to the weathercock” to detect earthquake various cultures they encountered. occurrence They introduced the Arabic system of The use of toilet paper was also traced in numbers China back to the sixth century. The Arabs interest in the pseudoscience Development of calligraphy, water color, of alchemy encouraged them to mix and painting and block printing were invented. manipulate chemical elements and The first movable type printer made form conduct experiments to transform base pottery was developed by Pi Sheng. metals into gold. Chinese had an outstanding contributions They were the first to use glass lens for such as the invention of gunpowder, a magnification naturally magnetic iron ore used to First to manufacture the black powder magnetize a floating needle (prototype of They produced the first gun- a bamboo tube the magnetic needle in compass) to indicate reinforced with iron that used a charge of location, the use of coal as fuel, water black powder to shoot an arrow. wheel, the wheelbarrow, and the flexible 7. Chinese Civilization bamboo pole that speedily enchanted the - It is considered to be the oldest civilization transport of heavy loads, the technology of in Asia. copper coinage, the artistry of wallpaper - It is also known as the middle kingdom, and porcelain. located on the far east of Asia. Tea production was developed. People learned the technology of silk 8. Indus-Hindu Civilization production India- mainly in the Northwestern regions of The outstanding contribution of the South Asia. Shang included the creation of Considered the most remarkable magnificent bronze vessels, discovery of accomplishment of the Indus civilization lacquer, the development of the horse- was the construction layout of its cities drawn war chariots and the first known which featured water wells (that piped water Chinese writing which was discovered supply) bathrooms and wastepipe or drains incised on flat shoulder bones of cattle or on in nearly every house. tortoises shells called “oracle bone”. They excelled particularly in medicine and Chopsticks came into use. mathematics. They invented the escapement, the basic Traditional Indian medication had a very device used to regulate clocks. extensive pharmacopoeia and varieties of They constructed the Great Wall of China herbal remedies and drugs. and the great palace of the first emperor. Indian surgeons successfully performed The Chinese had one of the most advanced various operations like repair of broken systems of pharmacology- discovery of limbs, complicated bone setting, healing drugs and herbs. amputation, plastic surgery and Caesarian They also practice apothecaries and section. acupuncture- was used to treat illnesses or They introduced the negative and positive pain by pricking the patient’s body with quantities, square and cube roots, needles at points believed to be connected with the visceral organs causing the pain. quadratic equations, mathematical them a metal impression of the letters, and implications of zero and infinity and value of pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece pi up to nine decimal places. of paper, which then made an extract They also developed the steps in sine impression on paper. functions, spherical geometry and calculus 2. Gunpowder and Canon- appeared Iron pillar of Delhi-the world’s first iron pillar. around the 9th century A.D, followed by Stupa was used as commemorative vigorous development of explosive weapons monument associated with storing sacred from 1040 A.D about three centuries before relics. it appeared in Europe. From fire-lance using Great technology was needed in the fields a rocket combination and bamboo tube as of weaponry, navigation, mass food and close combat weapon, all barrier guns and farm production, and health. cannon were constructed at the beginning 9. Persian Civilization of the 12th century A.D. Introduction of a uniform system of gold and 3. Water mill – it was an integral part of the silver coinage. feudal economy. By using suitable The first regular postal system in the world mechanism, its rotary motion could be Taxation system, an important component converted to reciprocal motion making it a of the Achaemenid state administration. source of general power. Qanat is a gently sloping underground 4. Windmill was used primarily for blowing channel that carries water from an aquifer or bellows, filling cloth, forging iron, sawing, water well to houses and fields. It is used for weaving and threshing. drinking water and irrigation of crops. 5. Mechanical clock- tells time using gears Sulfuric acid was first discovered by Abu driven by weights that pull the gears at the Bakr Muhammad Ibn Jakarta al-Razi. right pace. Medieval Times 6. Horse Harness and Horse shoe allowed • The period from 450A.D to 1450 A.D the horse to increase its” attractive” effort • is generally known as the period of history five times and for protection. This innovation between Ancient Times and Modern Times. came from the 7th century A.D china • This is usually divided into the so called reached Europe early in the eleventh Dark Ages and the High Middle Ages. century, resulting in the horse taking the • The Age of Exploration. place of oxen at the plough. In addition, the • The start of the middle ages was marked introduction of the horses’ modes put the by massive invasions and migrations. horse on the road for pack and wagon. • The Islamic world had become a 7. Distillation and Alcohol- the first civilization of colossal expansive and had preparation of strong spirits of wine was imposed a unity of religion and culture on made