Solution

Section A
1.
(d) 5 × 109 m-3
2
2 16

= 5 × 109 m-3
n (1.5× 10 )
Explanation: ne = i

nh
=
22
m
−3

4.5×10

2.
(b) [ML2T-3A-2]
Explanation: Power = i2R ⇒
Work done Force × Dis tance
−
Time Time
−2
ML T L 1
⇒ [R] = [ ] [( )]
T 2
A

⇒ [R] = ML2T-3A-2
3.
(b) Full image will be formed but will be less bright
Explanation: Image will be formed at the same position and same height but intensity of image formed will be less hence its
brightness will be less as less number of light rays will form the image. Light rays from the covered portion will not contribute
to image formation.
4.
(d) 8
Explanation: For a short magnet,
1
Baxial ∝
3
d
3
BA
∴
BB
= (
48

24
) =8

5.

(c)

Explanation: P.E. of a dipole is maximum when p ⃗ is antiparallel to E⃗ .

U = -pE cos 180 = +pE = maximum +ve value.
∘

6. (a) 1.9 × 10 6
m/s
2

Explanation: Bqv = mv

r
2E
Bqv =
r
−19
2E 2×10×1.6×10
v = =
rBq −4 −19
0.105× 10 ×1.6× 10
6
= 1.9 × 10 m/s

7.
(c) relative position and orientation of the two coils
Explanation: The mutual inductance of a pair of coils depends upon the relative position and orientation of the two coils.
8.
(c) 0.6 J/T
Explanation: m = NIA = 800 × 3 × 2.5 × 10 −4
= 0.6 J/T
9.
(c) k

Explanation: Path difference λ implies a maximum, so Imax = k

I = Imax cos2 = k cos2 (

ϕ 1 2π λ
⋅ ⋅ )
2 2 λ 4

= k cos2
π k

4
= k( 1
) =
2
√2

Page 9 of 21
10.

(c)

Explanation: Between the plates of capacitor, electric field is uniform. When an uncharged conducting sphere is placed in this
region, free charges move within the conductor, polarizing it, until the electric field lines are perpendicular to the surface. The
field lines end on excess negative charge on one section of the surface and begin again on excess positive charge on the
opposite side. No electric field exists inside the conductor, since free charges in the conductor would continue moving in
response to any field until it was neutralize.
11. (a) 0.04 A
Explanation:
Diode D1 is forward biased and offers 50 Ω resistance. Diode D2 is reverse biased and offers infinite resistance. The equivalent
circuit is

Current through the 150Ω resistance,

I= 50+50+150
10

10
= 250
= 0.04 A

12.
(b) 21 cm

Explanation:

Distance between two positions of lens, L1L2 = 40 cm and OI = 100cm

Let distance of object from L1 = x, therefore u = -x, hence x + 40 + x = 100 or x = 30 cm
For L1 we have, u = -30 cm and v = 70 cm
Putting values in lens formula,
1 1 1
= −
f v u

1 1 1
= +
f 70 30

On solving we get, f = +21 cm

13. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: In photoelectric emission, the free-electrons in the metal absorb the photons, acquire energy and come out of
metal. In thermionic emission, electrons acquire energy by heat. Hence, this effect is temperature-dependent.
14.
(d) A is false and R is also false
Explanation: A is false and R is also false
15.
(d) A is false and R is also false
Explanation: A is false and R is also false

Page 10 of 21
16.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: cos ϕ = = R

Z
R

√R2 + ω2 L2

When ω is doubled, power factor (cosϕ) decreases.

So, A is true but R is false.
Section B
17. i. Wavelength range of 10-11 m < λ < 10-14m shows the presence of both X-rays and Gamma rays as Gamma-rays have
wavelength ranges from 10-14 m - 10-11 m while the X-rays wavelength ranges from 10-12m - 10-8m.
Uses: (any one)
a. Gamma-radiations are used in medical treatment and for checking flaws in metal castings and for detection by
photographic plates or radiation detectors.
b. X-rays are used in medicine and dentistry and may be detected using photographic film.
ii. The wavelength range of 104m < λ < 10-6m shows the presence of Infrared, Visible and Microwave.
Uses : (any one)
a. Infrared radiation is useful for haze photography and is used by Earth resource satellites to detect healthy crops. It can be
used to study human and animal body heat patterns.
b. Visible light affects a photographic film, stimulates the retina in the eye and causes photosynthesis in plants.
c. Microwaves are used in radar, telemetry and electron spin resonance studies and in microwave ovens.
18. Magnetic moment of an electron in ground state,
μ (electron) =
eh
l
4πme

