Engineering Design Guidelines

Second Small Town Water Supply and

Sanitation Sector Project

Engineering Design Guidelines

Version 2.1

Project Management Office

Panipokhari, Katnmandu

June 2012
 Engineering Design Guidelines

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 GENERAL BACKGROUND...............................................................................1

2.0 WATER SUPPLY COMPONENT.......................................................................1
2.1 Technical Design Issues.........................................................................................1
2.1.1 Service Area.........................................................................................2
2.1.2 Design Period and Domestic Consumption.........................................2
2.1.3 Non-domestic Consumption.................................................................2
2.1.4 Leakage and Wastage...........................................................................3
2.1.5 Population Growth and Demographic Trends......................................3
2.1.6 Supply Duration and Consumption Pattern..........................................3
2.1.7 Peak Factors.........................................................................................4
2.1.8 Reservoir size.......................................................................................4
2.1.9 Residual Pressure and Velocity............................................................5
2.1.10 System Conceptualization....................................................................5
2.1.11 Pipe Materials.......................................................................................5
2.1.12 Hydraulic Analysis...............................................................................6
2.1.13 Water Meters........................................................................................6
3.0 WATER QUALITY ISSUES.................................................................................7
4.0 GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION AND DEVELOPMENT........................8
4.1 Groundwater Hydrology..................................................................................8
4.2 Aquifers............................................................................................................8
4.3 Types of Aquifers.............................................................................................8
4.4 Geological Formation as Aquifers...................................................................8
4.5 Groundwater Movement..................................................................................9
4.6 Well Design......................................................................................................9
4.7 Development Process.......................................................................................9
4.8 Pumping Test..................................................................................................10
4.9 Drilling Methodology.....................................................................................10
4.10 Pumps and accessories...................................................................................11
4.10.1 Deep tube-well pumping station:................................................................12
4.10.2 Deep tube-well............................................................................................12
4.10.3 Pump house.................................................................................................12
4.10.4 Submersible motor pump set and accessories............................................13
4.10.5 Accessories and fittings..............................................................................15
4.10.6 Pump lifting arrangement...........................................................................23
4.10.7 Water discharge (delivery) pipeline...................................................24
4.10.8 Horizontal Centrifugal Pump......................................................................24
4.10.9 Pump house design and construction..........................................................25
4.10.10 Size and Shape of Pump Room................................................................26
4.10.11 Method of pump installation:....................................................................26
4.10.12 Layout of Pumps.......................................................................................27
4.11 Diesel Power Generator.................................................................................29
4.11.1 Auxiliary Power Generator Capacity..........................................................29
4.11.2 Installation of a Diesel Generator Set - Location...............................30
4.11.3 Installation of a diesel Generator Set - Access...................................30
4.11.4 Installation of a Diesel Generator Set - Maintenance........................30
4.11.5 Installation of a Diesel Generator Set - Noise....................................30
4.11.6 Installation of a Diesel Generator Set - Ventilation....................................31
4.11.7 Installation of a Diesel Generator Set - Exhaust Piping.............................31

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4.11.8 Installation of a Diesel Generator Set - Fuel Piping...................................31

4.12 Guidelines for Selection, Installation and Maintenance of Domestic
Water Meters..................................................................................................31
4.12.1 Installation..................................................................................................32
4.12.2 Maintenance................................................................................................33
5.0 SANITATION.......................................................................................................33
5.1 Household Drainage and Wastewater...............................................................33
5.1.1 Hydrological Analyses.......................................................................33
5.1.3 Sewerage System................................................................................40
5.1.3.1 Quantity of sewage....................................................................................41
5.1.3.2 Design Velocity.........................................................................................41
5.1.4 Wastewater Treatment and Treatment Plants.....................................41
5.2 Excreta Disposal...................................................................................................41
5.2.1 Household Latrine Technical Options................................................41
5.2.2 School and other Public Latrines.......................................................42
6.0 DESIGN STEPS / PROCEDURES FOR DETAILED ENGINEERING
DESIGN................................................................................................................43
7.0 OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES................................................45
8.0 LINKAGES WITH OTHER COMPONENTS.................................................46
9.0 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSES..................................................46
9.1 Methodology..................................................................................................46
9.2 Financial Analysis..........................................................................................51
9.3 Economic Analysis.........................................................................................53
10.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS......................................55

List of Tables
Table 1 Consumption Patter
Table 2 Supply Type and Peak Factor
Table 3 Pipe Materials for Distribution Newwork
Table 4 Friction Factor "f" for Pipe Materials
Table 5 Major Water Quality Parameters as per NDWSQS 2062
Table 6 Possible Elements of the sub-projects56

List of Annexes
Annex 1 - Evaluation of Pipe Materials for Transmission and Bulk Supply
Annex 2 - IEE TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)

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1.0 GENERAL BACKGROUND

With a view to streamline the design process and reporting of the Engineering Design
and Supervision Consultants (DSCs) under the Second Small Town Water Supply and
Sanitation Sector Project (SSTWSSSP), these guidelines have been prepared. The
Guidelines are primarily aimed at DSCs (and their staff), technical personnel of
WSSDOs and DWSS. The Design Guidelines focuses on planning and design of the
water supply components for each town project. Other sections include wastewater
and sanitation, financial and economic assessment, environmental assessments,
serial safeguards and related subjects.

2.0 WATER SUPPLY COMPONENT

2.1 Technical Design Issues

There have been considerable discussions on various technical design issues in the
water and sanitation sector in Nepal. These issues have ranged from establishing
basic design parameters to appropriate technical alternatives available today. This
write-up has been done to bring some clarity in the basic technical approach, as it can
have direct impacts on the Engineering Design and estimates for various selected
towns for the Feasibility Study and subsequent detailed engineering design. These
technical matters and other relevant issues are discussed here to optimize and
rationalize the entire technical design and estimation process. Review of several
output reports and design guidelines prepared earlier has helped in understanding the
existing scenario and developing this approach for the engineering design of water
supply and sanitation systems under the Second Small Town Water Supply and
Sanitation Project.

The desired service level for the selected towns should be better than the present
service level both in terms of quantity and quality. This would mean fixing the level of
service in terms of amount /quantity of water needed per capita, 24 hours continuous
flow (reliability), quality of water and accessibility. In order to proceed for design, the
guidelines developed by STWSSP have been adopted. Review of available documents
and the desire of the users show the following desirable service level indicators:

 Predominantly, private house connection with minimum community (shared)

standposts (generally not exceeding 1% of the total house connections) with per
capita demand of 45 lpd;

 Per capita demand between 65 – 100 lpd. 65 lpd for yard connection and 100 lpd
for house connections;

 Continuous 24-hour supplies with a minimum of 7 m residual pressure; and

 Quality of water conforming to the basic National Drinking Water Quality Standards
and WHO Guidelines for drinking water.

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2.1.1 Service Area

A major bone of contention has been the demarcation of the service area for a water
system. Service area demarcation has been done covering political boundaries like the
entire commune. Typically, service area demarcation is done with respect to the
feasibility of the source, settlement pattern (clustering), etc. Covering political
boundaries like the entire VDC / Municipality is not necessarily the most cost effective
approach. If indeed such compulsions are there then the service area needs to be
divided into sub-area(s) with alternate sources and technology, whichever is feasible.

For the present purposes, the service area should be demarcated as per the technical
and financial viability of the water source of the project. This means that not 100
percent of the population within the political boundary needs to be covered by the
piped system. Non-piped options for uncovered areas can be provided. Conversely,
any settlement outside the service area, but within relatively easy access to the source
of the project should not be left out if it is technically and financially feasible to do so.

2.1.2 Design Period and Domestic Consumption

Water supply systems are often designed and developed in two phases for economic
and technical reasons. Design periods for water supply systems in Nepal vary from 15
to 20 years for rural and semi-urban areas. However, an increased design period will
have economic and cost implications on the subprojects. Therefore, considering higher
growth rates associated with these small towns, a design period of 15 years has been
adopted. In addition, a three years period has been adopted for the feasibility and
detailed engineering design study (one year) and construction (two years).

The water demand scenario for small towns comprises of domestic household, fire,
institutional and commercial demands. Furthermore, the existing households in most
towns are predominantly "pucca" houses with pour-flush latrines. Settlements and
houses in the periphery of the small towns are more rural in character, which may
prefer yard connections or community tap stands. So, the household demand has to
be calculated by providing 100 - 90 lpcd for private connections, 65 lpcd for yard
connections and 45 lpcd for community taps or stand posts However, for pump
schemes having head of more than 100 meters, 65 lpcd can be taken as demand for
both private and yard connections.

Regarding temporary population (population living on rents) and its water demand, if
its percentage is equal or more than 15% of the permanent population, the per capita
demand can be taken as 65 lpcd and added into the total domestic demand. If the
percentage is less than 15%, then it is assumed that non-domestic demand will cover
the demand of temporary population.

2.1.3 Non-domestic Consumption

Other parameters like the standard design period, percentage population connecting
to the system based on the willingness to connect survey, limiting Institutional and
commercial demand to a reasonable figure needs to be standardized. In order to make
non-domestic consumption (e.g. institutional, commercial and others) more

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reasonable, it is often agreed that all non-domestic demand be lumped together and
earmarked as 8 – 10 percent of the domestic demand.

2.1.4 Leakage and Wastage

The loss in the system as leakage and wastage shall be accounted as 10% of the total
demand (sum of domestic and non-domestic demands). The calculation shall be done
using the following formulas:

Amount of water to be lost due to L & W = (Total WD x 100/100-% L&W) - TWD

The Pipe Network System design is often performed for a conservative demand
scenario, where the total domestic demand is based on fully plumbed connections
only. Therefore, it should be noted that the system demand for engineering design
may vary from the water demand established for economic and financial analyses,
which are based on categories of domestic demand and water sales.

2.1.5 Population Growth and Demographic Trends

The demographic data/information has to be carefully analyzed using previously,

published information, primarily from the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). An
assessment of the migration trends and its impact on the population in the selected
town has to be addressed. The population growth during various censual periods also
needs to be analyzed in reference to events like migration or exodus. The potentiality
for growth vis-à-vis available space also needs to be assessed. Sometimes, a large
area that a town may occupy smothers the overall population growth. In this context is
it necessary to assess the population density and growth rate in the various wards / or
sub-areas of the town, as some of the urban areas have very high growth rates but
quick saturation points and others have high potential for growth.

The potential for growth in more urbanized areas with a high existing population
density has to be marked. However, other areas of the town in the fringes which are
more rural in character with potential for growth as residential areas would have
relatively a lower population density. It is necessary to have consultation and extensive
assessment of the service area and divide the proposed service area into various
service zones based on their growth trend and other related factors. In this regard the
current trend in land transactions, construction of new houses, etc. can also be taken
into consideration. The growth rate for the service zones should be based on the
existing population density and the potential / saturated potential density. The design
population should be based on the established growth rates for various service zones.
As most of the service areas in selected towns have mixed rural and semi-urban
characteristics, it is feasible to employ the geometric progression approach for
projections of the design population.

2.1.6 Supply Duration and Consumption Pattern

Providing 24-hours supply versus an intermittent supply for limited hours has also
been an issue of discussion. Sector experts are of the view that for maximizing returns
on the investment made, availability of water for 24 hours makes more sense. Several

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technical issues also argue strongly for providing a 24-hour supply. These include:
smaller diameter pipes can be used (lower peak factor as more hours per day for
supply of water is available), continuously pressurized pipes minimize back-pressure
from groundwater that might otherwise enter and pollute treated water in the
distribution network and a higher quality of service to customers. Supplying continuous
water with direct pumping is not feasible because of the high cost of electricity. A less
costly and more reliable alternative is to store and supply water from an overhead
water tank or tower. The engineering consultants need to carry out a detailed technical
and cost comparison of these two approaches.

