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Basketball: Periodization of Biomotor Capabilities
Presentation · May 2021

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28471.85920
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Basketball:
Periodization of Biomotor Capabilities
Adriano Vretaros
Strength and Conditioning Coach
2021
The Problem
Structure the Training
Periodization Models
Training Systems
Training Methods
SOURCE: https://basketballhq.com/
Training Means
The Problem
Sylta, 2017
Parker et al, 2018 Piedra et al, 2020

Definition
● What is PERIODIZATION?
“It is the training plan and structure, with the objective

of achieving maximum performance (peaks)
through the development of functional and biomotor
aspects, with due control of fatigue and adaptation”
(Adapted from Dias et al, 2016)

Definition
PERIODIZATION
The Macro-Management of the Training Process
(Kataoka et al, 2021)

Historic
● Empirical Period
(1896 Olympic Games)
● Scientific Period
(After the Second World War)
● Modern Period
(~1979)

Historic
FIRST PERIODIZATION MODEL

Ancient Greece - Tetra Model
High Intensity
Medium Intensity
Weak Intensity
Light Exercise
or Rest
(Adapted from Alves, 2010)

Empirical Period
● Pioneer Models
● Physiology and Biomechanics Studies
● Soviet Union
● Multisport Training
● Nikolai Ozolin – 1949
Specificity and Long-term Training
● Training Loads

Scientific Period
● Studies in Physiology and Biochemistry

● Hans Selye (General Adaptation Syndrome)
● Nikolai Yakovlev (Principle of Overcompensation)
● Matveev – 1955 (Linear or Classical Periodization)
● Arosiev & Kalinin – 1971 (Pendular Periodization)
● Arkady Vorobiev - 1974 (Modular Training)
● Peter Tschiene - 1977 (Structural Periodization)
(Adapted from Marques Junior, 2012; Dias et al, 2016)

Modern Period
● Advances in Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics

● Verkhoshansky – 1979 (Periodization in Blocks)
● Bondarchuck – 1984 (Integrator Model)
● Issurin & Kaverin – 1985 (ATR Periodization)
● Bompa – 1986 (Bompa Model)
● De La Rosa – 1998 (Structural Bell Model)
● Gomes – 2002 (Selective Loads)
● Vitor Frade - (Tactical Periodization)
(Adapted from Marques Junior, 2012; Dias et al, 2016)
Some Periodization Models
Blocks Non-Linear Structural

Classical
Oliveira, 2007 Fleck & Alves, 2010
Matveev, 1997
Kraemer, 2009
Autoregulatory ATR Bondarchuck

Pendulum
Mann et al, Issurin, 2010 Alves, 2010
Pereira, 2009
2010
Structural Bells Selective Loads Statistical

Bompa
Forteza, 2006 Gomes, 2002 Kinugasa et al,
Bompa & 2002
Haff, 2012
Reverse Fractal Integrated
Tactical
Arroyo-Toledo et Brown & Mujika et al,
Borges et al, al, 2013 Greenwood, 2005 2018
2014
CLASSICAL PERIODIZATION
● Excessive time in general preparation;

● Simultaneous development of different biomotor capabilities
● Low number of performance peaks (~ 3 peaks)
● Little importance to specific training
● Repetitive loads over an extended period
● Pluriannual plan
(Mesquita, 2013; Dias et al, 2016)

CLASSICAL PERIODIZATION
(Marques Junior, 2020)

PENDULAR PERIODIZATION
● Need more peaks in the season

● Main microcycles and regulatory microcycles
● Relationship between general and specific preparation
(pendulum)
● Open Pendulum and Closed Pendulum
● Intensive Periods (non-extensive)

PENDULAR PERIODIZATION

MODULAR PERIODIZATION
● Basis on specific preparation

● Higher volume followed by higher intensity
● Predominance in special loads
● Principle of biological adaptation
● Alternating loads (continuous adaptations)
(Dias et al, 2016)

BLOCK PERIODIZATION
● Block structure
● Complex organization and control system
● Unidirectional loads concentrated in the periods (A,B, and C)
● “Effect of Delayed Training Accumulation”
● Performance optimization using residual effects from
previous loads

BLOCK PERIODIZATION
Specific Technical and Competitions

Strength Work Speed Work
Base Stage Competitive

Special Stage
Stage
(Adapted from Ravé et al, 2007)

CONJUGED PERIODIZATION (ATR)
● Accumulation, Transmutation and Realization (ATR)

● Variation of periodization in blocks
● Loads with greater residual effect followed by load with less
residual effect
● Multi-peak training design
● Multi-stage annual plan
(Issurin, 2008; Dias et al, 2016)

CONJUGED PERIODIZATION (ATR)
(Issurin, 2008)
PERIODIZATION BOMPA MODEL
● Various performance peaks during the season

● Various performance peaks during the season
● Preparatory (general and specific), competitive and transition
phases
● High demand for special loads
● Volume, intensity, density and complexity

PERIODIZATION BOMPA MODEL
Training State
Optimal State of Sport Form
High State of Sport Form
General State of Sport Form
Preparatory Period Competitive Period Transition Period
(Adapted from Marques Junior, 2020)

STRUCTURAL BELLS PERIODIZATION
● Structuring the bells determines the direction of training

