Pneumatics & Hydraulics Technology

Chapter 4:
Pneumatic
Actuators
Instructor: Phan Thi Thu Thuy

Higher Engineering Education Alliance Program

Contents
1 Introduction

6 Air consumption

2 Fundamental designs

7 Seals

3 Rodless cylinders
8 Cushion design

4 Force

9 Shock absorbers
5 Speed control
Click the section to advance directly to it 2
Objectives
1. Be able to draw symbol and
briefly describe correctly the
working principle of 6 popular
types of cylinders concerned in
the lecture in 15 minutes.

2. Be able to calculate the force

(thrust and pull) produced by
cylinder in an appointed
particular case.

3. Be able to employ the application

of flow regulators for speed
control of cylinder in 5 minutes.

3
Introduction
Introduction
 Pneumatic actuators include linear cylinders and
rotary actuators.

 They are devices providing power and motion to

automated systems, machines and processes.
 A pneumatic cylinder is a simple, low cost, easy to
install device that is ideal for producing powerful
linear movement.
 Speed can be adjusted over a wide range.
 A cylinder can be stalled without damage.

5
Introduction
 Adverse conditions can be easily tolerated such as
high humidity, dry and dusty environments and
cleaning down with a hose.
 The bore of a cylinder determines the maximum
force that it can exert.
 The stroke of a cylinder determines the maximum
linear movement that it can produce.
 The maximum working pressure depends on the
cylinder design. VDMA cylinders work up to 16 bar.
 Thrust is controllable through a pressure regulator.

6
Basic Construction

1 Cushion seal
2 Magnet 1
2
3 Cushion sleeve 14 3
4 Barrel 4
5
5 Guide bush 6
6 Rod and wiper seal
7 Front end cover
8 Front port
9 Reed switch
13
10 Piston rod 12
11 Wear ring 11
12 Piston seal 10
9
13 Rear end cover
8
14 Cushion screw 7

7
Fundamental designs
Fundamental designs

The pneumatic actuator can be described

under two groups, linear and rotary:
 Linear motion
– Single-acting cylinders
– Double-acting cylinders

 Rotary motion
– Air motor
– Rotary cylinders
– Rotary actuator
9
 Fundamental designs
Pneumatic actuators are made in a wide variety of sizes,
styles and types including the following:
1. Single acting with and without spring return
2. Double acting
 Non cushioned and fixed cushioned
 Adjustable cushioned
 Magnetic
3. Rodless
4. Rotary
5. Clamping
6. Bellows

10
Single acting spring return
 Single acting cylinders  Normally in
have a power stroke in one
 Normally out
direction only

Click the illustrations to start and stop animation 11

Single acting no spring
 Gravity or other
external force to
return the rod

Animation

Animation

Click the illustrations to start and stop animation 12

Double acting

Double acting cylinders use compressed air

to power both the outstroke and instroke.
Superior speed control is possible
There are
 Non-cushioned types
 Fixed cushioned types
 Adjustable cushioned types

13
Double acting non-cushioned

Non cushioned cylinders are suitable for full

stroke working at slow speed.
Higher speeds with external cushions

Animation

Click the illustration to start and stop animation 14

Double acting fixed cushions
Small bore light duty cylinders have fixed
cushions

Animation

Click the illustration to start and stop animation 15

D/A adjustable cushions
Progressively slows the piston rod down over
the last part of stroke

Animation

Click the illustration to start and stop animation 16

Double acting magnetic
A magnetic band around the circumference of
the piston operates reed switches to indicate
positions of stroke.

Animation

Click the illustration to start and stop animation 17

Rodless cylinders
 Contain the movement produced within the
same overall length taken up by the cylinder
body.
 For example, action across a conveyor belt,
or for vertical lifting in spaces with confined
headroom.
 Movement is from a carriage running on the
side of the cylinder barrel.
 A slot, the full length of the barrel allows
the carriage to be connected to the piston.
 Long sealing strips on the inside and outside
of the cylinder tube prevent loss of air and
ingress of dust.
18
Rodless cylinder

Double acting with adjustable cushions

Animation

Click the illustration to start and stop animation 19

Rotary Actuators

Used for turning components, operating

process control valves, performing a wrist
action in robotic applications.
Provide angular reciprocating rotation up to
360o
Rotary vane types
Rack and pinion types

