Cambridge IGCSE™

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BIOLOGY 0610/41
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) May/June 2023

1 hour 15 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

No additional materials are needed.

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● You may use a calculator.
● You should show all your working and use appropriate units.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 80.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

DC (LE/SG) 312340/3
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1 (a) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of the digestive system.

L
B oesophogus

LIVER
K
C stomach

D pancreas

gallbladder J
E L.S
H
S.I

G
rectum F anus

Fig. 1.1

Each letter may be used once, more than once or not at all.

State the letter of the part shown in Fig. 1.1:

K
that produces bile ..........................................
C
that produces gastric juice .............................

K
that produces urea .........................................
H
where maltose is digested .............................
H
where trypsin acts. .........................................
[5]

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(b) A student investigated the effect of bile on the digestion of fat in milk.

They set up three different test-tubes:

• test-tube A contained milk and bile

• test-tube B contained milk and lipase
• test-tube C contained milk, lipase and bile.

They used an indicator that is pink in alkaline solutions and colourless in acidic solutions.
They added the same volume of indicator to each test-tube.

The student observed and recorded the colour of the contents of each test-tube at
0 minutes, 20 minutes and 40 minutes.

Table 1.1 shows the results of the investigation.

Table 1.1

indicator colour observed

test-tube
0 minutes 20 minutes 40 minutes
A pink pink pink
B pink pink colourless
C pink colourless colourless

(i) Explain the results for test-tubes B and C in Table 1.1.

pH decreases, solution becomes acidic
...........................................................................................................................................
pH changed because fatty acids were produced
...........................................................................................................................................
lipase breaks down fat
...........................................................................................................................................
fatty acids produced faster in C than B
...........................................................................................................................................
as bile emulsify fats so there is more surface area for lipase action
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [4]

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(ii) Explain the purpose of test-tube A in Table 1.1.

compare with test tube B and C to see effect of lipase and bile
...........................................................................................................................................
shows that no fats are broken down when lipase is absent
...........................................................................................................................................
shows that bile doesnt make solution acidic
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The action of lipase is affected by temperature.

Fig. 1.2 shows the axes for a graph of the effect of temperature on the activity of lipase.

Complete the graph by:

• drawing a line to show the expected effect of temperature on the activity of lipase
• adding a label line and a label to show the point at which all the lipase has been denatured.

enzyme
activity

denatured

temperature

Fig. 1.2
[2]

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(d) Explain why lipase cannot be used to catalyse the breakdown of proteins.
complementary shape of active site to the substarte is needed to catalyse the breakdown of
...................................................................................................................................................
proteins. So that an enzyme-substarte complex can form to release the product.
...................................................................................................................................................
lipase catalyse the breakdown of fats. Therefore an enzyme substrate complexes wont
...................................................................................................................................................
be formed. The protein cannot bind into the active site of lipase
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 16]

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2 (a) A student investigated osmosis in potato plant cells.

He immersed cubes of potato tissue in water and different concentrations of sucrose solution
for 30 minutes.

The masses of the potato cubes were measured before and after immersion.

The percentage changes in mass were calculated.

Table 2.1 shows the results.

Table 2.1

concentration mass of potato mass of potato

percentage
of sucrose cube before cube after
change in mass
solution / mol dm–3 immersion / g immersion / g
0.00 1.32 1.50 13.64
0.20 1.34 1.49 11.19
0.40 1.30 1.34 3.08
0.60 1.33 1.29 –3.01
0.80 1.22 1.12 –8.20
1.00 1.28 1.11

(i) Using the information in Table 2.1, calculate the percentage change in mass at
1.00 mol dm–3.

Give your answer to two decimal places.

Space for working.

1.11-1.28
=-0.17

-0.17/1.28 *100 = -13.28%

............................................................ %
[3]

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(ii) Using the information in Table 2.1, explain the difference in the results between the
0.6 mol dm–3 and the 0.8 mol dm–3 sucrose solutions.

Use the term water potential in your answer.

0.8 loses greater mass
...........................................................................................................................................
movement of water causes mass loss
...........................................................................................................................................
water moves from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential
...........................................................................................................................................
more water leaves potato 0.8
...........................................................................................................................................
water potential of 0.8 is lower than the water potential of 0.6
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [5]

(iii) Describe the expected appearance of a cell from a potato cube that has been immersed
in distilled water for 30 minutes.
swollen, turgid, vaculoe larger
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Describe how the process of active transport differs from the process of osmosis.
active transport is from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
...................................................................................................................................................
uses energy from respiration
...................................................................................................................................................
proteinc carries are involved
...................................................................................................................................................
involves movement of minerals and sugar, ions
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

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(c) State the type of plant cells that use active transport to absorb mineral ions from the
environment.
root hair cell
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Explain the effect of a lack of magnesium ions on the colour of plant leaves.
yellow leaves
...................................................................................................................................................
magnesium is needed for making chrolophyll
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 16]

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3 (a) Fig. 3.1 is a photomicrograph of some cells lining the trachea.

goblet cell

Fig. 3.1

(i) Describe the role of goblet cells.

produce mucus
...........................................................................................................................................
which traps pathogen
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain how the cell labelled X in Fig. 3.1 is adapted for its function.
X are cilliated cells which have hair like cillia
...........................................................................................................................................
they move mucus with pathogens
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(iii) State the name of one other part of the body where the type of cell labelled X in Fig. 3.1
is found.
nose
..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Table 3.1 contains some features of the breathing system. DC RICE

Complete Table 3.1 to show the actions of each feature of the breathing system that occur to
cause inspiration.