in Europe in the 12th century. As much of southwest Asia and North Africa. the distillation of perfumes and oil was Technological advances during the Middle already known, alcohol was probably Ages include the following: produced by accident in the course of some 1. Printing press- After the Chinese, medical preparation. Johann Gutenberg developed a more 8. Universities and Scholastics- By the reliable and way of printing using a cast twelfth century, these schools swelled to type. Gutenberg utilized wooden machines become universities with set of courses and that extracted juices from fruits, attached to teaching the seven liberal arts, philosophy and theology. The first and most famous of 16. Library of Malatesta Novello in Cesena- these was the University of Paris in 1160. In considered to be first ever public library in the eleventh century A.D, medical school the world. had been existence in Salermo. 17. Coffee House became popular in Arabic 9. Church, medieval towns, Iron-chain and Ottoman lands. suspension bridges, segmental arch Renaissance ( 14th century -16th structures were built. century) 10. Canon of Medicine- authored by The period of rebirth Avicenna, an Arab physician. It contained a Beginning of the cultural movement good summary of the period’s medical Rediscovery of ancient texts was knowledge and accurate descriptions of accelerated after the fall of Constantinople meningitis, tetanus and other diseases. in 1453. 11. War Weapons such as cross bows, Technology for printing books was long bows was developed so that they regarded as the most important invention could attack the enemies at long ranges, that facilitated dissemination of knowledge keeping themselves safe with the and new ideas. protection of wall and fortresses. Soldiers Paracelsus- an alchemist and physician of wear body armors and chainmail to protect the Renaissance. Medieval alchemists themselves. worked with two main elements: Sulphur 12. Lenses with spectacles- The and mercury. discovery of lenses resulted in the The astronomy was based on geocentric invention of spectacles in Italy around model (earth-centered) described by 1350 A.D. This gave impetus to the Claudius Ptolemy. study of light or optics. Grosseteste, Nicolas Copernicus published “On the Dietrich and Roger Bacon explained how Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”. a lens could focus light rays and Andreas Vesalius described the anatomy magnify things. The demand for of the brain’s function. He wrote the spectacles gave rise to lens grinding/trading book “On the and spectacle-makers. Fabric of the Human Body”. 13. The sternpost rudder apparently came Scientific Revolution also from China. This led to the It has been established that most, if not all, development of the sail that could be of the discoveries and inventions in science adjusted such that ship voyages could be and technology during each time period made in rougher weather. were due to human needs and wants. 14. Mariner’s Magnetic Compass- the ability Brilliant minds responded to the call of the of a natural magnet to show direction was times and created things that could make known o the Chinese several centuries ago life easier for the people. or about sixth century A.D before it passed There have also been instances when to the West or Europe. advancements in science and technology 15. Flying Buttress- one of the changed people’s perceptions and beliefs. architectural innovations associated with Much of these events happened in a period Gothic churches. This allowed buildings to now known as the Intellectual Revolution. have much higher ceilings and larger Scientific Revolution is used to refer to the windows. great intellectual achievements of science from sixteenth to seventeenth century The remarkable achievements of specific marking a radical change in the individuals such as Nicolas Copernicus, assumptions attitudes and methods in Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes, Andreas scientific inquiry. Vesalius, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Scientific revolution was the golden age for Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton. people committed to scholarly life in science The philosophy of new science, a new way but it was also a deeply trying moments to of doing science using what is known as the some scientific individuals that led to their scientific method advocated by Francis painful death or condemnation from the Bacon and Rene Descartes among others. religious institutions who tried to preserve The desire to break away from the ideas of their faith, religion and theological views. the feudal middle ages and the Aristotelian The Scientific Revolution develops as an view. offshoot of the Renaissance. The same The establishments of the universities from questioning spirit that fueled the the 12th century which were later engaged Renaissance led scientists to question in the critical analysis of the Aristotelean traditional beliefs and the Church about the views. workings of the universe. It was a new way The Renaissance hopeful period of of thinking about the natural world. concerned with the present life as well as Before 1500, the Bible and Aristotle were the empirical and mundane interest in the the only authorities accepted as truth natural world and humanity. A geocentric model of the universe, in which Important inventions such as mechanical the Earth is at the center was supported clock, lenses, telescope, microscope etc. during the Middle Ages The combinations and cooperation’s of the Until the mid 1500’s, European scholars skills of