DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE PLAN OF ACTION FOR PREVENTING

FLOOD DISASTERS IN NIGERIA.

MAIN REPORT

April 2023
 Table of Contents

List of Figures......................................................................................................................................... v
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... vi
Foreward ..................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Glossary/Definition ............................................................................................................................. viii
Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................ xii
Executive Summary............................................................................................................................. xiv
1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 The Context ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Composition and Inauguration of the Committee ........................................................................ 1
1.3 Terms of Reference ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.4 Scope of Assignment ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 2
1.6 Location, Topography and Climate ................................................................................................ 3
1.7 Water Resources Potential ............................................................................................................ 6
1.8 Structure of the Report ................................................................................................................. 9
2.0 Review of existing Laws, Policies, Plans, Regulations and Enforcement ....................................... 10
2.1 Water Resources and Energy ...................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Environment Sector..................................................................................................................... 11
2.3 Works Sector ............................................................................................................................... 12
2.4 Housing and Urban Development Sector.................................................................................... 12
2.5 Humanitarian Affairs and Social Services Sector......................................................................... 13
2.6 Current Issues and Gaps with existing Flood Policies and Legal Documents .............................. 13
3.0 Assessment of Flood Impacts .......................................................................................................... 15
3.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 15
3.2 Field Visit ..................................................................................................................................... 15
3.2.1 Site Visit Locations ...................................................................................................................15
3.2.2 Key Findings ....................................................................................................................................16
3.2.3 Assessment Pictures.................................................................................................................20
3.3 Impact of climate change ............................................................................................................ 26
3.3 Sectorial Impacts ......................................................................................................................... 27
3.3.1 Water Resources and Energy ..........................................................................................................28

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 3.3.2 Environment ....................................................................................................................................29
3.3.3 Agriculture and Irrigation ................................................................................................................30
3.3.4 Transportation .................................................................................................................................31
3.3.5 Health and Social Services ..............................................................................................................31
3.3.6 Housing ...........................................................................................................................................31
3.4 Risk assessment .......................................................................................................................... 31
4.0 Development and Implementation of Plan of Action ....................................................................... 33
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 33
4.2 Strategic Plan for Integrated Flood Management ....................................................................... 33
5.0 Institutional Arrangement and Funding Mechanism ........................................................................ 62
5.1 Management Structure ..................................................................................................................... 62
5.1.1 Functions of the Council .................................................................................................................62
5.1.2 Composition of the Council.............................................................................................................62
5.2 State of Emergency Declaration ........................................................................................................ 63
5.3 Approaches and Relevance of Funding Flood Activities and Programmes ................................... 63
5.4 Possible Source of Funding Flood Strategic Plan Programmes in Nigeria. .................................. 65
5.4.1 Federal Funding Sources ..........................................................................................................65
5.4.2 State Government Funding Sources.........................................................................................66
5.4.3 Grants and Loans from international development funds .......................................................66
5.4.4 Climate Funding Schemes ........................................................................................................66
5.4.5 Flood Risk Insurance ................................................................................................................66
5.4.6 Public-Private-Partnerships (PPPs) ...........................................................................................67
5.4.7 Banks and Microfinance ...........................................................................................................68
5.4.8 Community Infrastructure Levy ...............................................................................................68
5.5 Costing of the Implementation of Flood Strategic Plans............................................................. 69
5.6 Roles and Responsibilities. ................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.0 Conclusion and Recommendation ................................................................................................... 79
6.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 79
6.2 Recommendation ........................................................................................................................ 79
References ........................................................................................................................................... 81
Memoranda ......................................................................................................................................... 83
Annex 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 85

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iv
 List of Figures
Figure 1. 1: Location Map of Nigeria ............................................................................................. 4
Figure 1.2: Relief Map of Nigeria ...................................................................................................5
Figure 1.3: Rainfall Pattern in Nigeria ............................................................................................5
Figure 1.4: Drainage Network in the Eight Hydrological Areas ....................................................6
Figure 1.5: The Water Resources Potential (NWRMP, 2013) .........................................................7
Figure 1.6: Distribution of water resources potential per Hydrological Area. ................................ 8
Figure 1.7: Source of water resources potential of the country ......................................................8
Figure 3.1: Rainfall Climatology over Nigeria (NiMet) ............................................................... 17
Figure 3.2: Deviation of monthly rainfall (NiMet) .......................................................................18
Figure 3.3: Hydrograph of River Benue at Makurdi in 2012 and 2022 ........................................18
Figure 3.4: Hydrograph of River Niger at Lokoja ........................................................................19
Figure 3.5: Distribution of Classes of Precipitation Changes .......................................................26
Figure 3.6: Distribution of Classes of Stream-flow Changes .......................................................27
Figure 3.8: Schematic of Investment Analysis Framework for Flood Risk Reduction ................32
Figure 4.1: Frameworks for the Action Statement 1 ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 4.2: Frameworks for the Action Statement 2 ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure SP 4: Frameworks for the Action Statement 3 ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 4.5: Frameworks for the Action Statement 4 ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 4.6: Frameworks for the Action Statement 5 ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 4.7: Frameworks for the Action Statement 6 ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 4.8: Frameworks for the Action Statement 7 ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 4.9: Frameworks for the Action Statement 8 ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 4.10: Frameworks for the Action Statement 9 ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 4.11: Frameworks for the Action Statement 10 ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 5.1: Disaster losses and GDP, (GWP 2015) .......................................................................65

v
 List of Tables
Table 1.1: Water Resources Development in the eight (8) hydrological areas ............................... 9
Table 3.1: States Visited for Flood Assessment ............................................................................15
Table 3.2: Summary of damage and losses caused by the 2012 floods ........................................27
Table 3.3: Direct damages (Million US$) for the June-November 2022 Nigeria floods, broken
down by sector. ...............................................................................................................28
Table 3.4: Best estimate of direct damages (US$) for the June-November 2022 floods, broken
down by Region and sector. ............................................................................................ 28
Table 3.5: Past Major Flood Disasters in Nigeria .........................................................................29
Table 3.6: Distribution of Agricultural Land Affected .................................................30
Table 5.1: Nigerian Flood Categorization .....................................................................................63
Table 5.2: Flood-Investment matrix .............................................................................................. 66
Table 5.3: The areas of intervention, indicative cost and time frame for Key Interventions ........69
Table 5.4 Activities and Roles of MDAs in Flood Management .. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 5:5 Lists of Memoranda ......................................................................................................83

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Foreword

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Glossary/Definition
Adaptive capacity: The ability of a system to adjust to climate change (including climate variability
and extremes) and other stressors to moderate potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities,
or to cope with the consequences.
Adaptation
Agriculture: The use of water and soil for crop production, forestry, livestock and fisheries, including
aquaculture.
Agroforestry: A system of land use in which harvestable trees or shrubs are grown among or around
crops or on pastureland, as a means of preserving or enhancing the productivity of the land.
Climate: Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the “average weather”, or more rigorously,
as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period
of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. These quantities are most often
weather parameters such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. The classical period is 30 years, as
defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
Climate variability: Variations in the mean state and other climate statistics (standard deviations,
the occurrence of extremes, etc.) on all temporal and spatial scales beyond those of individual weather
events. Variability may result from natural internal processes within the climate system (internal
variability) or from variations in natural or anthropogenic external forces (external variability).
Climate change: Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state
of the climate or in its variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer).
Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forces, or to persistent
anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.
Climate impacts: Measurable outcomes of (or system responses to) changing climate and/or climate
extremes that are typically modulated by changes in bio-geophysical and anthropogenic systems.
Climate model: A numerical representation of the climate system based on the physical, chemical
and biological properties of its components, their interactions and feedback processes, and accounting
for all or some of its known properties. Coupled atmosphere/ocean/sea-ice General Circulation
Models (GCMs) provide a comprehensive representation of the climate system and they can be
applied as a research tool, to study and simulate the climate, but also for operational purposes,
including monthly, seasonal and inter-annual climate predictions.
Climate prediction: A climate prediction or climate forecast is the result of an attempt to produce a
most likely description or estimate of the actual evolution of the climate in the future, e.g. at seasonal,
inter-annual or long-term time scales.

Climate scenario: A plausible and often simplified representation of the future climate, based on an
internally consistent set of climatological relationships, that has been constructed for explicit use in
investigating the potential consequences of anthropogenic climate change, often serving as input to
impact models. Climate projections often serve as the raw material for constructing climate scenarios,
but climate scenarios usually require additional information such as about the observed current
climate. A climate change scenario is the difference between a climate scenario and the current
climate.

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Climate change mitigation: Refers to efforts to reduce or prevent emission of greenhouse gases.
The IPCC defines it as human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse
gases.

Climate change adaptation: The IPCC describes it as adjustment in natural or human systems in
response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits
beneficial opportunities. The UNDP defines it as a process by which strategies to moderate, cope
with and take advantage of the consequences of climatic events are enhanced, developed, and
implemented. It describes measures taken in response to actual or projected climate change in order
to eliminate, minimize, or manage related impacts on people, infrastructure, and the environment.
Climate resilience: The capacity of an individual, community, or system to respond to current
climate variability and future climate impact while continuing to function dynamically and effectively
at an acceptable level. Simply put, it is the ability to survive and recover from the effects of climate
variability and change.
Climate smart agriculture (CSA): Agriculture that sustainably increases productivity, resilience
(adaptation), reduces/removes greenhouse gases (mitigation), and enhances achievement of national
food security and development goals (FAO).
Conservation agriculture: A concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production that strives to
achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while concurrently
conserving the environment (FAO).
Desertification: Land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various
factors, including climatic variations and human activities. Further, the UNCCD (The United Nations
Convention to Combat Desertification) defines land degradation as a reduction or loss, in arid, semi-
arid, and dry sub-humid areas, of the biological or economic productivity and complexity of rain-fed
cropland, irrigated cropland, or range, pasture, forest, and woodlands resulting from land uses or from
a process or combination of processes, including processes arising from human activities and
habitation patterns, such as: (i) soil erosion caused by wind and/or water; (ii) deterioration of the
physical, chemical and biological or economic properties of soil; and (iii) long-term loss of natural
vegetation.

Disaster: Disaster occurs when an extreme event (flow) coincides with a vulnerable physical and
socio-economic set up, surpassing the ability of the society to control or survive the consequence. A
disaster is the impact of a natural or man-made hazard that negatively affects society or environment.
Disaster risk management: It is the systematic process of using administrative decisions,
organization, operational skills and capacities to implement policies, strategies and coping capacities
of the society and communities to lessen the impacts of natural hazards and related environmental
and technological disasters.
Disaster risk reduction (disaster reduction) is the conceptual framework of elements considered
with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid
(prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the
broad context of sustainable development.
Exposure: Exposure refers to the extent to which a system comes into contact with a hazard or threat.

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Extreme weather event: An extreme weather event is an event that is rare within its statistical
reference distribution at a particular place. Definitions of “rare” vary, but an extreme weather event
would normally be as rare as or rarer than the 10th or 90th percentile. By definition, the characteristics
of what is called extreme weather may vary from place to place.

Flood: Flood is when water inundates land that is normally dry, or when flow in the river exceeds
the capacity of the channel and water spills onto the floodplain.
Flood risk: Flood risk is a function of the magnitude of the hazard (frequency and severity - depths
of inundation and related velocities), exposure of human activities to the hazard; and vulnerability of
the elements at risk.
Coastal flood: Coastal flooding normally occurs when dry and low-lying land is submerged by
seawater. The range of a coastal flooding is a result of the elevation of floodwater that penetrates the
inland which is controlled by the topography of the coastal land exposed to flooding.
Flash flood: A flash flood is a rapid flooding of low-lying areas caused by heavy rain associated with
a severe thunderstorm or storm.
Fluvial flood: A fluvial, or river flood, occurs when the water level in a river, lake or stream rises
and overflows onto the neighbouring land.
Pluvial flood: A pluvial flood occurs when an extreme rainfall event creates a flood independent of
an overflowing water body.
Greenhouse gases: Greenhouse gases are those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural
and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of
infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere and clouds. This property causes the
greenhouse effect. Water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4)
and ozone (O3) are the primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere.
Hazard: Any event such as a single extreme event (flow) that exceeds a critical threshold, or a
complex combination of changes involving multiple climate variables and/or resulting in multiple
impacts.
Integrated assessment: A method of analysis that combines results and models from the physical,
biological, economic and social sciences, and the interactions between these components, in a
consistent framework, to evaluate the status and the consequences of environmental change and the
policy responses to it.
Integrated Water Resources Management: Process which promotes the coordinated development
and management of water, land and related resources in order to maximise economic and social
welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems and the
environment
Land use: The total of arrangements, activities and inputs undertaken in a certain land cover type (a
set of human actions). The social and economic purposes for which land is managed (e.g. grazing,
timber extraction, and conservation).
Land-use change: A change in the use or management of land by humans, which may lead to a
change in land cover.

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Mitigation: Mitigation efforts attempt to prevent hazards from developing into disasters altogether,
or to reduce the effects of disasters when they occur.
Preparedness: The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and
recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover
from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions. It is the plan of action
developed for when the disaster strikes.
Recovery: The aim of the recovery phase is to restore the affected area to its previous state. It differs
from the response phase in its focus; recovery efforts are concerned with issues and decisions that
must be made after immediate needs are addressed.
Region: An area of the Country having definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries
Resilience: Ability of a system to cope with or absorb stress or impacts and bounce back, recover,
and adapt to change.
Sensitivity is the degree to which a built, natural or human system is directly or indirectly affected
by or responsive to changes in climate conditions or related impacts.
Threats are extreme climate or weather event that creates impact or causes damage, such as flooding,
wind, or drought.
Uncertainty: An expression of the degree to which a value (e.g. the future state of the climate system)
is unknown. Uncertainty can result from lack of information or from disagreement about what is
known or even knowable. It may have many types of sources, from quantifiable errors in the data to
ambiguously defined concepts or terminology, or uncertain projections of human behaviour.
Vulnerability: Degree to which people, property, resources, systems, and cultural, economic,
environmental, and social activity are susceptible to harm, degradation, or destruction on being
exposed to a hostile agent or factor. The IPCC defines it as the degree to which a system is susceptible
to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and
extremes.
Water harvesting: A method for inducing, collecting, storing and conserving local surface runoff for
agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions.