● Special loads predominate over general loads
● Each "bell" corresponds to a mesocycle
DETERMINING SPECIAL
Performance Directions Preparation
CONDITIONING GENERAL
Performance Directions Preparation
(Dias et al, 2016; Marques Junior, 2021)

STRUCTURAL BELLS PERIODIZATION

PERIODIZATION OF SELECTIVE LOADS
● Team sports calendar

● Fragmented training sessions
● It does not propose maximum development, but regularity.
● Double periodization
● Emphasize the biomotor capacity of speed

PERIODIZATION OF SELECTIVE LOADS

TACTICAL PERIODIZATION
● Football training and competition

● Adaptation to other team sports
● Game model design
● Actions, thoughts, and principles
● Physical training subordinated to technical-tactical variables
● Competitive regularity
(Borges et al, 2014; Dias et al, 2016)

TACTICAL PERIODIZATION

BONDARCHUK PERIODIZATION
● Physical-conditional structure and technical structure

● General preparation should be eliminated (means of recovery)
● Emphasis on special exercises
● Importance in volume, not intensity
● Curve of the physical form of each athlete
(Alves, 2010; Mesquita, 2013)

BONDARCHUK PERIODIZATION

AUTOREGULATORY PERIODIZATION
● Strength training (primary focus)

● Autoregulatory progressive resistance exercise (APRE)
● Pace based on daily and weekly performance variations
● Adjusted the athlete's individual need for adaptation
● Designed for different training needs
(Mann et al, 2010)

(Autoregulatory Progressive Resistance)
F=7.1, p=0.02 F=4.1, p=0.05

F=6.8, p=0.02
192.7+\-199 N
93.4+\-103 N 3.17+\-2.86
37.2+\-155 N
-0.40+\-49.6 N -0.09+\-2.40
(Adapted from Mann et al, 2010)

Velocity (Velocity Based Training)
Too Fast: The load must be increased.
Ideal Velocity Range
Too Slow: The load must be decreased.
Time
(Adapted from Walker, 2017)
REVERSE PERIODIZATION
● Opposition to the traditional periodization model

● High-intensity and low-volume followed by low-intensity and
high-volume
● Volume modulation strategy
● An effective and time-efficient strategy
● A model that produces a higher adaptive autonomic response
(Arroyo-Toledo et al, 2013; Clemente-Suárez et al, 2019)

TRADITIONAL PERIODIZATION
(Arroyo-Toledo et al, 2013)

STATISTICAL PERIODIZATION
● Autocorrelation
● Fluctuation factors of conditioning
● Training load and recovery (11 items)
● Performance readiness (24 items)
● Game performance (10 items)
(Kinugasa et al, 2002; Kinugasa et al, 2004)

STATISTICAL PERIODIZATION
(Kinugasa et al, 2002; Kinugasa et al, 2004)

NONLINEAR PERIODIZATION
● Strength training
● Loads changed daily, weekly and\or bi-weekly
● Highly flexible periodization model
● It allows to reach several peaks of performance
● Progressive overload and specificity
● Optimized sequencing and training readiness
(Kraemer & Fleck, 2007; Fleck & Kraemer, 2009)

NONLINEAR PERIODIZATION

FRACTAL PERIODIZATION
● Strength training
● Function of mathematics and nonlinear dynamics
● Volume, intensity and rest
● “Sensitive dependence on initial conditions”
(Brown & Greenwood, 2005)

Variable Verkhoshank Matveev Bompa ATR Forteza

y Model Model Model Model
Model
Index of 2.88 3.44 2.66 1.96 2.25
Adequacy
Concept Good Very Good Regular Regular

Good
Effect 0.57 1.13 0.34 -0.37 -0.07

Size
Concept Moderate Great Moderat Small Small

e
(Dantas et al, 2011)

THE PROBLEM
“Periodization has been studied primarily using

short-term study design”
(Kataoka et al, 2021)
Research related to periodization has focused on the

development of strength and power training.
(Cissik et al, 2008)
New Trends in Periodization
●
Extension of the Predisposition Period for Results;
● Reduction of Time Dedicated to General Preparation;
●
Greater Requirements in Intensity than Volume;
●
Highest Number of Competitions in the Season;
● Integrated Periodization
(Adapted from Afonso & Pinheiro, 2011; Mujika et al, 2018)

Important Factors in the Construction of Periodization
●
Solid Concepts
● Pedagogical-Methodological Construction
●
Adjustable Periodization Models
●
Current Adaptation Reserve
(Paschoalino & Speretta, 2017)

Main Problems in Sports Preparation
●
Congested Competition Calendar;
● Travels;
●
Inconstant Fluctuations in Peak Performance;
●
Injuries;
● Long-Term Planning Difficulty;
●
Business Interests
(Adapted from Cassidori Jr & Oliveira, 2017 Jukić et al, 2018)

PERIODIZATION PROJECT
There is no "cake recipe"
(Adapted from Cassidori Jr & Oliveira, 2017)

Theoretical-Methodological Bases
Continuous Control
Organization, Technology
of the Main
and Financial Resources
Performance Factors
(Adapted from Zhelyazkov, 2001; Issurin, 2008)

Physical Form and Sports Form
PHYSICAL FORM
Physical Preparation
Works
(Ribeiro, 2009)
PHYSICAL FORM
Physical Training
Process
Genetic Adaptation Current Adaptation