As mass of a muon is 200 times the mass of an electron, i.e„ its magnetic moment in the ground state is
eh
μl (muon) = 4π×200me
−19 −34

= 1.6× 10 ×6.6× 10

−31
4π×200×9.1×10

= 4.63 × 10-26 Am2

19. Barrier potential is the potential difference required by the electrons in the PN junction diode to pass the electric field across the
semiconductors.
During reverse biased conditions the p junction of the diode is connected to the negative of the battery and N junction to the
positive of the battery. Thus the holes of the P side are pulled away from junction and electrons form N side leave the charged ions
and thus the thickness of the depletion layer increases.
13.6
20. No, because according to Bohr model, E n = −
2
and electrons having different energies belong to different levels having
n

different values of n. So, their angular momenta will be different, as L = mvr = nh

2π

21. A1 = πR 2

for a circular loop m1 = NIA1

A2 = a2 [Square coil]
for a square m2 = NIA2
m1 N IA1
=
m2 N IA2
2

= πR

2
a
2
m1 22 R
= ( )
m2 7 a

OR
No. This interaction is between the magnetic fields produced by the two wires which does not depend on the nature of the
dielectric medium.
Section C

Page 11 of 21
22. The circuit arrangement and current distribution is shown in Figure.

Applying Kirchhoff's second law to loops BADB, BCDB and ADCEFA, we get
1I2 + 2I3 + 1I1 = 2
or I1 + I2 + 2 I3 = 2 ...(i)
or 1(I1 - I2) - 2(I3 - I1) + I1 = 2
or 4I1 - I2 - 2I3 = 2 ...(ii)
and 2I3 + 2 (I3 - I1) + 2 (I3 - I2) = 1
or - 2 I1 - 2I2 + 6I3 = 1 ...(iii)
Solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
I1 = 0.8 A, I2 = 0.2 A and I3 = 0.5 A
Currents in different branches are
IAB = I2 = 0,2 A;
IBC = I1 - I2 = 0.6 A;
ICD = I1 - I3 = 0.3 A;
IAD = I3 = 0.5 A;
IEF = I3 - I2 = 0.3 A
23. Potential barrier: The potential barrier is the fictitious battery, which seems to be connected across the p-n junction with its
positive terminal in the n-region and the negative terminal in the p-region.
Depletion region: The region around the junction, which is devoid of any mobile charge carriers, is called the depletion layer or
region.
i. The forward-bias connections of a p-n junction are as shown in Fig.

When the p-n junction is forward biased, the depletion layer becomes thin. It is because, the polarity of the external d.c. source
opposes the fictitious battery developed across the junction. As a result, the potential drop across the junction decreases
making the depletion layer thin. It leads to the low resistance of the junction diode during forward bias.

Page 12 of 21
 ii. The reverse-bias connections of a p-n junction are as shown in Fig.

When the p-n junction is reverse biased, the depletion layer becomes thick. It is because, the external d.c. source aids the
fictitious battery. It results in the increase of potential drop across the junction and the depletion layer appears thick. Because
of the increased thickness of the depletion layer, the p-n junction offers high resistance during reverse bias.
24. I) The variation of photoelectric current with potential at different intensities but at same frequency is as shown below

iI) The variation of photoelectric current with potential at different frequencies but at same intensity is given as

Page 13 of 21
25. The plot of the binding energy per nucleon versus the mass number A for

a large number of nuclei

The nuclear force is short-ranged represents the consistency of binding energy in the range 30 < A < 170.
A heavy nucleus has lower binding energy per nucleon compared to a lighter one. Suppose a nucleus width A = 240 breaks into
two nuclei of A = 120, nucleons get more tightly bounded. This implies that energy would be released in fission.
For two ling very light nuclei (A ≤ 10) joining to form a heavier nucleus. The binding energy per nucleon of heavier nucleus >
binding energy per nucleon of lighter nuclei. This implies that energy is released during fission.
26. Total energy of the electron in hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV = –13.6 × 1.6 × 10–19 J = –2.2 × 10–18 J.
Thus from Eq., we have
2