20
Rotary vane

Double acting with 270o angle of rotation

Animation

Click the illustration to start and stop animation 21

Rotary rack and pinion

Double acting rack and pinion

Click the illustration to start and stop animation 22

Rotary rack and pinion

Double acting double torque

Click the illustration to start and stop animation 23

Clamping Cylinders

For use in confined spaces where only a short

stroke is required.
Short axial overall dimension for their bore
size.
Generally used in light duty applications
Mostly used in single acting versions, but also
available in double acting through-rod styles

24
Clamping cylinder

Normally sprung instroked

Click the illustration to start and stop animation 25

Clamping cylinder

Double acting double ended piston rod

Click the illustration to start and stop animation 26

Bellows
 Bellows are durable single acting concertina like actuators.
 Extend when inflated.
 Provide powerful short strokes.
 Have all round compliance allowing them to bend in any direction.
 Can be used as air springs and are ideal for insulating the
vibration of supported loads.
 Caution: the maximum extension and compression of the bellows must
be limited by external restraints. The bellows must never be pressurised
while unrestrained as it will over extend and the end plate is likely to be
blown free and could cause serious injuries. When the bellows is
exhausted the load must be prevented from crushing it.

27
Bellows

Double convolution type

28
LINTRA® Rodless Cylinders
LINTRA® Cylinders

Rodless cylinders for: Large range:

 Limited spaces  Variants in structural
strength
 Simple installation
 Twin stroke
 Long strokes
 Active braking
 Neat attractive styling
 Passive braking
 High speed  Curved design
 Precision control  Electric drive
 Corrosion resistant

30
Operating principle
 A full length slot in the barrel
joins the piston and external
carriage
 The slot is sealed against
pressure and dust with self
holding inner seal and outer
cover strips
 Strips are continuously
parted and re-sealed by the
piston
 The slot is only unsealed in
the un-pressurised space
between the piston seals

Click the illustration to start and stop animation 31

 Operating principle

 The sealing strips are parted and closed as the

piston moves through the stroke
 Adjustable cushions
 Dual connection ports at the left hand end

Click the illustration to start and stop animation 32

LINTRA® applied

 For action across a

strip process
 No overhang or
mechanism
required compared
to a conventional
piston
rod cylinder
 The application
shows a flying knife
typical of use in the
paper production
industry

Click the illustration to start and stop animation 33

LINTRA® applied
 Lifting in places with
limited headroom
 Actuation contained
within the length of the
cylinder body

Click the illustration to start and stop animation 34

LINTRA® Overview
 Extruded aluminium alloy
 Magnetic piston option
cylinder barrel with integral
bearing guides  Dual integral grooves for
sensor mounting
 Internally or externally
guided carriage
 Roller guided carriage
 Double carriages
 Integral valve option
 Bore sizes 16 to 80mm
 Strokes up to 8.5 m
 Adjustable cushion
 Single end connections

35
Guiding variants
 The internally guided
carriage is suitable for
light duty applications
 Externally guided
carriage uses bearing
grooves on two extrusion
Internal External
edges
 For precision conditions,
roller guides can be used
 Secondary free carriage
connected to powered
carriage for guiding on all
four extrusion edges Roller
W UW

36
Heavy duty
 For precision movement of
heavy loads
 Up to 4.5 metres stroke
 Uses a rigid aluminium
profile and precision linear
ball bearing guides
 Adjustable buffer end stops
are standard
 Provision for adding two
pairs of shock absorbers to
the carriage

37
Braking cylinders
 Holds the carriage firmly Passiv Activ
in any position against a e e
fixed or variable load
 The passive brake is held
OFF by applied air
pressure and clamped ON
by a spring
 The active brake is
clamped ON by the
application of air pressure

38
Integrated valves
 For convenience, compact
layout and fast response
 Valve adaptor kit fits
directly to the end cover
 Can be fitted with 3/2
solenoid valves

39
 Corrosion Resistant

 For operation in hostile

environments
 Suitable for use in food and drug
industries
 Resistant to salt water spray
 Weather resistant for outside
applications

40
Mountings

 A variety of mounting
styles for fixing the
cylinder body and load
 Foot mountings style ‘C'
 Carriage mounting plate
style ‘UV' C UV V
 Centre support style ‘V'
for fixing the cylinder
body at mid span
 Swinging bridge style ‘S'
up to 8O either side and
up to 4mm vertical in the
axis of the cylinder S