Capacity (GAC) General Adaptation Reserve (CAR)
Reserve (GAR)
(Adapted from Zhelyazkov, 2001)

TECHNICAL PHYSICAL
Aspects Aspects
SPORTS COLLECTIVE
INDIVIDUAL FORM
PSYCHOLOGICAL
TACTICAL Aspects
Aspects
(Adapted from Ribeiro, 2009)

Biological Principles of Sports Training
Biological
Trainability
Individuality
Volume-Intensity
Adaptation Variability
Interdependence
Overload Specificity Reversibility
Progressivity Concurrent Continuity

BIOLOGICAL INDIVIDUALITY
● Unique Beings
●
Genotype
●
Phenotype
(Adapted from Lussac, 2008; Cavaliere Junior, 2009; Dantas, 2014)

ADAPTATION
● Changes in Homeostasis
● General Adaptation Syndrome
● Magnitude of Stimuli
● Sensitive Adaptive Stimulation Zone
(Adapted from Lussac, 2008; Bompa & Haff, 2012; Dantas, 2014)
ADAPTATION
Maximum Tolerance
Harmful
Threshold
Ideal Effect
Maintenance
Strong stimuli Supramaximal

Weak stimuli
No Effect to the threshold above the stimuli above
threshold the threshold
Stimuli below
the threshold
(Adapted from Borges, 2016)

OVERLOAD
● Compensatory Restoration
(Overcompensation)
● Types of Overloads
(stressful, maintenance or restorative)
● Loading and Recovery
(Adapted from Zatsiorsky & Kraemer, 2008; Bompa & Haff, 2012; Dantas, 2014)
OVERLOAD
Fitness-Fatigue Paradigm
(Turner, 2011)
OVERLOAD
(Greig et al, 2020)

PROGRESSIVITY
● Gradual Application of Loads

●
Volume (quantitative aspect)
●
Intensity (qualitative)
● Stimulus Density
(Adapted from Badillo & Ayestarán, 2001; Borges, 2016)

VOLUME-INTENSITY INTERDEPENDENCY
● Volume vs. Intensity

●
Antagonistic Wave Curves
(Adapted from Lussac, 2008; Dantas, 2014)

VOLUME-INTENSITY INTERDEPENDENCY
(Plisk & Stone, 2003)

SPECIFICITY
● Systemic, Integrated and Targeted

●
Real Needs
●
Bioenergetics, Metabolic and Biomechanical
(Dantas, 2014; Kraemer et al, 2015)

SPECIFICITY
- Similarity of movement with internal structure

(intermuscular and intramuscular coordination)
- Similarity of movement with the external structure
- Similarity of the movement with the bioenergetic production

of the actions
- Similarity of movement with sensory response
(proprioception)
- Similarity of movement with the intention of the movement

(Adapted from Bosch, 2016)
CONCURRENT
●
Sequential Heterogeneous Character
● Combination of Different Biomotor Capabilities in the
Training Session
● Interaction of
Interaction of Tasks
Tasks in
in the
the Training
Training Session:
Session:
Neutral
Positive Negative
(Adapted from Platonov, 2008; Vretaros, 2015)

TRAINABILITY
● “Functional Adaptation Window "
YOUTH Players # SENIORS Players
(Tubino & Moreira, 2003; Platonov, 2008; Vretaros, 2015)

VARIABILITY
●
Stimulus Diversification
● Means and Methods of Training
●
Periodic Variability
●
Monotony and Stagnation
●
Loads Accommodation
(Lussac, 2008; Bossi, 2011; Bompa & Haff, 2012)

REVERSIBILITY
● Transitory Nature
●
Proportional Reduction of Time Interruption
●
Cardiovascular and Neuromuscular Systems
(Lussac, 2008; Bossi, 2011; Bompa & Haff, 2012)

REVERSIBILITY
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS NEUROMUSCULAR EFFECTS

↓ VO2 max. ↓ Capillary density
↓ Blood Volume ↓ Fiber Cross Section Area
↑ HR max ↓ Muscle Mass
↑ HR rest ↓ Electromyographic Activity
↑ HR recovery ↓ Fast \ Slow Fiber Ratio
↑ Cardiac Volume During Exercise ↓ Strength Performance
↓ Cardiac Debt ↓ Power Performance
↓ Ventricular Mass Dimension
↓ Endurance Performance
(Adapted from Mujika & Padilla, 2000)

REVERSIBILITY
BIOMOTOR CAPABILITIES RESIDUAL DURATION (days)

Aerobic Endurance 30+\-5
Maximal Strength 30+\-5
Anaerobic Glycolitic Endurance 18+\-4
Strength Endurance 15+\-5
Maximal Speed 5+\-3
(Adapted from Issurin, 2008)

CONTINUITY
●
Timeline Continuum
● Logical and Regular Sequence
●
Uninterrupted Succession
●
Successive and Regular Stimuli
●
Acquisition, Conservation, and Development
(Lussac, 2008; Gomes, 2009; Dantas, 2014)

Biomotor Capabilities
Conditioning Coordinative
SPECIFIC SKILLS
CONDITIONING
ENDURANCE AGILITY
- ATP-CP - Simple
- Anaerobic Lactic STRENGTH
- Espatial
- Aerobic - Anatomical - Temporal
Adaptation - Universal
- Hypertrophy
- Maximal Strength
SPEED - Maximal Power
- Power Endurance FLEXIBILITY
- Reactive
- Movement - Mobility
- Displacement - Elasticity
COORDENATIVE
General Eye-Hand Eye-Foot