The distribution system capacity to meet the design water demand at the desired rate
and time is determined by the service area consumption pattern. This consumption
pattern is used to determine the balancing storage tank capacity. Therefore, it is
essential to establish the type of consumption pattern. The consumption pattern of a
typical town system recommended by the earlier Project can be used in calculating the
storage capacity and system peaks. The recommended consumption pattern is given
in Table 1
Table 1 : Consumption Pattern
% of daily demand % of daily demand
Hours
in the Terai in the Hills
0500 – 0700 20 25
0700 – 1200 35 30
1200 – 1700 15 15
1700 – 1900 20 15
1900 – 0500 10 15

2.1.7 Peak Factors

The peak factor depicts the variation of the peak demand to the average demand
typically in a day. The current practice for rural and semi-urban schemes is to adopt a
peak factor of 3.0 for the distribution system. This is because the consumption pattern
adopted as per the DWSS Guidelines states that 25 percent of the entire water
demand is supplied in the morning for two hours. Considering the various practices, it
is recommended that peak factors be adopted separately for each of the towns
depending upon, its location and type of supply. Accordingly, the recommended peak
factors for the design of the distribution system are recommended as given in Table 3.
Table 2: Supply Type and Peak Factor
No. Type of Town Type of Supply Adopted Peak Factor
1. Terai 24 Hrs. – Continuous 2.4
2. Hill 24 Hrs. – Continuous 3.0

2.1.8 Reservoir size

The reservoir size shall be assessed based on the maximum cumulative deficit
between supply and demand In case the cumulative deficit is less than 100,000

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liters/day, the sizing of the reservoir can be assumed as 20-25% of the total daily
water demand.

2.1.9 Residual Pressure and Velocity

In the small town context, the minimum residual pressure to be maintained at all
distribution points shall be 7 meters though a desirable residual pressure at the system
nodes is 10 meters.

Similarly, there must be minimum 0.2 m/sec clearing velocity in all the pipe sections
with the exception of dead ends serving 2-3 households

2.1.10 System Conceptualization

In a bid to reduce the investment and regular operating costs for the systems, costing
for alternate system concepts need to be assessed. The general trend is that about 35
- 40 percent or even more of the investment is in the distribution network. Other major
costs include the storage and treatment facilities.

In the storage part, if the topography is suitable to locate a ground reservoir on a

height (this may be applicable in hilly towns) and distribute water by gravity to all the
areas of concern with a minimum residual head of 7 m , then overhead tanks shall be
avoided to reduce the cost of the project. However, such cases will not prevail in Terai
towns. In this case an overhead tank shall be proposed. However, if the capacity of the
overhead tank becomes more than 500 cubic meters, a balancing ground reservoir
shall be worked out with a provision of pumping from ground reservoir to overhead
tank. The capacity of the ground reservoir in this case shall be enough to meet the
remaining cumulative deficit in the system after finalizing the size of the overhead tank.

2.1.11 Pipe Materials

Much of the pressure head loss in pipelines is attributed to pipe materials used for
transmission and distributing the water. Following a detailed analysis of various pipe
materials used for water supply the following materials (Table 4) are suggested for
consideration in distribution network expansion and rehabilitation subject to hydrostatic
pressure and soil conditions.
Table 3: Pipe Materials for Distribution Network
Recommended Materials Pipe Diameter (mm) Remarks
uPVC 25 – 160 mm NS 206 – 2046; IS 4985 - 2000
2
HDPE >= 6kg/cm 15 – 215 mm NS 40 – 2040; IS 4984 - 1978
Galvanized Iron 15 – 100 mm NS 199 - 2046; IS : 1239 – 1990
Ductile Iron 150 – 350 mm ISO 2531

The quality of locally available GI pipes is usually not of adequate standard; therefore
use of GI pipes should be avoided as far as possible. In order to use nonmetallic
pipes for diameter less than 150mm in the distribution network of the towns, the cost of
commonly used pipes like HDPE and uPVC needs to be compared. However, it is
essential to check the availability of technology at the local level to use uPVC.

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2.1.12 Hydraulic Analysis

A number of formulas are available to compute head-loss as a function of the flow rate
in pipelines including Hazen-Williams, Darcy-Weisbach and Chezy-Manning
formula. For the present design the Darcy-Weisbach formula can be adopted, which
is:

hf = f (L/D) x (v2/2g)

where:

hf = head loss (m)

Halics = friction factor (see Table 5)

L = length of pipe (m)

d = inner diameter of pipe (m)

v = velocity of fluid (m/s)

g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s²)

Table 4: Friction factor “f” for Pipe Materials
Material “f” for Normal Design
Treated Water Supply Pipes (for raw water, double the values)
Spun bitumen 0.10-0.15
Spun cement mortar 0.15
Epoxy lining 0.10
In-situ mortar lining 0.30
Plastics, PVC-u, MDPE, GRP 0.06 – 0.1

2.1.13 Water Meters

Household water meters are essential for the sustainability of water systems, where
collection of adequate tariff is critical. The type of water meter to be used at
households should be suitable for the quality of water being delivered. Major types of
water meters used for consumers are the following:

Inferential or Tangential Flow Vane Water Meters

Dry dial, magnetic drive, single or multi-jet inferential type meters meeting ISO 4064
(B) requirements are the household meters generally sought for supply and installation
in many countries.

The preferred sizes are DN 15 mm and DN 20 mm for customer meters unless very
large flows (for example, for a large hotel or office) are involved. DN 15 and DN 20
meters must be supplied with nuts and male threaded tails (connectors). Threads must
be BSP (British Standard Pipe Thread). Preferred meters have one-piece (sealed)
mechanism assemblies.

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Positive Displacement or Volumetric Rotary Piston Water Meters

These type of water meters more accurate and suitable for good quality water
measurement and shall comply to the requirements of ISO 4064 or equivalent.

These meters have a modular design, consisting of an outlet case and separate
measuring chamber. The measuring chamber is removable and rapidly exchangeable
without removing the body. Registration of flow is done reading digital counter directly
with a singly to show the smallest measurements.

Registration is done in cubic meters. For ease and accuracy of calibration and
adjustment, dials register readings of 0.05% of the nominal discharge.

All meters are provided with wire and lead seals, both to the register and to the plug
covering the adjustment screws. Normal weight of the each meter is in the range
between 1.3 – 1.1 kg.

A strainer shall is fitted to the inlet of each water meter. The strainer screen is rigid,
fits snugly, easily removable and have an effective straining area at least double that
of the inlet.

3.0 WATER QUALITY ISSUES

It is essential that the quality of water supplied to the consumers be of approved

standards. Therefore, the recently promulgated National Drinking Water Quality
Standards (2062) have been adopted, as prescribed in the Urban Water Supply and
Sanitation Policy of 2009. This might require improved treatment of the source water.
Some of the major water quality parameters to be monitored and water quality level
established are listed in Table 6.

Other heavy metals and carcinogenic chemicals should not be present in the water for
drinking and bacteriological contamination should be nil.
Table 5: Major Water Quality Parameters as per NDWSQS 2062
S.N. Parameter Unit NDWSQS 2062
1. Colour True Color Units (TCU) 5
2. Turbidity NTU 5
3. pH pH Scale 6.5-8.5
4. Taste / Odour Acceptability -
5. Chlorine mg/L
6. Conductivity Us/cm 1500
7. Total Alkalinity as CaCo3 mg/L -
8. Total Hardness as CaCo3 mg/L 500
9. Chloride mg/L 250
10. Flouride mg/L 0.5 – 1.5
11. Sulphate mg/L 250
12. TKN mg/L -
13. NH3 mg/L 1.5
14. Aluminum mg/L -

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S.N. Parameter Unit NDWSQS 2062

15. Copper mg/L -

16. Iron mg/L 0.3
17. Zinc mg/L -
18. Arsenic mg/L 0.05
19. Cyanide mg/L 0.07
20. Lead mg/L
21. Manganese mg/L 0.2
22. Nitrate mg/L 50
23. Escherichia coli Cfu/100 ml 0

4.0 GROUNDWATER ABSTRACTION AND DEVELOPMENT

Groundwater is commonly understood to mean water occupying all the voids within a
geological stratum. Groundwater is a part of the hydrological cycle and its recharge
and discharge is a continuous phenomenon in the earth.
4.1 Groundwater Hydrology

Groundwater hydrology is the science of the occurrence, distribution and movement of

water below the surface of the earth. Groundwater occurs in many types of geological
formations known as aquifers.
4.2 Aquifers

Geological formation known as aquifers is the most important part in groundwater

study. Formations that contain sufficient saturated permeable material to yield
significant quantities of water to wells and springs are known as aquifers. Groundwater
reservoir and water bearing formation are commonly used synonyms for aquifers.
4.3 Types of Aquifers
Unconfined, confined, leaky perched and idealized aquifers are the main types of
aquifers. Soil particle size and their representative values of porosity should be
considered while tapping the aquifers. Specific yield of aquifers depends on grain size,
shape and distribution of pores, compaction of formation and time of drainage.
4.4 Geological Formation as Aquifers

Aquifers yield significant quantities of water from geological formation. Many types of
formations serve as aquifers. The key requirement of aquifers is the ability to store
water on the formation pores.

Alluvial Deposits are the main geological formation for groundwater development.

Almost 90% of developed aquifers are in unconsolidated rocks. Site specific

categorization of aquifers is very important. Depositional process, resulting strata,
water courses, abandoned or buried valleys, plains and intermontane valleys of the
area (region) should be clearly understood. Limestone, sandstone, volcanic rock,
igneous and metamorphic rocks also serve as aquifers.

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4.5 Groundwater Movement

Groundwater movement is governed by Darcy's Law which states that flow rate
through porous media is proportional to the head loss and inversely proportional to the
length of the flow path. Permeability and transmissivity of aqufires should be clearly
understood which is controlled by aquifer thickness and inter-granular velocity.
Groundwater reservoir (aquifer) is not a pond of water; it is water in the interstices of
aquifer (formation). Water moves very slowly in the inter-granular path of the
geological formation. Velocities values of 2m/year to 2 m/day are considered normal.
Velocities, porosities and permeability decrease with depth. Pumping test performed in
the groundwater well provide information on groundwater movement and determines
various hydrological parameters e.g. Q (discharge), SWL (Static water level), DWL
(Dynamic water level), s (Drawdown), Specific yield, T (Transmissibility), K
(Permeability), S (Storage coefficient), etc.
4.6 Well Design

Always be prepared for providing justification on your design. Groundwater aquifer is

not like water pumping from a pond. While designing groundwater well one should not
be over ambitious in the discharge rate. A well is a costly structure and the backbone
of the project. Negligence in any process and work item may result project into failure.
Selection of well construction material is very important. Analysis of water (corrosive,
non-corrosive), well casing diameter, thickness (wall) and well depth need to be
considered and should be appropriately done.

Designer should think for longer life time of project and should not compromise with
inferior quality of materials. Mild steel slotted screen can provide maximum 10% open
area, therefore shall be discouraged to use Instead, SS304 stainless steel screens
with continuous slot shall be encouraged to use in all the cases.

Sacrificing anodes shall be proposed in case dissimilar materials are used in the
design. Aquifer thickness is very much important in well design, screening 100 percent
of the aquifer is not recommended.

For well yield design optimum screen entrance velocity, clogging coefficient, screen
diameter, length of the screen, percentage of open area should be considered.

Q = πVs cds Ls P

Where : Q = discharge of the well

Vs = Optimum screen entrance velocity
c = clogging coefficient
ds = Screen diameter
Ls = Length of screen
P = Percent of open area of screen
4.7 Development Process

Least attention is given in the development process. Efforts should be made to open
maximum pores of aquifers in the process of development. The process of
development needs to be carried out serially.

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A new well is developed to increase its specific capacity, prevent sanding, and obtain
maximum economic well life. The removal of finer material from the formations
surrounding the sell screen is quite necessary to obtain the full potential yields. The
importance of well development cannot be underestimated and too often development
is not carried out adequately in anew well.

Development procedures include inner and outer washing of tube well assembly by
clean water and removal of drilling mud by diluting. The process is the first step of the
well development which deposits finer material of formation inside the well assembly
through screen sections.

These deposited materials are removed by bailer from well bottom. Bailing procedure
agitates the formation and helps to rush in finer materials inside the well. The process
is repeated until the whole deposited finer materials are not removed from well bottom.

After completion of bailing process the well is developed by suitable air compressor
connecting to an air pipe into the well. Air creates a powerful surge within the well, first
increasing and then decreasing the pressure as water is forced up the discharge pipe.
This process loosens the fine material surrounding the screens. The loosened material
brought into the well by continuous air injection creating an airlift pump.

This operation is continued and repeated until sand accretion becomes negligible. Air
compressor development is required for prolonged period of time.

If the well yield is not satisfactory after above development process and there is still
doubt about the mud cake formation on the wall of the drill hole the well needs
development by chemical treatment.