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Acronyms
CBOs - Community Based Organisations
COMEG - Council of Nigerian Mining Engineers and
Geoscientists
COREN - Council for the Regulation of Engineering
CSO - Civil Society Organization
EF&CZM - Erosion, Flood & Coastal Zone Management
EPO - Ecological Project Office
EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment
ESA - External Support Agencies
FBO - Faith Based Organization
FG - Federal Government
FMA&RD - Federal Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development
FMAv - Federal Ministry of Aviation
FME - Federal Ministry of Education
FMEnv - Federal Ministry of Environment
FMH - Federal Ministry of Health
FMHADM&SD - Federal Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management & Social Development
FMI - Federal Ministry of Information
FMJ - Federal Ministry of Justice
FMP - Federal Ministry of Power
FMST - Federal Ministry of Science and Technology
FMT - Federal Ministry of Transport
FMWH - Federal Ministry of Works and Housing
FMWR - Federal Ministry of Water Resources
FUTM - Federal University of Technology Minna
HA - Hydrological Area
LG - Local Government
LGA - Local Government Area
MAP - Mitigation and Adaptation Plan
MPAC - Ministerial Policy Advisory Committee
M&E - Monitoring and Evaluation
NASRDA - National Space Research and Development Agency
NBS - National Bureau of Statistics
NEMA - National Emergency Management Agency
NFMC - National Flood Management Council
NGO - Non-Governmental Organization
NIHSA - Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency
NiMet - Nigerian Meteorological Agency
NIOMR - Nigerian Institute for Oceanography & Marine Research
NIWA - National Inland Waterways Authority
NSE - Nigerian Society of Engineers
NWRI - National Water Resources Institute, Kaduna
OSGoF - Office of the Surveyor General of the Federation
PPP - Public Private Partnership
PSC - Presidential Steering Committee
SG - State Government

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RBDA - River Basin Development Authority
TWG - Technical Working Group
UNIV - Universities
WB - World Bank

xiii
Executive Summary
Flood is the most common and recurring disaster in Nigeria with increasing frequency, severity, and
spread. The unfortunate incidents of flooding have wreaked havoc on several communities in Nigeria.
While flooding impacts the country each year, the damage and losses from the 2012 and 2022 floods
were enormous. More specifically, impacts of flood affect the environmental characteristics of
various areas across the country. It negatively affects the safety (risk to the socio-economic
environment), amenity, accessibility, sociability, and the aesthetics of affected communities.
According to the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA, 2012), 363 lives were lost,
5,851 injured; 3,891,314 affected, and 3,871,530 displaced due to the resulting floods in 2012.
Reports have shown that in 2022 flood, over 1.4 million people have been displaced, 665 reported
dead and thousands injured. The economic damage to residential and non-residential buildings,
infrastructure, productive sector and farmland in 2012 was US $7.3 billion while the damage in 2022
is estimated to be US $6.68 billion (FMHAD&SD, 2022 and WB, 2022,).
Towards reducing the risks and impacts of subsequent flood disasters and challenges on the citizenry,
a Presidential Committee was set up as directed by President Muhammadu Buhari and was
inaugurated on the 3rd of November 2022 at the Presidential Villa to develop a Comprehensive Plan
of Action for Preventing Flood Disasters in Nigeria.
Disaster prevention means the outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters.
It expresses the concept and intention to completely avoid potential adverse impacts through action
taken in advance. It is not possible to prevent flood disaster but the probability of flood hazard
developing to flood disaster can be reduced such that high flow is converted to economic benefit.
This concept is called “Disaster Management’’ which involves Mitigation, Preparedness, Response,
and Recovery phases.
The Federal Executive Council on September 7th, 2022 approved the National Flood Emergency
Preparedness and Response Plan Prepared by Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster
Management and Social Development for Nigeria. This plan objective is to increase political and
stakeholders’ commitment and participation in the governance of flood risks reduction at all levels.
The emphasis of the strategic plan is on preparedness and response phases of disaster management.
In the Preparedness phase, the stakeholders will collectively carry out responsibilities to prepare for
any anticipated floods. When the anticipated floods occur, the Response phase is activated to involve
all stakeholders to provide immediate assistance such as conducting search and rescue, evacuation of
victims to higher and safer grounds, providing relief materials and any other actions that will save
the lives and properties. The Recovery phase of the plan spells out roles and responsibilities for
stakeholders to help build resilience of affected communities and return to normalcy after occurrence
of the floods.
The Comprehensive Plan for Preventing flood disasters in Nigeria has adapted the National Flood
Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan (2022) to specific issues covering preparedness,
Response and Rescue in disaster management.
Flood management is cross-cutting and multi-sectorial with complimentary roles and responsibilities.
There is the need for highly articulated coordination among various stakeholders to achieve effective
flood management and implementation of the plan.

xiv
The mitigation and adaptation phases in line with the ToR of this assignment, is presented in detail.
Flood mitigation is to prevent hazards from developing into disasters or to reduce the effects of
disasters when they occur. The mitigation phase differs from the other phases because it focuses on
long-term measures for minimising flood risk. The Plan entails the following:
• Strategic plan for Flood Mitigation
• Financing mechanism
• Costing of the implementation of Flood Action Plans
• Key recommendations

There is at present, no centrally coordinated mechanism in the country as regards flood mitigation,
adaptation, response and recovery. Consequently, an Institutional arrangement for the coordination
and implementation of the Strategic Plan to be known as National Flood Management Council
(NFMC) is recommended. Among the various functions of this Council, is to advise the President on
the declaration of State of Emergency based on the severity of the flood.

Finally, a strategic plan integrating structural and non-structural measures, ecosystem needs, land and
water management in a changing climate was developed. The Plan envisaged the active participation
of Governments (Federal, State and Local), communities and private sectors. The indicative cost of
implementing the ten (10) strategic actions in the country is estimated as 3,460.44 Billion Naira
(equivalent to US $7.690 Billion).

xv
 Chapter 1

1.0 Introduction
1.1 The Context
Flood is the most common and recurring disaster in Nigeria. Flood is partly caused by natural
hazards such as heavy rainfall, thus human actions cannot completely prevent it, however,
with deliberate careful planning, its harmful impacts can be greatly reduced or minimized.
The frequency, severity, and spread of these floods are increasing. The unfortunate incidents of
flooding have wreaked havoc on several communities in Nigeria. While flooding impacts the
country each year, the damage and losses from the 2012 and 2022 floods were enormous.
According to NEMA (2012), 363 people lost their lives; 5,851 injured; 3,891,314 affected, and
3,871,530 displaced due to the resulting floods in 2012. Reports have shown that in 2022 flood,
over 1.4 million people have been displaced, 662 reported dead and over 4.9 million persons were
affected (FMHADM&SD, 2022 and WB, 2022). The total direct economic damage in Nigeria due
to 2022 flood are in the range of US $3.79 billion to US $9.12 billion with the best average of US
$6.68 billion. This includes damages to residential and non-residential buildings (including
building contents) as well as damage to infrastructure, productive sectors and farmlands.
Towards reducing the risks and impacts of subsequent flood disasters and challenges on the
citizenry, the Presidential Steering Committee (PSC) was set up by President Muhammadu Buhari
GCFR on the 3rd November, 2022 to develop a Comprehensive Plan of Action for Preventing Flood
Disaster in Nigeria. Further to this, a Technical Working Group (TWG) with membership drawn
from relevant government establishments was constituted to assist the Steering Committee in her
mandate.
1.2 Composition and Inauguration of the Committee
The Presidential directive was carried out under a two-tier institutional arrangement, consisting of
the Presidential Steering Committee (PSC) and a Technical Working Group (TWG). The PSC is to
steer the assignment in the right direction and to a logical conclusion in alignment with the ToR.
The Technical Working Group's responsibility is to organize its work in accordance with the
directives from the Steering Committee, and in areas where needed, form technical subcommittees
and set the appropriate technical framework for the assignment.
The PSC and TWG were inaugurated on the 3rd November, 2022, to develop a comprehensive plan
of Action for preventing flood disasters in Nigeria within 90 days.
The Members of the Presidential Steering Committee and Technical Working Group are presented
in ANNEX 1.
1.3 Terms of Reference
The Terms of Reference (ToR) of the assignment are as follows:
i. Assess and review existing plans and policies on management of flood disasters in Nigeria;
ii. Identify and work with critical Stakeholders in flood disaster management;
iii. Identify and visit selected strategic flood affected and prone areas;
iv. Carry out technical evaluation of information obtained from the assessment;

1
 v. Liaise and work with international organisations with expertise on flood management,
where necessary; and
vi. Develop a comprehensive action plan for preventing Flood Disasters in Nigeria.
1.4 Scope of Assignment
Disaster prevention means the outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related
disasters. It expresses the concept and intention to completely avoid potential adverse impacts
through action taken in advance. It is not possible to prevent flood disaster but the probability of
flood hazard developing to flood disaster can be reduced such that high flow is converted to
economic benefit. This concept is called ‘Disaster Management’ which involves Mitigation,
Preparedness, Response, and Recovery phases.
The Federal Executive Council on September 7th, 2022 approved the National Flood Emergency
Preparedness and Response Plan Prepared by Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster
Management and Social Development for Nigeria. This plan objective is to increase political and
stakeholders’ commitment and participation in the governance of flood risks reduction at all levels.
The emphasis of the strategic plan is on preparedness and response phases of disaster management.
In the Preparedness phase, the stakeholders will collectively carry out responsibilities to prepare
for any anticipated floods. When the anticipated floods occur, the Response phase is activated to
involve all stakeholders to provide immediate assistance such as conducting search and rescue,
evacuation of victims to higher and safer grounds, providing relief materials and any other actions
that will save the lives and properties. The Recovery phase of the plan spells out roles and
responsibilities for stakeholders to help build resilience of affected communities and return to
normalcy after occurrence of the floods.
The Comprehensive Plan for Preventing flood disasters in Nigeria has adapted the National Flood
Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan (2022) to specific issues covering preparedness,
Response and Rescue in disaster management.
Flood management is cross-cutting and multi-sectorial with complimentary roles and
responsibilities. There is the need for highly articulated coordination among various stakeholders
to achieve effective flood management and implementation of the plan.
The mitigation and adaptation phases in line with the ToR of this assignment, is presented in detail.
Flood mitigation is to prevent hazards from developing into disasters or to reduce the effects of
disasters when they occur. The mitigation phase differs from the other phases because it focuses
on long-term measures for minimising flood risk. The Plan entails the following:
• Strategic plan for Flood Mitigation
• Financing mechanism
• Costing of the implementation of Flood Strategic Plans
• Key recommendations
1.5 Methodology
The PSC made use of primary information about flood hotspots, affected infrastructure and
communities ravaged by flood disaster. On the spot assessment was conducted and the oral
interviews were granted to affected smallholder farmers, industrialists, communities and other
stakeholders in the affected areas.

2
The PC comprised the Presidential Steering Committee (PSC) and the Technical Working Group
(TWG) with membership drawn from relevant government MDAs. Seven (7) Sub-committees
were later formed from the TWG. The Sub-committees are:
➢ Water Resources and Energy
➢ Environment
➢ Agriculture and Irrigation Development
➢ Housing and Urban Development
➢ Water Transportation, Roads and Bridges
➢ Social Welfare, and
➢ Report Writing.
The TWG identified and reviewed existing Policies, Regulations, Guidelines and Strategic Plans
on Flood. In addition, the Committee solicited for memoranda from the public. The memoranda
were reviewed. Subsequently, the TWG visited flood prone hot spots and affected communities in
the country. Based on the information and data collated from field, stakeholders’ interaction and
desk study, gaps in flood policy and in enforcement of rules were identified and policy measures
and programmatic activities were developed. Finally, a strategic plan integrating structural and
non-structural measures, ecosystem needs, land and water management in a changing climate was
designed.
1.6 Location, Topography and Climate
Nigeria is located in the tropical zone between latitudes 4o 10’N and 13o 50’N and longitudes 2o
15’E and 14o 45’E with total area of 923,768km2. The country is bounded by Guinea Bay in the
South, Benin Republic in the West, Niger Republic in the North, Cameroon in the East and Chad
in the North-East (Figure 1.1). The projected population in 2022 is 210 million and it is estimated
to reach 263 million by 2030 and 400 million in 2050 with annual growth rate of 2.5%. (NBS,
2022).

3
Figure 1. 1: Location Map of Nigeria

The topography of Nigeria consists of plains in the North and South with plateau and hills in the
central part of the country (Figure 1.2). The relief is generally controlled by the underlining
geology of the area. The climate is tropical marked with two distinct seasons: wet and dry. The wet
season is often short lasting 3-4months (June - September) in the extreme north with rainfall
ranging from 500-1,000mm/year while in the southern part, the wet season is longer and lasts up
to nine (9) months (April – November) with rainfall varying from 1,500-4,000mm/year. Much of
the rainfall is received between June and September annually (Figure 1.3).

4
Figure 1.2: Relief Map of Nigeria

Figure 1.3: Rainfall Pattern in Nigeria

5
1.7 Water Resources Potential
The hydrogeological characteristics consist of the Pre-Cambrian Basement, Sedimentary rock and
the Quaternary aquifer. Basement Complex consists of granite, gneiss and schist of the Pre-
Cambrian, which constitutes large plateau in the Central to Northern Nigeria. Generally, the
Basement Complex is weathered to varying depths below the ground, consisting of sands and
gravels forming unconfined aquifer. These aquifers are small scale and widely distributed in
Nigeria, and are suitable for water supply, irrigation and industrial purposes.

Sedimentary rocks consisting of sandstone, clay, shale and limestone are distributed in lowland
area. Weathered and fractured parts of sandstone form good aquifer, which sometimes forms
alternate sandstone and shale.

Quaternary aquifer is distributed in wide area around the Lake Chad, Niger Delta and the coastal
area along Gulf of Guinea. Recent deposit (alluvial) is also distributed in inland area along rivers,
size of which depends on scale of river discharge. Quaternary sediment consists of unconsolidated
to semi–consolidated sand and clay.

Less than 2% of Nigeria’s land mass is covered with water, while the rest is covered by land
ranging from thick mangrove forests to dense forests in the south, savannah grassland in the
middle belt and desert like vegetation in the north. The country is drained by numerous rivers and
streams, prominent among which are Rivers Niger and Benue. The drainage network is divided
into eight Hydrological Areas: HA1-HA8, (Figure 1.4). The two international rivers (Niger and
Benue) drain about 65% of Nigeria landmass (923,768km2). River Niger with 4,200km in length
flows from Fouta-djalon Highland in Guinea into Nigeria through Jiddere-bode village, in Kebbi
State while River Benue with 1,400km in length, flows from Adamawa Plateau in Northern
Cameroon into Nigeria through Wuro-Bokki in Adamawa State.

Figure 1.4: Drainage Network in the Eight Hydrological Areas

6
The River Niger catchment is drained by major rivers and local tributaries such as: Sokoto-Rima,
Kaduna, Gurara, Chanchaga, Eku and Kontagora in the north, Oyi, Egwa, Oshin, Asa, Awun and
Oli in the south. These rivers discharge into river Niger flowing from northwards to South-eastern
part of Nigeria. River Benue system which originates from Cameroon highlands has it flow
influenced by rivers Gongola, Taraba, Donga, Katsina-Ala, Dep, Shemanka and Mada before
emptying into the Niger river at the confluence in Lokoja, Kogi State.

It is estimated that about 24% of the total rainfall is runoff while the remaining moves through
evapotranspiration and infiltration, the process is depicted in figure 1.5. The water resources
potential within the territory of Nigeria is estimated at 287 BCM/year. The distribution of the
water resources potential is presented in Figure 1.6. The contribution from outside the country is
88 BCM/year making the total water resources potential as 375 BCM/year (NWRMP, 2013). That
is, only 23% of the total water resources relies on contribution from neighbouring countries
(Figure 1.7). The groundwater resources potential as renewable resources is estimated at 156
BCM/year (NWRMP, 2013). There are 408 dams for harnessing the surface water resources either
for domestic, agricultural, hydropower generation, flood attenuation or a combination of the
purposes. The distribution of the dams in the hydrological areas is presented in Table 1.1.
Unfortunately, over 60% of the surface water is lost to the Atlantic Ocean annually. The
excess water which is not harnessed has devastating effect on life and properties.

Figure 1.5: The Water Resources Potential (NWRMP, 2013)

7
 Figure 1.6: Distribution of water resources potential per Hydrological Area.

100%

75%

50%

25%

0%
Generated within the country Outside flow

Figure 1.7: Source of water resources potential of the country

8
 Table 1.1: Water Resources Development in the eight (8) hydrological areas
HA (I -VIII) Surface Water Resources No of Dams Capacity impounded
Potential (MCM) (MCM)
NIGER NORTH 8,400 66 16,979.43
NIGER CENTRAL 31,700 97 24,350.15
UPPER BENUE 34,100 52 2,662.02
LOWER BENUE 30,900 42 648.69
NIGER SOUTH 40,100 11 68.25
WESTERN LITTORAL 35,600 74 1558.62
EASTERN LITTORAL 56,200 24 190.38
CHAD BASIN 7,220 42 3,718.72
244,200 408 50,176.26

1.8 Structure of the Report

This report consists of six (6) chapters.
➢ Chapter 1: Brief background, Terms of Reference and composition of the Presidential
Committee.
➢ Chapter 2: Review of existing policies, laws, regulations and enforcement on flood related
matters in Nigeria.
➢ Chapter 3: Assessment of flood impact across various sectors.
➢ Chapter 4: Development and Implementation of Strategic Plan.
➢ Chapter 5: Institutional arrangement and funding mechanism.
➢ Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations.

9
 Chapter 2

2.0 Review of existing Laws, Policies, Plans, Regulations and Enforcement

In order to effectively develop a comprehensive Strategic Plan for preventing flood disasters in
Nigeria, there is a need to review existing Laws, Policies, Plans, Regulations and Enforcement.

2.1 Water Resources and Energy

Water Resources Act, 2004 gives the FMWR significant power to control and coordinate
activities for proper watershed management, resources protection and public administration of
water resources. It confers on the FMWR the responsibility to make proper provision for adequate
supplies of suitable water for, amongst others, agricultural purposes in general and irrigation in
particular.
Section 5(c) of the Act vested power on the Honorable Minister of Water Resources to make
adequate provision for the control and prevention of flooding, soil erosion and damage to
watershed areas; while 5(d) for the reclamation of land; and 5(e) for the protection of inland and
estuarine fisheries, flora and fauna.