−
e

8π ε0 r
=E
This gives the orbital radius
9 2 2 −19 2
(9× 10 Nm /C ) (1.6× 10 C)
2
e
r = − = −
−18
8π ε0 E (2)(−2.2× 10 J)

= 5.3 × 10–11 m
The velocity of the revolving electron can be computed from Eq. with m = 9.1 × 10–31 kg,
2
1

2
mv
2
=
e

2
thus velocity of electron is given by :-
4πϵ0 r

e 6
v = = 2.2 × 10 m/s
2
√4π ε0 m r

Page 14 of 21
27. The diagram, given here, shows several fringes, due to double-slit interference, 'contained' in a broad diffraction peak. When the
separation between the slits is large compared to their width, the diffraction pattern becomes very flat and we observe the two-
slit interference pattern.

Basic features that distinguish the interference pattern from those seen in a coherently illuminated single slit.:
i. The interference pattern has a number of equally spaced bright and dark bands while the diffraction pattern has a central bright
maxima which is twice as wide as the other maxima.
ii. Interference pattern is the superposition of two waves originating from two narrow slits. The diffraction pattern is a
superposition of a continuous family of waves originating from each point on a single slit.
iii. For a single slit of width 'a' the first null of diffraction pattern occurs at an angle of . At the same angle of , we get a
λ

a
λ

maximum for two narrow slits separated by a distance a.

28. Given,
Length of loop, l = 8 cm = 8 × 10 −2
m

Breadth of loop, b = 2 cm = 2 × 10 −2
m

Strength of magnetic field, B = 0.3 T

Velocity of loop, v = 1 cm / sec = 10 m/sec −2

Let the field be perpendicular to the plane of the paper directed inwards.
i. The magnitude of induced emf,
ε = Blv
−2 −2
= 0.3 × 8 × 10 × 10

−4
= 2.4 × 10 V

Time for which induced emf will last is equal to the time taken by the coil to move outside the field is
−2
distance travelled 2×10
I =
velocity
=
−2
= 2 sec
10

ii. The conductor is moving outside the field normal to the shorter side.
−2
b = 2 × 10 m

The magnitude of induced emf is

ε = Bbv

−2 −2
= 0.3 × 2 × 10 × 10
−4
= 0.6 × 10 V
−2

Time, t = distance travelled

velocity
=
8×10

−2
= 8 sec
10

OR
i. As ϕ ∝ I, so the graph of ϕ versus I is a straight line as shown in the figure.

ii. As ε = −L dI

dt
, the graph of ε versus dI

dt
is a straight line with ε on the -ve side.

Page 15 of 21
 iii. Magnetic energy stored,
1 2
U = LI
2

2
⇒ U ∝ I

So the graph of U versus I is a parabola as shown in

Section D
29. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Maxwell showed that the speed of an electromagnetic wave depends on the permeability and permittivity of the medium through
which it travels. The speed of an electromagnetic wave in free space is given by c = . The fact led Maxwell to predict that
μ ε
1

√ 0 0

light is an electromagnetic wave. The emergence of the speed of light from purely electromagnetic considerations is the crowning
achievement of Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory. The speed of an electromagnetic wave in any medium of permeability μ and
permittivity ε will be where K is the dielectric constant of the medium and μ is the relative permeability.
c
r
√Kμ
r

(i) (b) ML-1T-2

Energy
Explanation: 1

2
ε0 E
2
= energy density = Volume

= [ML-1T-2]
2 −2
1 2 ML T
∴ [ ε0 E ] =
2 3
L

(ii) (c) [ε ] = M-1L-3T4A2

0
q1 q2
Explanation: As ε = 0 2
(from Coulomb's law)
4πFR
2

= M-1L-3T4A2
2 [AT]
ε0 = C

2 −2 2
Nm MLT L

(iii) (a) wavelength is halved and the frequency remains unchanged.

Explanation: The frequency of the electromagnetic wave remains same when it passes from one medium to another.
−− −
−
Refractive index of the medium, n = √ ε

ε0
= √
4

1
=2

Wavelength of the electromagnetic wave in the medium,

λ λ
λmed = =
n 2

OR

(c) the speed of light c = 3 × 108 m s-1 in free space

Explanation: The velocity of electromagnetic waves in free space (vacuum) is equal to velocity of light in vacuum
(i.e., 3 × 108 m s-1).
(iv) (a) β -rays
Explanation: β -rays consists of electrons which are not electromagnetic in nature.
30. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
A charge is a property associated with the matter due to which it experiences and produces an electric and magnetic field. Charges
are scalar in nature and they add up like real numbers. Also, the total charge of an isolated system is always conserved. When the
objects rub against each other charges acquired by them must be equal and opposite.