Development method generally adding polyphosphates (sodium hexametaphosphate)

to water in the well will aid the development process. This compound act as
deflocculants and dispersants of clay and other fine grained materials. The mud cake
on the wall of a hole and the clay fractions in an aquifer are to be more readily
removed by this development.
4.8 Pumping Test

Step drawdown test of the well should be carried out at least in 3 steps for the period
of minimum 4 hours each step.

Determination of specific yield has to be done.

Design of pumping equipment is based upon step drawdown.

Continuous pumping test is determined by the step drawdown test. Perform

continuous pumping test for considerable length of time.

Determine all the hydro-geological parameters possible.

4.9 Drilling Methodology

Direct rotary, reverse rotary, cable tool (percussion) and pneumatic (air) methods of
drilling are normally used for water well construction. Proper selection of drilling
equipment and its suitability to the project scheme should be clearly defined. Drilling

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machine, equipment have their own importance and limitation to work in different
terrains.

Direct rotary method of drilling is suitable for greater depths and to penetrate grain size
up to coarse gravel. This method is suitable in high pressure artesian areas. Reverse
rotary method of drilling is suitable in soft areas, non-artesian areas and depth up to
150m.

Cable tool method of drilling is suitable in boulders area depth up to 125m.

Pneumatic drilling is suitable in hard, compacted, consolidated rocks. Depth and

diameter of drilling by pneumatic method is limited. The work progress is very fast but
electrical logging and gravel packing work cannot be carried out
4.10 Pumps and accessories

Pumps for deep tube-wells are designed mainly with the following basic objectives:

• Safe working conditions for operation and maintenance personnel;

• Easy accessibility and operation;

• Long term reliability;

• Minimum capital and operating and maintenance cost;

• Contamination free water ;

• Unobtrusive location;

• Energy efficiency.

All electromechanical components shall be designed for the design lives of 15 – 30

years. For easy maintenance, equipment should be of standard types and
interchangeable with or preferably identical to each other, if two or more units exist.

Though there were trends in the past to keep a standby tube-well, only a standby
submersible pump with necessary accessories shall be advised. Submersible motor
pump installed in deep tube-well lifts water either directly to overhead service reservoir
or to a water treatment plant from where water is finally lifted to the service reservoir
either with submersible or above ground centrifugal pump. Appropriate shelter or
Pump house (room) is necessary for centrifugal pumps. However, pump house is not
essential for submersible pumps when all weather proof (outdoor type) motor control
panel is used.

Electric power necessary for prime mover of the pump is obtained from public authority
through 3 P 11 KV transmission lines, which is converted into TPN 400V and 220V
with a distribution transformer. Provision of a suitable capacity standby diesel power
generator shall be made in each pumping station. Capacity of the distribution
transformer and diesel power generator should sufficient for pumping equipments,
treatment plant, compound and house lighting and other general uses. Electricity is
distributed through a power distribution box consisting of individual circuit breaker for
each unit.

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When two or more pumping units exist, individual suction and delivery pipelines with
necessary accessories are provided to each unit. However a common delivery line
with combined capacity may be used to transport water to final destination.
4.10.1 Deep tube-well pumping station:

A pumping station involving deep tube-well shall consist of:

(a) Deep tube-well;

(b) Pump house (room) with lifting arrangements; Submersible motor pump and
accessories and delivery pipeline.

(c) Transformer station including high voltage switch gear;

(d) Low voltage switches gear, switch board and control board

(e) Standby diesel power generator and generator room

4.10.2 Deep tube-well

Designer of pumping station must collect detailed drawing of the deep tube-well
showing total depth, size and depth of casing and housing pipe and length and
position(s) of screen together with the following additional information:

• Static Water Level (SWL) below ground level (m BGL);

• Capacity (safe yield) liters per minute or liters per second;

• Dynamic (Pumping) water level at rated capacity (m BGL);

• Chemical analysis report of water, especially sand content (ppm), which shall not
exceed 50 ppm for a normal pump;
4.10.3 Pump house

• Pump house should have sufficient height (min.3 m) and space (min. 3m x 4m) to
accommodate complete set of electromechanical equipment.

• The elevation at the top of the well casing should be above the existing ground
surface, the normal flood level of any adjacent water body, and at least 0.15 m
above the finished floor level of the pump house.

• A pump pedestal, raised at least 0.15 m above the finished floor elevation, should
be provided to support the full weight of the pump.

 The weight of the pump and its discharge assembly should not be borne by the
pump base and reinforced concrete floor slab.

• A hatch with minimum dimensions of 800 mm x 900 mm size should be provided in

the roof of well pump house directly over the well situated therein. The hatch may,
if desired be a removal type skylight unit. To allow for pump removal, the well
should be positioned from 600 – 1200 mm from the outside of the wall, and be
adjacent to an access road designed for heavy vehicle access. Double entrance
doors should be provided, should open outwards, and sized such that they are
wider than the largest piece of equipment in the pump house.

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• An I- beam or a sufficient diameter MS/GI pipe beam supported on two RCC pillars
at least 1 m higher than the roof slab should be provided directly over the well
which should be capable to bear at least 3 times the weight of complete pump unit
and water in the column (riser) pipe. A chain pulley block should be hanged on the
beam.
4.10.4 Submersible motor pump set and accessories

Submersible pump is used to lift water from a tube-well to a higher ground with the
help of an electric motor. Pumping head, discharge and power are the operating
parameters of a submersible pump.

Pumping Head

When pumping water through a pipeline, the total pressure head which a pump must
overcome is composed of static, friction and velocity heads. Pressure is normally
expressed as meters head of water (1m head is equivalent to a pressure of 9.81
kg/cm2 or 9.81kN/m2)

Static head: When a submersible pump lifts water from a tube-well, the static head is
measured vertically from the dynamic water level (statical water level + drawdown
depth) to the outlet of delivery pipe (expressed as hsd).

Friction head: The head required to overcome friction in the system (pipes and fittings)
is the friction heads loss. This can be divided into friction losses on the suction side of
the pump (expressed as hfs) and on the delivery side (expressed as hfd).

Velocity head: A certain amount of pressure head is needed to accelerate the water
from zero to its flow velocity, (v = v 2/2g). Being very less in most practical cases, this is
neglected.

Residual head: Head remaining at the outlet of the delivery pipe (3 m – 5 m)

(expressed as hr)

Hence, total pumping head, H = hsd.+ hfd + hr

Capacity (Discharge / Pumping Rate)

Flow rate of water which can be pumped against a certain pressure, or “head”, at a
given speed, commonly expressed as m3/h, l/m or l/s.

To avoid sand/silt pumping, capacity (pumping rate) of submersible pump should be

less than the safe yield of the tube-well and entrance velocity of water through the
tube-well screen should be less than 0.03 m/s.

Power

The power output measured in watts (W) of a pump, Pw, sometimes called the water
power, is given by:

Pw = Q ρ g h
Where,
Q is the flow rate of water, m3/s

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ρ is the density of water, ( 1000 kg/m3 or 1 kg/l )

g is gravitational acceleration, 9.81 m/s2
h is the operating pressure head against which the pump must discharge.

The required input power to the pump, Pp is given by

Pp = P w / η

Where η is the overall efficiency with which power from the prime mover is converted
into water power. This will depend on power transmission efficiencies and pump
efficiencies. Transmission efficiencies may be 90 - 95 per cent for close coupled
electric motors. The pump efficiency changes by the type of pump, capacity, head,
speed and various other conditions and it is difficult to define it in a wholesale manner
or to calculate it by a simple equation. As an approximate criterion, above figure shows
the approximate efficiencies obtained based on JIS and other literatures and also on
the documents of actual results. To calculate roughly the power of a pump, this figure
may be used.

Operating Point of a Pump in the System

When the static head is known and the pressure losses of the system at a given
discharge is calculated, the pipeline or system characteristic or external head of the
system can be plotted in a graph showing the relationship between the external head
and discharge (Qs - Hs curve). This is done by plotting the pressure losses, which
increase with the square of the discharge above the static head. If a similar Q p – H p
curve of a pump is drawn in the same scale (generally obtained from the
manufacturer), the pump will automatically produce a discharge that will remain
constant at the point given by the intersection of external head and pump
characteristic. This point of intersection is the operating point. Preferably a pump will
have to be chosen of which the design point (max. efficiency) coincides with the
operating point.

Special requirements of pump design, construction and performance of pump specific

to that individual site need to be taken care of pump selection for which it needs to be
understood:

• Whether the requirement is in respect of constant capacity / flow rate at fixed head.
In such a case, the pump is supposed to work almost on the stipulated duty point
on head capacity curve and hence high value of efficiency at that point would be
appreciated.

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• Variation in capacity or flow rate with head / pressure remaining nearly constant:
this is encountered in actual practice e.g., when a pump has to discharge into
water supply mains of a colony/plant, under a nearly constant pressure. For such
operation, flathead capacity curve would be desirable.

• Variable head with slight capacity variations: this is common situation, involving a
variation in static head due to variation in water levels in different seasons, which
should not be followed by considerable capacity variation. For such an operation,
steep - head capacity curve would be desirable.

• The pump may also be required to be operated under severe adverse conditions of
voltage and frequency. If so, a motor should be appropriately selected.

Parts of Submersible Pump

• The pump in general shall confirm to IS: 8034 – 2002 or equivalent.

- Pump bowl: Material - Cast iron. The bowl unit shall be capable of
withstanding a hydraulic pressure of equal to twice the pressure at the rated
capacity or, 1.5 times the shot off head, whichever is greater.

- Impeller: Material – bronze. Radial or mixed flow type

- Shaft: Material - stainless steel

- Submersible Motor shall confirmed to IS:9283 - 1995 (R2002) or equivalent

Direct On-line (up to 7.5 HP), Star-Delta (7.5 to 50 HP) and autotransformer
started (above 50 HP), squirrel-case induction type suitable for operation on 400%,
and – 15% Volt, 3 Phase A.C. 50 HZ

- The motor should have at least 10% margin at duty point as well as should not
get overloaded in the entire range of operation
- The thrust bearing shall be of adequate size to withstand the weight of all
rotating parts as well as the imposed hydraulic thrust. It shall have sufficient
capacity to permit the pump to operate for short periods with discharge valve
closed.

Note: When sand / silt content in water is more than 50 ppm (up to 150 ppm) pump
set made of special materials like stainless steel is to be used.
4.10.5 Accessories and fittings

Following accessories and fittings are associated with submersible pump set:

a) Riser ( column pipe)

b) Surface discharge plate
c) Pressure gauge
d) Check (non-return) valve
e) Delivery (gate) valve
f) Submersible cable
g) Motor control panel

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a) Riser Pipe is made of heavy class Galvanized/ mild

steel. It may be ERW or Seamless. Each riser pipe
shall be 3 m. in length except the top and lowest pipe
which shall be 1 m long. The pipes shall be flanged
ended with welded flange in each end. The Flange
should be according to IS: 6392 -1971 for 1.6 N/mm 2.
Each flange should have two cuts for the cable entry
with sufficient depth. The maximum diameter of the
flange should be at least 20 mm less than the inner
diameter of the well.

As the submersible pump set is lifted out of the well and reinstalled several times

The nut, bolt used should be made of stainless steel.

b) Surface discharge plate

Surface Discharge Plate also acts as cover to the tube

well. It is made of GI/MS blank flange corresponding to
IS: 6392 -1971 having sufficient strength to support entire
weight of the pump set and the hydraulic pressure on it.
The surface plate consists of a pipe bend of size sufficient
to discharge the rated flow of water. The discharge bend
has welded or casted flanges in both ends.

The size of the Surface Discharge Plate depends on the outer diameter of the tube
well and the shape may

also be rectangular It should be rested on pump pedestal. For cable entry and
ventilation of the well there should be 2 holes each DN 40 mm on the surface plate.

c) Pressure gauge
DN100mm, P = 0 - 1 MPa with 20 mm outer threaded connection together with stop
cock and other accessories for connecting to discharge bend of above surface plate

d) Check (non-return) valve

Generally cast iron double flange (CIDF) swing type check valve ( non-return )
confirming to IS: 780 Pn 1.6 Hydraulic Test Pressure Rating : ( body test : 2.4 MPa ,
Seat test : 1.6 MPa) shall be used when the pumping head is less than 75 m.

e) Delivery (gate) Valve

Cast iron double flange (CIDF) gate valve confirming to IS: 780 Pn 1.6, Hydraulic test
Pressure Rating: (body test: 2.4 MPa, Seat test: 1.6 MPa) shall be used when the
pumping head is less than 75 m.

f) Submersible Cable: IS: 694 (1990) or equivalent

Flat PVC insulated copper conductors. The conductor insulation shall be water and oil
resistant, suitable for continuous immersion.