Coordination Coordination Coordination
Rhythm Precision Laterality
Total and Static Balance Dynamic Balance

Differential
Relaxation
Recovered Balance
SPECIFIC SKILLS
Passing Shooting Ball Control
Dribbling Rebounding Body Control
Footwork Catching Jumping

Training Schemes
METABOLIC
Training
MOVEMENT
Training
STRENGTH
BIOMECHANICAL Training
Training
Training Schemes
- Learning, proprioception,
MOVEMENT
stability, mobility, motor control.
TRAINING
METABOLIC - Alactic, lactic and aerobic

TRAINING endurance.
- Accelerations, decelerations,
BIOMECHANICAL COD, backpedal, lateral shuffling,
TRAINING crossover step, agility and speed.
- Anatomical adaptation,
STRENGTH hypertrophy, maximal strength,
TRAINING power, and power endurance.
Periodization
Survey - S&C Coaches from 20 countries
66.7% - Short-term periodization (microcycles)
30.0% - Block periodization
16.7% - Classical periodization
13.3% - Conjugated periodization
3.3% - other models
(Romero-Caballero et al, 2020)

Periodization
Microcycle Microcycle Microcycle

1,2,3,4 5,6,7,8 9,10,11,12
Mesocycle Mesocycle Mesocycle Mesocycle
01 02 03 04
MACROCYCLE
OFF-
PRE-SEASON SEASON
SEASON
GENERAL SPECIFIC
COMPETITIVE TRANSITION
Preparatory Preparatory Period
Period
Period Period
Periodization
Preparatory Period
YOUTH PLAYERS
General Specific
Preparatory Period Preparatory Period
SENIOR PLAYERS
General Specific
Preparatory Period Preparatory Period
Periodization
NBB - Brazilian Basketball Championship:
1)- National Championship ***
2)- Champions League Americas
3)- Super-8 Cup
4)- Interleague
5)- Gold League

Periodization
NBB - Brazilian Basketball Championship:
DURATION: ~9 months
TOTAL CHAMPIONSHIP GAMES: ~300
TEAMS: 16
TARGET VOLUME: ~90 minutes

Periodization
STRUCTURING THE PRACTICE:
S&C Sessions
PRE-Season – (5-6 sessions per week) - EXTENSIVE
INITIAL Season – (3-4 sessions per week) – EXT + INT
MID Season – (2-3 sessions per week) – EXT + INT
END of Season – (2 sessions per week) - INTENSIVE
OFF-Season – (individual loads)

Periodization
Distribution of Training Schemes in Season for Basketball (%)

Periodization
Periodization of External Load During the Basketball Season
OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY

Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro Micro
1,2,3,4 5,6,7,8 9,10,11,12 13,14,15,16 17,18,19,20 21,22,23,24 25,26,27,28 29,30,31,32
Meso-01 Meso-02 Meso-03 Meso-04 Meso-05 Meso-06 Meso-07 Meso-08

GPP SPP Early CP Late CP Transiton
Preparatory Period Competitive Period Transition
Periodization
Periodization in Basketball
Distribution of Microcycles in the Periods
General
Preparatory Period 2 microcycles
Specific
Preparatory Period 4 microcycles
Early
Competitive Period 11 microcycles
Late
Competitive Period
15 microcycles
Transition
Period
4 microcycles
Periodization
- ORDINARY
(Load: 60% - 80%)
- SHOCK
(Load: 80% - 100%)
Types of
Microcycles
- STABILIZER
(Load: 40% - 60%)
- REGENERATIVE
(Load: 10% - 40%)
Periodization
Recovery Time Between Sessions
ORDINARY ~24-36 hours

Microcycle
SHOCK ~48-72 hours
Microcycle
STABILIZER ~12-18 hours
Microcycle
REGENERATIVE ~2-4 hours
Microcycle
(Adapted from Oliveira, 2007)

Periodization
EXAMPLES:
MICRO 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
Type ORDIN ORDIN ORDIN REGEN ORDIN ORDIN ORDIN REGEN
MICRO 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Type ORDIN ORDIN REGEN ORDIN ORDIN REGEN ORDIN ORDIN
MICRO 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Type ORDIN ORDIN ESTAB REGEN ORDIN ORDIN ESTAB REGEN
MICRO 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Type ORDIN SHOCK REGEN ORDIN ORDIN SHOCK REGEN ORDIN
MICRO 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
Type ORDIN ORDIN SHOCK REGEN ORDIN ORDIN SHOCK REGEN
Periodization
“The 3:1 step loading paradigm”
(Adapted from Turner, 2011; Turner & Comfort, 2018)

Periodization
(Adapted from Naclerio et al, 2013)

Periodization
Duration of Each Peak Performance
~2-3 weels
Fitness-Fatigue Model
(Turner, 2011; Haff & Haff, 2015)

Periodization
Number of Peaks
Magnitude of the Peaks
Continuum of Season
Periodization
Performance Peaks in the Competitive Period
Dynamics of Training Loads
Training Methods and Means
Diagnosis of the Athlete's Functional State
Stimulation and Recovery Activities
(Adapted from Zhelyazkov, 2001)