Section 6 provided the Honorable Minister to draw up from time to time, an up-to-date
comprehensive Master Plan for the development, use, control, protection, management and
administration of all water resources and periodic review in the light of prevailing economic,
financial or technological conditions, activities, plans and proposals of public authorities
exercising powers relating to water resources.

The Code of Practice for Dam Reservoir Operation in Nigeria, 2018 provides guidelines and
minimum standards for developing and implementing dam/reservoir safety programmes, which
include but not limited to inspection, monitoring through instrumentation, operation and
maintenance of the dam reservoir structure and provide proactive emergency planning and
vulnerable communities right-to-know.

The Code deals with the dam reservoir operational requirements and specifies the dam owners to
develop the standard operating procedures (SOP) to achieve hydrological and structural safety. It
is recommended that development of SOP should be under the purview of the Regulator
(Department of Dams and Reservoir Operation) to reduce conflict of interest arising from operation
in basins with many dams. There is also a need to develop reservoir operation policy and
incorporate into the Code to address the conflict in operation of multiple reservoirs in a basin.

The Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA) Establishment Act, 2010, Section 7(1)
states that: “the Agency shall work with the meteorological services to issue forecasts for floods;
ensure uniform standards of observation of all hydrological phenomena in Nigeria; establish
stations for hydrological observation; and carry out river training activities to improve conveyance
of water in river channels including monitoring of the sediment load”.
The National Water Resources Institute established under Act No. 83 of 2004, Section 1(2)
empowers the NWRI “(a) to develop training courses in water resources (b) to perform
engineering research functions related to such major water resources projects as may be required

10
for flood control, river regulation, reclamation, drainage, irrigation, domestic and industrial water
supply, sewerage and sewage treatment” and Code of practice.
River Basin Development Authority Act Cap. R9 LFN 2004, Section 4(1a) empowers the
RBDAs “to undertake comprehensive development of both surface and underground water
resources for multipurpose use with particular emphasis on the provision of irrigation
infrastructure and the control of floods and erosion and for watershed management”.

The existing Acts in the Water Resources Sector empowers MDAs to estimate and forecast floods,
train, and carry out research functions relating to flood matters. However, there is no regulatory
framework for enforcement of issues relating to flood, particular reservoir operations, construction
of structures on waterways and blockage of drainages and waterways.
On the Energy component, Renewable Energy Policy is contained in the National Energy Policy
(NEP), 2003.
Concerning the Hydropower component, key policies to drive the development of hydropower are
as follows:
i. the exploitation of the hydropower resources shall be done in an environmentally
sustainable and socially acceptable manner,
ii. the nation shall pay particular attention to the development of the mini and micro and
small hydropower schemes, the policy classifies hydropower schemes into pico, micro,
mini, small, medium and large.
The Strategic Plan should include the integrated management of hydro power reservoirs to take the
interest of stakeholders. For flood mitigation to be effective, there is need to strengthen the
operational collaboration of the major hydropower dams. While flood mitigation requires keeping
the reservoir as empty as possible, the hydro power production requires assurances of availability
of water that is, keeping the reservoir as full as possible. Thus, sound hydrologic decisions, good
synergy amongst the stakeholders will guarantee an environmental sustainability of the
hydropower dams.
2.2 Environment Sector
Nine (9) documents on flooding including policies, Strategic Plans, technical guidelines,
programmes guidelines etc. were identified and reviewed. The documents are as follows:
i. National Erosion & Flood Control Policy
ii. National Erosion & Flood Control Action Plan
iii. National Erosion & Flood Technical Guideline
iv. National Waste Management Policy
v. National Policy on Climate Change for Nigeria 2021
vi. National Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan
vii. National Climate Change Programme 2021 – 2030
viii. National Guideline for Environmental Impact Assessment
ix. National Flood Management Plan

At the end of the review, it has been observed as follows: that,

11
 i. The existing documents reviewed especially, the National Erosion & Flood Control
Policy, the National Erosion & Flood Control Action Plan, the National Erosion &
Flood Technical Guideline and the National Flood Management Plan were still very
much relevant and needed for the purpose of flood and erosion management in Nigeria;

ii. The proposed Comprehensive Plan of Action for the Prevention of Flood Disasters in
Nigeria should be designed to encourage strong and adequate linkages in the
implementation of environmental policy relating to flood and erosion at the three levels
of government (Federal, State and Local Government);

iii. Nevertheless, the purpose and goal of the policy documents have not been met due to
the following gaps:

a. Weak and inadequate linkages in the implementation of environmental policy at the

three levels of Government (Federal, State and Local Government);

b. Institutional framework in the management of flood and erosion not well articulated
resulting in duplication of responsibilities amongst MDAs including States and Local
Governments;

2.3 Works Sector

The Work Policies and Manuals guide the design of roads and bridges. The Highway Manual Part
1, Volume IV: Drainage Design (FMW, 2013), establish the policy with regard to the development
and operation of roads, at the Federal, State and Local Government levels. Section 4.5 on climate
change considerations states that “design flow of hydraulic structures (culverts and bridges) should
be increased by a factor up to 20% to account for increase in flows due to climate change”.
To strengthen the code, there is need for further research on climate change impact on peak flow
at various frequencies. In addition, there should be a Policy as regards to the construction of roads
and hydraulic structures in the coastal areas and flood plains.

2.4 Housing and Urban Development Sector

Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Act (Cap T38, LFN 2004), promote physical planning
in Nigeria. The Act (Plan Preparation and Administration section) mandated the preparation
and implementation of different types of physical development plans to guide growth and
development of human settlements in an orderly and sustainable manner using the Physical
Development Plans at Federal, State and Local Government Levels.
The Act (Section on Development Control) mandated the establishment of multi-disciplinary
department charged with the responsibility for matters relating to development control and
implementation of physical development plans. The Act directed that approval of the relevant
Regulatory Department shall be required for any land development including the one embarked
upon by Government Agencies. However, enforcement of the policy on development in flood plain
areas should be strengthened.
The Act (Additional Control in Special Cases section) states that the Regulatory Department shall
where appropriate grant a development permit subject to a provision on the preservation of existing
trees and or planting of new trees by the imposition of necessary conditions; and without prejudice
to the provisions of existing laws under this subject, the Regulatory Department shall make "tree

12
preservation orders", for securing such amenity within its area of jurisdiction. It is recommended
that this should be enforced at Federal, State and Local Government Levels.
2.5 Humanitarian Affairs and Social Services Sector

The Federal Executive Council on September 7th, 2022 approved the National Flood Emergency
Preparedness and Response Plan Prepared by Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster
Management and Social Development for Nigeria. This plan objective is to increase political and
stakeholders’ commitment and participation in the governance of flood risks reduction at all levels.
The emphasis of the strategic plan is on preparedness and response phases of disaster management.

In the Preparedness phase, the stakeholders will collectively carry out responsibilities to prepare
for any anticipated floods. When the anticipated floods occur, the Response phase is activated to
involve all stakeholders to provide immediate assistance such as conducting search and rescue,
evacuation of victims to higher and safer grounds, providing relief materials and any other actions
that will save the lives and properties. The Recovery phase of the plan spells out roles and
responsibilities for stakeholders to help build resilience of affected communities and return to
normalcy after occurrence of the floods.
2.6 Current Issues and Gaps with existing Flood Policies and Legal Documents

As elaborate as each of existing flood policy, legal and planning document is, each provides a level
of logical and literal solution(s) to some specific aspects of flood management and control in the
country. There are issues and gaps relating to each of them; some of which have been identified to
include:

a. The institutional, legal and governance challenges related to poor implementation or

execution of the various terms, activities and actions expected to be routinely carried
out for effective flood management and control across the country. This will address
inadequate checks and balances, salient negligence and non-symmetric alliance
amongst various MDAs.

i. No central regulatory framework or of existing laws, policies, plans and

regulations/enforcement,
ii. No specific extant law on sustainable flood management in the country; the
enforcement of any standard methodological procedure becomes impracticable
across the country, especially, as it relates to non-existence of rules and regulations
for flood management practices,

b. Need to mention a few of these gaps;

i. There is no centrally coordinated effort in the country as regards flood mitigation

and adaptation. Efforts so far made are basically fragmented, some results in
duplicated efforts when no central agency is set up by law to provide the national
flood mitigation and adaptation measures.

ii. Due to the significance of flood impacts and to avoid duplication of efforts of the
MDAs, a National Flood Management Council (NFMC) is recommended to be

13
 established and domiciled in the Office of the Vice President of the Federal Republic
of Nigeria.

c. Need to develop, implement and monitor a nationally acceptable framework for

coordination of flood management efforts; involving all mitigation and adaptive flood
management efforts.

14
 Chapter 3

3.0 Assessment of Flood Impacts

3.1 Overview
The teams visited selected affected communities for on-the-spot assessment. During the visits,
there were interactions with members of the communities and other stakeholders on the flood event
that occurred in 2022. The impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities on flood
dynamics in the country was also evaluated. This chapter gives details of the field visits and
observations made.
3.2 Field Visit
3.2.1 Site Visit Locations
Based on desk study, historical evidence on flood occurrences and consultation with States, flood
hotspots were identified. In each of the geopolitical zones, the two most affected states were
identified for the field visit. The TWG visited the following states as presented in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1: States Visited for Flood Assessment

S/N Geo- States Sites Visited
political
Zones
1 North Jigawa Dabi, Yakasawa, Guri, Marke, Hadejia Barrage, Hadjia Town,
West Auyo, Miga, Buji, Kiyawa, Gantsa, Garin Alhaji.

Katsina Katsina Canal Confluence, Katsina Canal Tributary, Katsina

Canal at Giginya Road, Kofa Guga, Katsina-Jibia Bypass,
Yanhoho, Makurdar Mashi
2 North Adamawa Kiri Dam, Numan Bridge, Dasin Hausa Dam site, Geriyo Lake
East project, chouchi irrigation project, Benue river gauge site,
Shelleng embankment.
Taraba Jalingo flood and erosion site, Taraba State University
3 North Benue, Inoungun Community, LBRBDA Fadama, Wadata, Agbor,
Central Angwajukun, Awe Road.

Kogi Adajima, Adankolo, Ajara, Echabi, Edene, Gadumo, Galilee,

Greater Lokoja Water treatment Plant, Ichala Achanyiwo, Idah
Water Board, Iganuma, Ilobe, Kabawa, Onyedega, Otokiti,
Sarki Noma, Adoga, Ejule Ojebe, Shintaku, Ogande,
Kotonkarfe, Ibaji.
4 South Lagos, Isheri North, Ajegunle/Maidan, Mile 12/Agiliti Road, Yetunde
West Brown/Deeper Life Sholuyi, Old Abeokuta Road / Agric
Road, Old Ota Road Bridge, Command Bridge Akinola Road,
Lafiaji, Lekki, Lekki Ikota, Remi Olowude Street, Eko Bidge
By Otumara, Western Avenue, Babs Animashaun, Alafia By
Lagos Badagry Expressway,3rd Axial Road, Alapere

15
 S/N Geo- States Sites Visited
political
Zones
Ogun Isokale Gully/Ajiboye Road, Ijako-Owode, Via Sango Ota,
Ado-Odo/Ota LGA, Oyan Dam, Abeokuta North LGA, Oba-
Odeleye Park, Ijeja-Igbore, Abeokuta South LGA, Isale-Oja
Kuto, Lantoro, Ijagun, Ijebu-Ode LGA, Ijagun Imoru, Molipa,
Logun, Ojumele-Isote, Yidi Lane, Owakurudu Gully, Ijebu-
Ode LGA, Ojumele-Isote Gully, Otitokoro,Ewu-Oliwo Flood
Erosio, Sagamu LGA
5 South Anambra Umueri, Anambra River, Utubu, Ezu Oma, Aguleri, Ogbaru,
East Ayamelum, Ezu Omambia, Mmiata, Umuleri, Otupu..
Imo Ohaji-egbema, Oguta lake, Obiakpo, Ese Osu river, Abacheke,
Ideato
6 South Bayelsa Aboeto, Aduku, Agbere, Elemebiri, Osifo, Tungbo, Okolobiri,
South Ogbogoro, Elebele, Amorekeni, Egbediodi, Ekeremor,
Amasoma, Obololi,
Rivers Mbiama River at East-West Road, Ahoda East, Ahoda West,
Abua, Odua, Egbema, Ndoni

3.2.2 Key Findings

a) Heavy or long duration rainfall attributed to climate change. The rainfall climatology
(Figure 3.1) shows that the average rainfall for the period 1991 – 2020 is higher than that
of 1981 – 2010, especially in the Northern Region. The deviation of monthly rainfall from
monthly average for the year 2012 and 2022 is presented in Figure 3.2. In the Northern
region, the rainfall in July, 2012 is higher than that of 2022 whereas the rainfall depth in
August and September 2022 is higher than that of 2012. In the southern part, higher early
rainfall in April 2022 than in April 2012 whereas rainfall in July 2012 is higher than in July
2022. The water level of River Benue at Makurdi for 2012 and 2022 is presented in Figure
3.3 while that of River Niger at Lokoja is presented in Figure 3.4.

16
Figure 3.1: Rainfall Climatology over Nigeria (NiMet)

17
 Figure 3.2: Deviation of monthly rainfall (NiMet)

2012 2022
20000
18000
16000
Discharge (m3/s)

14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0-Jan 19-Feb 9-Apr 29-May 18-Jul 6-Sep 26-Oct 15-Dec 3-Feb
Date

Figure 3.3: Hydrograph of River Benue at Makurdi in 2012 and 2022

18
 35000
2012 2022
30000
Discharge. m3/s

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
1-Jan 20-Feb 10-Apr 30-May 19-Jul 7-Sep 27-Oct 16-Dec

Date

Figure 3.4: Hydrograph of River Niger at Lokoja

b) Siltation of river channels resulting in reduction of carrying capacity. Siltation is

mainly due to increase in deforestation, poor waste management practices and
anthropogenic activities in the country.
c) Blockage of channels with structures.
d) Poor drainage system in urban and rural areas.
e) Increase in paved surface in urban area
f) Infestation of Typha grass and aquatic weeds on river channels and reservoirs;
g) Inadequate sizing of some hydraulic structures due to climate and social dynamics
h) Uncontrolled digging and ploughing of meadows, pastures and Agricultural
activities; and
i) Backfill of spring water and uncontrolled collection and disposal of these waters.

19
3.2.3 Assessment Pictures

Miga LGA Hospital Staff Gujungu – Hadejia Road Gilima-Darai Road, Taura LGA
Quarters (Gujungu Rd)

Miga LGA Chairman Challet Auyo – Kafin Hausa Road Turabu-Gidan Mutum Daya Rd.