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It shall be sized to limit the voltage drop to 2.5% at the motor’s terminals with 15 m
extended length.

g) Motor Control Panel

Motor control panel must be safe to operate the pump motor. Provisions for the
protection of motor against over loading, dry running, single phasing and opposite
phasing should be provided.

It should have the following components:-

a) Molded case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) of suitable capacity

- AT /AF = 1.5 x line current / 3 x line current

b) Fully automatic air break type Starter with magnetic contactors of capacity: line
current, Bi-metallic overload relay (phase current ± 20%) and electronic timer.
(DOL up to 7.5 HP motor,

STAR/DELTA: 7.5 HP to 40 HP and Autotransformer: above 40 HP motor)

c) Low Water Level Guard./Floatless Switch

d) Single Phase Preventor and Phase Sequence Relay.
e) Voltmeter with Selector Switch between all phases.
f) C/T Ammeter with Selector Switch.
g) Push Button Switches for ‘START’ and ‘STOP’ the motor.
h) Indicating Lamps for various actions.
i) Cable connector (2 x full current capacity)

Note: Power voltage shall be 3 P 400 ±15% and control voltage shall be 220 V

j). Proper earthing should be provided to all electrical devices like, motor control
panel, distribution box (DB), pump prime mover etc.
4.10.6 Pump lifting arrangement

An I- beam or a sufficient diameter MS/GI pipe beam supported on two RCC pillars
at lest 1 m higher than the roof slab should be provided directly over the well which
should be capable to bear at least 3 times the weight of complete pump unit and
water in the column (riser) pipe. A chain pulley block should be hanged on the beam.

WEIGHT TABLE

Bore of pipe 150

Weight of medium class pipe 19.65
Weight of heavy class pipe 22.00
Weight of water in the pipe 18
Thickness of flange 22
Weight of flange 6.6
Outer diameter of the flange 285

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4.10.7 Water discharge (delivery) pipeline

Discharge pipeline delivers water either directly to the OHT or to water treatment
plant. In some case provision of by-pass is made to transport water to both units with
the operation of a control valve to apply additional head when there is a risk of over
pumping the well .In such case it is better to provide a appropriate sized orifice in the
low head side of the pipeline.

Diameter for most economical flow velocity should be selected. Flow velocity in the
pumping main may be selected as v = 0.5 to 1.5 m/s. Lower velocity is for long
pipeline and higher for short pipeline. The size of the discharge piping may be
selected of one size higher than the nominal delivery size of the pump.

A check (non-return) valve is installed next to the surface discharge plate followed by
a gate (discharge) valve. A washout valve is installed next to the discharge valve.
Before the gate valve a pressure gauge is installed and in case of long riser pipe a
air release valve is to be provided on the discharge bend of surface plate. In case of
high flow rate and / or long discharge pipeline arrangement for surge protection is
necessary. A dismantling joint must be provided between the pump and the valves.
4.10.8 Horizontal Centrifugal Pump

Where space is not limitation and if the water level is within the permissible suction
level of the pump, possibility of installing horizontal type of pump could be explored.
A centrifugal pumpset consists of a centrifugal pump coupled with a suitable prime
mover (electric motor) on a common base plate. Unlike a deep well submersible
pumpset it needs a shelter / pump house

Very often the capacity of pump does not comply with the required discharge. This
means that pumps will have to be stopped occasionally and restart later. The number
of starts must be limited for two reasons:

• The relatively high start-up power is required.

• The overheating of motors must be prevented.

For this reasons the number of starts per hour must be limited only to few times.

The sump capacity may be calculated with the formula:

V = 3600 (Qp. Q - Q2 ) / s .Qp

in which , V = the sump volume ( or reservoir volume) between switch-on and

switch-off levels ( in m3 );

s = the no of starts per hour;

Qp = pumping rate (in m3/s);

Q = water inflow rate (in m3/s);

The required volume is a minimum if the inflow equals half the pumping rate, in
which case V = 900. Qp / s.

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4.10.9 Pump house design and construction

Some important notes:

- Pump house should not only be accessible during the construction phase, but
also during the execution of operation and maintenance. Layout should be so that
no staff has to walk close to the high tension portion of the electric line.

- The pump house should be constructed in such a height that the mechanical and
electrical equipments must be free from flooding.

- Special measures will be required and structural stability will have to be assured
for pump house constructed near to a stream or a slope.

- Sufficient space for mechanical and electrical equipments in the pump room
Pump room should have space for the pump operator to watch the equipment
during operation and working space during maintenance. The flooring of the
pump house should be strong enough and should not be damaged during repair
of the machine. There should be sufficient space to move between them during
maintenance purpose, but no unnecessary empty place. All space should be well
lighted. The door of the pump room should be large enough and should open
outwards to allow passage of all parts of the installation as well as to use it as an
emergency exist. Drainage opening must be provided in the pump room.

- In a pump house at least one set of pumping equipment should be installed as

stand-by unit. The floor area of the pump room depends on the number and size
of the pumping equipments. Hence, design of the pump house should be done
after deciding the number of the pumping units to be installed and knowing the
size of the equipments.

An installation that requires the total capacity Q can be equipped with two pumps,
each with capacity 1/2Q, or three pumps, each with capacity 1/3Q . If one pump can
no longer operate, the installation can still work at 50% or 66% of the total capacity,
and the pumping station will not be completely idle. In order to maintain full capacity
when one pump is out of order, two pumps, each with capacity Q, three pumps each
with capacity 1/2Q, or four pumps, each with capacity 1/3Q must be installed.

- Space for the installation of additional pump set in next phase (when it is
necessary to increase capacity of pumping) should be provided.

- Construction of a pumping station may have effect on environment. Hence,

followings should be considered:

(a) Existence of schools, hospitals and residential complexes

(b) Noise, vibration, pollution and similar regulations

(c) Effect on natural environment, scenery, animals and plants

(d) Recreation areas, parks etc.

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4.10.10 Size and Shape of Pump Room

Size and shape of pump room depends on: (a) method of pump installation and, (b)
layout of pumps
4.10.11 Method of pump installation:

The method of installing the pump is generally determined in accordance with the site
situations, or the terrain and the suction water level. There are two typical system:
minus back and plus back. Under the minus back, pumps are installed above the
suction water level and under plus back, pumps are installed below the suction water
level. The plus back system is more advantageous. Hence, plus back system is to be
selected, wherever is possible

On deciding the suction head of a pump

and suction pipe diameter the phenomenon of cavitation should be counted for
which available NPSH, the net positive suction head is determined by using
relation :

hsv = Pa - Pv + Has - hls -1.5

Where, hsv : available NPSH

Pa : atmospheric pressure

Has : actual suction head

hls : loss head of suction pipe

Pv : saturated vapour pressure

and 1.5 m. is an allowance

The NPSH available at the site of pump installation (site specific) should always be
greater or at least equal to the NPSH required (the characteristic of the pump
specified by manufacturer).
4.10.12 Layout of Pumps.

In general two pumps of same capacity are installed in a pump station of drinking
water supply project. Possible layout styles are as follows :

(1) Straight line arrangement

(2) Opposite arrangement

(3) Parallel arrangement

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Because of most simplicity and possible of smaller suction sump the opposite
arrangement is chosen wherever is possible.

The minimum space between two adjoining pumps or motors should be 0.6 m for
small and medium units and 1 m for large units.

A clear space of not less than 915 mm in width shall be provided in front of the switch
board. In case of large panels, the recommendations of the manufacturer should be
followed.
Pump set
Centrifugal pumpset in general shall confirm to IS: 1520-1972 or equivalent British
Standard. The pump may be volute or turbine type, single/multistage, directly
coupled with its prime mover on a common base plate.
Pump Foundation:
a) Pumps are mounted on concrete foundations, which when located on soil should
be carefully designed so that the total load (weight) of the pump set and
foundation itself does not exceed the allowable bearing capacity of the soil.

b) The weight of the foundation should be 3 to 5 times of the total weight of the
pump set (in case of motor-driven pump).

c) Directly coupled pump and motor should have common base plate and common
foundation block, so that a slight sinking of the ground below pump or motor may
not cause an error in level.
d) (iv) When the foundation of the pump should be constructed on the upper floor
of a building or any floor not supported by the ground, longitudinal center line of
the foundation should coincide with the center line of the floor beam. If this is not
possible, then each end of the foundation should be supported by existing beam
even it may be long.
e) (v) Concrete mixing ratio of cement, sand and gravel should be made either with
weight or volume, but weight method is considered more accurate in ratio 1: 2: 4.
Suction piping layout
a) Each pump shall have independent suction.

b) Suction piping should be as short and straight as possible

c) Any bends or elbows should be of long radius.

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d) Where suction lift is encountered, no point on the suction pipe should be higher
than the highest point on the suction part of the pump.

e) When a reducer is used, it should be of eccentric type.

f) When working on suction lift, the taper side on the reducer should be below the
center line of the pump

g) When suction lift is encountered, a foot valve is provided to facilate priming. Foot
valves are normally available with strainers. The net open area of the openings of
the strainer should be minimum equal to three times the area of the suction pipe.

h) When there is positive suction head, a sluice or a butterfly valve be provided on

the pump suction, for isolation. The sluice valves should be installed with their
axes horizontal to avoid formation of air pockets in the dome of the sluice valve.

i) When suction lift is encountered, a foot valve is provided to facilate priming. Foot
valves are normally available with strainers. The net open area of the openings of
the strainer should be minimum equal to three times the area of the suction pipe.
When there is positive suction head, a sluice or a butterfly valve be provided on
the pump suction, for isolation. The sluice valves should be installed with their
axes horizontal to avoid formation of air pockets in the dome of the sluice valve.
Discharge Piping
a) Discharge piping connecting to a common manifold or header shall be connected
by a radial Tee or by 300 or 450 bend.
b) Delivery line of each pump shall be connected to the main header.
c) Each header shall be provided with check (N-R) valve, discharge valve, pressure
gauge etc.

d) The pipe network and valves within the pump house shall be adequately
supported so as to avoid undue stress on the pumps.

e) Flow velocity in discharge pipe shall be 0.5 – 1.5 m /s .When there is a possibility
of increasing the pumping capacity, the lower velocity should be selected.

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Auxiliary Piping
In case of minus back system permanent piping for priming with a suitable priming
tank shall be provided. If there is a possibility of flooding the pump room dewatering
pump shall be provided.
Spare Parts
Provision of spare parts required at least for two years of normal operation (as
recommended by the manufacturer) should be made.
Tools and Equipments
Tools and equipments required for the easy operation and maintenance of
equipments shall be provided. In case of deep tube-well pumps lifting equipments
like, chain pulley block set including at least 2 sets of riser pipe clamp is essential

Drawings and Operation / Maintenance Manual

Drawings indicating positions of well screen and pump setting depth , operation and
maintenance manuals of all equipments present in the pumping station should be
provided .

Operation Record and Maintenance History

Regular operation record and maintenance history should be kept in the pumping
station. For this appropriate forms should be designed and operators should be
properly instructed to fill them.

4.11 Diesel Power Generator

4.11.1 Auxiliary Power Generator Capacity

Electricity in a pumping station is obtained from Nepal electricity Authority (NEA)

through 3 phase 11 KV high tension power line. It is converted to 400V and 220 V
with the use of a step down distribution transformer. An auxiliary power generator
can be installed as a safe power source in case of service interruption. The generator
capacity should be calculated to satisfy the requirements of loads that have been
determined , taking into account the operation of the pump installation in combination
with any devices that must be operated at the same time together with total lighting
power, control power and other loads operating at the same time. However the
capacity of the auxiliary power generator shall be limited to the minimum as required.

