Cloud Computing

Harshvardhan Saini
B.Tech. final year, IT Sri Balaji College of Engg. & Tech. Jaipur-302013, India

harsu90@gmail.com

Abstract
Cloud computing also known as internet cloud offering utility oriented IT services to users worldwide. Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, whereby shared resources, software and information are provided to computers and other devices as a utility over a network (typically the Internet). . It enables hosting of applications from consumer, scientific and business domains. The data centers hosting cloud computing applications consume huge amounts of energy contributing to high operational costs and carbon footprints to the environment. With cloud computing, you eliminate those headaches because youre not managing hardware and softwarethats the responsibility of an experienced vendor. The shared infrastructure means it works like a utility: You only pay for what you need, upgrades are automatic, and scaling up or down is easy. The concept of cloud computing fills a perpetual need of IT: a way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software. Keywords: Cloud, Hybrid cloud, Public cloud, Private cloud.

INTRODUCTION
Cloud computing provides computation, software, data access, and storage services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the services. Parallels to this concept can be drawn with the electricity grid, where in end-users consume power without needing to understand the component devices or infrastructure required to provide the service. Cloud computing describes a new supplement, consumption, and delivery model for IT services based on Internet protocols, and it typically involves provisioning of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources. It is a byproduct and consequence of the ease-of-access to remote computing sites provided by the Internet. This may take the form of web-based tools or applications that users can access and use through a web browser as if they were programs installed locally on their own computers. Cloud computing providers deliver applications via the internet, which are accessed from a Web browser, while the business software and data are stored on servers at a remote location. In some cases, legacy applications (line of business applications that until now have been prevalent in thin client Windows computing) are delivered via a screen-sharing technology, while the computing resources are consolidated

at a remote data center location; in other cases, entire business applications have been coded using web-based technologies such as AJAX. Most cloud computing infrastructures consist of services delivered through shared datacenters and appearing as a single point of access for consumers' computing needs. Commercial offerings may be required to meet service level agreements (SLAs), but specific terms are less often negotiated by smaller companies

CLOUD COMPUTING:
Cloud computing is an internet (CLOUD) based development and use of computer technology (COMPUTING). Cloud computing is a general term for anything that involves delivering hosted services over the Internet. It is used to describe both a platform and type of application. Cloud computing also describes applications that are extended to be accessible through the Internet. These cloud applications use large data centers and powerful servers that host web applications and web services. Any with a suitable Internet connection and a standard browser can access a cloud application.

History
The Cloud is a metaphor for the Internet, derived from its common depiction in network diagrams (or more generally components which are managed by others) as a cloud outline. The underlying concept dates back to 1960 when John McCarthy opined that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility" (indeed it shares characteristics with service bureaus which date back to the 1960s) and the term The Cloud was already in commercial use around the turn of the 21st century. Cloud computing solutions had started to appear on the market, though most of the focus at this time was on Software as a service.

2007 saw increased activity, including Goggle, IBM and a number of universities embarking on a large scale cloud computing research project, around the time the term started gaining popularity in the mainstream press. It was a hot topic by mid-2008 and numerous cloud computing events had been scheduled.

WHAT IS DRIVING CLOUD COMPUTING?

The CLOUD COMPUTING is driving in two types of categories .They are as follows: 1. Customer perspective 2. Vendor perspective Customer perspective: In one word: economics Faster, simpler, cheaper to use cloud computation. No upfront capital required for servers and storage. No ongoing for operational expenses for running datacenter. Application can be run from anywhere. Vendor perspective: Easier for application vendors to reach new customers. Lowest cost way of delivering and supporting applications. Ability to use commodity server and storage hardware. Ability to drive down data center operational cots. Types of services: These services are broadly divided into three categories: Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).

Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS):
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) like Amazon Web Services provides virtual servers with unique IP addresses and blocks of storage on demand. Customers benefit from an API from which they can control their servers. Because customers can pay for exactly the amount of service they use, like for electricity or water, this service is also called utility computing. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) is a set of software and development tools hosted on the provider's servers. Developers can create applications using the provider's APIs. Google Apps is one of the most famous Platform-as-a-Service providers. Developers should take notice that there aren't any interoperability standards (yet), so some providers may not allow you to take your application and put it on another platform. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS):

Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) is the broadest market. In this case the provider allows the customer only to use its applications. The software interacts with the user through a user Interface. These applications can be anything from web based email, to applications like Twitter or Last.fm. Types by visibility: Public cloud: Public cloud or external cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional mainstream sense, whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet, via web applications/web services, from an off-site third-party provider who shares resources and bills on a fine-grained utility computing basis. Hybrid cloud: A hybrid cloud environment consisting of multiple internal and/or external providers] "will be typical for most enterprises". A hybrid cloud can describe configuration combining a local device, such as a Plug computer with cloud services. It can also describe configurations combining virtual and physical, collocated assetsfor example, a mostly virtualized environment that requires physical servers, routers, or other hardware such as a network appliance acting as a firewall or spam filter. Private cloud: Private cloud and internal cloud are neologisms that some vendors have recently used to describe offerings that emulate cloud computing on private networks. These (typically virtualization automation) products claim to "deliver some benefits of cloud computing without the pitfalls", capitalizing on data security, corporate governance, and reliability concerns. They have been criticized on the basis that users "still have to buy, build, and manage them" and as such do not benefit from lower up-front capital costs and less handson management[, essentially "[lacking]the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept".

How does cloud computing work?

Supercomputers today are used mainly by the military, government intelligence agencies, Universities and research labs, and large companies to tackle enormously complex Calculations for such tasks as simulating nuclear explosions, predicting climate change, designing airplanes, and analyzing which proteins in the body are likely to bind with potential new drugs. Cloud computing aims to apply that kind of powermeasured in the tens of trillions of computations per secondto problems like analyzing risk in financial portfolios, delivering personalized medical information, even powering immersive computer games, in a way that users can tap through the Web. It does that by networking large groups of servers that often use low-cost consumer PC technology, with specialized connections to spread data-processing chores across them. By contrast, the newest and most powerful desktop PCs process only about 3 billion computations a second. Let's say you're an executive at a large corporation. Your particular responsibilities include making sure that all of your employees have the right hardware and software they need to do their jobs. Buying computers for everyone isn't enough -- you also have to purchase software or software licenses to give employees the tools they require. Whenever you have a new hire, you have to buy more software or make sure your current software license allows another user. It's so stressful that you find it difficult to go.

Applications:

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