Plate 1: Site Visit at Jigawa State

Team being welcomed by PS Team with Management of Bridge Across Sewage Canal @
Min. of Environment, Katsina Min. of Environment Katsina proposed Oxidation Pond

Team Members Inspecting Newly commissioned drainage Constructed Rural Drainage Model
Drainage Channel Channel
Plate 2: Site Visit at Katsina State

20
 Portion of Idah - Onyedega Destroyed Houses at Flood Victim buried beside the river
Road destroyed by the Flood Adankolo, Lokoja at Lokoja

Portions of Idah - Onyedega The pumping room destroyed. LimawaDutse, Jigawa

Road destroyed by flood
Plate 3: Site Visit at Kogi State

Benue State Governor in a Flood Level @ LNRBDA Group Photograph with the Benue
meeting with the Team Fadama Government Cabinet

The Community showing the Inspecting Flood level at Agbor Flood Level Marking at
extent of flood water level Community Agwanjukwu Makurdi
Plate 4: Site Visit at Benue State

21
 Axial Road Alapere Hon. Comm. for Env. & Water Odo Iya Alaro, Ikeja,
Res. Mr. T. Bello Addressing

Old Abeokuta Road_Agric Unlined Canal Contributing to Yetunde Brown-Deeper Life

road, Abbattoir-Agege siltation Gbagada
Plate 5: Site Visit at Lagos State

Owakurudu Gully, Ijebu-Ode Sokori Stream Path Water Corporation pipe across
and its threat Observation at Ijeja, Abeokuta Sokori River, Abeokuta

Ishote Gully, Shagamu Lantoro Stream Path, Abeokuta Dilapidated Yidi Lane, Ijebu-Ode
Plate 6: Site Visit at Ogun State

22
 Kiri Dam in Shelleng LGA Broken embankment at Household Rubbish dumped on the
Shelleng, Adamawa bank of River Benue at Jimeta-Yola
causing serious problems to lake
Geriyo irrigation farms

Team with Representative of

Part of Silted area of lake Proposed Dam Site in Dasin
Executive Governor of Adamawa
Geriyo irrigation Project in Hausa Irrigation Project in
Fufore LGA State
Yola North LGA
Plate 7: Site Visit at Adamawa State

Flooded area within Taraba Flooded area within Taraba Flooded area within Taraba State
State University Jalingo State University Jalingo University Jalingo
Plate 8: Site Visit at Taraba State

23
 2022 Flood Mark

Failed bridge as a result of 2022 Flood level Failed Road due to 2022 floods
flooding

2022 Flood Mark

Flooded Community Umueze 2022 Flood level on Navy Narrowed River Due to Siltation
Anam outpost in Ogbaru
Plate 9: Site Visit at Anambra State

Meeting with Imo State Road Failure Due to Run-off Shell Flow Station Inundated
Governor

Flood Marking on the Church Building totally River Siltation Due to Flooding
Structure inundated to the roof level
Plate 10: Site Visit at Imo State

24
 Airport Road PH Umuoba Elebele Road

Igbogene Road Imiringi Road Odi

Plate 11: Site Visit at Rivers State

Obogoro Shoreline Odi-Trofani Road okutukutu

Encroachment

Yenagoa Tombia Amassoma Opokuma-Sabagreia

Plate 12: Site Visit at Bayelsa State

25
3.3 Impact of climate change

Climate change can be expected to significantly affect the hydrological cycle and numerous studies
have attempted to evaluate climate change impacts at scales ranging from global to individual
catchments.

Climate models projections agree on a warming in West Africa even though its magnitude ranges
from +2 to +6oC in 2100 across climate models (Christensen et al., 2007). More models predict
increase in precipitation within the period.

The World Bank (2012) study on climate risk analysis on water, agriculture and hydropower
sectors in Nigeria reported that precipitation around 2020 conditions in 53 percent of Nigeria are
expected to be wetter when compared with the precipitation around 1990, and this area includes
North-west (HA-1), part of North-east, Gongola sub-basin (HA-3), and part of North- central (HA-
2). Ten percent of the country, including Donga and Katsina-Ala sub-basins will have less rain.
While rainfall in thirty-five percent of the country, including south-south region (HA-5), parts of
North-east and north-central (HA-3 and HA-4) will be stable (Figure 3.5)

Figure 3.5: Distribution of Classes of Precipitation Changes

Note: Distribution of classes of precipitation changes in 2020 (left) and 2050 (right) compared to 1990. Spatial
representation is in sub-basins, the units on which the hydrological (strictly rain-dependent) analysis was based.

Based on World Bank (2012) climate studies for Nigeria, the potential impacts of climate change
on inflows for each hydrological area of Nigeria for the 2020 and 2050 horizons are presented in
Figure 3.6. There is high variability in flows to the Benue River system (Tractebel, 2015).
Deviation in the flow be up to 27% of the mean and sometimes up to 90% of the mean in the
northern parts of the basin. Thus, there is an emerging consensus that for most part of the country,
using the climate of the past as a guide to the design of future water management projects might
lead to inappropriate investment decisions (WB, 2012). An analysis of a power scheme in the basin
indicates that the possibility of a drier climate at the site exposes the project to the risk of not
delivering the intended amount of power. Under certain assumptions, designing a dam without
consideration to climate change exposes the project to a “regret” (cost of failing to deliver firm

26
power) of up to 25% of capital costs; using a robust approach to design (that increases storage in
anticipation of a possibly drier climate) reduces the possible regrets to 5% of capital costs.

Figure 3.6: Distribution of Classes of Stream-flow Changes

3.3 Sectorial Impacts
Nigeria has been experiencing seasonal flooding as a result of heavy rainfall and climate change.
The floods were worst in 2012 and 2022 causing loss of lives and properties and bringing
unimaginable hardship to the people of the affected areas. The summary of the damage and loss
for 2012 and 2022 are presented in tables 3.2 and 3.3 respectively. The best estimate for economic
damage in each geopolitical zone is presented in Figure 3.7.
Table 3.2: Summary of damage and losses caused by the 2012 floods

27
Table 3.3: Direct damages (Million US$) for the June-November 2022 Nigeria floods, broken
down by sector.

Sector Lower Bound Best Estimate Upper Bound

Residential Buildings $ 1,400 $ 2,237 $ 2,880
Non-Residential Buildings $ 905 $ 1,376 $ 2,048
Agriculture $ 526 $ 1,837 $ 2,473
Infrastructure $ 959 $ 1,232 $ 1,724
Total $ 3,790 $ 6,681 $ 9,125
SOURCE: Nigeria Post Disaster Needs Assessment 2012 Flood.

Table 3.4: Best estimate of direct damages (US$) for the June-November 2022 floods, broken
down by Region and sector.
Region Residential Buildings Non-Residential Buildings Agriculture Infrastructure Total
South South $ 824 $ 637 $ 452 $ 151 $ 2,064
North East $ 360 $ 243 $ 583 $ 547 $ 1,733
North West $ 279 $ 192 $ 380 $ 212 $ 1,062
North Central $ 312 $ 90 $ 195 $ 193 $ 790
South East $ 341 $ 122 $ 171 $ 82 $ 715
South West $ 120 $ 92 $ 56 $ 48 $ 317
Total $ 2,237 $ 1,376 $ 1,837 $ 1,232 $ 6,681
Note: The damage estimate for Buildings includes Building Contents. Infrastructure & Production
Sectors includes Physical Infrastructure; Irrigation; Flood Management; WASH; Energy;
Transport; Communication; Motors; and Social Protection. Agriculture includes Crop, Livestock,
Fisheries and Agricultural capital (local-scale irrigation, farm infrastructure etc.).
Source: Grade Flood Damages Report, WB 2022
The economic loss from 2012 flood disaster has been estimated at US $7.3B while the upper bound
estimate of 2022 as at November is US $9,125B. However, while the collation from States and
other sectors are still in progress, the best estimate of the 2022 flood has been reported as US
$6,681B (FMHADM&SD, 2022 and WB, 2022).
3.3.1 Water Resources and Energy
During 1990s and 2000s, several flood events occurred in the country which culminated in the loss
of lives and damages to property and critical infrastructure valued in billions of Naira. Some of the
recorded incidences with their respective impact are tabulated in Table 3.5.

28
Impacts on Critical Water Sector include:

i. Water treatment infrastructure: inundation of pumps, plants, control panels etc.

ii. Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Infrastructure: submerged boreholes
& panels, washed-away toilet facilities, destroyed storage tanks and pipe networks,
polluted water sources.
iii. Dams & Reservoirs: broken gates, failed spillways, submerged lift pumps, increased
siltation, eroded banks, and difficulty in reservoir operations.
iv. Meteorological and Hydrological Stations: washed meteorological and hydrological
stations and broken supporting structures.
v. Hydraulic Structures: destroyed irrigation facilities.

Table 3.5: Past Major Flood Disasters in Nigeria

S/N Year Description on cause and damage
1. 1980 274.1mm rainfall in 12 hours, 100 lives lost and
50,000 people homeless.
2. 1988 Bagauda dam failure, destroying 18,000 houses, leaving 200,000 displaced and 23 lives
lost.
3. 1999 39 lives lost, submerged hundreds of villages, affected 300,000 people.
4. 2010 Heavy rainfall and Goronyo dam release.
5. 2011 120 lives were lost due to flash flood from Dam failure.
6. 2011 25 lives were lost due to torrential rainfall.
7. 2012 363 lives were lost, 2.2 million people were displaced, damaged several thousand ha of
cropland and destroyed houses and property.
8. 2013 81,500 people were affected almost 8,000 people displaced and more than 6,500 homes
were damaged.
9. 2014 15 lives were lost and 10,000 displaced.
10. 2015 100,000 were displaced with 53 lives lost.
11. 2016 92,000 were displaced and 38 lives lost.
12. 2017 250,000 people displaced.
13. 2018 34 States and the FCT were affected. 1.9 million people affected, destroyed 82,000
houses and displaced 210,000 people.
14. 2019 210,117 people displaced and affected 124 LGAs within the 36 states and the FCT.
15. 2020 35 States and FCT were affected and over 129,000 displaced with a record of 150 lives
lost.
16. 2022 34 States and FCT were affected, 1.3 million people displaced, over 600 lives lost and
over 200,000 houses damaged.
Source: NIHSA, 2022

3.3.2 Environment
Flood affected the followings:
a. Aquatic environment (destruction of marine, such as oceans and seas, and pollution of
freshwaters in estuaries, lakes and rivers), degraded aquatic habitats, lowered water
quality, reduced coastal reproduction, and contaminated coastal food resources.
b. Terrestrial Environment: destroyed land, loss of ecological spaces and species (bio-
organisms and animals) with negative impact on natural environment.

29
 c. The exploration of natural resources such as oil, coal, natural gas, metals and sand are
also strongly negatively affected. In similar way, aspects of forestry development are
also hampered by flood.

3.3.3 Agriculture and Irrigation

Floods have caused significant damage to agricultural land, destroyed crops, livestock and
fisheries, ponds and agricultural infrastructures. Agricultural land destroyed in 2018 was 150,300
hectares, in 2020 was 657,945 and in 2022 was 666,980 hectares. The distribution of this land in
affected states is presented in Table 6.
The main crops affected were rice, maize, cassava, sorghum, yam, cocoyam, potatoes, peppers,
plantain, oil palm, and fish. The potential estimated loss in terms of crop yields in 2022 using an
average of 4 tonnes per hectare is over 2.6 million tonnes translating to about N600 billion in losses
to the private sector mostly Small Holder Farmers (SHFs). The 2022 flood affected 6487 fish
farmers and fisher folks across the Country.

Table 3.6: Distribution of Agricultural Land Affected

Source: FMARD Remote Sensing Report on 2022 Flood in Nigeria

30
3.3.4 Transportation
Sections of the key roads that are crucial to the Nation’s economy were overrun by the flood
thereby disrupting the movement of goods and services. During the flood period major roads
experienced blockades for days. Days after the water level started receding, it was observed that
the submerged sections of the roads have suffered several degrees of damages including bridges,
embankment washouts, and pavement failures. These failures restricted the transportation of key
goods and services, especially petroleum products which unavoidably caused scarcity and
movement of agricultural products nationwide.
3.3.5 Health and Social Services
The flooding events in 2022 resulted in loss of human lives, outbreak of infectious diseases
(especially water and sanitation–related diseases, water borne, water-washed and water-based
diseases) such as malaria, cholera, diarrheal, trachoma and schistosomiasis. Other effects of the
flooding disaster are; damage to critical infrastructure including health facilities, displacement of
victims and loss of means of livelihood. This would compound food insecurity and malnutrition.
Other impacts include drowning, injuries and trauma.
3.3.6 Housing
Nigeria has been experiencing seasonal flooding as a result of varying rainfall characteristics
caused by climate change. The floods were worst in the country between 2012 and 2022 causing
loss of lives and properties and bringing unimaginable hardship to the affected people. Over
200,000 homes were estimated to have been completely or partially destroyed by the flood.
Given the high spatial concentration of people and valuables in cities, even small-scale floods may
lead to considerable damage. In extreme cases urban floods can result in disasters that can set back
urban development by years or even decades.
Urban flooding is increased by high density urbanization. Built environments, such as cities,
generate higher surface run-off that exceeds local drainage capacity, thereby causing local floods.
In urban areas, the increase in impervious rooftops and transportation surfaces increases the overall
run-off efficiency of the catchment.
Localized flooding occurs frequently in slums because of inadequate drains. A major concern in
many cities in Nigeria is the clogging of drainage facilities with wastes. Many urban drainage
facilities are dilapidated due to lack of maintenance.
3.4 Risk assessment
Framework for investment analysis for flood risk reduction should go beyond traditional cost
benefit analysis of specific measures but should provide a decision support tool to evaluate possible
investment strategies using different criteria for optimality and feasibility consistently and
effectively. Figure 3.8 presents general schematic approach applicable for flood mitigation in
Nigeria.

31
Figure 3.8: Schematic of Investment Analysis Framework for Flood Risk Reduction
(Adapted from IDB, 2016 and 2019)

32
 Chapter 4

4.0 Development and Implementation of Strategic Plan

4.1 Introduction
The Strategic Plan entails measures that are necessary for the actualization of holistic approach to
flood risk management. The Plan aims to maximize the net benefit from flood plains and reduce
loss of lives and property as a result of flood vulnerability and risk, preserve ecosystem and their
associated biodiversity within the framework of Integrated Water Resources Management
(IWRM).
The approach is to incorporate risk management principle for flood management, prevent flood
hazards turning into disasters, increase multidisciplinary approaches to flood management,
improve information on integrated flood management approaches, enhance community
participation and alleviate poverty through preventive and responsive strategies for vulnerable
areas.
The Plan integrates structural and non-structural measures, ecosystem needs, land and water
management in a changing climate. The strategic plan and measures are presented in the
subsequent sections.
4.2 Strategic Plan for Integrated Flood Management
The Strategic Plan for integrated flood management involves the development of the following
plans with the overall goals, objectives, activities, and targets.

1) Data Acquisition for Integrated Flood Management

2) Coordinated Multi-Sectorial Flood Early Warning System
3) Development of Capacity on Flood Management
4) Development and Management of Flood Plains
5) Protection of the Environment
6) Protection of Infrastructure
7) Reservoir Operation System for Flood Mitigation
8) Collaboration among relevant Stakeholders
9) Enhancement of Public Awareness and Community Support
10) Optimizing the Benefits of Flood to National Economy

The frameworks for the Strategic Statements are presented in Figures 4.1 – 4.10 while details of
the strategies for the key interventions are presented in Boxes 4.1 – 4.26

33
 Strategy Statement 1: Improving Data Acquisition, Handling and Sharing for Integrated Flood Management.

Strategy 1
Data Acquisition for Integrated Flood Management

Goal 1
Improve collection of adequate and reliable data and information for
Integrated Flood Management

Objective 1.1 Objective 1.2

To Increase the density of meteorological and hydrological To develop & Implement data sharing and
stations and upgrade instrumentation for data collection archival arrangement for integrated flood
management

Key Intervention
Increase number of Hydrological stations (Manual and Automatic)
Key Intervention
and meteorological stations for effective coverage and improved
Establish Standard Operating Procedures
accuracy of flood monitoring, forecast and warning system
(SOPs) for flood data sharing amongst agencies

Expected Outcomes
Establish and maintain the minimum density of Expected Outcomes
meteorological & Hydrological stations in the country Functional SOP developed and implemented

Responsible Agencies Responsible Agencies

FMWR, FMEnv., FMA&RD, NIHSA, NiMet, State Water Agencies, RBDAs, FMWR, FMAv, FMEnv., NIHSA, NiMet
NASRDA, FMW&H, FMAv, FMST, Universities, Defence, Development Partners NASRDA, NWRI, Universities

Time Frame
1 – 5 yrs & Continuous

Figure 4.1: Frameworks for the Strategy Statement 1

34
 STRATEGY 1: KEY INTERVENTION 1.1

Strategy Statement: Improved Data acquisition, handling and sharing for

integrated flood Management
Strategy: Data acquisition for integrated flood management
Goal: Improve collection of adequate and reliable data and information for
Integrated Flood Management
Objective: To Increase the density of meteorological and hydrological
stations and upgrade instrumentation for data collection
Key Intervention: Increase the number of hydrological and meteorological
stations through:
(a) rehabilitation and upgrading of dilapidated observatory stations
(b) acquisition through budgetary provision and
(c) collaboration with Development Partners
Box SP 1: Details of Key Intervention 1.1