The capacity of generator must be calculated with the following considerations :

• Normal load capacity

• Starting load capacity

• Starting voltage drop

An induction motor is loaded maximum during its start and voltage drop is also
maximum during the start. Hence, it is recommended to select capacity of generator

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for starting load capacity ( i.e. for direct start 6Q and for start-delta start 2Q when Q is
normal load capacity ).
4.11.2 Installation of a Diesel Generator Set - Location

To determine a suitable location for generator set there are many aspects need to
take in consideration. Access, space for maintenance, noise, ventilation, exhaust
piping, fuel piping, humidity, and temperature are all factors that must be considered.
A location where temperature conditions are controlled and noise isolation from main
working areas is preferred.
4.11.3 Installation of a diesel Generator Set - Access

Personnel access should be convenient for routine inspections. Access for

installation and replacement of the unit should be taken in consideration. Future
equipment installation or construction should not hinder the access for the
replacement of parts or the complete diesel generator unit.
4.11.4 Installation of a Diesel Generator Set - Maintenance

Adequate space should be provided for normal maintenance and overhaul of the
diesel generator set.

4.11.5 Installation of a Diesel Generator Set - Noise

A location away from principal working areas or offices and typically a generator set
comes with the calculate dBA levels at full load operation. This is the honest way to
report the noise level. Vibration of a diesel generator set should be taken in
consideration and kept away from quiet working location.

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4.11.6 Installation of a Diesel Generator Set - Ventilation

The room or space where the generator operates should not exceed 100 degrees.
Generators installations require an intake of cool, clean air and an outlet vent for hot
air. The size of the space affects room temperature. A Generator in a small space
will affect the room temperature and may require extra ducting. Increasing the vent
sizes may cool the room down and ensure a positive airflow. Moist air is corrosive to
a generator set, so make sure inlets are positioned to minimize moisture intake. High
humidity can be damaging to a diesel generator set.
4.11.7 Installation of a Diesel Generator Set - Exhaust Piping

The location should provide a short, direct route to an outdoor termination which will
not exhaust directly on personnel or near an intake vent.
4.11.8 Installation of a Diesel Generator Set - Fuel Piping

Extreme care should be taken when designing and installing the fuel system. Fuel
lines should have as few connections as possible and kept away from hot engine or
exhaust components. The fuel tanks should be level with or below the set to prevent
siphoning in the event of a line failure.
4.12 Guidelines for Selection, Installation and Maintenance of Domestic Water Meters

1. Scope

1.1 This guideline covers the selection, installation and maintenance of inferential
and semi-positive water meters conforming to ISO 4064 or equivalent.

2. Selection

2.1 Water meters shall be selected according to flow to be measured and not
necessarily to suit a certain size of main. The following points shall govern the
selection of meters:

a) The maximum flow shall not exceed the nominal capacity of the meter specified
in ISO 4064.

b) The continuous flow shall not be greater than the continuous running capacity
rating specified in ISO 4064

c) The minimum flow to be measured shall be within minimum starting flows

specified in ISO:

Inferential water meter has the same accuracy as the semi-positive type at higher
flows: it passes unfiltered water better than a semi-positive meter and is lower in
cost.

In case of inferential water meters, water is passed even if the meter stops
registering, whereas, in the case of semi-positive meters, the water supply would be
shutoff when the meter stops registering.

Special care is necessary in selecting the most suitable meter where large rates of
flow may exist for short periods. The normal working flow shall be well within the

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continuous running capacity specified in ISO: 4064 as high rates of flow over short
period may cause excessive wear if the meter chosen is too small for the duty.

Owing to the fine clearances in the working parts of meters, they are not suitable for
measuring water containing sand or similar foreign matter, and in such cases a filter
or dirt box of adequate effective area shall be fitted on the upstream side of the
meter. It should be noted that the normal strainer fitted inside a meter is not a filter
and does not prevent the entry of small particles, such as sand.

4.12.1 Installation

A meter shall not be run with free discharge to atmosphere, if the static pressure on
the main exceeds 10 m head of water, otherwise the meter is liable to be overloaded
and damaged. For hose connections and similar applications, there shall always be
some resistance on the downstream side of the meter.

A Meter shall be located where it is not liable to get severe shock of water hammer,
which might break the piston or damage the rotor, and the position shall be such that
it is always full of water. If the meter body or adjacent pipes become partially drained
of water, the accumulated air, when passed through the meter, is registered as
water, and may cause inaccuracies and perhaps damage. The inaccuracies may be
more pronounced in the case of inferential meters. In such situations suitable devices
like air-release valve may be fitted on the upstream side of the meter. In the case of
intermittent water supply system, where there are frequent changes of air locks, the
piston of the semi-positive meter often breaks. In such a case, it is advisable to
ensure that the top of the meter is below the level of the communication pipe.
Semi-positive meters may be fixed in any position, with the dials facing upwards or
sideways, and they may be installed in horizontal or vertical pipe runs without
affecting wearing properties of accuracy at normal service flows. Where backward
flows are anticipated, reflux valves are recommended to be provided. A stop valve
should be provided on the upstream side to isolate the meter whenever necessary.
Inferential meters shall be installed in position for which they are designed; in the
case of meters conforming to ISO:4064 ; they shall be placed horizontally with dial
facing upwards. However, where meters are to be installed in vertical pipelines,
details shall be as agreed to between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
Turbulent flow of water affects the accuracy of the meter. There shall, therefore, be
straight lengths of pipes upstream and downstream of meter for an equivalent length
of ten times the nominal diameter of the pipe.
Before installing a meter, the section of line to be metered shall be thoroughly flushed
to remove all foreign matter and, when starting up, control valves shall be opened
slowly until the line is full, as a sudden discharge may damage the meter.
Water meters may be installed underground at a convenient place where the
connection pipe just enters the premises of the water consumer. In order to enable
the meters to be accessible for periodical reading, inspection, testing and repairs,
they shall be housed in water meter boxes designed as instructed by the WUSCO.
Top of the meter box shall be placed at a slightly higher level than the surrounding

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ground level so as to prevent ground water entering in and flooding the chamber
during rains.
If it is required to be located in a private passage leading to the premises, proper
precautions shall be taken consistent with safety.
The meters and connecting pipes shall be strongly supported for protection of the
meters and to avoid noisy vibration.

4.12.2 Maintenance

Periodic Testing of Water Meters

The period over which water meters retain their overall accuracy depends largely on
the quality of water being measured and to a certain extent on other factors which
cause excessive wear or inaccurate registration. The only way to determine whether
any specific meter is operating efficiently is to test it and the meter maintenance
programme should aim at establishing the frequency for testing every meter in
service. However the meters should be tested at least once in two years.
When a meter is removed from the line for whatever reason, opportunity should be
taken to see that it is clean and functioning properly before it is re-installed. It should
also be tested for accuracy and reset to zero before installation.

5.0 SANITATION

5.1 Household Drainage and Wastewater

Sanitary latrines and low cost drainage for draining surface run-off can be included in
the Project design, where no treatment is necessary or required. Such drains can
either connect to main street drains or simply channelize the surface run-off to a
potential outfall like a natural drainage or pond.

X = x + K Qn
Where, X = design rainfall (mm) for a given
duration
x = mean rainfall, mm
Qn = sample standard deviation
K = factor according to
K = (-0.779697)(0.57721 + ln * ln (T/(T-1))
and, T= design period in years.

5.1.1 Hydrological Analyses

Rainfall Intensity

The first consideration in the design of drainage systems is the estimation of the
rainfall intensity. If adequate records of previous historic rainfall are not available, the
estimates are made using various methods but nearly all rely on obtaining the design
rainfall intensities. Therefore the rainfall frequency intensity curves will have to be
developed for the particular area under design, if needed.

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Annual series rainfall frequency curves are most commonly used. Rainfall frequency
curves using the 24 hour recorded rainfalls at various rainfall stations will be derived.

Design rainfall intensities can be estimated by:

For urban design work we need shorter duration rainfalls so that pluviograph records
may be obtained to supplement the one-day records to enable us to extrapolate the
results to short duration rainfall.

Typically the above mentioned process for developing Intensity-Duration Curves (ID
Curves) for various return periods such that the rainfall intensity can be estimated for
a given duration, corresponding to the sub-catchment area under consideration is
only required for urban areas where no previous hydrological analyses have been
conducted.

Effective Rainfall

During a storm not all of the rainfall finds its way into the drainage system. That part
of the rainfall, which contributes to runoff into the drainage system, is termed as
effective rainfall. The rest is termed as losses due to evaporation, evapo-
transpiration, infiltration and surface storage etc.

Estimates of rainfall losses need to be made to derive effective rainfall but the most
reliable method is to use recorded rainfall and runoff i.e. measuring volume of rainfall
and runoff with the difference being attributable to losses. Loss rates are dependent
on factors like ground permeability, topographic slope, surface vegetation, rainfall
intensity and duration etc. The most useful design tools for design flood estimation
are historic recorded data on rainfall and floods.

Flood records can be available from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology.
But most of the records and stream gauging stations are in the upper river reaches of
a number of the major rivers. For urban drainage one should obtain flood records (i.e.
levels of the most serious floods) in the particular town and adjacent outfall streams
from direct field surveys, local inquiries etc.

Estimation of Design Floods.

The two most commonly used methods are:

 Rational Method
 Hydrograph Method

Rational Method:
Q = (C) (i) (A)/360 For the present purpose
where, we shall be making use of
Q is discharge in cu.m per
the Rational Method alone,
second
C is coefficient of runoff as it is fairly tested and
i is rainfall intensity in mm per holds true for urban areas
hour in Nepal. This method
assumes that the maximum runoff for a particular catchment will occur when runoff

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from all of the catchment is contributing. A constant rainfall intensity is adopted. The
time at which all of the catchment contributes i.e. from the beginning of rainfall to the
time of full contribution is termed as the time of concentration. We therefore estimate
the rainfall intensity for the duration corresponding to the time of concentration which
represents the maximum runoff for that rainfall intensity and duration. The equation
is:

One of the major factors in the use of the Rational Method is the judicious use of the
coefficient of runoff "C". But, often the potential growth of the area within the town
also needs to be considered as the runoff coefficient will definitely increase in the
future. Therefore, a lot of engineering judgment is involved in determining "C".

Time of Concentration:

The time of concentration is calculated as the time for the design runoff to reach the
drain outlet from the furthest point of the catchment. In order to derive the rainfall
intensity from the I-D curve corresponding to the time of concentration, the following
simplified formula can be used:

Although graphical
Tc = L/(V*3600) + tce
solutions are
where,
Tc is total time of concentration (hr.) available to
L is the maximum length of travel for the runoff (m) determine the
V is assumed velocity of overland flow (m/sec.) overland flow
tce is assumed extra time of concentration. velocity "V", it is
recommended in
relevant literature that a value between 0.60 m/s to 1.5 m/s can be used. Overland
flow velocity can be adopted based on the general topography of the area under
consideration. Similarly, "tce" is usually assumed at 0.25 hrs (15 min.) as per
convention.
Similarly, the well known relation developed by USDI can also be used:

Tc = 57 (L^3 / H) 0.385
Where,
Tc = Time of Concentration in min.
L = Length in kilometer
H = Difference in elevation of the catchment in

Economic Selection of the Design Flood

The optimum design flood for an urban drainage system is chosen in most instances
on economic considerations. The choice is made on the basis of providing a cost-
effective system which will discharge the storm and flood waters adequately for most
rainstorm situations.

Quite often it is impractical to alleviate all flooding conditions since a large capital
investment required and to alleviate extremely large floods may not be economically

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justified. It is often the practice to provide for complete relief from smaller floods and
at the same time have partial protection from larger flooding situations.

Therefore, the design flood will be derived by considering the recurrence interval of
floods (and rainfall) and designating the design flood with that recurrence interval.
Normally, the recurrence interval is selected to provide the optimum benefit cost ratio
for a series of recurrence intervals.

Rainfall patterns in Nepal provide generally good rainfalls (mostly in the monsoon
season) with typical annual rainfalls of 1200 to 2000 mm per year. However, the
following return periods are recommended to ascertain the design rainfall.

Once in two years - for storm water drain design

Once in five years - for culvert design

In all cases checks should be made to assess the impacts of a larger flood; the
criteria being that overtopping should not cause major or disastrous situations. Thus,
for culverts a check should be made to see the effects of 1 in 10 years flood Check
for Adverse Effects

Finally, the drainage system design will be checked for adverse effects like
backwater, storage problem, partial flow in pipe culverts etc. The following
paragraphs briefly elaborate the above mentioned effects.

Backwater Effects

The problem in storm water and sewerage design occurs in flat terrain where the
design water level is controlled not only by the size and slope of the drain but also by
downstream backwater. This may be due to a river or lake into which the drainage
system enters.