Periodization
First Macrocycle - Youth Basketball Players (14-15 years)
February March April May June July
General Preparatory Specific Preparatory Competitive Transition

Introducer Development Special Development Competitive Recuperative
(Adapted from Beneli et al, 2006)

Periodization
Second Macrocycle - Youth Basketball Players (14-15 years)
July August September October November December
General Preparatory Competitive

Development Pre-Comp Stabilizer Competitive

Periodization
Macro-01 General General Specific Specific Competitive
Periods Preparatory Preparatory Preparatory Preparatory
Biomotor Strength Maximal Power Power Competitive
Capacity Endurance Strength Endurance
Microcycles 1,2,3,4 5,6,7 8,9,10 11,12,13,14 15,16,17,18,
19, 20, 21
Monday Strength Strength Power Max Strength Official
Endurance Endurance Coordination Match
Wednesday Max Strength Max Strength Strength and Power Active
and Speed and Speed Speed Endurance Rest
Thursday Strength Max Strength Maximal Strength Power
Endurance Coordination Strength Endurance Friendly Game
Friday General Strength Power Power Official

Strength Endurance Endurance Match
Saturday Rest Rest Rest Rest Rest

Periodization
Macro-02 Special Special Competitive
Periods Preparatory Preparatory
Biomotor Power Endurance Power Endurance Competitive
Capacity
Microcycles 25, 26, 27, 28 29, 30, 31, 32 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42
Monday Strength Endurance Maximal Strength Match
and Coordination and Coordination
Wednesday Maximal Strength Power Active Rest
and Speed
Thursday Strength Endurance Strength Power

Endurance Friendly Game
Friday Strength Endurance Power Match
and Speed
Saturday Rest Rest Rest

Periodization
TRADITIONAL Periodization vs. BLOCK Periodization
n=10 college male basketball players
PERIOD: 8-week pre-season
(Adapted from Pliauga et al, 2018)

Periodization
Schemes of the Traditional and Block Periodization Training Models
(Pliauga et al, 2018)

Periodization
Training Scheme for the TRADITIONAL PERIODIZATION

Periodization
Training Scheme for the BLOCK PERIODIZATION

Periodization
RESULTS: Block Periodization vs. Traditional Periodization

CMJ (cm)
20-m Sprint (s)

Periodization
SELECTIVE LOAD MODEL
n=09 elite female basketball players
PERIOD: 05 microcycles
Special Endurance and Strength
(Adapted from Moreira et al, 2005)

Periodization
MICROCYCLES 01 02 03 04 05 06
Total Training 06 07 06 06 06 06
Days
Number of 12 11 09 10 09 ---
Sessions
Official Games --- 01 01 01 01 01
Load Control X X X X X X

Periodization
MICROCYCLES 01 02 03 04 05 06
Speed --- X X X X X
Strength X X X X X X
Aerobic Endurance X X --- --- --- ---
Special Endurance X X X X X X
Flexibility X X X X X X
Recovery Exercises X X X X X X
Prophylactic Exercises X X X X X X
Technical-Tactical Exercises X X X X X X

Periodization
MICROCYCLES 01 02 03 04 05
Endurance (min) 430 290 320 300 320
Flexibility (min) 220 160 180 80 160
Strength (min) 240 250 80 270 90
Speed (min) 30 40 80 100 110
Technical-Tactical (min) 180 180 170 180 170

Periodization
p<0.05
T-Test (s)

Periodization
p<0.05
CMJ Squat Jump
HJ – Right Leg HJ – Left Leg
Horizontal Jump

Periodization
PERIODIZATION OF STRENGTH TRAINING
n=12 elite female basketball players
PERIOD: 50 days
(Adapted from Nunes et al, 2011)

Periodization
Strength 3 weeks
Endurance 3-4 sets, 15-20 RM
Maximal 2 weeks
Strength 3-6 sets, 1-10 RM
Power 2 weeks
3-6 sets, 30-50% 1RM

Periodization
One Repetition Maximum (1RM) Strength
p<0.05

Periodization
Vertical Jump Performance
p<0.05

Periodization
n=14 male basketball players (U-19)
Double Periodization
PERIOD: 49 microcycles
(Adapted from Lopes et al, 2012)

Periodization

(Training Distribution Throughout the Season)

Periodization

(T-01 - week 01, T-02 - week 08, T-03 - week 25, T-04 - week 39, T-05 - week 49)
p<0.05

Periodization
Periodizing Biomotor Capabilities
n=16 Youth Basketball Players from a Military College
PERIOD: 4-month (2 weekly training sessions)
(Adapted from Lauria et al, 2019)

Periodization
MACROCYCLE – Wave Periodization
BASIC Period SPECIFIC Period

Periodization
VO2max (ml\kg\min) HR rest (bpm)
Vertical Jump (cm) 10RM Bench Press (kg)

Periodization
Training Macrocycle

Periodization
TRAINING UNIT:
- 2 training sessions per day
MORNING: Physical Training
AFTERNOON: Technical-Tactical Training
(Adapted from Gomes, 2009; Issurin, 2008)

Periodization
TRAINING UNIT:
Morning Session
Minimum Interval:
+\- 4-6 hours
Afternoon Session
(Adapted from Hakkinen et al, 1988; Woolstenhulme et al, 2004)