41
Mountings
 Provide movement in two
planes
 A right angle mounting
system style ‘X’ allows the
carriages of two rodless
cylinders of the same bore
to be joined
 Styles ‘X1’ and ‘X2’ allow
the combination of
cylinders with different
bore sizes

Animation 1

Animation 2

42
LINTRA® -LITE

 Compact design giving

smallest installation
envelope
 High quality proven seal
design as used in
LINTRA® cylinders
 Magnetic and non
magnetic option
 Fixed buffer cushion and
adjustable cushion
options
 Neat integrated rails for
sensor mounting
 Integrated foot mounting

43
LINTRA® -CURVER
 Radial actuation for
special applications
including product
handling, pick and place
and the operation of
curved doors and shutters
 Bore sizes 25mm, 32mm
and 40mm
 Rotation angles up to 180O
 Radii 800, 1000, 1200,
1400, 1600mm

44
Electric Drive

 High thrust
 Precise positioning
 High repeatability
 Constant, defined high
or low speed
 Proven LINTRA® slide
and roller guide
 Interchangeable with
LINTRA® pneumatic
cylinders

45
LINTRA® -CARRIER

 For transportation of
hanging loads
 Driving elements:
Two yoke assemblies
 Guiding elements:
Two roller guided
carriages
 Easy installation
 Magnetic sensing
 Adjustable cushioning

46
Force
Cylinder sizing for thrust
 The theoretical thrust (outstroke) or pull (instroke) of a cylinder is
calculated by multiplying the effective area of the piston by the
working pressure.
 The effective area for thrust is the full area of the cylinder bore “D”.
 The effective area for pull is reduced by the cross section area of
the piston rod diameter “d”.

D d

48
Cylinder sizing for thrust

 In the formula, P is divided by 10 to convert bar to Newtons per

square millimetre (1 bar = 0.1 N/mm2)

2
Thrust F =
D P Newtons
4 10
Where
D = Cylinder bore in millimetres
P = Pressure in bar
F = Thrust or Pull in Newtons

49
Cylinder sizing for thrust

 Pulling force F will be less than the thrust

due to the area lost to the piston rod

2 2
(D - d )P
Pull F = Newtons
40
Where
D = Cylinder bore in millimetres
d = Piston rod diameter in millimetres
P = Pressure in bar
F = Thrust or Pull in Newtons

50
Cylinder sizing for thrust

 Example; find the theoretical thrust and pull of a 50 mm

bore cylinder supplied with a pressure of 8 bar.
2
Thrust F = 50 . 8
40
= 1571 Newtons

Pull F = (502- 202 ) . 8

40
= 1319 Newtons
51
Opposing spring force

 Calculating the thrust or pull of single acting cylinders

with a spring is more complicated. The spring force
opposing the thrust or pull will progressively increase
as more of the stroke is achieved. This must be
subtracted to find the theoretical force.

52
Table of thrust and pulls s/a
 Tables of cylinder forces Cylinder bore Thrust N Min Pull of
mm at 6 bar spring N
can be found in
catalogues 10 37 3
12 59 4
 The values shown here 16 105 7
are for a working 20 165 14
pressure of 6 bar 25 258 23

 For another pressure in 32 438 27

40 699 39
bar, multiply the thrust 50 1102 48
value in the table by that 63 1760 67
pressure then divide by 6 80 2892 86
100 4583 99

53
Table of thrust and pulls d/a
Cylinder Piston rod Thrust N at Pull N
bore mm diameter
(inches) mm (inches)
6 bar at 6 bar  The pull values are
8 3 30 25 lower due to the annular
10 4 47 39
12 6 67 50
area of the piston
16 6 120 103  The values shown here
20 8 188 158
25 10 294 246 are for a working
32 12 482 414 pressure of 6 bar
40 16 753 633
44.45 (1.75) 16 931 810  For another pressure in
50 20 1178 989
63 20 1870 1681
bar, multiply the thrust
76.2 (3) 25 2736 2441 values in the table by
80 25 3015 2721
100 25 4712 4418 that pressure then
125 32 7363 6881 divide by 6
152.4 (6) (1 1/2) 10944 10260
160 40 12063 11309
200 40 18849 18095
250 50 29452 28274
304.8 (12) (2 1/4) 43779 42240
320 63 48254 46384
355.6 (14) (2/14) 59588 58049

54
Thrust
 When estimating the relative thrusts of cylinders with
different bore sizes, it can be useful to remember that
thrust increases with the square of the diameter. In
other words if you double the bore you will quadruple
the thrust

2d

This is 4 times the area of this d

55
Useable Thrust

 When selecting a cylinder size and suitable operating

pressure, an estimation must be made of the actual
thrust required.
 This is then taken as a percentage of the theoretical
thrust of a suitably sized cylinder.
 The percentage chosen will depend on whether the
application requires static or dynamic thrust.
 Static thrust at the end of movement for clamping.
 Dynamic thrust during movement for lifting.