To design for backwater effects we shall estimate or obtain historic flood levels,
which will affect storm water runoff in the drain. With these established control water
levels we calculate the water profile in the drain using backwater computational
methods. In this regard, the use of hydraulic software like the HEC-2 and /or HEC-
RAS is recommended to developed backwater water profiles for various scenarios.

Storage Effects

Another problem, which is due to storage effect, shall also be considered. If the
required drain is blocked or enters a large storage area such as a lake or large pond,
the lake or pond may have a retarding effect on the flows, similar to a dam of a
reservoir.

To estimate whether there are storage effects, the reservoir routing method may be
carried out to check for any retardance of design flows by a lake or pond.

An inflow hydrograph will be developed for the inflow and storage data developed for
the active part of the lake or pond storage, if relevant information is available.

Partial Flow in Pipe Culverts

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For pipe culvert designs, a further addition to the calculations will be made to check
the actual versus the design flow in a pipe culvert. This is to check actual flows rather
than design flows. Quite often the finally adopted longitudinal slope or drain size may
be the one chosen in the design.

The main check will be on velocity and total headloss and to ensure that the
velocities and water levels are within the design criteria.

5.1.2 Hydraulic Assessment and Design

The drainage system will consist of either pipes and box drains, road gullies and rain
inlets, manholes or culverts etc. The hydraulic design and / or assessment in terms of
their conveyance capacities of these structures are briefly elaborated below.

Pipes and Box Drains

The drain size will be established according to least cost and velocity criteria using
Manning’s formula:

Q = A R2/3 S1/2 / n
where, Q = discharge (cu.m /s)
A = waterway area (sq.m)
R = Hydraulic radius (Area/ wetted
perimeter) (m)
S = Longitudinal slope (dimensionless)
n = Mannings coefficient of friction

The following Manning’s 'n' values are recommended for various materials:
Pre-cast concrete pipes : 0.013
Cast insitu concrete drains : 0.015
Concrete lined drains : 0.015
Brick or stone masonry cement render : 0.015
Brick or stone masonry unrendered : 0.018
Rocks or broken bricks etc. : 0.02
Unlined excavated channel = 0.03 1
The limiting values of the design velocities will be taken as:
lined pipes and drains,
Minimum = 0.9 m/s
Maximum = 3.0 m/s

unlined drains
Minimum = 0.6 m/s
Maximum = 1.0 to 1.5 m/s, depending on soil conditions.

The minimum flow velocity will, however, be based on providing flushing or self
cleansing flows and avoiding siltation. For round pipe drain design flow capacity will
be checked for different flow conditions i.e., whether full flow or partial flow. For pipes
flowing full there is only one velocity possible for a given discharge and slope. For

1
Note: more detailed values for unlined drains and natural streams will be referred to texts such as Ven Te
Chow's "Open Channel Hydraulics".

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partially flow a condition can arise where for a given discharge and slope there may
be two possible flow depths with different velocities. This occurs if the flow depth lies
in the range of .82 size (Dia.) to 1.0 (Dia.). The flow depths and velocities for various
conditions need to be obtained.

Road Gullies and Rain Inlets

Flows on the roadway should be directed to a drain with the correct road profile
design - both longitudinal and cross fall. For urban roads with roadside kerbs and
drains the following road grades are recommended to ensure that water will flow off
the road into an inlet:

Cross Fall (asphalt) = 3%

Longitudinal road slope = preferable minimum 0.5 %
= absolute minimum 0.25 %

The most efficient gullies to discharge water from the road into a drain are the
horizontal (grill type) gullies. Vertical inlets, which require some head are less
usefull. A dead depth (depth of bottom level of rain inlet chamber from pipe invert) of
minimum 20 cm shall be kept to allow silt to settle. The spacing of the gullies or rain
inlets shall be according to their capacity design. However, they shall be placed at
the lower point of the road surface on both sides of the road.

Manholes

Manholes must be provided for underground drains at appropriate intervals to ensure

easy access for cleaning of the drains.

The manhole is an obstruction to flow in a drain line. Therefore headloss allowances

should be provided at each manhole. A headloss equal to k v2/2g should be added
to the friction loss at each manhole. Typical values of the coefficient "k" for two way
and three way junctions may be used as given below:
For straight through manholes k = 0.5

For 45 to 90 degree junctions k = 0.8

For junctions greater than 90 degrees k = 1.5

For three way junctions; the major pipeline and flow condition as for two way junction
with an additional allowance of 25% loss may be used.

Culverts

Culverts will be assessed and / or designed according to whether flow is inlet

controlled or outlet controlled. In case of inlet controlled the flow through the culvert is
controlled by friction and geometric arrangement at the upstream end of the culvert
(wing walls etc). The discharge capacity is expressed in terms of:
H/d

Where, H = Total head at inlet above the invert level.

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d = Diameter or size of opening.

Whereas the flow in a outlet controlled culvert is controlled by the downstream water
level or by the friction along the culvert walls.

The capacity of a culvert with outlet controlled (sometimes referred to as outlet) is

obtained by estimating the head losses at the inlet, outlet and along the barrel of the
culvert.

Inlet and outlet losses are expressed as a function of:

k(v12 - v22)/2g

where, v1 = Velocity into the inlet (or outlet)

v2 = Velocity out of inlet (or outlet)
k = inlet or outlet loss

The following values of entry and exit losses for different entry, exit conditions may
be used:

Entry/outlet condition kin kout

Rounded transition (eg stone masonry) 0.2 0.3

30o wingwalls to box culvert 0.3 0.5

45o wingwalls to box culvert 0.5 0.8

Square entrance to box culvert 0.75 1.0

Barrel losses are estimated applying the Manning's equation; the friction loss along
the barrel is = S x L. (where S is the longitudinal slope of the water line and L is the
barrel length).

The sum of the entry exit and barrel losses is the total head loss across the culvert.
By a series of trial and error calculations one can establish the required culvert size
or assess the capacity of existing culverts according to the amount of head loss that
is available or acceptable in each particular situation.

Lined and Unlined Drains

The drains can either be lined or unlined and the main drains are often constructed
as open drains. This is usually a matter of economics and the selection whether to
provide lining or not is dependent on:

- hydraulic considerations

- cost

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- public acceptance and ease of maintenance etc.

- Location

Lining of drains provides a smoother flow. Normally, a lined drain has approximately
double the flow capacity of an unlined drain and therefore is a strong consideration in
flat areas where we may need to restrict the size of a drain.

For all major drainage lines located outside the settlement area, provision shall be
made to provide a berm along the edge of the drain which can be used as a
maintenance track. The berm width in these cases shall be approximately 1.0 meter
The drainage lines within the market area are however shall be kept closed as far as
possible to avoid them becoming solid waste dumping pits.In order to avoid drainage
lines becoming undersized due to increase in the discharge as a result of
urbanization, runoff coefficients during the design shall be adopted on a higher side
(0.6 to 0.8).

Identification of Drainage Bottlenecks

Besides establishing design parameters and criterion and assessing the hydraulic
capacities of existing and proposed infrastructures, it is imperative that bottlenecks in
efficient drainage flow are to be identified. In this regard the entire drainage pattern
and characteristics of the area under consideration including potential areas for
urban expansion shall be thoroughly reviewed. A field reconnaissance needs to be
carried out by the drainage engineer in conjunction with the hydrologist for the entire
catchment area. The base map with the necessary topographical details and
catchment demarcations shall be used during the field reconnaissance. On the site
verification, historical records and local inquiry shall form the basis for such an
identification process.

This information shall be further augmented by collection of data / information on

frequency and extent of water logging in various areas. The extent of the problem
relating to discharge of pollutant discharges by the local industries on to the natural
water-ways and drains needs to be thoroughly assessed. These shall be done
primarily on the basis of existing records, technical literature / documents and local
inquiry.

Before designing a drainage system for a town partially or wholly, a conceptual

master plan must be developed first with proper outlet/s (discharging point/s).
Otherwise, drainage lines designed in isolation can be undersized and create
problem of flooding in future.

5.1.3 Sewerage System

A sewerage system for a town can be developed in a similar way as of storm water
drainage system. The only difference is that in the former cases the quantity of
sewerage shall be calculated before the design of sewers, while rainfall intensity and
volume of surface runoff shall be calculated before the design of drainage lines. The
other difference is that a piped system with manholes has to be adopted for a

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sewerage system, while brick/concrete lined or even unlined sections can be adopted
for a drainage system.

Before developing a conceptual master plan, which is mandatory to avoid under/over

sizing of individual sewer lines, the catchment area of the existing settlements
including areas of potential urban expansion is thoroughly assessed and analyzed.

5.1.3.1 Quantity of sewage

Quantity of sewage is calculated as 80% of daily water demand and thus known, if
the population of given catchment area or population density is known. However, for
the design of a pipeline this value is multiplied by 2.5 to calculate pick hour discharge
and use in the design.

5.1.3.2 Design Velocity

The allowable design velocity for a sewerage system is 0.9 m/sec (minimum) and 3
m/sec (maximum).

5.1.4 Wastewater Treatment and Treatment Plants

Treatment is required for all domestic wastewater or sewerage as they will pollute
natural drains and create health hazards of the people at the downstream area.
Therefore, an appropriate wastewater treatment plant shall be worked out to control
some essential wastewater parameters line BOD and SS. For treatment of wastes
using natural biological methods like stabilizing ponds or oxidation ponds or reed bed
(constructed wetlands) techniques can be explored.

Reed Bed System – The Reed Bed wastewater treatment system is an innovative
way of treating household wastewater or sewerage using concept of constructed
wetlands. A typical wastewater treatment unit using constructed wetland technology
with reeds comprises of a septic tank where the wastewater is collected and retained
for ten hours. Then, the wastewater is made to flow through, horizontally and
vertically, on a bed of uniformly graded sand or gravel with reeds growing on it.

As the wastewater flows through the bed of sand with reeds, it gets treated through
the natural processes of filtration and microbial degradation. The reeds assist in the
cleaning process by transporting oxygen to the microorganisms in the bed through its
root hairs and by taking up some nutrients and other substances. It has been
observed that the operational efficiency of constructed wetlands using reeds for total
suspended solids (TSS), BOD, COD and ammonia (NH4) has been over 90 percent.

5.2 Excreta Disposal

5.2.1 Household Latrine Technical Options

Over the years, various options for on-site sanitation units have been developed in
developing countries through research and development. Literature on such

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experiences have been published and are available from agencies like UNICEF,
WHO and INGOs like OXFAM. Some of the available options that can be considered
and promoted through the Project are discussed in the sections below.

Although there are no clear definitions of a hygienic latrine, based on available

literature and knowledge it can be referred to as a latrine with:

 Septic Tanks

 Water-pouring latrines

 Pour-flush

 Two-part (vault) latrines

 Improved and fully covered latrines (dug or pit latrines)

Features of such latrines and their potential disadvantages should be clearly

developed. This shall help the concerned stakeholders in being able to make the
right choice depending upon the physical characteristics, investment and people's
preferences and habits.

The choice of technology depends largely on the topography and socio-economic

conditions including affordability and general habits of the community members.
Therefore, instead of being prescriptive, a range of choices needs to be developed
for the consumers clearly listing the advantages and disadvantages of the different
options. For peri-urban areas and higher income groups, pour-flush latrines with
septic tanks can be the preferred option. In areas with low ground water and low
permeable soil, improved pit latrines properly covered can be recommended. For
rural areas where the ground water is likely to be contaminated due to the higher
permeability of the soil, two-part (vault) latrines or even pour-flush latrines can be
considered. However, the focus should be on behavioral changes, i.e. hygienic use
of constructed latrines rather than the latest technology. Indifference to people’s
habits will only lead to unsustainable use of latrines.

5.2.2 School and other Public Latrines

The SSTWSSSP envisages implementation of institutional and public latrines in the

project areas where the water supply systems are to be built. Institutions like schools,
kindergartens, and health stations can qualify to receive a grant of 85 percent of the
latrine cost if the concerned authorities contribute 15 percent of the total cost.
Similarly, latrines at public places like markets, bus stations, etc. can also qualify for
a similar grant, if the responsible authorities agree to come up with the matching
fund.

The type of latrine or technology used can be discussed with the Project and an
appropriate choice based on cost, usage and need for the institution should be made.
Experts under various projects have made the following recommendations for school
latrines.