the craftsmen and the intellectual, accepted and believed the teachings of computational and logical method of the Ptolemy, an ancient Greek astronomer. scholars. Ptolemy taught that the Earth was the Printing press spread new ideas center of the universe. Age of Exploration fueled a great deal of People felt this was common sense, and the scientific research because of technology geocentric theory was supported by the needed for navigation Church. Translation of the works of Muslim scholars It was not until some startling discoveries opened the minds of European thinkers to caused Europeans to change the way they new scientific knowledge viewed the physical world. Nicolaus Copernicus Industrial revolution- refers to complex • Copernicus was a Polish mathematician technological innovations from 1750 to 1895 and astronomer who studied in Italy. characterized by the substitutions of • In 1543 Copernicus published De machines for human skill and machine revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the power for that of human and animal bringing Revolutions of the a shift from handicraft to manufacture and Heavenly Spheres). marking the birth of modern economy. • In his book, Copernicus made two Causes or Genesis of the Scientific conclusions: The universe is heliocentric, or Revolution sun-centered. The Earth is merely one of several planets Johannes Kepler revolving around the sun. • After Brahe’s death, his assistant, the Copernicus’ model of the solar system: German astronomer and mathematician 1. Sun Johannes Kepler, used Brahe’s data to 2. Moon calculate the orbits of the planets revolving 3. Mercury around the sun. 4. Venus • Kepler’s calculations supported 5. Earth Copernicus’ heliocentric theory. 6. Mars • His calculations also showed that the 7. Jupiter planets moved in oval shaped orbits, and 8. Saturn not perfect circles, as Ptolemy and Copernicus came to these conclusions Copernicus believed. using mathematical formulas. • Kepler’s finding help explain the paths The Copernican conception of the universe followed by man-made satellites today. marked the start of modern science and Galileo Galilei astronomy. • Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer Up to the time of Copernicus, people who built upon the scientific foundations laid thought that there was a sort of crystal by Copernicus and Kepler. sphere that kept the planets, moon, and • Galileo assembled the first telescope stars in orbit around the Earth. It was which allowed him to see mountains on the Copernicus that proposed the idea that the moon and fiery spots on the sun. Earth revolved around the sun, and not vice • He also observed four moons rotating versa... The sun was the center of the around Jupiter – exactly the way Universe, not the Earth. Copernicus said the Earth rotated around Most scholars rejected Copernicus’s theory. the sun. Most scholars rejected his theory because it • Galileo also discovered that objects fall at went against Ptolemy, the Church, and the same speed regardless of weight. because it called for the Earth to rotate on • The Church punished him for his belief in its axis. this idea. He was questioned by the Many scientists of the time also felt that if Inquisition and forced to confess that his Ptolemy’s reasoning about the planets was ideas were wrong. wrong, then the whole system of human • The Church came against Galileo because knowledge could be wrong. it claimed that the Earth was fixed and Tycho Brahe unmoving. In the late 1500s, the Danish astronomer • When threatened with death before the Tycho Brahe provided evidence that Inquisition in 1633, Galileo recanted his supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory. beliefs, even though he knew the Earth Brahe set up an astronomical observatory. moved. Every night for years he carefully observed • Galileo was put under house arrest, and the sky, accumulating data about the was not allowed to publish his ideas. movement of the stars and planets. Sir Isaac Newton • Sir Isaac Newton was an English scholar who built upon the work of Copernicus and Galileo. • Newton was the most influential scientist Artificial Selection of the Scientific Revolution. • To find an explanation for change in • He used math to prove the existence of nature, Darwin studied the changes gravity - a force that kept planets in their produced by plant and animal breeders orbits around the sun, and also caused • Some plants bear larger or smaller fruits objects to fall towards the earth. than others • Newton published his scientific ideas in his • Some cows give more or less milk than book Mathematical Principles of Natural others in their herd Philosophy. • This told Darwin that variation could be • He discovered laws of light and color, and passed from parents to offspring and used formulated the laws of motion: to improve crops and livestock 1. A body at rest stays at rest • In artificial selection, nature provides the 2. Acceleration is caused by force variations, and humans select the ones they 3. For every action there is an equal find useful opposite reaction • Darwin knew that variation occurs in wild • He invented calculus: a method of species as well as domesticated species mathematical analysis. • He realized that that natural variation Charles Darwin provided the raw material for evolution • Studied medicine at Edinburgh, theology • Darwin wanted to gather as much at Cambridge evidence as he could to support his ideas • Interest in natural history before he made them public • Taught by a freed black slave who told him • In 1858, Darwin read an essay by Alfred