Page 16 of 21
 (i) (c) the actual transfer of electrons
Explanation: the actual transfer of electrons
(ii) (d) Option (ii)
Explanation: The glass rod gives electrons to silk when they are rubbed against each other.
(iii) (a) 1.97 × 10-8 N
Explanation: 1.97 × 10-8 N
(iv) (c) both electric and magnetic effects
Explanation: both electric and magnetic effects
OR
(a) transfer of an integral number of electrons
Explanation: transfer of an integral number of electrons
Section E
31. a. The figure below shows the passage of light through a triangular prism ABC.

The angles of incidence and refraction at first face AB are ∠i and ∠r 1

The angles of incidence at the second face AC is ∠r and the angle of emergence ∠e
2

δis the angle between the emergent ray RS and incident ray PQ and is called the angle of deviation.
Here, ∠ PQN = i, ∠ SRN' = e, ∠ RQO = r1, ∠ QRO = r2, ∠ KTS = δ
∵ ∠ TQO = i and ∠ RQO = r1, we have
∠ TQR = i - r1
∠ TRO = e and ∠ QRO = r2
∠ TRQ = e - r2
In triangle TQR, the side QT has been produced outwards. Therefore, the exterior angle δ should be equal to the sum of the
interior opposite angles.
i.e., δ = ∠ TQR + ∠ TRQ = (i - r1) + (e - r2)
δ = (i + e) - (r1 + r2) ...(i)
In triangle QRO,
r1 + r2 + ∠ ROQ = 180o ...(ii)

From quadrilateral AROQ, we have the sum of angles (∠ AQO + ∠ ARO = 180o) This means that the sum of the remaining
two angles should be 180o.
i.e., ∠ A + ∠ QOR = 180o [∠ A is called the angle of prism]
From equations (i) and (ii),
r1 + r2 = A ...(iii)
Substituting (iii) in (i), we obtain,
δ= (i + e) - A
A+δ=i+e

Page 17 of 21
 If the angle of incidence is increased gradually, then the angle of deviation first decreases, attains a minimum value (δ m) , and
then again starts increasing.
When angle of deviation is minimum, the prism is said to be placed in the minimum deviation position.
There is only one angle of incidence for which the angle of deviation is minimum.
When
δ = δ [prism in minimum deviation position],
m

e = i and r2 = r1 = r ...(iv)
∵ r1 + r2 = A
From equation (iv), r + r = A
r= A

Also, we have
A+δ=i+e
Setting,
δ = δ and e = i
m

A+δ =i+i m

(A+ δm )
i =
2
sin i
∵ μ=
sin r
A+δm
sin( )
2
∴ μ=
A
sin( )
2

b. The incident ray travelling from denser medium to rarer medium grazes along the surface of the separation of the medium
only when the light ray incident at the surface at an angle called critical angle (C) such that the angle of reflection is 90o.
Therefore, following Snell's law, we can write
μ
1 sin 90
=
μ2 sin C
μ
1 1
=
μ2 sin C

√2 1
=
1 sin C

Sin C = 1

√2

C = sin-1 ( 1
)
√2

∴ Critical angle = Angle of incidence = 45o

OR
Angular width is given by
λ λ
θ= or d =
d θ

i. According to the question, λ = 600nm = 6 × 10 −7

m
0.1π π
θ= rad = rad
180 1800
λ
d =
θ
−7
6× 10 ×1800 −4
∴ d = = 3.44 × 10 m
π

ii. The frequency of a light depends on its source only.

So, the frequencies of reflected and refracted light will be same as that of incident light.
Reflected light is in the same medium (air).
o

So its wavelength remains same as 500A .

We know that ν = c

Page 18 of 21
 8
3×10
=
−10
5000×10

18
= 6 × 10 Hz

This is the required frequency of both refracted and reflected light.

We know that,
speed of light in air
μ=
speed of light in water
8
4 3×10
=
3 v

8
v = 2.25 × 10 m/s

speed of light in water = 2.25 × 10 8

m/s
v
Wavelength of refracted light is given by λ = = 0.375 × 10 ′
ν
−6
m

So, wavelength of refracted wave will be decreased.