1- 300 pupils = 4 latrines (2 compartments each for girls and boys)

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301- 600 pupils = 6 latrines

601- 900 pupils = 8 latrines

901 and above = 10 latrines

Hand washing facility (at latrines) = 4 taps for 300 pupils

= 6 taps for 300 – 600 pupils

= 8 taps for 600 – 900 pupils

= 10 taps for above 900 pupils

If a school has two sessions, the highest number of pupils in either session should be
taken into for design calculations.

Similarly, public latrines are desirable at market places and bus stops for the
convenience of the public at large. Designs for such latrines should be carried out
considering the intensity and frequency of usage by passengers or consumers. The
focus be on the provision of adequate number of urinals and a limited number of
pans / WCs. Hand washing provision should also be made for proper cleansing after
use of such facilities.

6.0 DESIGN STEPS / PROCEDURES FOR DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

This section describes briefly the design requirements for the detailed engineering
phase of a typical project. Detailed engineering design (DED) shall only commence
when the Feasibility Study (FS) for a project has been completed and the project has
been found feasible technically, socially and environmentally and the community has
accepted the proposed alternative. Once clearance has been obtained to proceed for
the detailed engineering design the following procedures should be adopted in
sequence to provide enough details such that the construction of the selected
scheme / project is effectively carried out.

Review of the Feasibility Study Report – Reconfirmation and reassessment of the

source, demand and other major findings of the feasibility study shall form an integral
part of the detailed engineering design. The proposed technical alternatives in the FS
including the sources of water need to be carefully assessed. This is very essential to
get a background of the proposed system prior to proceeding for the DED.

Verification of the Service Area Population and Growth Rate – The designated
service area and its population needs to be revisited to verify the settlement pattern,
existing population and its growth rate. This has a huge bearing on the cost
optimization process during the detailed engineering design of the system. It needs
to be verified if any pocket settlements are not included or left out because of any
social, political or economical reasons. When it is not technically or financially
feasible to be included on the piped scheme, they must be given the non-piped water
option.

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Source Verification - Re-measurement of the surface water source or verification of

the yield of the groundwater source during the detailed engineering design phase (in
the driest season) is necessary to increase the reliability of the already existing
hydrological information database. This is also necessary to confirm, if there exist
any source disputes or problems in borehole location etc.

Water Quality Assessment - Sampling to conduct water quality analysis of the

proposed sources again during the DED is required to consolidate the findings of
earlier water quality assessments. Additional sampling to monitor other water quality
problems like arsenic and iron also needs to be carried out to assess the extent of
such problems. In addition, if the source is a surface water system, pre and post
Monsoon water quality assessment shall be required.

Preparation of Digital Base Map – A more recent development has been the
development of a digital database for maps on GIS platforms. Base maps can be
prepared either by digitizing or scanning existing topographical maps (or even aerial
photographs) into vector formats from raster images. These digital base maps can be
used in GIS platforms to develop a GIS for the water systems with various layers
giving details about the service area, pipe network, house connections, topographical
features, etc. This can also be a powerful tool for operating and managing the built
system, as any additional or changes made to the system can be instantly updated in
the GIS system for the water network.

Field Verification Survey - During the DED field survey for the ground truth
information on the base maps needs to be carried out. These surveys also shall
verify and consolidate the topographical features of the area under consideration.
Adequate details are needed to establish the length of the pipes and elevation of the
nodes in the system. In addition, other topographical details for areas where major
system components like pump houses, water treatment units, reservoirs, water
towers, etc. are to be located need to be collected.

Finalizing Design Criterion and Parameters – Design criteria associated with design
period, water demand, supply hours (consumption pattern), pressure rating, water
quality and treatment etc. needs to be adequately addressed and finalized before
beginning the detailed design.

Water Demand – The total water demand for the service area including domestic,
non-domestic (institutional, commercial, etc.) and unaccounted for water (UFW) for
various project stages needs to be developed and checked with the scenarios
developed in the Feasibility Report.

The Nodal demand at this stage should be based on the actual settlement pattern of
the households and the actual numbers of households to be served from a node. A
simple way of doing this is to have a household count of the service area and locate
the number of households on the system layout map. Then the number of
households with population can be lumped at various nodes of the system for actual
demand assessment.

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Hydraulic Design of System - Hydraulic engineering design for raw water system,
treatment unit, storage and distribution network needs to be carried out in greater
detail. This should evolve into a balanced pipe network giving details of pressure and
flow in the network. The minimum pipe velocity and minimum residual pressure at
nodes should be maintained. The pipe network should give all relevant details on
individual network junctions, location of flow gauging meters and other
appurtenances, as designed.

Structural Design - Structural engineering design for civil structures like the intake,
pump houses, treatment facilities, storage reservoirs, water towers, etc. needs to be
done giving all relevant details for construction.

Detailing for Electro-mechanical Equipment - Detailed mechanical installation layouts

for pumps, electrical supply, piping system at WTP and reservoir, etc. need to be
carried out.

Rate analyses - Realistic unit rates for individual cost components need to be
developed using latest market rates and standard norms.

Detailed Estimation and Drawings - Detailed Bill of Quantities (BOQs) and drawings
for all system units are required for effective implementation.

Bid Document Preparation - The Standard Bidding Documents (SBD) needs to be

followed to develop Project specific standard bidding documents. The bid documents
will be prepared in the following four volumes:

Volume I: Invitation / Instruction to Bidders, Bid Data Sheet, Evaluation and

Qualification Criteria, Sample Bidding Forms

Volume II: Conditions of Contract (General and Special) with Contract Data and
Bill of Quantities
Volume III: Technical Specifications

Volume IV: Drawings.

7.0 OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES

Another critical issue in determining the type of water system for a service area is the
ease in the operation and maintenance of the built system. Higher operating or
recurring costs mean higher tariff. Operation and maintenance costs of water
systems constitute three major components: personnel or human resources costs,
power or energy costs and regular maintenance expenditure like use of chemicals
etc. These factors need to be kept in mind while designing the water system such
that the operating expenses are low. Power consumption is the single biggest factor
in the recurrent costs of water systems, as most of them involve pumping. Therefore,
it is necessary that pumping be introduced only when it is most necessary. Secondly,
the selection of a pump should be done critically so that the chosen pump consumes
less power and operates at a greater efficiency.

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8.0 LINKAGES WITH OTHER COMPONENTS

It is essential that the water system technical design team should have close working
relations with other project components like Hygiene and Health, Finance,
Environment, etc. to have uniformity in approach and design. Some critical areas
needing linkages are:

Financial Components – Establishment of tariff taking into account the poor in the
community, house connections, etc.

Environmental & Social Components – Liaise with the environmental & social teams
to incorporate specific environmental/social issues in the design to mitigate adverse
environmental/social impacts.

Health and Hygiene Component – For water storage methods, arsenic contamination
and treatment, etc.
9.0 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSES
9.1 Methodology

This is simply methodological applications of principles of economic analysis for the

Second Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Projects; it is also a practical guide
that is suggested to be used by economists in the Financial and Economic analysis
of the projects.

Initial Capital Cost Breakdown

The initial cost is to be breakdown into foreign and local cost. The local cost is
divided into skilled labor, unskilled labor and local materials.

Operation and Maintenance Cost

Personnel Cost – As per requirement & logical justification

i. Manager
ii. Technician
iii. Accountant
iv. Administrator
v. Cleaner
vi. Guard
vii. Office boy
viii. Others if any with logistical justification
Annual O&M Cost
ix. Spare parts and maintenance cost with logical justification
x. Electricity cost based on NEA tariff with annual increment of 3%
xi. Office expenses / Stationery
xii. Include Diesel Cost (10% of the Pump Operation cost)
xiii. Others If any with logistical justification
Replacement Cost
Machinery and Equipment Cost

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xiv. 10% of the Machinery and Equipment Cost (after 10 years)

xv. Meter replacement cost after 7 years
xvi. Other costs if any with logistical justification

Water Demand Analysis

Population of the project area:

 % of population served during the project period
 Increment of the population served up to the end of the project
 Total population served up to the end year
Fully Plumbed:
 % of population served
 Per capita consumption (lpcd) – constant over the project period
 % Increase of population served during the project period
Yard Tap:
 % of population served
 Per capita consumption (lpcd) – constant over the project period
 % Decrease of population served during the project period
Stand posts:
 % of population served
 Per capita consumption (lpcd) – constant over the project period
 % Decrease of population served
Commercial Enterprises:
 Number of existing enterprises
 Water demand per enterprise - optimum but logical
 Assume constant over the project period
Institutional:
 Number of institutions
 Number of students (Day Scholars)
 Per capita consumption (lpcd) – constant over the project period
 Number of students (Boarder)
Industrial:
 Number of Industries
 Water demand per industry – optimum but logical
 Assume constant over the project period
Leakage and Wastewater:
 Leakage and wastewater assumed at 10% of the Domestic Demand
 Fire demand: 1% of the total demand
Total water demand:

The total water demand is estimated including domestic, commercial, institutional,

non-domestic, leakage and wastage and fire demand etc. It is suggested to present
the data and information as per Sample Pro-Forma Table xx

Tariff Structure

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Tariff Setting and Cost Recovery: The Project's financial sustainability depends on
the appropriate tariff level to recover the necessary capital during the project period
such as O&M costs, rehabilitation and recurrent costs as well as the repayment of
the TDF loan. It is expected accumulate cash in hand a portion of initial capital cost
at the end of cash flow analysis for further development and expansion in future.
WUSCs (users) have the tendency to keep the tariff level low because users will be
able to pay the monthly bills easily and TDF has the tendency to keep tariff level high
for easy repayment of the loan. However, the tariff should determine at lowest
maintaining the sustainability and within the affordability and willingness to pay of the
lower income households.

The incremental blocked tariff (IBT) structure implies cross subsidy from better off,
higher volume consumers to the poor, minimal volume consumers. The tariff will be
proposed on the basis of the incremental volumetric block system to increase the
revenue as well as to discourage the wastage of water.

The incremental block tariff system is also justified on socio-economic grounds so

that the lower income group or poor community will be in an advantage. However,
the tariff will be fixed considering socio-economic, financial and economic viability of
the project for efficient utilization.

The IBT system can also be applied in various locations and communities such as
urban and semi-urban areas also if it is crucial for cross subsidy.

The tariff set up may be a tool for demand management; the increase in tariff may
cause a decrease in water demand and vice versa. The tariff structure needs to be
based on Incremental Blocked Tariff (IBT) system as follows:

i. up to 10 cum - NRs xx.xx Rate per cum (basic rate)

ii. 11 to 20 cum -“ “ (NRs xx.xx times 1.3 basic rate, 30% increase)
iii. 21 cum & higher -“ “ (NRs xx.xx times 1.7 basic rate, 70%
increase)

Minimum Consumption Level: The minimum water consumption of household per

month is considered at 10 cum and calculated the monthly bill at the tariff rate.

Note: Analysis should be based on the information available in the socio-economic survey
results

Financial Sustainability

The financial sustainability of the water supply and sanitation project is measured in
terms of the financial rate of return (FIRR) that covers the investment, operation and
maintenance and rehabilitation, replacement and administration cost as well as the
repayment of loan for the construction of the project. In general, the FIRR should be
greater than the overall Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC), which is
tentatively estimated at 4.0%.

Cost Recovery

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The accumulated cumulative amount at the end of the cash flow period of revenue
generation a portion of initial investment cost for development and expansion in
future; especially for water supply and sanitation projects (Second Small Town Water
Supply and Sanitation Sub-project) because such types of projects are not profit
oriented rather service oriented and it is essentially the duty of the government to
provide services to the people.

The revenue from tariff should also cover the annual costs of operation and
maintenance, rehabilitation, replacement and administration for the long term
sustainability of the water supply and sanitation project.

Repayment of Loan

The Government will lend a portion of the grant proceeds, estimated to be about $17
million to the TDF at a proposed interest rate of 2%-3% per annum with no less than
20 years maturity, including a grace period of 5 years. It has been proposed that the
TDF will On-Lend the funds to WUSCs at an interest rate not exceeding 5% per
annum with a maturity of 20 years including a grace period of 5 years. The TDF is a
Government-owned autonomous body that provides financial, technical, and
institutional support to the WUSCs engaged in small town water supply and
sanitation development projects.