Table 3.1

feature of the
action that causes inspiration
breathing system

diaphragm contracts
.......................................................................................
external intercostal contract
muscles .......................................................................................
pressure in the
decreases
thorax .......................................................................................

ribs move up and out

.......................................................................................
volume of the
thorax
increase
.......................................................................................
[5]

(c) State the name of the gas that is excreted by the breathing system.
carbon dioxide
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Good ventilation is one feature of gas exchange surfaces.

State two other features.

large surfacr area
1 ................................................................................................................................................
good blood supply
2 ................................................................................................................................................
short diffusion distance [2]

(e) State the name of the gas exchange surface in humans.

alveoli
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 14]

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4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis at different
temperatures and concentrations of carbon dioxide.

A 25 °C, 0.4% CO2

B 15 °C, 0.4% CO2

rate of
photosynthesis

C 15 °C, 0.04% CO2

light intensity

Fig. 4.1

Describe and explain the reasons for the shape of lines B and C in Fig. 4.1.
line B shows that light intensity is the limiting factor.
...................................................................................................................................................
B AND C as the light intensity increases the rate increasses and remains constant
...................................................................................................................................................
light provides energy for photosynthesis
...................................................................................................................................................
where the line rises, light intensity is limiting factos
...................................................................................................................................................
when the line levels off thats where light intensity is not the limiting factor
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
B has more concentration of carbon dioxide than C
...................................................................................................................................................
carbon dioxide is limiting factor at higher light intensity which is B
...................................................................................................................................................

carbon dioxide is a limiting factor at lower light intensity which is C

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
temperature is limiting factor at B
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [6]

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(b) C6H12O6 is one of the products of photosynthesis.

State the chemical formula of the other product.

O2
............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Outline how the carbohydrates made during photosynthesis are used in plants.
glucose converted to cellulose
...................................................................................................................................................
cellulose to build cell walls
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
glucose used in respiration/ provide energy
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
nectar to attract insects
...................................................................................................................................................
glucose converted to sucrose
sucrose for transport in phloem sent to sink
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
ligin for cell walls
............................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 11]

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5 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows the stages involved in protein synthesis.

DNA

Y amino acid

Fig. 5.1

(i) State the names of the parts labelled X, Y and Z in Fig. 5.1.

X ........................................................................................................................................
nucleus
mRNA
Y ........................................................................................................................................
ribosomes
Z ........................................................................................................................................
[3]

(ii) State what determines the sequence of the amino acids in the protein that is produced.
sequence of bases in DNA
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain why the sequence of amino acids is important in the production of receptor
molecules for neurotransmitters.
the sequence of amino acids determines the shape of the protein
...........................................................................................................................................
complementary shape is required for the receptor molecule to bind
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(b) Explain why body cells can have different specialised functions even though they contain the
same genes.

not all genes are expressed

...................................................................................................................................................

cells only produce specific proteins they need

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) Allele frequency in a population can be changed by natural selection and artificial selection.

State the meaning of the term allele.

alternative form of a gene
...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Describe how artificial selection differs from natural selection.

Artificial selection natural selection
...................................................................................................................................................
human choose happens naturally
...................................................................................................................................................
select individuals with desired there is sturggle for survival in the enviroment
...................................................................................................................................................
influenced by enviroment
characteristics to reproduce
...................................................................................................................................................
evolution
not influenced by enviroment
...................................................................................................................................................
faster takes time
...................................................................................................................................................
less evolution
............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(e) Mutation causes formation of new alleles which increases genetic variation.

State two other sources of genetic variation in populations.

meiosis
1 ................................................................................................................................................
random fertilisation
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 14]

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6 (a) A scientist monitored the changes in the pH in muscles before, during and after two minutes
of vigorous exercise.

The changes in pH are caused by the production of lactic acid.

7.10

7.00

6.90

6.80
pH in
muscles
6.70

6.60

6.50

6.40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
time / minutes
vigorous
exercise

Fig. 6.1

Complete the sentences to describe and explain the results in Fig. 6.1.
7.07 6.55
The pH decreases from ............................................... to ............................................... during
vigorous exercise.

oxygen
There is not enough ............................................... supplied to the muscles.

The body respires anaerobically. The lactic acid produced builds up in the muscles causing
oxygen
an ............................................... debt.
32
It takes ............................................... minutes for the muscle pH to return to its initial level
after exercise.

The pH value increases after vigorous exercise has ended, as lactic acid is transported in the
plasma liver
............................................... to the ............................................... .
heart
During this time the breathing rate and ............................................... rate remain high.
[6]

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(b) Yeast can respire anaerobically.

(i) Complete the balanced chemical equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast.
2C2H5OH + 2CO2
C6H12O6 ...................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Yeast belongs to the kingdom fungus.

State one cell component that is present in yeast cells but is absent in animal cells.
cell wall
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
vacuole
[Total: 9]
plasmid

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