STRATEGY 1: KEY INTERVENTION 1.2

Strategy Statement: Improved Data acquisition, handling and sharing for

integrated flood Management
Strategy: Data acquisition for integrated flood management
Goal: Improve collection of adequate and reliable data and
information for Integrated Flood Management
Objective: To develop and implement data sharing and archival
arrangement for integrated flood management
Key Intervention: Establish Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for
flood data sharing amongst agencies
Box SP 2: Details of Key Intervention 1.2

35
Strategy Statement 2: Promote Coordinated Multisectoral Participation in Monitoring, Forecasting, and
Managing Flood Risks through Early Warning System

Strategy 2
Coordinated Multi-Sectoral Flood Early Warning System

Goal 2
Adopt and sustain Multi-Sectoral Flood Early Warning System (FEWS)

Objective 2.1 Objective 2.2

To Institutionalize a dynamic 5-day Flood Early Warning To Maintain a Coordinated Multi-Sectoral Flood Early
System for urban, fluvial and coastal flooding Warning System

Key Interventions Key Interventions

Sustain rainfall, rainfall-runoff, hydraulic and flood Operationalise a National Flood Management
forecasting models for dynamic flood early warning system Council (NFMC) for coordination of integrated flood
and install flood marks management

Expected Outcomes Expected Outcomes

Flood forecasting and flood early warning system are Multi-Sectorial Coordination of flood management
enhanced established and operationalised

Responsible Agencies
Responsible Agencies NFMC, FMWR, FMAv, FMEnv., NIHSA
FMWR, FMAv, FMEnv., NIHSA, NiMet, NASRDA, NWRI, Universities NiMet, NASRDA, NWRI, FMHADM&SD, FMA&RD,
Universities

Time Frame:
1 – 5 yrs

Figure SP 3: Frameworks for the Strategy Statement 2

36
 STRATEGY 2: KEY INTERVENTION 2.1

Strategy Statement: Promote coordinated multisectoral participation in

monitoring, forecasting, and managing flood risks through early warning
system
Strategy: Coordinated Multi-Sectoral Flood Early Warning System
Goal: Adopt and sustain Multi-Sectoral Flood Early Warning System (FEWS)
Objective: To Institutionalize a dynamic 5-day Flood Early Warning System for urban,
fluvial and coastal flooding
Key Intervention: Sustain a robust Flood Early Warning System (Chart 2.1) that
encompasses the dynamics of rainfall, catchment characteristics and
anthropogenic activities with appropriate lead-times and flood marks installation
(Chart 2.2)

(a) Predicted (b) Actual

Chart 2.1 Predicted and Actual Flooded area in 2022 (NIHSA, 2022)

(a) Before flood (b) During flood

Chart 2.2 Flood marks at Onitsha before and during flood in 2022

Box SP 3: Details of Key Intervention 2.1

37
 STRATEGY 2: KEY INTERVENTION 2.2

Strategy Statement: Promote coordinated multisectoral participation in

monitoring, forecasting, and managing flood risks through early warning
system
Strategy: Coordinated Multi-Sectoral Flood Early Warning System
Goal: Adapt and sustain Multi-Sectoral Flood Early Warning System (FEWS)
Objective: To maintain a coordinated multi-sectoral flood warning System.
Key Intervention: Operationalise a National Flood Management Council
(NFMC) for coordination of Integrated Flood Management
Box SP 4: Details of Key Intervention 2.2

38
 Strategy Statement 3: Develop a Flood Response Program and Enhance Capacity Building at all Levels

Strategy 3:
Development of Capacity

Goal 3.1 Goal 3.2

Build capacity for better understanding and effective response to Flood Ensure that the communities in any
Disasters region collectively maintain the capacity
to initiate and sustain emergency
operations during and after a flood
Objectives 3.1.1 Objectives 3.1.2
To carry out research in collaboration with To develop and strengthen the capacity of Objectives 3.2.1
higher institutions on flood modelling and vulnerable communities To strengthen capacities of military
Management
and para-military services

Key Interventions:
• Carryout joint research on flooding Key Interventions
• Military and paramilitary to conduct training for Key Interventions
• Develop and implement national research • Develop Standard operational plan
programmes on flood modelling and vulnerable communities
• Develop and implement regional based training • Develop and implement flood
management response training programmes for
programmes for vulnerable communities
military and para-military service

Expected Outcomes Expected Outcomes

Reliable data for flood assessment and More knowledge of flood management acquired.
forecast

RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES
FMWR, FMEnv, FMA&RD, FMF&NP, FMAv, NASRDA, NWRI, NIHSA, NiMet, Universities, Research Institution, Army Education Resource Centre, MDAs, SGs, LGs

Time Frame: 1 – 5 yrs and continuous

Figure SP 4: Frameworks for the Strategy Statement 3

39
 STRATEGY 3: KEY INTERVENTION 3.1
Strategy Statement: Develop a Flood Response Program and Enhance
Capacity Building at all levels
Strategy: Development of Capacity
Goal: Build capacity for better understanding and effective response to
Flood Disasters
Objective: To carry out research in collaboration with higher institutions
on flood modelling and Management
Key Intervention:
(a) Carry out joint research on flooding
(b) Develop and implement national research programmes on flood
modelling and management
Box SP 5: Details of Key Intervention 3.1

STRATEGY 3: KEY INTERVENTION 3.2

Strategy Statement: Develop a Flood Response Program and Enhance
Capacity Building at all levels
Strategy: Development of Capacity
Goal: Build capacity for better understanding and effective response to
Flood Disasters
Objective: To develop and strengthen the capacity of vulnerable
communities
Key Intervention:
(a) Military and paramilitary to conduct training for vulnerable
communities.
(b) Develop and implement regional based training programmes for
vulnerable communities
Box SP 6: Details of Key Intervention 3.2

40
 STRATEGY 3: KEY INTERVENTION 3.3
Strategy Statement: Develop a Flood Response Program and Enhance
Capacity Building at all levels
Strategy: Development of Capacity
Goal: Ensure that the communities in the region collectively maintain the
capacity to initiate and sustain emergency
Objective: To strengthen capacities of military and para-military services
Key Intervention:
(a) Develop Standard operational plan
(b) Develop and implement flood response training programmes for
military and para-military services
Box SP 7: Details of Key Intervention 3.3

41
 Strategy Statement 4: Ensure Environmental Sustainability.

Strategy 4
Development and management of flood plains

Goal 4.1 Goal 4.2

Reduce the vulnerability of community to flood hazards Maintain, enhance, and restore the resilience of the natural
environment

Objective 4.1.1 Objective 4.1.2 Objective 4.1.3 Objective 4.2.1 Objective 4.2.2 Objective 4.2.3
To reduce the risks to public To rehabilitate To restore the To restore the natural To restore the natural
To develop storage
safety and existing storage facilities natural environment in the environment in the wetland
facilities for water areas
retention development of infrastructure in for water retention environment in the coastal areas
flood prone areas main rivers and
Key Interventions inland deltaic Key Interventions
Key Interventions
• Construction of dams and Restoration of wetlands
Desilting and river
detention basin on Rivers Benue, Key Interventions Key Interventions (Sokoto-Rima, Komadugu
Key Interventions training including
Yobe, Lake Chad, Sambisa
Donga, Taraba, Mada, Dep and Rehabilitation of River improvement works stabilization of slopes
Carry out flood plain involving dredging and Forest, Kanji Lake, Lokoja,
Okpokwu. existing dams Including in the coastal and
• Construction of small mapping and zoning of bank stabilization of rivers Jebba, Kaduna, Makurdi,
the country desilting of reservoirs deltaic areas
dams on tributaries of various Niger, Benue, Hadejia, Imo River, Yewa creeks,
rivers Jamaáre, Ogun, Osun, Owena, Okomu, Oloke
Anambra, Imo, Orashi, Lagoon, Lekki peninsula,
Nun, Focados, Otamiri, Yola and Cross river).
Expected Outcomes Expected Outcomes Expected Outcomes Expected
No. of critical dams Flood hotspots identified No. of dams Outcomes
constructed Expected Outcomes
Rehabilitated Expected Outcomes No. of creeks No of wetlands restored to
Length of flood walls de-silted their near natural capacity
Responsible Agencies constructed
Responsible Agencies
FMWR, FMEnv, FMWR, OSGoF, Responsible Agencies
FMA&RD NASRDA FMWR, FMEnv,
FMEnv., FMA&RD, SGs, Responsible Agencies: FMT, FMWR, FMEnv, SGs, LGs, NN (Hydrographic Office), Private
SGs, LGs, Private Sector FMA&RD Sector
LGs SGs, LGs, Private Sector
Time Frame: (1 – 10 yrs & Continuous)
Time Frame: (1 – 5 yrs) Time Frame (1 – 10 yrs & Continuous)

Figure SP 5: Frameworks for the Strategy Statement 4

42
 STRATEGY 4: KEY INTERVENTION 4.1

Strategy Statement: Ensure environmental sustainability

Strategy: Development and management of flood plains
Goal: Reduce the vulnerability of community to flood hazards
Objective: To develop storage facilities for water retention
Key Intervention:
(a) Construct dams and detention basin on Rivers Benue, Donga,
Taraba, Mada, Dep and Okpokwu
(b) Construct small dams on tributaries of various rivers
Box SP 8: Details of Key Intervention 4.1

STRATEGY 4: KEY INTERVENTION 4.2

Strategy Statement: Ensure environmental sustainability
Strategy: Development and management of flood plains
Goal: Reduce the vulnerability of community to flood hazards
Objective: To reduce the risks to public safety and existing development
of infrastructure in flood prone areas.
Key Intervention: Carry out flood plain mapping and zoning of the country
to address the problem of encroachment on Rivers Niger and Benue
flood plain (Chart 4.1)

Chart 4.1: Urban development and encroachment on Niger-Benue River

flood plain between 1975 and 2014.
Box SP 9: Details of Key Intervention 4.2

43
 STRATEGY 4: KEY INTERVENTION 4.3
Strategy Statement: Ensure environmental sustainability
Strategy: Development and management of flood plains
Goal: Reduce the vulnerability of community to flood hazards
Objective: To rehabilitate storage facilities for water retention
Key Intervention: Rehabilitation of existing dams including desilting of
reservoirs
Box SP 10: Details of Key Intervention 4.3

44
 STRATEGY 4: KEY INTERVENTION 4.4
Strategy Statement: Ensure environmental sustainability
Strategy: Development and management of flood plains
Goal: Maintain, enhance, and restore the resilience of the natural environment
Objective: To restore the natural environment in the main rivers and inland deltaic
areas
Key Intervention: River improvement works involving dredging and bank
stabilisation of rivers Niger, Benue, Hadejia, Jamaáre, Ogun, Oshun, Anambra, Imo,
Orashi, Nun, Forcados, Otamiri, Qua, Anuye (Chart 4.2)

The arrow in this figure is the dredged section in 2009-2012

Chart 4.2: Navigable segments of Rivers Niger and Benue

Box SP 11: Details of Key Intervention 4.4

45
 STRATEGY 4: KEY INTERVENTION 4.5
Strategy Statement: Ensure environmental sustainability
Strategy: Development and management of flood plains
Goal: Maintain, enhance, and restore the resilience of the natural
environment
Objective: To restore the natural environment in the Coastal areas
Key Intervention: Desilting and river training including stabilisation of
slopes in the Coastal and Deltaic areas.
Box SP 12: Details of Key Intervention 4.5

46
 STRATEGY 4: KEY INTERVENTION 4.6

Strategy Statement: Ensure environmental sustainability

Strategy: Development and management of flood plains
Goal: Maintain, enhance, and restore the natural environment’s resilience
Objective: To restore the natural environment in the Wetland areas
Key Intervention: Restoration of wetlands (Sokoto-Rima, Komadugu Yobe,
Lake Chad, Sambisa Forest, Kainji Lake, Lokoja, Jebba, Kaduna, Makurdi, Imo
River, Yewa creeks, Owena, Okomu, Olokola, Lekki peninsula, Yola and Cross
river).

Chart 4.3: Wetland Belts in Nigeria (Elegbede, 2014)

Box SP 13: Details of Key Intervention 4.6

47
Strategy Statement 5: Enforcement of Environmental Regulations and Implementation of Nature-based Solutions
in Flood Mitigation.

Strategy 5
Protection of the Environment

Goal 5
Preserve and protect the environment.

Objective 5.1 Objective 5.2

To encourage tree planting at household, community, and To avoid building on flood plains, reduce paved surfaces and
regional levels deforestation through appropriate regulations

Key Intervention
Key Intervention
Strengthen promotion of tree planting, especially economic
Strengthen and implement sensitization and enforcement
trees & other nature-based solutions for flood control
mechanism on flood control in urban area.

Expected Outcomes
Environment protected and preserved.
Flood reduced and delayed.

Responsible Agencies
FMEnv, FMA&RD, FCT, SGs, LGAs and Community

Time Frame
(1 – 10 yrs)

Figure SP 6: Frameworks for the Strategy Statement 5

48
STRATEGY 5: KEY INTERVENTION 5.1
Strategy Statement: Enforcement of environmental regulations and
implementation of nature-based solutions in flood mitigation
Strategy: Protection of the environment
Goal: Preserve and protect the environment
Objective: To encourage tree planting at household, community, and
regional levels
Key Intervention: Strengthen promotion of tree planting, especially
economic trees and other nature-based solutions for flood control
Box SP 14: Details of Key Intervention 5.1

STRATEGY 5: KEY INTERVENTION 5.2

Strategy Statement: Enforcement of environmental regulations and
implementation of nature-based solutions in flood mitigation
Strategy: Protection of the environment
Goal: Preserve and protect the environment.
Objective: To avoid building on flood plains, reduce paved surfaces and
deforestation through appropriate regulations
Key Intervention: Implement sensitisation and enforcement mechanism
on the following:
a) all regulations guiding construction of paved surfaces in urban
areas and along flood plains.
b) deforestation activities and enforce all regulations
c) nature-based solutions such as roof top gardens, sponge cities
(urban construction models for flood management at Federal,
States, local and communities’ levels) etc.
Box SP 15: Details of Key Intervention 5.2

49
 Strategy Statement 6: Adapt Technical Standards and Enforce all Regulations.

Strategy 6
Protection of Infrastructure

Goal 6
Minimize impact of flood hazard on infrastructure

Objective 6.1 Objective 6.2

To develop and implement codes Objective 6.3
To evaluate and improve resilience of To enforce codes for flood
for flood resilient infrastructure
key infrastructure in flood prone areas resilient infrastructure

Key Intervention
Key Intervention Key Intervention
Provision of flood resilient NFMC coordinates enforcement of codes
Review, upgrade and validate for flood resilient infrastructure
infrastructure (dykes and flood walls) codes for development of
flood resilient infrastructure

Expected Outcomes
• Number of public buildings, roads, water Expected Outcomes Expected Outcomes
infrastructures etc. protected Number of codes reviewed Level of compliance enhanced
• Length of dykes and flood walls constructed and operationalised

Responsible Agencies
Responsible Agencies Responsible Agencies FMT, FMWR, FMEnv, SGs, LGs, NN (Hydrographic
FMWR, FMEnv, FMA&RD, SGs, LGs, Private Sector FMWR, OSGoF, NASRDA, FMEnv., Office), Profesional bodies/regulatory agencies
FMA&RD, SGs, LGs

Time Frame: (1 – 10 yrs & Continuous

Time Frame (1 – 5 yrs) Time Frame (1 – 10yrs) & Continuous

Figure SP 7: Frameworks for the Strategy Statement 6

50
 STRATEGY 6: KEY INTERVENTION 6.1
Strategy Statement: Adapt technical standards and enforce all
regulations
Strategy: Protection of infrastructure
Goal: Minimize impact of flood hazard on infrastructure
Objective: To evaluate and improve resilience of key infrastructure in
flood prone areas
Key Intervention:
a) Provide flood walls and dykes in vulnerable areas (Chart 6.1) such
as in Makurdi, Nassarawa, Lokoja, Oguta lake, Ibaji, Agenebode,
Onitsha, Asaba, Orashi, Hadejia, Ogbaru, Ogboli, Kotonkarfe,
Anambra-west, Oweto, Anambra-East, Anyamelum, Ohaji
Egbema, Dabi, Ringim, Itobe, Obagana, Idah, Shintaku, etc. to
protect communities and infrastructure from flooding.

b) Flood proof existing critical structures such as water infrastructure,

Power installations and cultural sites.