Periodization
TRAINING SESSION:
1)- Warm-Up - (~15-20 minutes)
2)- Main Part
3)- Cool Down (~10-15 minutes)

Periodization
TRAINING SESSION:
GENERAL
Warm-Up SPECIFIC
HYBRID
Periodization
TRAINING SESSION:
- Pre-established exercises
Standard and tasks performed in a
Warm-Up specific sequence.
- Non-standard exercises, but

adequate according to the tasks
Non-Standard to be performed in the main part
Warm-Up of the training session.
(Adapted from Issurin, 2008)

Periodization
COMPLEXITY OF TASKS IN THE TRAINING SESSION
General >>>>> Specific
Simple >>>>> Complex
Slow >>>>> Fast

Periodization
- Load concentration with

SELECTIVE specific orientation;
- Less negative interaction
Load Session with other goals;
- Greater number of sessions
to satisfy needs.
TRAINING
SESSION
- Necessary to select the
objectives and their interaction;
- Adapt training order for different
COMPLEX orientations;
Load Session - It requires a longer session to
satisfy the objectives.
(Adapted from Ravé et al, 2007)

Periodization
TRAINING SESSION
Pedagogical
Task Orientation
Physiological
Methods
Level of
Specialization
Means
(Adapted from Platonov, 2008)

Periodization
TRAINING SESSION
(Technical-Tactical Training)
- Improve Specific Skills
- Reproducing the Reality of the Game
- Modulate Individual and Collective Performance
- Implement the Coach's Game Model
- Training Based on Opponents' Characteristics
(Adapted from Pivetti, 2012; Horta et al, 2021)

Periodization
TRAINING SESSIONS *** (01 game for week) ***
Sessions Tuesday Thursday Saturday

Monday Wednesday Friday Sunday
Morning
(Physical Large Average Small --- --- Average REST

Load Load Load Load
Training)
Afternoon
(Technical- Average Large Average GAME Average --- REST

Tactical Load Load Load Load
Training)
Periodization
TRAINING SESSIONS *** (02 games for week) ***
Sessions Tuesday Thursday Saturday

Monday Wednesday Friday Sunday
Morning
(Physical Average --- --- Large Small GAME REST

Training) Load Load Load
Afternoon
(Technical- Average GAME Small Average Small --- REST

Tactical Load Load Load Load
Training)
Periodization
PRE-SEASON
-- Pre-season
Pre-season loads
loads are
are 2-4
2-4 times
times (~1.3)
(~1.3) more
more than
than the
the season.
season
- Players who have completed more pre-season

sessions have greater game availability during the season.
- Players who performed less than 50% of the sessions in

the pre-season showed less fitness and more injuries.
- Players who completed more sessions in the pre-season

showed more tolerance for loads and matches in the season.
(Adapted from Murray et al, 2017)
Periodization
COMPETITIVE PERIOD
- Pre-season
- Development
loads
andare
Maintenance
2-4 times (~1.3)
of Biomotor
more than
Capabilities
the season
- Technique Improvement and Consolidation
- Mastery of Tactical Elements and Experience in Competitions
- Behavior Analysis of Sport Form
(Adapted from Skorodumova 1999)

Periodization
TRANSITION PERIOD
● General Physical Preparation (Active Rest)

● Enhance Neuromuscular Function
● Enhance Metabolic Function
● 2-4 weekly training sessions
● Adaptive Load Progression
● Opportunity Window (Pre-Season)
(Adapted from Gomes & Sousa, 2008; Gabbett, 2020)

Periodization
INTEGRATED PERIODIZATION
● Training Periodization
● Recovery Periodization
● Nutritional Periodization
● Periodization of Psychological Skills
● Periodization of Technical-Tactical Skills
(Mujika et al, 2018)

Strategic Periodization
FIXED FACTORS DYNAMIC FACTORS
1)- Opposition 1)- Oppositon Rank-

Rank-Previous Year Current Year
2)- Number of Team Wins
2)- Match Location in the Previous Week
3)- Difference in Ladder
3)- Between Match Position
Break 4)- Team Changes-
Previous Week
5)- Number of First Year
Players
(Robertson & Joyce, 2018)
Competitive Activity
Preparatory
Control
Competitions
+ Matches
Modeling
Main
(Adapted from Cassidori Jr & Oliveira, 2017)

Load Control
●
How much training should be done?
●
How much should the athlete rest?
● How to control loads?
●
What variables should I monitor?
● How to minimize the risk of injuries?
●
How to properly recover athletes?
Load Control
Individualization of Training Loads in Team Sport
- The body's individual ability to respond to loads.
- Concentration of loads in short periods.
- Knowledge of the effect that each type of load

produces on other orientations.
- Adaptations in elite athletes are only possible
with specialized loads.
(Adapted from Moreira, 2010)
Load Control
What is LOAD?
Physical Psychology Chemical
(Lidor et al, 2007; Gomes, 2009; Dantas, 2014; Schwellnus et al, 2016)
Load Control
Adaptive Reconstructions
1)- Character of the Load
2)- Magnitude of Load
3)- Orientation of Load
(Platonov, 2008)
Load Control
Dynamics of Loads
- Controllable
- Partially Controllable
- Non-Controllable
(Matveev, 2001)
Load Control
Physical Load
EXTERNAL LOAD INTERNAL LOAD
OBJECTIVE:
- Volume - Distance travelled - HR, Blood lactate,
- Intensity - Number of Accelerations CPK,
- Number of Decelerations Testosterone\cortisol ratio,
- Frequency - Number of Jumps etc.
- Density - PlayerLoad SUBJECTIVE:
- Complexity - Etc - RPE, Monotony Index,
Strain Index, TQR
questionnaire, etc
Load Control
EXTERNAL Planned
Load
EXTERNAL Perceived
Load
(Adapted from Nakamura et al, 2010)