exciting tales of the South American Wallace whose thoughts about evolution Rainforest were almost identical to his! • Darwin developed the biological theory of • In order to not get “scooped”, Darwin evolution that explains how modern decided to present his work at a scientific organisms evolved over long periods of meeting in 1858 along with some of time through descent from common Wallace’s essay ancestors • The next year, Darwin published his • In 1831, he began a 5 year voyage on the complete work on evolution: On the Originof HMS Beagle that would change his life. Species • Darwin observed that the characteristics of • Struggle for Existence many animals and plants varied noticeably • From Malthus’ theory of supply and among the different Galapagos Islands. demand, Darwin reasoned that if more Among the tortoises, the shape of the shell individuals are produced than can survive, corresponds to different habitats. they will have to compete for food, living • Darwin thought about the patterns he’d space and other necessities of life seen on his voyage • Darwin described this as the struggle for • He realized that there were many existence similarities between the animals he’d seen. • Variation and Adaptation • There was evidence that suggested that • Individuals have natural variations among species were not fixed and that they could their inheritable traits change by some natural process. • Some variations are better suited to life in their environment than others • Fast predators capture prey more • Natural Selection occurs in any situation in efficiently which more individuals are born than can • Prey that are faster, better camouflaged or survive better protected avoid being caught. • Over time, natural selection results in Variation and Adaptation changes in the inherited characteristics of a • Any heritable characteristic that increases population. an organisms ability to survive and • These changes increase a species’ fitness reproduce in its environment is called an in its environment. adaptation • A single “tree of life” links all living things • Examples of Adaptations: • This is known as the principle of common • Tiger’s claws descent. • Camouflage colors • Darwin argued that living things have been • Plant structures evolving on Earth for millions of years. • Avoidance behaviors • Today, fields like genetics and molecular Survival of the Fittest biology support Darwin’s basic ideas about • Darwin felt that there must be a evolution connection between an animal’s DARWIN'S FOUR POSTULATES environment and how it survives • individuals within species vary • Ability to survive and reproduce in a • some of these variations are passed on to specific environment is called FITNESS offspring • Fitness depends upon how well an • individuals vary in their ability to survive organism is suited for its environment and reproduce • Fitness is a result of ADAPTATION • Individuals with the most favorable • Good adaptations allow organisms to adaptations are more likely to survive and survive and are passed on to their offspring. reproduce. • Good fitness: Reproduce • Natural selection produces organisms with • Low Fitness: Few offspring/extinction different structures than their ancestor, • Darwin thought that this seemed very different niches, and new habitats. similar to artificial selection • Each living species has descended, with • He referred to “survival of the fittest” as changes, over time. Natural Selection Lamarck’s Evolutionary Hypotheses • Survival means more than just staying • Proposed that the use or disuse of organs alive. It means reproducing and passing caused organisms to gain or lose traits over adaptations on to the next generation time. • Natural Selection: Nature chooses • These new characteristics could be • Artificial selection: Man chooses passed on to the next generation. • Favorable characteristics are inherited • Suggest that species are not fixed over several generations. • Explain that evolution uses natural • Natural Selection is the process by which processes organisms with variations most suited to • Recognize that there is a link between an their local environment survive and leave organism’s environment and its body more offspring structures • Lamarck’s work paved the way for later biologists, including Darwin. Thomas Malthus 3. Unconscious mind – is completely • In 1798, Thomas Malthus noticed that outside of our awareness (could produce people were being born faster than people anxiety if made conscious). were dying Structures of Personality • He reasoned that if the human population • Id – “pleasure principle” unconscious grew unchecked, there would not be impulses that want to be gratified, without enough living space and food for everyone regard to potential punishment. • The forces that work against human • Original Core of an Individual personality population growth are war, famine and • Biological Driven disease • Primarily Unconscious • He reasoned that what Malthus proposed 2. Ego “reality principle” – tries to satisfy id for human populations also applied to all impulses while minimizing punishment & living things. guilt. • He observed that most organisms produce - Self- Identity which arises out of ID many more offspring than survive. It controls voluntary motion and self- • He wondered which individuals would reservation behavior survive . . . and why 3. Superego – the “moral principle” of our • If all the offspring that were produced did personality which tells us right from wrong survive, they would overrun the world. our conscience. ORGANIC EVOLUTION - Developing out of the