56
Clamping Applications

In a clamping application the force is

developed as the cylinder stops. This is
when the pressure differential across the
piston reaches a maximum. The only losses
from the theoretical thrust will be those
caused by friction.
As a general rule, make an allowance of 10%
for friction. This may be more for very small
bore cylinders and less for very large ones.

57
Dynamic Applications

The thrust or pull developed in dynamic

applications is divided into two components
One for moving the load
The other for creating a back pressure to help
expel the air on the exhausting side of the
piston
For a lightly loaded cylinder, most of the
thrust is used to expel the back pressure
As a general rule, the estimated thrust
requirement should fall between 50% and 75%
of the theoretical thrust
58
Speed control
Speed control

The maximum natural speed of a cylinder is

determined by:
 the cylinder size,
 the ports size,
 inlet and exhaust valve flow,
 the air pressure,
 the bore and length of the hoses,
 the load against which the cylinder is working.

60
Speed control
 From the natural speed it restricted aperture
is possible to increase or
reduce it.
 Normally a smaller valve
reduces cylinder speed.
 A larger valve might
increase cylinder speed.
 A limiting factor will be the
aperture in the cylinder
ports

unrestricted aperture

61
Speed control

 Once a valve, cylinder, pressure and load are selected,

adjustable speed control is effected with flow
regulators.
 Speed is regulated by controlling the flow of air to
exhaust
 The front port regulator controls the outstroke speed
and the rear port regulator controls the instroke speed.

62
 Pressure / Velocity graph
 The behavior of pressure and speed during the
stroke of a typical cushioned cylinder fitted with
flow regulators.
Differential to maintain V m/s
bar 10 velocity against load and 1.0
friction
8 P1 0.8
Load
6 0.6
P2
4 0.4

Velocity
2 0.2

0 0
0 movement starts Time
valve switched movement ends

P1 pressure driving the piston forward

P2 back pressure on the annular side of the piston

63
Flow regulator

 Uni-directional, line mounted adjustable flow regulator

 Free flow in one direction
 Adjustable restricted flow in the other direction

64
Banjo flow regulator
 Designed to fit directly in to the
cylinder port, so placing
adjustment at the appropriate
cylinder end. Select the type to
give conventional flow
restriction out of the cylinder
and free flow in.

65
Guide to cylinder speed

 As an approximate guide,
2,000 Rodless the graph shows the likely
1,800 maximum speeds that can
Piston rod
Speed mm / s

1,600 be achieved with typical

Cylinder
1,400 combinations of valve Cv
1,200 and cylinder bore against
1,000 percentage loading.
Cv 0.4 & 25 dia
800
Cv 1.0 & 32 dia
600
Cv 4.0 & 80 dia
400
200
Cv 0.4 & 50 dia
0
100 80 50 30 10 0 Cv 0.35 & 25 dia
Cv 6.0 & 250 dia
Load %

66
Increasing speed
 In some applications
cylinder speed can be
increased by 50% when
using a quick exhaust
valve.
 When operated, air from
the front of the cylinder
exhausts directly through
the quick exhaust valve.
 Built in cushioning will be
less effective.

67
Quick exhaust valve
 Air flows from the control valve in to the cylinder past a
poppet lip seal.
 When the control valve is operated the falling pressure
from the valve allows the poppet seal to snap open.
 The air in the cylinder rapidly exhausts through the large
exhaust port and silencer.
2

1
2 2

1 1

68
Response times
 Likely time of one cycle.
Bore Valve Cv Time
 overall response time of ports m secs
the valve and cylinder.
20 1/8 0.3 225
 Table of guide times for
50 1/8 0.4 700
double acting cylinders.
63 1/4 1.0 525
 150-mm stroke.
100 1/4 1.0 1100
 one cycle out and
instroke 160 ½ 3.5 950

 5/2 solenoid / spring 200 ½ 3.5 1560

valve. 200 1 7.8 650
 6 bar pressure supply. 320 1 7.8 1280
 1m of tubing between
valve and cylinder.
 no load on the piston rod

69
Air consumption
Cylinder air consumption
 There are two parts to the air consumption of a
cylinder.
 One is the volume displaced by the piston multiplied
by the absolute working pressure.
 Two is the unswept volume such as cavities in the
end cover and piston, the cylinder ports, tubing and
valve cavities, all multiplied by the gauge pressure.
 The unswept part is likely to be a small percentage
and will vary with individual installations. A general
allowance of around 5% can be added to cover this.