Chart 6.1: Feasible dyke locations on River Benue (NWRMP, 2013)

Box SP 16: Details of Key Intervention 6.1

51
 STRATEGY 6: KEY INTERVENTION 6.2

Strategy Statement: Adapt technical standards and enforce all

regulations
Strategy: Protection of Infrastructure
Goal: Minimize impact of flood hazard on all infrastructure
Objective: To develop and implement codes for flood resilient
Infrastructure
Key Intervention: Review and validate codes for highway, urban
development, and other critical infrastructure to incorporate climate,
demography, population, and behavioral dynamics for effecting the
development and management of flood resilient infrastructure
Box SP 17: Details of Key Intervention 6.2

STRATEGY 6: KEY INTERVENTION 6.3

Strategy Statement: Adapt technical standards and enforce all

regulations
Strategy: Protection of Infrastructure
Goal: Minimize impact of flood hazard on all infrastructure
Objective: To enforce the codes for flood resilient infrastructure
Key Intervention: NFMC coordinates enforcement of codes for flood
resilient infrastructure

Box SP 18: Details of Key Intervention 6.3

52
 Strategy Statement 7: Develop Integrated Reservoir Operations Programme and Enforce the Code of Practice
for Dams and Reservoir Operations.

Strategy 7
Reservoir Operations System

Goal 7
Develop operational policy for multiple reservoir systems

Objective 7.1
To develop operational rules and policy for multiple reservoir systems

Key Intervention
Develop operational rules and policies and incorporate into the code of practice for
dams and reservoir operations

Expected Outcome
Operational policy and rules developed.

Responsible Agencies
FMWR, RBDAs, State Governments, Private dam operators

Time Frame
(1 –10 yrs)

Figure SP 8: Frameworks for the Strategy Statement 7

53
 STRATEGY 7: KEY INTERVENTION 7.1

Strategy Statement: Develop Integrated Reservoir Operations programme

and enforce the Code of Practice for Dams and Reservoir Operations.
Strategy: Reservoir operations system
Goal: Develop operational policy for multiple reservoir systems
Objective: To develop operation rules and policy for multiple reservoir
systems
Key Intervention:
(a) Develop operational rules and policies and incorporate into the
Code of Practice for Dams and Reservoir Operation

(b) Operate reservoir to effect changes in the natural stream flow in

terms of flood peak, timing and duration (see Chart 7.1)

Chart 7.1 Flow modification through reservoir operation

Box SP 19: Details of Key Intervention7.1

54
 Strategy Statement: 8 Strengthen Stakeholder’s Collaboration

Strategy 8
Collaboration among stakeholders

Goal 8
Develop synergy amongst stakeholders

Objectives 8.1
To strengthen partnerships among all levels of government, professional bodies and communities to improve
and implement consistent flood management practices

Key Intervention
Put in place effective mechanism for communication amongst stakeholders

EXPECTED Outcome
Synergy amongst stakeholders improved

RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES
NFMC, FMEnv, FMAv, FMHADM&SD, Military, FMA&RD, FMWR, SGs, LGs, Professional bodies

Time frame
Continuous

Figure SP 9: Frameworks for the Strategy Statement 8

55
 STRATEGY 8: KEY INTERVENTION 8.1

Strategy Statement: Strengthen stakeholder’s Collaboration

Strategy: Collaboration among stakeholders
Goal: Develop synergy amongst stakeholders
Objective: To strengthen partnerships among all levels of government,
professional bodies and communities to improve and implement
consistent flood management practices
Key Intervention: Put in place effective mechanism for communication
amongst stakeholders.

Box SP 20: Details of Key Intervention 8.1

56
 Strategy Statement 9: Sustain Public Awareness on Flood Management

Strategy 9
Enhancement of Public Awareness and Community Support

Goal 9
Improved enlightenment and sensitization

Objectives 9.1 Objectives 9.2 Objectives 9.3

To develop and sustain enlightenment campaigns, To translate and publish information on To engage faith-based organizations and
information dissemination, and sensitization on flood flood management in local languages industries as partners in identifying
management to the general public. opportunities

Key Intervention
Key Intervention Translation and publication of flood Key Intervention
Provide National, States, LGAs and communities with management information in local Strengthen Community Flood
updated information about flood hazards, languages Awareness and Sensitization Group
vulnerabilities, mitigation initiatives and measures. To partner with NGOs

Expected Outcomes
Public awareness enhanced

Responsible Agencies
NFMC, FMHADM & SD, FOI, NOA Military, FMA&RD, FMWR, SGs, LGs, Relevant Stakeholders

Time Frame
1 – 5 yrs and Continuous

Figure SP 10: Frameworks for the Strategy Statement 9

57
 STRATEGY 9: KEY INTERVENTION 9.1
Strategy Statement: Sustain Public Awareness on flood management
Strategy: Enhancement of public awareness and community support
Goal: Improved enlightenment and sensitization
Objective: To develop and sustain enlightenment campaigns,
information dissemination, and sensitization on flood management to the
general public.
Key Intervention:
(a) Provide National, States, LGAs and communities with updated
information about flood hazards, vulnerabilities, mitigation
initiatives and measures
(b) Develop national Information, Education and Communication
(IEC) strategy for improving sensitization and information
dissemination on flood management to the general public
Box SP 21: Details of Key Intervention 9.1

STRATEGY 9: KEY INTERVENTION 9.2

Strategy Statement: Sustain Public Awareness on flood management
Strategy: Enhancement of public awareness and community support
Goal: Improved enlightenment and sensitization
Objective: To translate and publish information on flood management in
local languages
Key Intervention: Translation and publication of flood management
information in local languages
Box SP 22: Details of Key Intervention 9.2
STRATEGY 9: KEY INTERVENTION 9.3
Strategy Statement: Sustain Public Awareness on flood management
Strategy: Enhancement of public awareness and community support
Goal: Improved enlightenment and sensitization
Objective: To engage faith-based organizations and industries as
partners in identifying opportunities
Key Intervention: Partner with NGOs to strengthen Community Flood
Awareness and Sensitization Group
Box SP 23: Details of Key Intervention 9.3

58
Strategy Statement 10: Incorporate Flood Management Programs into National Economic Development Plan
Strategy 10:
Optimising the benefit of flood to national economy

Goal 10
Develop strategies for mainstreaming flood benefits into national economic development

Objectives 10.1 Objectives 10.2 Objectives 10.3

To identify and prioritize economic benefits To promote public-private To Institutionalise Flood
resulting from flood management programmes partnerships on flood management financing mechanism

Key Intervention
Key Intervention Key Intervention
Develop framework for PPP
Incorporate flood management benefits into Institutionalise flood financing
opportunities
national economic development programmes mechanism

Expected Outcome
GDP Improved

RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES
FMFBNP, ICRC, All Federal and State MDAs, Private Sector

Time frame: 1 – 5 yrs &

Continuous

Figure SP 11: Frameworks for the Strategy Statement 10

59
 STRATEGY 10: KEY INTERVENTION 10.1

Strategy Statement: Incorporate Flood Management Programmes into

National Economic Development Plan
Strategy: Optimising the benefit of flood to national economy
Goal: Develop economic strategies for mainstreaming flood
management into National Economic Development Plan
Objective: To identify and prioritize economic activities resulting from
flood management programmes continuity of operations amongst
relevant Stakeholders
Key Intervention:
(a) Incorporate flood management into National Economic
Development Programme
(b) Identify, prioritize and implement flood mitigation measures with
high economic impact
Box SP 24: Details of Key Intervention 10.1

STRATEGY 10: KEY INTERVENTION 10.2

Strategy Statement: Incorporate Flood Management Programmes into
National Economic Development Plan
Strategy: Optimising the benefit of flood to national economy
Goal: Develop economic strategies for mainstreaming flood
management into National Economic Development Plan
Objective: To promote public-private partnerships on flood
management
Key Intervention:
(a) Develop framework for PPP opportunities
(b) Identify PPP opportunities and develop framework for
implementation
Box SP 25: Details of Key Intervention 10.2

60
 STRATEGY 10: KEY INTERVENTION 10.3
Strategy Statement: Incorporate Flood Management Programmes into
National Economic Development Plan
Strategy: Optimising the benefit of flood to national economy
Goal: Develop economic strategies for mainstreaming flood
management into National Economic Development Plan
Objective: To Institutionalise flood financing mechanism
Key Intervention:
(a) Institutionalise flood financing mechanism
(b) Develop and establish legal framework for flood financing
(c) Implement flood financing mechanism

Box SP 26: Details of Key Intervention 10.3

61
 Chapter 5

5.0 Institutional Arrangement and Funding Mechanism

5.1 Management Structure

There is at present, no centrally coordinated mechanism in the country as regards flood mitigation,
adaptation, response and recovery. Consequently, an Institutional arrangement for the coordination
and implementation of the Strategic Plan to be known as National Flood Management Council
(NFMC), domiciled in the Office of the Vice President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The
Federal Ministry of Water Resources will host the Secretariat of the Council.

5.1.1 Functions of the Council

The functions of the Council shall include:

1. Advise the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria on all issues pertaining to flood
management including declaration of State of Emergency based on flood categorisation;

2. Coordinate flood management activities in the country;

3. Source and provide adequate funding for all flood related matters;

4. Deal with any other matters related to flood management as may be directed by the
President.

5.1.2 Composition of the Council

The Council shall consist of the following:

1. Vice President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (Chairman)

2. Minister of Water Resources Member
3. Minister of Environment “
4. Minister of Humanitarian Affairs Disaster Management & Social Devt. “
5. Minister of Agriculture & Rural Development “
6. Minister of Transportation “
7. Minister of Works and Housing “
8. Minister of Power “
9. Minister of Health “
10. Minister of Aviation “
11. Minister of Defence “
12. Minister of Science, Technology &Innovation “
13. Minister of Information and culture
14. Minister of Interior “
15. Minister of Finance, Budget and National Planning “
16. Minister of Communications and Digital Economy “
17. Representatives of State Governments (1no. per Geopolitical Zone)
18. Council Secretariat (FMWR) Secretary

62
5.2 State of Emergency Declaration

The President, on the advice of the NFMC, shall declare a State of Emergency when a Category 4
Flood (Table 5.1) occurs. The flood disaster would have resulted in loss of lives, properties,
structures, infrastructure and severe disruption of socio-economic activities on a regional or
national scale, beyond effective response capacity of the affected state(s) or region of the
Federation.
Table 5.1: Nigeria Flood Categorisation
Category Classification Description

Flow in river with the possibility of overflowing its banks and

1 Imminent Flood could be accommodated within the valley.
A flood event that has little negative impact on the economy and
environment. (No loss of life and minimal property damage). In
2 Minor Flood this category, the water can be utilised for economic gain.
Lives are lost, economic activities disrupted, property destroyed,
3 Moderate Flood people displaced and limited disruption of Infrastructure, but is
within the immediate response capacity of the state.
The flood disaster has resulted in loss of lives, properties,
structures, infrastructure and severe disruption of socio-economic
4 Major Flood activities on a regional or national scale, beyond effective
response capacity of the affected state(s) or region.
The flood event causes heavy loss of lives, properties, major
displacement of people and intensive destruction of
5 infrastructure.

5.3 Approaches and Relevance of Funding Flood Activities and Programmes

Flooding is the most common and expensive natural disaster in the world. Mitigation projects,
which encompass a range of preventive solutions, are the most cost-effective strategy for
decreasing flood risk. In fact, for every amount spent on flood mitigation, higher amount of
such spending is saved in avoided costs if a flood were to occur. The amount of community
stress and trauma these projects prevent is unquantifiable. While mitigation projects make long-
term economic sense, they can be challenging for communities to implement.
World Bank (2022) reported that the total direct economic damage in Nigeria as of 25th November
2022 are in the range of US $3.79 billion to US $9.12 billion with the best average of US $6.68
billion. This is about 5 trillion Naira equivalent to 25% of the 2023 National Budget.
There is no single appropriate financing mechanism for natural infrastructure. Financing should
reflect the distribution of public or private benefits of flood protection through the payment
mechanism as determined by specific local conditions. The appropriate funding approach will
depend on several factors, including local natural conditions, local governance and the condition
of national financial systems.

63
Federal, State and Local Governments have not invested adequately in flood management
infrastructure. They tend to invest more on post disaster measures.
The largest opportunities for funding are in the redirection of post-disaster recovery funds to pre-
disaster investments in risk reduction. Flood risk reduction should be undertaken before the flood
occurs, but currently, more funds are spent on relief and recovery efforts than on risk
reduction. The greatest opportunities to increase resources for risk reduction lie in combining
funds for risk reduction with funds for flood recovery. These investments will further reduce
damages to lives, properties, and communities over time.
It may be helpful to link flood risk management with poverty reduction and climate change
adaptation, or with more specific issues of eco-system, urban planning and management,
sustainable water management and climate smart agriculture.
The large amount of financial investment required to implement flood management schemes is
often regarded as a major constraint. Decisions about the source of financial support for flood
management need to be based on the distribution of costs and benefits arising from such investment
and the capacity of individuals, governments, and other stakeholders to make contribution. In the
last decade, developing countries have shouldered a much greater share of the impact of natural
disasters on their economies than their developed counterparts (Figure 5.1). Thus, investing in
flood reduction would have positive impact on the economy and improve livelihood.
In Nigeria, the largest financial impacts from flooding are currently borne by the Federal
Government in the form of infrastructure damage; likewise, the major burden of flood mitigation
spending will also be placed on government, which is expected to provide the funding from a wide
variety of sources. A first source of fund for national programs is the tax base, but in developing
nations this may be a severely limited revenue stream.
Consequently, external sources of funding in the forms of equity, grants, lease financing, loans,
overseas development assistance, payment for ecosystem services, risk management, structural
finance, and technical assistance, are also necessary. The international community is therefore a
key partner in flood risk reduction.

64
 Figure 5.1: Disaster losses and GDP, (GWP 2015)

5.4 Possible Source of Funding Flood Strategic Plan Programmes in Nigeria.

Sustainable Funding Strategy for flood mitigation and management is very important. Successful
funding strategies for management projects must have long-term funding mechanism from variety
of sources which include the following:
(a) Annual budget (Federal, State and Local Government)
(b) Ecological Fund (Federal and State)
(c) Natural Resources Development Funds (NRDF)
(d) Special Intervention Funds (Disaster and Emergencies)
(e) Climate sensitive budget approach e.g., Green Bond, Blue Bond
(f) PPP approach
(g) Flood Risk Insurance
(h) Penalty from violation of environmental rules and laws e.g., on paved land area
beyond approved limit, blocking of drainage or water courses, etc.
(i) Grants, Aids
(j) Community Infrastructure levy
(k) External supporting Agencies (ESAs)

5.4.1 Federal Funding Sources

Larger projects, particularly those with highly engineered solutions would usually require a mix of
Federal and/or State credit assistance. Federal and State grants or loan can provide significant up-
front money for flood management projects, though quite competitive. At the national level, a pool
of fund can be established and designated as Flood Mitigation Management Fund and domiciled
in the National Flood Management Council (NFMC), Office of the Vice President, Federal
Republic of Nigeria. Such fund can be used to address flood problems in communities requiring
Inter-ministerial, Inter-agency and Inter-sectorial response. The fund could be sourced through:

65
 1. One percent (1%) of the National Budget should be dedicated to flood management.
2. Ecological Fund
3. Natural Resources Development Fund
4. Carbon Tax System
5. Special Intervention Fund
6. Tet-Fund for Research & Development

5.4.2 State Government Funding Sources

State Government is advised to contribute via:
1. Annual Budgetary Provision
2. State Ecological Fund
3. Counterpart Fund in a Dedicated Account.

5.4.3 Grants and Loans from international development funds

The provision of development funding grants from international donor organizations towards flood
management programs has been significant over decades; hence the flood management schemes
can tap into such funds as Global Fund for Disaster Reduction and Reconstruction (GFDRR).

5.4.4 Climate Funding Schemes

Another source of flood management funding could be from specific commitments to climate
mitigation and adaptation as well as Loss and Damage Funds. International communities have
committed a significant proportion of funds to address Climate Change Mitigation, Adaptation and
Recovery Schemes.