Ego • the slow and gradual process by which - Serves as conscience living organisms have changed from the SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: simplest unicellular form to the most PHILIPPINES complex multi-cellular forms that are SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD existing today. ● Introduced formal education and Sigmund Freud founded a scientific institution. • An Austrian Neurologist who became ● Parish schools were established fascinated with studying hysteria. where they taught religion, reading, • Father of psychoanalysis. writing, arithmetic, and music. • Psychology was considered more of an art ● The Spaniards made contributions in rather than a science. the field of engineering by • Psychoanalysis- is the study that explains constructing government human behavior. establishments, churches, roads, Levels of Consciousness: Iceberg bridges, and forts. theory ● Biology was highlighted during this 1. Conscious mind – like the top of the period. iceberg, only a small portion of our mind is ● Galleon trade accessible to us. ● Introduced formal education 2. Preconscious mind – material that is ● founded scientific institution. unconscious, but can be easily brought into ● roads, bridges, and forts. awareness. Moves back & forth easily ● Biology was highlighted during this between conscious & unconscious. period. ● Galleon trade AMERICAN PERIOD AND POST- ▪ Presidential Decree No. 49, series of 1972 COMMONWEALTH ERA as a support for promoting the scientific ● Bureau of Government Laboratories research and invention. was made in July 1, 1901 which ▪ PAGASA which function is to give serves a purpose to study the environmental protection and to utilize tropical diseases and laboratory scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of projects in the country and later the nation. replaced by the Bureau of Science in -PAGASA which function is to give 1905. environmental protection and to utilize ● The National Research Council of scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the Philippines was established (on the nation. Dec. 8, 1933) ▪ In 1986, he established campuses of ● During the regimen of Carlos P. Philippine Science High Garcia in 1958, The Philippine School in Visayas and Mindanao. Congress passed the bill entitled “ FIFTH REPUBLIC The Science Act of 1958” President Corazon Aquino replaced the ● The National Research Council of National the Philippines was established -Science and Technology Authority to ( Dec. 8, 1933) Department of Science and Technology, ● Bureau of Science in 1905 giving the science and technology a seat in "SCIENCE ACT OF 1958" the government cabinet. REPUBLIC ACT No. 2067: "Science Act ▪ In 1989, the budget allocation for science of 1958" AN ACT TO INTEGRATE, and technology was increased into 1.054 COORDINATE, AND INTENSIFY billion pesos. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ▪ In 1998, during Pres. Joseph Estrada’s RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AND term, the internet age was pushed for the TO FOSTER INVENTION; TO PROVIDE advancement of schools and industry. FUNDS THEREFOR; AND FOR OTHER ▪ Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo PURPOSES. ▪Science and technology reached its golden MARCOS ERA age. MARCOS ERA▪ Science was given ▪R.A 9367 or the “biofuels” act that importance. promotes the development and usage of ▪ Provided science-teaching equipment for a biofuels throughout the country. period of 4 years. ▪ In 2014, Pres. Benigno Aquino honors ▪ In 1968, he also recognized that scientists’ contributions. technology was the top reason in economic President Rodrigo Roa A. Duterte on 15 development, and gave extra funds to June 2018. support projects in applied science and - Balik Scientist law science education. - This sharing of expertise significantly ▪ In 1969, he allotted large amount of war contributed to the acceleration of the damage funds to private universities and scientific, agro-industrial and economic encourage them to create courses that development of the country focus on science and technology and research. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND NATION • He called it the instrumental and BUILDING anthropological definition of technology or SYNTHESIS: simply means by which the human ends are ▪ Nation - early concept is defined it as a realized.Martin Heidegger (1889- group or race of people who shared; 1996) - History, Tradition, Culture, Language and Religion - SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION ▪ Certain criteria must be considered in evaluating this aspect. - Scientific knowledge and implementation - In many developing countries, science and technology plays an important role in social and economic progress.
LESSON 6: THE HUMAN PERSON
FLOURISHING IN TERMS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LESSON ARISTOTELIANISM This views technology as basically a ● means to an end. ● To Aristotle , technology is the organizing of techniques in order to meet the demand that is being posed by humans. ● This may seem that technology is primarily concerned with the product. Technological pessimismJacques Ellul (1912-1994) French philosopher Holds that technology is progressive and beneficial in many ways, it is also doubtful in many ways. Technological optimism believes that technology is the answer to all man’s problems. A well-known German philosopher, examined the two usual definitions of technology: means to an end and a human activity because he believed that this kind of confusing and there are questions to it that we easily overlook.