32. i. On introduction of dielectric slab of dielectric constant K in an isolated charged capacitor.
a. The capacitance (C') becomes K times of original capacitor as
ε0 A Kε0 A
′
C = and C =
d d

(where A and d being cross-sectional area of each plate and distance of separation of the plates respectively)
b. Charge remains conserved in this phenomenon.
CV = C'V'
′ CV CV
⇒ V = =
′ KC
C

′ V
⇒ V =
K

Potential difference decreases and becomes 1

K
times of its previous original value.
c. Energy stored initially in the capacitor,
2
q
U =
2C

Energy stored in the capacitor after inserting the dielectric,

2
q
∴ U
′
= [∵ C ′
= KC ]
2KC

where, K =dielectric constant of medium

2
1 q 1 1
′ ′ ′
⇒ U = ( ) ⇒ U = (U ) ⇒ U = × U
K 2C K K

The energy stored in the capacitor decreases and becomes 1

K
times of original energy
ii. a. Electric field lines due to a conducting sphere are shown in the figure:

b. Electric field lines due to an electric dipole are shown in the figure:

OR
Capacitors C2 and C3 form a parallel combination of equivalent capacitance,
C8 = C2 + C3 = 2 + 2 = 4 μF
Capacitors C4 and C5 form a series combination of capacitance C9 given by
1 1 1 1 1 3 1
= + = + = =
C9 C4 C5 12 6 12 4

∴ C9 =4 μF
The equivalent circuit can be shown as in Fig.

Page 19 of 21
 Capacitors C1 and C8 form a series combination of capacitance C10 given by
C1 C8 8×4 32 8
C10 = = = = μF
C1 + C8 8+4 12 3

Capacitors C6 and C9 form a parallel combination of capacitance.

C11 = C6 + C9 = 4 + 4 = 8 μF
The given network reduces to the equivalent circuit

Again, capacitors C7 and C11 form a series combination of capacitance C12 given by
C7 × C11 1×8 8
C12 = = = μF
C7 + C11 1+8 9

Now C10 and C12 form a parallel combination of capacitance C13 as shown in Fig.
8 8 32
C13 = C10 + C12 = + = μF
3 9 9

Finally, the capacitors C and C13 form a series combination of capacitance 1 μF as shown in Fig.

1
=
1

C
+
9

32
or C = 32

23
μF

33. i. If an alternating voltage V = V0sin ωt is applied across pure inductor of inductance L, then the magnitude of induced emf will
be equal to the applied voltage,
dI
E = L
dt

For the circuit, the magnitude of induced emf = applied voltage

L = V0 sin ωt
dI

dt

V0
dI =
L
sin ωt dt
Integrating both the sides, we get
V0 V0 − cos ωt
I = ∫ sin ωtdt = ( )
L L ω

V0 V0
I = −
ωL
cos ωt = −
ωL
sin(
π

2
− ωt) sin (−θ)= -θ hence the equation is modified to
V0 π
I = sin(ωt − )
XL 2

thus the current in the circuit ,I = I0 sin (ωt − π

2
) this is the required expression.

Page 20 of 21
ii. The average power supplied by the source over a complete cycle is
Pav = Erms Irms cos ϕ
When the circuit carries an ideal inductor, then the phase difference between the current and voltage is π

In case of the pure inductive circuit,

π
ϕ =
2

But cos π

2
=0
So power dissipated = 0
Hence, when an ac source is connected to an ideal inductor, the average power supplied by the source over a complete cycle is
zero.
OR
i.

Working principle:
Step-down transformer is made up of two or more coil wound on the iron core of the transformer. It works on the principle of
magnetic induction between the coils. Whenever current in one coil changes an emf gets induced in the neighboring coil
(Principle of mutual induction)
Voltage across secondary
dϕ
Vs = es = -Ns dt

Voltage across primary

dϕ
Vp = ep = -Np dt

Vs Ns

Vp
=
Np
(here, Ns > Np)
In an ideal transformer
Power Input - Power output
Ip Vp = Is Vs
Vs Ns Ip
∴ = =
Vp Np Is

ii.

Input power, Pi = Ii × Vi = 15 × 100 = 1500 W

Power output, P0 = Pi × 90

100
= 1350 W
⇒ I0 V = 1350 W
1350
Output voltage, V0 = 3
V = 450 V

Page 21 of 21