71
Cylinder air consumption
 For a double acting cylinder the volume of free
air displaced by the piston in one complete
cycle

 2 -6
Push stroke V= D . S . ( Ps + Pa) . 10
4
 Pull stroke
2 2 -6
V= ( D -d ) . S . ( Ps + Pa) . 10
Where
D = cylinder bore mm
d = rod diameter mm
V = volume in dm3 free air
4
S = stroke mm
Ps = supply gauge pressure bar
Pa = atmospheric pressure (assumed to be 1 bar)

72
Cylinder air consumption

To estimate the total average air

consumption of a pneumatic system make a
calculation for each cylinder in the system.
Add these together and add 5% .
It is important to understand that the
instantaneous flow requirement for a system
will be higher than the average and in some
cases very much higher.

73
Table of consumption
Bore Rod Push stroke Pull stroke Combined
mm mm consumption consumption consumption  Take each figure
dm3/mm of dm3/mm of dm3/mm of and multiply by the
stroke at 6 bar stroke at 6 bar stroke/cycle
stroke in mm. For
10 4 0.00054 0.00046 0.00100 pressures other
12 6 0.00079 0.00065 0.00144 than 6 bar multiply
16 6 0.00141 0.00121 0.00262 by the absolute
20 8 0.00220 0.00185 0.00405 pressure divided by
25 10 0.00344 0.00289 0.00633 seven.
32 12 0.00563 0.00484 0.01047
40 16 0.00880 0.00739 0.01619
50 20 0.01374 0.01155 0.02529
63 20 0.02182 0.01962 0.04144
80 25 0.03519 0.03175 0.06694
100 25 0.05498 0.05154 0.10652
125 32 0.0859 0.08027 0.16617
160 40 0.14074 0.13195 0.27269
200 40 0.21991 0.21112 0.43103
250 50 0.34361 0.32987 0.67348

74
Seals
 Seals

 Identification of seals in a double acting adjustable

cushioned cylinder

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Cushion screw seal
2 Cushion seal
3 Wear ring
4 Piston seal
5 Barrel seal
6 Piston rod/wiper seal
76
‘O' Ring piston seals
 An ‘O'-ring piston seal
is a loose fit in the
groove, with the outer
diameter just in contact
with the cylinder bore.
When pressure is
applied the ‘O'-ring is
pushed sideways and
outwards to seal the
clearance between the
outer diameter of the
piston and the cylinder
wall.

77
Cup seals
 Used on medium and
large bore cylinders.
 Seal in one direction
only.
 One for single acting
 Two for double acting
 Low radial exertion to
reduce the static break
out friction
 High compliance

78
Z Rings

 Used for piston seals

on smaller bore
cylinders
 Seals in both
directions
 Take up less space
 Z shape acts as a
light radial spring
providing low radial
exertion and high
compliance.

79
‘O' Ring barrel seals

These are static

seals and will be a
tight fit in their
groove locations
Butt joint seal for tie
rod construction.
Screwed barrel and
end cover

80
Cushion seals

 These seals perform a

dual role of seal and non
return valve.
 Sealing on the inside
diameter and one face
when cushioning.
 Air flows freely around
the outside diameter and
grooves in the other face
when the piston is driven
out.

81
Piston rod seals
 One piece seal serves the
dual role of pressure seal and
wiper seal.
 Outer body of the seal is a
pressure tight fit within the
bearing housing.
 Cleaning action removes
abrasive particles that can
settle on the rod when
outstroked.
 Special seal for harsh
environments

82
 Piston rod bellows
 Alternative to special wiper seals, also referred to as
gaiters.
 Specify as original equipment, as the cylinder requires a
slightly longer than standard piston rod.
 Ideal solution where the outstroked piston rod is likely
to be scratched or abraded by falling debris.