Load Control
Operational Tool
- The actual load to which players are subjected.
- Loads to improve biomotor capabilities and\or recovery.
- The immediate result of the dose-response of these loads.
- An instrument to adjust the loads more correctly.
(Adapted from West et al, 2020; Gabbett, 2020)

Load Control
The Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio
“WORK ZONE”
SAFETY Zone
0.8-1.3
RISK Zone
≥1.5
3:1
Loading Paradigm Weekly Threshold
≤10-25%
(Adapted from Turner & Comfort, 2018; Gabbett, 2020b)

Load Control
PROFILE OF WEEKLY TRAINING LOAD
(n=08 professional basketball players)
DAY NO GAME 01 GAME 02 GAMES
Monday Technical + Tactical REST REST
Tuesday Strength Training Strength Training + Explosive Training +

+ Technical Technical Technical
Wednesday Technical + Tactical Technical\Tactical Tactical
Thursday Explosive Training + Explosive Training + GAME

Technical Technical
Friday Technical + Tactical Technical + Tactical Tactical
Saturday Tactical Tactical Technical + Tactical
Sunday REST GAME GAME
Weekly Load 3,334 2,928 2,791

Monotony Index 1.70 1.59 1.62
Strain index 5,678 4.666 4,534
(Adapted from Manzi et al, 2010)

Load Control
Behavior of Monotony Index During a Macrocycle

(Youth Basketball Players - U-14)
(Adapted from Rodrigues, 2014)

Load Control
↑ Biomotor
Functional Functional Capabilities
Overreaching Overreaching
↑ Athletic
Performance
Timeline
- Overtraining
Syndrome
- Rhabdomyolysis
Non-Functional Non-Functional - Respiratory
Overreaching Overreaching Tract Diseases
- Risk of Injury
(Haff & Haff, 2015; Schwellnus et al, 2016; Kim et al, 2016; Gabbett, 2020)
Load Control
Biomotor
Capabilities
"Optimal" Training Loads

Relationship
Risk of Injury
(Adapted from Gabbett, 2016)

Load Control
- Protective Natural
Effect
Train "STRONG"
Appropriately
- Risk of Injury
Train "STRONG"
Inappropriate
(Adapted from Gabbett, 2016)

Load Control
RATE OF PERCEIVED EXERTION SCALE
RPE Quantification of Type of Workout
Values Training Loads
0 Rest
1 Very, Very Easy Restoration
2 Very Easy
3 Fairly Easy
4
5 Slightly Difficult Retention
6
7 Difficult Development (substantial load)
8
9 Very Difficult Development (large load)
10 Very, Very Difflcult Development (extreme load)
(Adapted from Foster et al, 2001; Issurin, 2008)

Load Control
Very, Wellness Very,
Very Good Questionnaire Very Bad
Mood State 1 2 3 4 5
Sleep Quality 1 2 3 4 5
Energy Level 1 2 3 4 5
Muscle Readiness 1 2 3 4 5
Diet Yesterday 1 2 3 4 5
Stress 1 2 3 4 5
(Adapted from McGahan et al, 2019)

Load Control
TQR (Total Quality Recovery) Scale
1)- Nutrition (0 to 8 points)

2)- Hydration (0 to 2 points)
3)- Sleep and Rest (0 to 4 points)
4)- Relaxation and Emotional Support (0 to 3 points)
5)- Stretching and and Warm-Down (0 to 3 points)
6)- Recovery Points (0 to 20 points)
7)- Perceptions of Recovery (6 to 20 points)
(Adapted from Moreno et al, 2015)

Load Control
Mood States
(BRUMS – Brunel Mood Scale)
24 indicators - 06 subscales - Likert (5 points)
Anger Confusion Depression
Fatigue Tension Vigor
(Gomes et al, 2018)

Load Control
PERCEIVED PAIN SCALE

0 Without Pain
1 Never 1
2 Mild Pain
2 Few times 3
4
3 Sometimes
5 Moderate Pain
4 Usually 6
7
5 Always 8 Severe Pain
9
10 Unbearable Pain
(Adapted from Gunter & Schwellnus, 2004; Garlipp & Gorla, 2015)
Load Control
DOMS and Fatigue Variations During the Season (42 weeks)
Weekly Well-Being (AU)
P-01 P-02 P-03
(Adapted from Ferreira et al, 2021)

Load Control
DOMS and Fatigue Variations During the Season (42 weeks)
P-01 P-02 P-03

Load Control
RECOVERY STRATEGIES - I
1)- Pedagogical
2)- Medical-Biological
3)- Psychological
(Weineck, 2005)
Load Control
RECOVERY STRATEGIES - II
● Cryotherapy
● Thermotherapy
● Contrast Therapy
● Massage
● Acupuncture
● Compressive Clothing, Etc.
(Montgomer et al, 2008; Lin et al, 2009 ; Bompa & Haff, 2012; Bridgett et al, 2018)
Load Control
Career Longevity
Maintaining Health Status
Implementation of a Systematic Control Recovery Strategies