5.4.5 Flood Risk Insurance

Flood Risk Insurance can be a mechanism for providing cash in the aftermath of a disaster. This
cash can be used to finance reconstruction in a flood resilient manner, the communities affected by
flood impact and public Infrastructure. Taking up insurance policy for infrastructure, agriculture,
industrial and households in flood prone areas would definitely provide cover to mitigate the risk
of losses from flood episode. A National Flood Management Insurance Fund pool is highly
recommended for public and private insurance policies to key into and manage flood disasters
accordingly. An insurance Policy will alleviate the impact of flood destruction considerably. The
comparative advantage of flood insurance policy over no-insurance is illustrated in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2: Flood-Investment matrix

66
Flood Categorization 1 2 3 4 5

Imminent Minor Moderate Major Flood Destructive

Flood Flood Flood Damage Flood
damage Damage

Scenario 1: No Insurance

Outcome components

Financial cost None Small Moderate Large Catastrophic

Hassles Small Minor Moderate Major Great

Chronic flood-related None Minor Minor Moderate Major

anxiety

Acute anxiety (at flood) None Moderate Moderate Major Serious

Impact Relief Relief Regret Major Regret Vast Regret

Scenario 2: Purchase
Flood Insurance

Outcome components

Financial cost Premium Premium Premium Premium Premium

Hassles None Minor Minor Moderate Moderate

Chronic flood-related None Some Some Some Some

anxiety

Acute anxiety (at flood) Little Little Little Little Little

Impact Justification Justification Justification Justification Justification

5.4.6 Public-Private-Partnerships (PPPs)

This aspect of funding would benefit stakeholders across the country. Private Sector should
contribute towards Research and Development in Projects involving flood management activities,
such as Electricity generation, Agriculture, Tourism, Navigation, etc.

67
5.4.7 Banks and Microfinance
Banks have the potential to empower individuals and communities to implement flood risk
management solutions through their Corporate Social Responsibility. They can form a vital part of
development strategy as they provide a broad range of financial products.
5.4.8 Community Infrastructure Levy
Community Infrastructure Levy is charged by local communities on new developments and
the funding raised can be spent on a range of infrastructure including transport, flood
defences, schools, hospitals, recreations and open spaces.

68
 5.5 Costing of the Implementation of Flood Strategic Plans
The areas of intervention, indicative cost and time frame for each project are presented in Table 5.3. The estimated cost of implementing
the ten (10) Strategic Strategic Plans is 3.460 Trillion Naira (US $7.69 Billion).
Funding climate change mitigation and adaptation programmes as a robust solution that can contribute to flood management and at the
same time address poverty alleviation, food security, sustainable water development and economic growth.

The areas of intervention, indicative cost and time frame for each project are presented in Table SP 1. The estimated cost of implementing
the ten (10) Strategic Plans is 3.460 Trillion Naira (US $7.69 Billion). Table SP2 shows key interventions and responsible governments
and stakeholders while SP 3 indicates the responsible MDAs at the Federal and State Levels.
Table 5.3: The areas of intervention, indicative cost and time frame for Key Interventions
No Strategy Key Intervention Time Frame Cost Areas of Intervention
(N’B)
1 Data 1.1 Increase the number of hydrological and meteorological (1-5 yrs) & 4.20 Nationwide
acquisition for stations through: continuous
Integrated (a) rehabilitation and upgrading of dilapidated observatory
Flood stations
Management (b) acquisition through budgetary provision
(c) collaboration with Development Partners
1.2 Establish Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for flood (1-5 yrs) & 0.50 Nationwide
data sharing amongst agencies continuous
Coordinated 2.1 Sustain a robust Flood Early Warning System that (1-5 yrs) 5.70 Nationwide
2 Multi-Sectoral encompasses the dynamics of rainfall, catchment characteristics
Flood Early and anthropogenic activities with appropriate lead-times and
Warning flood marks installation
System 2.2 Operationalise a National Flood Management Council (1-5yrs) NA Nationwide
(NFMC) for coordination of Integrated Flood Management
3.1 (1-5yrs) & 1.50 Flood Vulnerable Areas
(a) Carry out joint research on flooding continuous***
3 Development (b) Develop and implement national research programmes
of Capacity on flood modelling and management
3.2 (1-5yrs) & 1.00 Nationwide
(a) Military and paramilitary to conduct training for continuous***
vulnerable communities.
(b) Develop and implement regional based training
programmes for vulnerable communities

69
No Strategy Key Intervention Time Frame Cost Areas of Intervention
(N’B)
3.3 (1-5yrs) & 1.00 Nationwide
(a) Develop Standard operational plan continuous
(b) Develop and implement flood response training
programmes for military and para-military services
4.1 (1- 10) yrs & 1455.00 River Benue System, Tributaries
(a) Construct dams and detention basin on Rivers Benue, continuous*** of River Niger and Benue
Donga, Taraba, Mada, Dep and Okpokwu
(b) Construct small dams on tributaries of various rivers

4.2 Carry out flood plain mapping and zoning of the country to (1-10 yrs) & 1.50 Nationwide
Development address the problem of encroachment on Rivers Niger and continuous
and Benue flood plain
4
Management
of Flood 4.3 Rehabilitation of existing dams including desilting of (1-5yrs) 235.00 Coastal and Deltaic Areas
Plains. reservoirs
4.4 River improvement works involving dredging and bank (1-10yrs) & 1240.00 Rivers Niger, Benue, Hadejia-
stabilisation of rivers Niger, Benue, Hadejia, Jamaáre, Ogun, continuous Jamaáre, Ogun-Oshun,
Oshun, Anambra, Imo, Orashi, Nun, Forcados, Otamiri, Qua, Anambra-Imo
Anuye

4.5 Desilting and river training including stabilization of slopes (1-10 yrs) & 215.00 Nationwide
in the Coastal and Deltaic areas continuous
4.6 Restoration of wetlands (Sokoto-Rima, Komadugu Yobe, (1-10 yrs) & 2.70 Sokoto-Rima, Komadugu Yobe,
Lake Chad, Sambisa Forest, Kainji Lake, Lokoja wetlands, continuous Lake Chad, Sambisa Forest,
Jebba wetlands, Kaduna wetlands, Makurdi wetlands, Imo Kanji Lake, Lokoja wetlands,
River wetlands, Yewa creeks, Owena, Okomu, Olokola, Lekki Jebba wetlands, Kaduna
peninsula, Yola and Cross river) wetlands, Makurdi wetlands, Imo
River wetlands, Yewa creeks,
Owena, Okomu, Oloke Lagoon,
Lekki peninsula, Yola and Cross
river.
5.1 Strengthen promotion of tree planting, especially economic (1-10 yrs) **** 0.84 Nationwide
5 Protection of trees and other nature-based solutions for flood control
the
Environment

70
No Strategy Key Intervention Time Frame Cost Areas of Intervention
(N’B)
5.2 Implement sensitisation and enforcement mechanism on the (1-10 yrs **** 0.50 Nationwide
following:
(a) all regulations guiding construction of paved surfaces in
urban areas and along flood plains.
(b) deforestation activities and enforce all regulations
(c) nature-based solutions such as roof top gardens, sponge
cities (urban construction models for flood management
at Federal, States, Local and Communities levels) etc.
6.1 (1- 10 yrs) & 290.00 Makurdi, Nassarawa, Lokoja,
(a) Provide flood walls and dykes in vulnerable areas (Chart continuous*** Oguta lake, Orashi, Ibaji,
6.1) such as in Makurdi, Nassarawa, Lokoja, Oguta lake, Agenebode, Onitsha, Asaba,
6 Protection of Ibaji, Agenebode, Onitsha, Asaba, Orashi, Hadejia, Hadejia, Ayetoro-Okitipupa, etc.
Infrastructure Ogbaru, Ogboli, Kotonkarfe, Anambra-west, Oweto,
Anambra-East, Anyamelum, Ohaji Egbema, Dabi,
Ringim, Itobe, Obagana, Idah, Shintaku, etc. to protect
communities and infrastructure from flooding.
(b) Flood proof existing critical structures such as water
infrastructure, Power installations and cultural sites
6.2 Review and validate codes for highway, urban development, (1-5yrs) 0.85 Nationwide
and other critical infrastructure to incorporate climate,
demography, population, and behavioural dynamics for effecting
the development and management of flood resilient infrastructure
6.3 NFMC coordinates enforcement of codes for flood resilient (1-10 yrs) & NA Nationwide
infrastructure continuous
Reservoir 7.1 0.40 Nationwide
7 Operation (a) Develop operational rules and policies and incorporate (1-10 yrs)
System into the Code of Practice for Dams and Reservoir
Operation
(b) Operate reservoir to effect changes in the natural stream
flow in terms of flood peak, timing and duration
Collaboration 8.1 Put in place effective mechanism for communication amongst Continuous **** Nationwide
8 among stakeholders
Stakeholders

71
No Strategy Key Intervention Time Frame Cost Areas of Intervention
(N’B)
9.1 (1-5yrs) & 1.20 Nationwide
(a) Provide National, States, LGAs and communities with continuous****
updated information about flood hazards, vulnerabilities,
9 Enhancement mitigation initiatives and measures
of Public (b) Develop national Information, Education and
Awareness and Communication (IEC) strategy for improving
Community sensitization and information dissemination on flood
Support management to the general public
9.2 Translation and publication of flood management information (1-5yrs) & Nationwide
in local languages continuous***

9.3 Partner with NGOs to strengthen Community Flood (1-5yrs) & Nationwide
Awareness and Sensitization Group continuous***
10.1 (1-5yrs) & 1.35 Nationwide
10 Optimising (a) Incorporate flood management into National Economic continuous
Benefits of Development Programme
flood to (b) Identify, prioritize and implement flood mitigation
National measures with high economic impact
Economy 10.2 (1-5yrs) & 1.20 Nationwide
(a) Develop framework for PPP opportunities continuous***
(b) Identify PPP opportunities and develop framework for
implementation
10.3 (1-5yrs) & 1.00 Nationwide
(a) Institutionalize Flood financing mechanism continuous***
(b) Develop and establish legal framework for flood
financing
(c) Implement flood financing mechanism

Total indicative cost is N 3.460 Trillion (US $7.69 Billion) @ N450 to US $1)

NB: ***** State Counterpart Funding for effective implementation

72
Table 5.4: Key interventions and responsible governments and stakeholders
No Strategy Key Intervention FG SGs LGs Stakeholders &
Private Sector
1 Data 1.1 Increase the number of hydrological and
acquisition meteorological stations through:
for Integrated
Flood
(a) rehabilitation and upgrading of dilapidated
observatory stations
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Management (b) acquisition through budgetary provision
(c) collaboration with Development Partners
1.2 Establish Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for
flood data sharing amongst agencies
✓
Coordinated 2.1 Sustain a robust Flood Early Warning System that
2 Multi-
Sectoral
encompasses the dynamics of rainfall, catchment
characteristics and anthropogenic activities with
✓
Flood Early appropriate lead-times and flood marks installation
Warning 2.2 Operationalise a National Flood Management
System Council (NFMC) for coordination of Integrated Flood
Management
✓ ✓ ✓
3.2
(a) Carry out joint research on flooding ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
3 Development (b) Develop and implement national research
of Capacity programmes on flood modelling and
management
3.2
(a) Military and paramilitary to conduct training for
vulnerable communities.
✓ ✓
(b) Develop and implement regional based training
programmes for vulnerable communities
3.3
(a) Develop Standard operational plan
(b) Develop and implement flood response training
✓ ✓
programmes for military and para-military
services

73
No Strategy Key Intervention FG SGs LGs Stakeholders &
Private Sector
4.1
(a) Construct dams and detention basin on Rivers
Benue, Donga, Taraba, Mada, Dep and
✓ ✓ ✓
Okpokwu
(b) Construct small dams on tributaries of various
rivers
Development 4.2 Carry out flood plain mapping and zoning of the
4
and country to address the problem of encroachment on
Management Rivers Niger and Benue flood plain
✓ ✓
of Flood
Plains. 4.3 Rehabilitation of existing dams including desilting
of reservoirs ✓ ✓
4.4 River improvement works involving dredging and
bank stabilisation of rivers Niger, Benue, Hadejia,
Jamaáre, Ogun, Oshun, Anambra, Imo, Orashi, Nun,
✓ ✓
Forcados, Otamiri, Qua, Anuye

4.5 Desilting and river training including stabilization of

slopes in the Coastal and Deltaic areas ✓ ✓
4.6 Restoration of wetlands (Sokoto-Rima, Komadugu
Yobe, Lake Chad, Sambisa Forest, Kainji Lake,
Lokoja wetlands, Jebba wetlands, Kaduna wetlands,
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Makurdi wetlands, Imo River wetlands, Yewa creeks,
Owena, Okomu, Olokola, Lekki peninsula, Yola and
Cross river)
5.1 Strengthen promotion of tree planting, especially
5 Protection of
the
economic trees and other nature-based solutions for
flood control
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Environment
5.2 Implement sensitisation and enforcement mechanism
on the following:
(a) all regulations guiding construction of paved
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
surfaces in urban areas and along flood plains.

74
No Strategy Key Intervention FG SGs LGs Stakeholders &
Private Sector
(b) deforestation activities and enforce all
regulations
(c) nature-based solutions such as roof top gardens,
sponge cities (urban construction models for
flood management at Federal, States, Local and
Communities levels) etc.
6.1
(a) Provide flood walls and dykes in vulnerable
areas (Chart 6.1) such as in Makurdi, Nassarawa, ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
6 Protection of Lokoja, Oguta lake, Ibaji, Agenebode, Onitsha,
Infrastructure Asaba, Orashi, Hadejia, Ogbaru, Ogboli,
Kotonkarfe, Anambra-west, Oweto, Anambra-
East, Anyamelum, Ohaji Egbema, Dabi, Ringim,
Itobe, Obagana, Idah, Shintaku, etc. to protect
communities and infrastructure from flooding.
(b) Flood proof existing critical structures such as
water infrastructure, Power installations and
cultural sites
6.2 Review and validate codes for highway, urban
development, and other critical infrastructure to
incorporate climate, demography, population, and
✓ ✓
behavioural dynamics for effecting the development and
management of flood resilient infrastructure
6.3 NFMC coordinates enforcement of codes for flood
resilient infrastructure
✓ ✓
Reservoir 7.2
7 Operation
System
(a) Develop operational rules and policies and
incorporate into the Code of Practice for Dams
✓ ✓
and Reservoir Operation
(b) Operate reservoir to effect changes in the natural
stream flow in terms of flood peak, timing and
duration

75
No Strategy Key Intervention FG SGs LGs Stakeholders &
Private Sector
Collaboration 8.1 Put in place effective mechanism for communication ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
8 among amongst stakeholders
Stakeholders
9.2
(a) Provide National, States, LGAs
communities with updated information about
and ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
9 Enhancement flood hazards, vulnerabilities, mitigation
of Public initiatives and measures
Awareness (b) Develop national Information, Education and
and Communication (IEC) strategy for improving
Community sensitization and information dissemination on
Support flood management to the general public
9.2 Translation and publication of flood management
information in local languages
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
9.3 Partner with NGOs to strengthen Community Flood
Awareness and Sensitization Group
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
10.1
10 Optimising
Benefits of
(a) Incorporate flood management into National
Economic Development Programme
✓ ✓
flood to (b) Identify, prioritize and implement flood
National mitigation measures with high economic impact
Economy 10.2
(a) Develop framework for PPP opportunities
(b) Identify PPP opportunities and develop
✓ ✓ ✓
framework for implementation
10.3
(a) Institutionalize Flood financing mechanism
(b) Develop and establish legal framework for flood
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
financing
(c) Implement flood financing mechanism

76
 5.6 Roles and Responsibilities.
Flood management is cross-cutting and multi-sectorial with complimentary roles and responsibilities. There is the need for highly
articulated coordination among various stakeholders to achieve effective flood management and implementation of the plan. Details of
the roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders are presented in Table 5.5.