83
Extreme operating temperatures
 Standard seals are generally recommended for
continuous running in the range +2oC to +80oC.
 Higher temperatures will soften the seals so that
they wear quickly and produce more friction. Lower
temperatures will harden the seals which make them
brittle and liable to splitting and cracking.
 For high temperature applications with continuous
running at an ambient up to 150oC, cylinders fitted
with "Viton" seals should be specified.

84
Wear ring

 A wear ring is an open

band fitted around the
piston.
 It is made from a hard
plastic material.
 In the event of a high side
load, it becomes a bearing
that prevents excessive
distortion of the seals.
 Protects against scoring of
the barrel from the piston.

85
Cushion design
Cushion design

Cushioning protects a cylinder and load by

absorbing the energy at the end of stroke.
This results in progressive deceleration and
gentle contact between the piston and end
cover.
Fixed cushioning with shock absorbing pads
is applied to small light duty cylinders which
have low mass in the piston, rod and load.
Larger cylinders have adjustable pneumatic
cushions which function over the final 2 cm of
stroke.
87
Fixed cushion design

 Shock absorbent discs set into the end covers

cushion the impact of the piston

88
Adjustable cushion design
Adjustable cushion design

 The piston is moving to the left at speed.

 Air is venting through the centre of the seal.

90
Adjustable cushion design
 The cushion seal is pushed to the left and seals against
it’s left hand edge and inside diameter.
 Air can only escape past the cushion screw. The
pressure builds up and cushions the piston.

91
Adjustable cushion design

 The screw is set to bring the piston, rod and load to a

gentle halt against the end cover.

92
 Adjustable cushion design

 A valve has been operated to power the piston out.

 The cushion seal is pushed to the right. Grooves in the
right hand edge and outside diameter bypass the
screw.

93
Adjustable cushion design

 The piston is started in the other direction un-

restricted by the cushion screw setting.

94
Shock absorbers
Shock absorbers

For smooth deceleration Self compensating

of very high mass and
0.9 to 10 Kg
velocity. 2.3 to 25 Kg
Supplement or take over 9 to 136 Kg
a cylinder's built in 105 to 1130 Kg
cushioning.
Non adjustable self Adjustable

compensating units 5 to 450 Kg

10 to 810 Kg
Adjustable units in two
sizes

96
Self compensating units

 The principle of operation is progressive flow

restriction.
 The piston is pushed in easily at first, oil is displaced
through a large number of graduated metering orifices.
 As the stroke progresses fewer and fewer metering
orifices are available.

97
Adjustable units

 Internal accumulator containing closed cell elastomer

foam as fluid displacement reservoir.
 Orifice sizes can be regulated by operating an adjusting
ring. This allows precise deceleration to be achieved
over a wide range of mass and velocity characteristics.

98
Shock absorbers

 Calculate the equivalent mass using this formula

2W3
me =
v2
Where
 W3 = total energy W1 + W2 (Nm)
 me = equivalent mass (kg)
 W1 = kinetic energy = ½m.v2 (Nm)
 W2 = energy of the force = F.s (Nm)
 m = mass (Kg)
 v = velocity (m/s)
 F = propelling force (N)
 s = stroke of shock absorber (m)
99
Example

 Mass of 10 kg, force 100 N, will contact the shock absorber with a
velocity of 1 m/s. The stroke of the self adjusting unit is a nominal
0.025m.
 W1 = 10 × 12 ÷ 2 = 5 Nm
 W2 = 100 × 0.025 = 2.5 Nm
 W3 = 5 + 2.5 = 7.5 Nm
 me = 2 × 7.5 ÷ 12 = 15 kg

s = 0.025 m

F=100N

v = 1 m/s

100
Test question 1

 A double acting cylinder has a 40 mm bore (D),

16 mm rod (d) and 40 mm stroke (L). Air is
available at 6 bar.
 What is the maximum extension (thrust force)
and retraction force (pull force) available from
the cylinder ?
 The volume of air needed to cycle (a cycle of
extend and retract) a double acting cylinder ?
L

D d

101
Test question 2

Reversing the flow control – check

valve in both flow controls would
cause the circuit shown to ?
a. Meter – in, both directions

50%

50%
b. Meter – out, extension only
c. Meter – in, extension only 4 2

d. Meter – out, retraction only

e. Have no effect in either direction 5
1
3

102
HIGHER ENGINEERI NG EDUC ATION ALLI ANCE PROGRAM

Contact: thuyptt@hcmute.edu.vn