Multicomponent of Loads After Training
Preventive Program (External and Internal) and Competitions
(Vretaros, 2021)
Load Control
Control of Training Loads and Injuries During a Season

(Female Basketball Players)
(Adapted from Piedra et al, 2020)

Load Control
Weekly Load and ACWR Variations During the Season

(Professional Basketball Players)
Weekly Load (AU)
ACWR
Load Control
Aspects that Influence the Maintenance of Physical Fitness
Number of Games Travel Number Opponents Level
Injuries Physiological Physiological

Adaptations to Adaptations to
Competitions Training
Number of
Competitions in the
Level of Team Physiological
Season
Motivation Adaptations to
Recovery
Methods for
Monitoring Loads Minutes on Court Integration of
these variables
(Adapted from Mujika et al, 2018)
Load Control
Autoregulation Concepts of Training Loads
Expected
Performance
Performance
AUTOREGULATION
Fitness Readiness
Fatigue
(Adapted from Greig et al, 2020)

Load Control
Loads and Optimal Physical Fitness
1)- Daily and

weekly load s-RPE
2)- Game Difficulty Inter-Match

Index Opponent's Training Days
Level
Match Location
3)- Team Number of Games Won

Sport Form in the Last 4 Matches
(Adapted from Mujika et al, 2018)
Load Control
FITNESS TESTS DATA
Individual Playing Positions Team

Data Data Data
Load Control
History of Load
Management Game Statistics
Injuries
Fitness PLAYERS Wellness

Tests DATABASE
Anthropometry and Assessment of

Body Composition Movement Patterns
Load Control
PLAYERS
DATABASE
Metrics Construction of
Construction Algorithms
Artificial
Big Data
Intelligence
Total Physical Performance Index

(TPPI)
Load Control
PARADIGM:
The coaching teams' philosophical belief system.
PROCESS:
Set of procedures to analyze, review and evaluate
the results of relevant information.
PLANNING:
Combination of influences from the process
outputs, integrated with the coaching paradigm,
and the strict restrictions imposed by logistics and
competitive schedules.
(Adapted from Kiely, 2018)

Final Considerations - I
A periodized training program is SUPERIOR

to a non-periodized program.
The periodization is not only for strength training,

but for all biomotor capabilities.
Final Considerations - II
● Select the periodization model
●
Make adjustments to the calendar
●
Respect the pedagogical construction
● Distribute the biomotor capabilities in the respective
phases
● Manipule the external load and monitor the internal load
●
Respect the biological principles when prescribing
training programs
●
The database allows the creation of metrics and
algorithms
Final Considerations - III
● THANKS!!!
● FACEBOOK: adrianovretaros01
● TWITTER: @adrianovretaros
● INSTAGRAM: @adrianovretaros
● E-Mail: avretaros@gmail.com
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Basketball: Periodization of Biomotor Capabilities

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Structure the Training

Parker et al, 2018 Piedra et al, 2020

“It is the training plan and structure, with the objective

(Adapted from Dias et al, 2016)

The Macro-Management of the Training Process

(Kataoka et al, 2021)

(Adapted from Dias et al, 2016)

FIRST PERIODIZATION MODEL

(Adapted from Alves, 2010)

(Adapted from Dias et al, 2016)

● Studies in Physiology and Biochemistry

(Adapted from Marques Junior, 2012; Dias et al, 2016)

● Advances in Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics

Blocks Non-Linear Structural

Autoregulatory ATR Bondarchuck

Structural Bells Selective Loads Statistical

● Excessive time in general preparation;

(Mesquita, 2013; Dias et al, 2016)

(Marques Junior, 2020)

● Need more peaks in the season

(Mesquita, 2013; Dias et al, 2016)

(Marques Junior, 2020)

● Basis on specific preparation

(Dias et al, 2016)

(Mesquita, 2013; Dias et al, 2016)

Specific Technical and Competitions

Base Stage Competitive

(Adapted from Ravé et al, 2007)

CONJUGED PERIODIZATION (ATR)

● Accumulation, Transmutation and Realization (ATR)

(Issurin, 2008; Dias et al, 2016)

CONJUGED PERIODIZATION (ATR)

PERIODIZATION BOMPA MODEL

● Various performance peaks during the season

(Mesquita, 2013; Dias et al, 2016)

PERIODIZATION BOMPA MODEL

Optimal State of Sport Form

High State of Sport Form

General State of Sport Form

Preparatory Period Competitive Period Transition Period

(Adapted from Marques Junior, 2020)

STRUCTURAL BELLS PERIODIZATION

● Structuring the bells determines the direction of training

(Dias et al, 2016; Marques Junior, 2021)

STRUCTURAL BELLS PERIODIZATION

(Marques Junior, 2020)

PERIODIZATION OF SELECTIVE LOADS

● Team sports calendar

(Mesquita, 2013; Dias et al, 2016)

PERIODIZATION OF SELECTIVE LOADS

(Marques Junior, 2020)

● Football training and competition

(Borges et al, 2014; Dias et al, 2016)

(Marques Junior, 2020)