Table 5.5: Activities and Roles of MDAs at Federal and State Level in Flood Management

S/N Activity Responsible MDAs Implementation Phase

NiMet, FMEnv, FMWR, RBDAs, SWAs. Pre-Flood, During and
Post-Flood
NIHSA, RBDAs, SMWRs, SWBs, Dam Operators. Pre-Flood, During and
Post-Flood
Meteorological and hydrological Data
Collection and Collation FMEnv, NARSDA, OSGoF, Pre-Flood, During and
I Post-Flood
FMWR (DRO) / Dams Operators, SWAs, RBDAs, NIWRMC Pre-Flood, During and
Post-Flood

NASRDA Pre-Flood, During and

Post-Flood
2 Flood Forecasting NIHSA, FMEnv. Pre-Flood, During and
Post-Flood
NiMet Pre-Flood, During and
Post-Flood

NASRDA, FMEnv, FMWR, FMAv, FMHADM&SD, FMH, Pre-Flood, During and

FMW&H Post-Flood

77
S/N Activity Responsible MDAs Implementation Phase
3 Early Warning System and NiMet, NIHSA, NOA Pre-Flood
Communication
NEMA, FMI&C During Flood
FMEnv., FMH, SG, LG

4 Research Development and Capacity NWRI, Universities, MDAs, Research Institutes, Army Resource Pre-Flood, During and
Building Centres, State and Local Governments Post-Flood

5 Review of Legislations, Regulations FMWR, FMJ, FMEnv, FMA&RD, RBDAs, NWRI, FMW&H, FMT, Pre-Flood
and Codes SGs
Post-Flood

6 Tree Planting and Nature based FMEnv, FMA&RD, FMWA, FMWR, State and Local Governments, Pre-Flood
Solution Communities, Private Sector
Post - Flood

7 Construction of Dams, levees, flood FMWR, FMP, FMT, FMA&RD, FMEnv, FMW&H, State and Local Pre-Flood and Post-
walls, river improvement works, Governments Flood
desilting of reservoirs
8 Preparedness FMHADMSD, FMW&H, FMEnv., NEMA, FMARD, FME, FMH, Pre-Flood and During
FMIC, FMWR, Military –response Unit, Paramilitary, NIWA, State Flood
and Local Governments

9 Emergency declaration FG During Flood

10 Recovery and Reconstruction FMHADMSD, FMWH, FMEnv, FMWR, FMH, FME, Military During Flood
FMP, FMT Post Flood

78
 Chapter 6

6.0 Conclusion and Recommendation

6.1 Conclusion
Globally, the society has experienced devastating effect of flooding in the last decades. In Nigeria, the
damage and losses of the 2022 flood has been estimated to be about US $9.125 Billion (N4.1 Trillion),
inclusive of loss of properties and infrastructures, damages to farmlands and loss of livelihood. In addition,
the flood resulted in loss of lives, severe disruption of socio-economic activities, water related diseases
and trauma.
This report has documented past events of flooding and situation analysis (field assessment and
stakeholders consultations) of flood management in Nigeria. Some of the factors that have contributed to
the flooding include; high rainfall intensity, encroachment of floodplains, increasing rate of urbanization,
siltation and non-enforcement of land use regulations. Other factors include; indiscriminate dumping of
refuse, blockage of natural water ways and drainage systems.
Climate change has further increased the intensity and frequency of flooding being experienced. The
comprehensive plan of action for the prevention of flood disasters in Nigeria had taken into consideration
the inter-disciplinary scope of the Environment and sectors and there is the need to be highly proactive in
the formulation of policies, regulations, and enforcement. This report has further recommended structural
and non- structural measures including the funding mechanism for the implementation of the overall plan.
The indicative cost for the implementation of the comprehensive Strategic Plan has been put at N 3.460
Trillion (US $7.69 Billion) with contribution from States and Local Governments.

6.2 Recommendations

1. Establish a National Flood Management Council (NFMC) and a sustainable funding

mechanism – Flood Management Fund
2. Adoption of a National Flood Categorisation Scale for effective monitoring, coordination
and management of flood events in the country
3. Enforce all legislations and regulations guiding construction along flood plains and
indiscriminate dumping of waste in the environment.
4. Review, upgrade and validate regulations, codes and frameworks for the development and
management of flood resilient infrastructure considering climate, population, and
behavioural dynamics.
5. Increase the density of meteorological and hydrological stations, upgrade existing
instrumentation stations for data collection and promote collaboration for the development
of Multi-sectoral Early Warning System.

79
6. Take into consideration high frequency flood events in the planning and design of foundation
level of roads, water treatment plants, medical infrastructure, power installations, schools,
buildings, and other critical infrastructure.
7. Carry out Flood Mapping, bathymetric study, and flood management scoping studies.
8. Construct new dams, dykes, flood walls, detention basins, carry out river improvement
works, desilt reservoirs, remove typha grass and other invasive aquatic plants and rehabilitate
existing dams.
9. Promote and sustain tree planting and other nature-based solutions such as green
roofs/rooftop gardens, sponge city (urban construction model for flood management) at
Federal, State and Local levels.
10. Support, strengthen and sustain public awareness and sensitization programmes on flood
management including information sharing, meetings and publications.
11. Build capacity of Stakeholders at Federal, State and Local Governments level including
military and paramilitary for effective flood management.
12. Develop flood risk insurance policy and scheme to minimize risks associated with flood
impacts.

80
References
1. Elegbede (2014) Wetland Resources of Nigeria: Case Study of the Hadejia-Nguru wetland: Poltery,
Fishress and wild Sciences Vol. 2(2).

2. Environmental Impact Assessment Decree No 86 of 1992 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria.

3. Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2022) Remote Sensing Report on Flood
in Nigeria.

4. Global Water Partnership Nigeria (2015) National Consultations on Water, Food Security and
Nutrition, Nigerian Water Partnership.

5. IDB (2016) Perfil de Riesgo de Desastres para Bolivia: Informe nacional. IDB Technical Note.
Washington DC.

6. IDB (2019) Desarrollo de la metodología del análisis económico integrado de los planes de
mitigación del riesgo de inundación a nivel sub-nacional: caso de estudio en Bolivia. Submitted
for publication, IDB Technical Note. Washington DC.

7. J. H. Christensen, B. Hewitson, A. Busuioc, A. Chen, X. Gao, I. Held, R. Jones, R. K. Kolli, W. T.

Kwon, R. Laprise, V. Magana Rueda, L. Mearns, C. G. Menéndez, J. Raisanen, A. Rinke, A. San
and P. Whetton, “Regional Climate Projections,” in Climate Change 2007: The Physcial Science
Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC,
Cambridge,UK. New York, USA, Cambridge University Press, 2007.

8. N. David Corderi, T. E.Y. Hori (2019) The Economics of Investment in Flood Risk Reduction in
Developing Countries: An Application to the Rocha River Basin of Bolivia. IDB Working Paper
Series No, IDB-WP-01029

9. National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action on Climate Change for Nigeria (2011) Federal
Ministry of Environment, Nigeria.

10. National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), 2012 Annual report on flood.

11. National Energy Policy (2003), Energy Commission of Nigeria, the Presidency.

12. National Flood Control (Soil Erosion and Flood Control) Regulations (2011); Federal Ministry of
Environment, Nigeria.

13. National Flood Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan (2022) World Bank/Federal Ministry
of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development for Nigeria.

14. National Policy on Climate Change for Nigeria (2021): Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria.

15. National Policy on Solid Waste Management (2020), Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria.
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16. National Water Resources Institute (NWRI Act, 2004).

17. National Water Resources Master Plan (2013), Federal Ministry of Water Resources, Nigeria.

18. Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA) 2022 Annual Flood Outlook (AFO).

19. Nigeria National Climate Change Programme 2021 – 2030.

20. Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Act (Cap T38, LFN 2004).

21. River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs Act, 2004).

22. The Highway Manual (2013) Part 1, Volume IV: Drainage Design, Federal Ministry of Works and
Housing, Nigeria.

23. The Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA Act, 2010)

24. Tractebel (2015). Screening of potential hydropower options with associated Water Resources
developments in the Niger basin. Hydrology.

25. Water Resources Act, Cap. W2 LFN 2004

26. World Bank (2012) Nigeria: Enhancing the resilience of development to climate change. Report
No: 69027, Washington, DC: World Bank.

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Annex 1
Table 5:5 Lists of Memoranda
SN TITLE OF MEMO ORGANIZATION
1 Memorandum Jigawa State Polytechnic
2 Call for Submission of Memoranda Hydro-Electric Power Producing Areas
Development Commission
3 Memoranda on development of a Nigerian Institute of Town planers
comprehensive plan of action for
preventing flood disasters in Nigeria
4 Memorandum Green stem education and charitable foundation
5 Memorandum The Palace of Okilomu Ibe III of Engenni
Kingdom
6 Lower Niger RBDA- Lower Niger RBDA-Hydrometeorological
Hydrometeorological year book 1993- yearbook 1993-2021
2021
7 Memorandum REC (China Water Resources)
8 Memorandum ONELGA Flood Mitigation Committee
9 Memorandum Dr. Liberty I.O Mbanyi
10 Memorandum Federal School of Surveying Oyo State
11 Memorandum Biseni Kingdom Ruling Council
12 Memorandum Government of Bayelsa State (Ministry of
Education)
13 Causes of Flooding in Nigeria, major CHA Engineers Limited
rivers (Niger & Benue) flood plains and
their relationship with the Niger Delta
region and proposed solution.
14 Memorandum Udochi Dev Union, Edo State
15 Memo of Environment Bayelsa State
16 Nigeria’s landscape remodelling for flood Arc. Bala Ibrahim
prevention
17 Nigeria’s Perennial Flood: Happening of M.K Otham
a preventable disaster
18 Asian Review of Social Services Engenin Kingdom, Rivers State.
19 Flood Mitigation in Developed Countries
(A case Study of India)
20 Finding Permanent solution to the Adamawa State
Perennial floods in Nigeria
21 Harmonized Report & the 2022 flooding Jigawa State
22 PP Presentation Summar update Jigawa state
23 Spatial Info on 2022 flooding NARSDA
24 Flood and erosion control as set out in National WR Master Plan.
2013
25 Roles of Dams in Flood Attenuation Prof. O. D. Jimoh
26 Highlights on the 2022 flood incident in Committee on 2022 flood disaster assessment
Jigawa State
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27 Causes, effects, and solutions to Adamawa State
excessive floods caused by the Niger and
Benue and their effect on the Nigerian
Environment
28 The flood case of Elebele Community Bayelsa State
29 Memoranda on Prevention of Floods in Ijaw Community
Nigeria
30 Flood Disaster Control in Nigeria Burutu LGA
31 National Flood Emergency Preparedness Ministry of Humanitarian Affiars.
and Response Plan for Nigeria
32. Memo on research proposal University of Port Harcourt
33. Memorandum Osse Francis
34. Memorandum Ogba/Egbema /Ndoni LGA, River State
35. Memorandum Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NITP)
36. Memorandum Soil and Water Management Group, Faculty of
Technology, OAU.
37. Mitigating the perennial devastating Bayelsa State founding father’s forum.
flood & prevention in Bayelsa State
38. Memorandum Arc. Paterson M. Bana
39. Memorandum Office of the Surveyor of the Federation in
collaboration with Federal School of Surveying
and African Regional Institute of Geospatial
information, Science & Tech.
40. Causes of recent flood disaster in Nigeria Inter-Hydro Consulting Service ltd
and measures for prevention
41. Memoranda for Comprehensive Plan of Centre for Environmental, Human Rights &
Action for preventing flood Dev.
42. Memorandum Mama Transglobal Consult
43. Action Plan for the reduction of flood Dr. Liberty L.O.M
disasters in Nigeria
44. Action Plan for preventing flooding as it University of port Harcourt
affects Elebele Community in Ogbia
LGA, Bayelsa State
45. Memorandum Udochi Development Union

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Annex 2
Presidential Steering Committee
1. Minister of Water Resources - Chairman
2. Minister of Agriculture & Natural Resources
3. Minister of Environment
4. Minister of Health
5. Minister of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development
6. Minister of Transportation
7. Minister of Works and Housing
8. Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
9. Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Environment
10. Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Health
11. Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and
Social Development
12. Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Transportation
13. Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Water Resources
14. Permanent Secretary, Federal Ministry of Works and Housing
15. Permanent Secretary, Ecological Project Office, Office of the SGF
16. Representative of Jigawa State Government
17. Representative of Adamawa State Government
18. Representative of Kogi State Government
19. Representative of Ogun State Government
20. Representative of Anambra State Government
21. Representative of Bayelsa State Government
22. Director General, National Water Resources Institute
23. Director General, Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency
24. Director General, Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET)
25. Director General, National Space Research and Development Agency (NARSDA); and
26. Director of Hydrology, Federal Ministry of Water Resources - Secretary

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Technical Working Group

1. Prof. Adanu E. A DG, National Water Resources Institute - Chairman

2. Prof. S. Mustafa Chairman, FMWR Ministerial Policy Advisory Committee
3. Prof. O. D. Jimoh Federal University of Technology, Minna
4. Engr Clement Nze DG, Nigerian Hydrological Services Agency
5. Engr. Magashi U. B Executive Director, NIWRMC
6. Dr. Martin O. Eduvie Director (RWSS), NWRI
7. Engr. A.A. Adenopo Director (Hydrology), FMWR
8. Engr. Bola Aganaba Director FMWH
9. Engr. Ali. I. Dallah Director (Dams and Reservoir Operations) FMWR
10. Engr. Mrs. Esther Oluniyi Director (Irrigation & Drainage), FMWR
11. Mrs Alice Ojowu Director, FMWR
12. Aisha I. Ibrahim Director (Operational Hydrology), NIHSA
13. Dr. Olakunde A.D Director (FMWH)
14. Habu Jamilu Director (Water Quality Control & Sanitation) FMWR
15. Dr. Godstime James Director (NASRDA)
16. Engr. D J. Etigbue Director (FMEnv)
17. Mr. Abubakar S. Takuma Director, Soil Erosion and Flood Control (Ecological Project Office)
18. Engr. Daso Derefaka Managing Director, Niger-Delta Basin Authority
19. Sugra T. Mahmood Deputy Director (IA&CD), FMARD
20. Oyakhiome F.I. Deputy Director, FMWR
21. Engr. John A. Gbadegesin Deputy Director, NIHSA
22. Dr. Abubakar Suleiman Deputy Director (Disaster Mgt), FMHADMSD
23. Engr. Hauwa M Sadique Technical Assistant to Honourable Minister, FMWR
24. Engr. Abalaka F. A. Assistant Director (ISWM), FMARD
25. Ojo B. Clement Assistant Director, NIHSA)
26. Engr. Julius Onemano Head (Hydrology & Water Res. Mgt), NWRI
27. Surv. Badejo A. O. Head (Survey Unit), FMWR
28. Oluwaseun W. Idowu Technical Assistant to DG, NIMET
29. Hamza Muhammed Chief Technical Officer, FMWR
30. Engr. Okey Offie Co-opted member
31. Engr. Osse O. Francis Co-opted member
32. Nkoli Anyaoku Rep. of Anambra State Government
33. Engr. Amos Waritimi Rep. of Bayelsa State Government
34. Hon. Hamza Muhammad Rep. of Jigawa State Government
35. Engr. Yusuf Abdullahi Rep. of Jigawa State Government
36. Aiyesimi John Omasayin Rep. of Kogi State Government
37. Engr. Adenuga Adetunji Rep. of Ogun State Government
38. Engr. Imo Ekpo Rep. of Nigerian Society of Engineers
39. Oyewumi Ademuyiwa CG (NASRDA)
40. Dr. Charles Nzelu Director, Special Projects Fed Min of Health

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 41. Cdre TA Amor Rep. of Defence Headquarters
42. Col S.M Iliya Rep. of the Nigerian Army
43. Capt. (NN) A.A Giginya Rep. of the Nigerian Navy
44. Grp capt O.O Okeniyi Rep. of the Nigerian Airforce
45. Babarinde S. M Director (WRP&TSS), FMWR - Secretary
Ssecretariat
1. Hajia Salamatu Mohammed Director (APD), FMWR - Head of Secretariat
2. Engr. Amina Imam-Binuyo Assistant Director, (FMWR)
3. Mr. Ukeni A.O. Assistant Director, (Hydrology) FMWR
4. Taiwo Adeleke Assistant Chief Geologist, FMWR
5. Hassan Eniola Assistant Chief Geologist, FMWR
6. Engr. F. A. Edu Principal Geologist, FMWR
7. Dibia Pamela Principal Geologist, FMWR
8. Engr. Haliru Ibrahim Senior Civil Engr. FMWR
9. Akpomiemie Bright B. Senior Statistician, FMWR

87