The repayment of the loan is one of major factors of sustainability and acceptability of
the project. The interest amount on grace period of 5 years is accumulated to loan
amount to make total loan for annuity calculation. The loan is repaid annually
amortizes for the 15 years (annuity payment) on loan amount plus accumulating the
interest amount on grace years period. The annuity payment is paid annually for the
period of 15 years after the grace period of five years. For ensuring the repayment of
the loan, at least the cumulative cash flow in the financial cash flow statement must
be positive so that loan repayment is continued without being intermittent.
WUSC’s Financial Status & Contribution

In each project town, water supply systems will be financed by WUSCs (50%) and
Government subsidy (50%). The initial cash contribution of WUSCs may range
between 5% and 15% of the civil works contract, including a 5% compulsory upfront
cash contribution. Depending upon WUSC's contribution based on willingness and
capability, the remaining 35%-45% will be borrowed from the TDF.

Affordability

The monthly bill should be within the affordability of the household (HH). The monthly
bill payment must be within 3% - 5% of the HH income Level of the WUSC. The
information needs to be included as follows:

Income Level Group Avg cum Monthly Bill % of Income

· Community tap stands (10 HH)
· Lower Income Level HH (Poor)

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· Medium Income Level HH

· Higher Income Level HH

Willingness to Pay
· House Connection

Willingness to pay of the beneficiaries or (WUSC) need to be confirmed from the

household survey for the connection cost of fully plumbed taps.
· Monthly Water Bill

Similarly, beneficiaries need to show their willingness to pay for monthly water bills
for the sustainability of the project. The willingness to pay for water is based on the
reliability, quality and continuity of water supply.

Sewerage and Sanitation

Public sanitation facilities, which include public toilets, sludge drying beds,
storm water drainage, and wastewater management will be financed jointly by
WUSCs and local governments 15% of the total cost and 85% will be subsidized by
the Government. Out of the 15% of the total cost of Sanitation and Sewerage
System, the percentage share may be set under the mutual understanding between
the local government and WUSC. On-site sanitation will be the responsibility of
individual households, but grants through the OBA (Output Based Approach)
approach will be provided to households to facilitate construction of private latrines.
All other related costs including consulting services, NGO services, training, capacity
building, and incremental administrative expenses will be financed by the
Government using Project funds. O&M costs for water supply will be fully recovered
by WUSCs, while those for sanitation services (sludge management, off-site
sanitation, and drainage) will be paid for by WUSCs and local governments through a
mutual agreement.2
The part of O&M cost for the sanitation services will be responsible by WUSC
as per the mutual agreement with the local government. The Project's
financial sustainability assumes an appropriate tariff level to recover at least
necessary capital and O&M costs in the water supply subcomponent. Hence,
it is essential to determine tariff rate of water supply sub component project to
cover the O&M cost of sanitation services also.
The economic and financial analysis will be performed using the water supply
component only. However, the lump sum amount of operation and maintenance cost
of sewerage and sanitation needs to be included in the operation and maintenance
cost of water supply sub component for financial analysis to determine the tariff rate
for the sustainable of sanitation and sewerage sub component also. . With the
inclusive of O&M of sanitation services the tariff rate will be slightly increased but
there will be no any hassle for WUSC to handle O&M cost for sanitation service.

2
Report and Reccommendation of the President of Board of Directors, August 2009

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9.2 Financial Analysis

Assumptions
 Financial projection for 25 years
 Capital cost includes physical contingencies of 10% and price contingencies of
5%
 VAT is included in the capital cost (if the estimation for the construction material
and equipment are based on the market rate then VAT is already included. Or
else, if the estimation of materials and equipment are based on the border price
then VAT needs to be increased by 13%.
 Breakdown of Capital Cost (Normal Case)
b. 40% in the first year
c. 60% in the second year
 Life of the project components
d. Life of the civil works 50 years
e. Life of the M&E components 10 years
f. 50% of the initial capital cost is assumed as salvage value in the 25th year for
civil structures
 Consideration of revenue returns
g. 95% as efficiency
h. 5% as bad debt
 Consideration of information and data

All financial and economic analysis should be based on the information and data
available from the socio-economic survey results. If the information and data are not
included in the socio-economic survey then the district or regional or national norms
may be considered for the analysis with reference and justifications. The figures must
be updated and be the latest as far as possible.
 Sensitivity Analysis
The sensitivity analysis is conducted for three different options so as to seek the
project viability in case of unfortunate circumstances. The following three options
need to be analyzed.
i. 10% increase in the overall costs
j. 10% decrease in benefits
k. 10% increase in costs and 10% decrease in benefits
 Evaluation on Financial Result Indicators
l. Net Present Value (NPV) should be calculated from the beginning period of
the project up to 25 years
m. NPV of the net befits of cash flow streams should be positive
n. The net cumulative cash flow should be positive during the financial projection
period
 TDF Loan
o. Interest rate 5%

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p. The interest rate is calculated from the beginning of the loan disbursement
year.
q. Loan repayment period of 20 years including grace period years
r. Grace period 5 years – Starts from the date of the contract agreement
s. Interest rate during the grace period is accumulated to the loan amount (Note:
However, WUSC can pay the interest rate during the grace year period so as
to minimize the accumulated interest rate.)
t. Accumulated loan amount is amortized to pay annually up to 15 years
(Annuity Payment) after a grace period of 5 years.
Assumptions other than the above specified must be detailed with logical justification
Financial Analysis Results
Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR)
For the project to be sustainable and viable the result of the FIRR of the subproject
must be greater than the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) which is
estimated approximately at 4%.
Net Present Value of net Benefit
The financial net present value of the net benefit of the subproject during the project
period discounted at the rate of 4% (WACC) should be positive
Average Incremental Financial Cost (AIFC)
The average incremental financial cost (AIFC) and average incremental economic
cost (AIEC) for the project provide a measure for the cost of water per cum, and
determine the basis of the tariff needed to meet the full cost recovery and to meet O
& M costs on financial and economic perspective, respectively. AIFC can be
compared with the level of tariff for sustainability.
Financial Sustainability
The Project's financial sustainability assumes an appropriate tariff level to recover at
least the necessary capital and O&M costs. Presently the more concessional terms
of the sub-loans from TDF to WUSCs will significantly ease the burden of cost
recovery. TDF has made it more concessional, with a longer grace period of 5 years
and a longer repayment period of 15 years after the grace period and a lower interest
rate not exceeding 5% per annum.
From past experiences, the delay in construction as well as the low number of
tap connections are the main drawbacks of WUSCs in the STWSSSP-I phase and is
a difficult situation for repayment of the loan to the Town Development Fund
(TDF) on time. Another significant reason is the high tap connection fee for drinking
water supply. For overcoming the drawbacks, Output-based Aid (OBA) mechanism
has been introduced in the second phase so as to increase tap connections which is
performance-based grants to be provided primarily to facilitate the connection
of poor people's houses to the water supply and to sanitation services without
compromising the financial viability.

9.3 Economic Analysis

Assumptions:

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 Economic Opportunity Cost of Capital (EOCC) is considered at 12%

 Standard Conversion Factor (SCF) is considered at 90%
 Shadow Wage Rate (SWR) is considered at 70%
 All costs, in particular imported tradable inputs are exclusive of duties and taxes
for economic analysis because they represent transfer payments
 The physical contingencies are excluded because they represent real
consumption of resources
 For the analysis the economic opportunity cost of raw water is assumed to be
zero. It is assumed that raw water is not diverted from any other commercial use
such as irrigation.

Economic Benefits
 Improvement in Health (Expenditure of HH on health due to water borne diseases
and poor sanitation)
The expected impact of the Project is improved health and economic and
environmental improved, affordable, and sustainable water supply and sanitation
services which are governed and managed by locally accountable
representative bodies The Project is expected to provide a high level of water supply
services to about 240,000 people in about 20 small towns.
Sanitation services such as on-site sanitation (private latrines), public toilets,
wastewater management facilities (if justified), and storm water drainage will also be
provided in the same towns through an integrated approach. About 270,000 people
will have access to and use improved sanitation facilities. Supplemented by health
and hygiene education programs in these towns, the Project will bring significant
health benefits, to be measured by the reduction in the occurrence of waterborne
diseases.
Improvement in the Environment (Tangible and Intangible Benefit)
The benefits of improved sewerage or sanitation due to an environment will better
living conditions and bring a reduction in public health risks in the Project area
thereby increasing the Quality of Life. This will be achieved through the effective
removal of wastewater from in and around living areas and prevention of wastewater
from entering drains and rivers and, in some areas, wreckage water supply pipelines.
Improved disposal of wastewater will result also in more pleasant surroundings
through a reduction in odour and an improvement in the aesthetic quality of drains,
rivers and low-lying areas. However, environmental benefits will be difficult to
quantify.

Tangible and Quantifiable Benefit

Three main quantifiable economic benefits of the project will be considered in the
analysis. Time saving for water collection, in particular, will be a major benefit
expected from the Project, mainly for women and children. On the with-project
situation, the economic benefits associated with the resource costs saving in terms of
time saving to collect water, incremental benefits in terms of increased water demand

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as additional consumption, unaccounted-for-water in terms of utility of non-revenue

water will be analyzed. These benefits are considered as economic benefits for the
analysis of the economic viability of the Project

Time saving in water collection

Resource cost saving in terms of time saving: The time saved in collecting water for
the community households due to the access of water supply is valued at the rate of
shadow price of labour (unskilled labour) which is considered as an intangible benefit
to the society and hence considered as an economic benefit.

Incremental Benefit (Surplus Demand)

Surplus Demand – Incremental Sale: The surplus demand due to the access of the
water supply project (assumed supply minus the present consumption level) is
valued at the rate of the weighted average of the willingness to pay (WTP) and the
value of time saving of the community; which is also considered as economic benefit.

Customer Contribution

The customer contribution is also considered as an investment as well as a benefit to

the ”with project” situation since it is not directly the project cost but the capital cost
including the cost of connection and meter. Hence, the customer contribution is
considered as an investment as well as a benefit.

Non-Revenue Water Demand

Non Revenue Water –The wastage of water assumed at 10% is considered to be

consumed partly by the community: The loss of water is considered in the project at
10% of the total demand but in practice 25% of wasted water is assumed to be
utilized by the community as non-revenue water and is valued at the weighted
average tariff of incremental and non-incremental water which is also considered as
an economic benefit

Average Incremental Economic Cost (AIEC)

AIEC is the discounted value of the incremental capital costs and operating costs (in
economic prices) over a 20-year period divided by the discounted value of the
incremental quantity of water sales as a result of the proposed investment. The
discount rate used is the social opportunity cost of capital (SOCC) estimated at 12%.

Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR)

EIRR is calculated as the rate of discount for which the present value of the net
benefit stream becomes zero, or at which the present value of the benefit stream is
equal to the present value of the cost stream. For a project to be acceptable EIRR
should be greater than the economic opportunity cost of the capital.
Net Present Value of the net present benefit

The results from the analysis are expected to show that the project is economically
viable when the economic net present value of the net benefits is positive. The

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positive and higher economic net present value of the net benefit will be considered
as viable of project in economic perspective.

Poverty Impact Ratio

Economic benefits to the real poor are associated with consumer utility and labor
supply compared with the economic benefits of the whole project. The gains and
losses are determined by the difference between the economic and financial benefit
and costs. The actual net benefit accruing by real poor or termed as poverty impact
ration (PIR) is calculated based on the proportion of net economic benefit by the real
poor with the economic benefit of the project as a whole.
The cost and benefits of a water supply project (WSP) are shared among different
groups. Based on the results from the financial and economic benefit-cost analyses,
an assessment of the distribution of the project benefits and costs can be given to
show which participant will gain from the project or incur a loss.
PIR is expected to be higher than the ratio of the existing core poor in the community
or the small town.
10.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS
Purpose
All subprojects will be assessed prior to program implementation, using the following
procedures. The environmental impacts of the small towns subprojects will be
assessed by the Executing Agency as required by ADB policy and the national law.
This document is an Environmental Assessment Guidelines which provides the
structure through which such assessments will be conducted. The document
complies with ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS 2009), and the GON
Environmental Protection Act (1997) and Environmental Protection Rules (1997,
amended 2007).
Overview of Type of Subprojects to be Assessed
The subprojects will consist of water supply, sewerage, drainage and sanitation
schemes as these are the most urgent priorities in most emerging towns in Nepal.
Table 1 shows the main components of such schemes. The impacts will always need
to be examined by a process of environmental assessment (involving an IEE or EIA
as appropriate), because the nature and significance of an impact can change with
location and the specific details of the project.

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Table 6: Possible elements of the sub-projects

Sub-project type Possible main elements
(new or renovated)

Water Supply Water intake

Deep tube well/borehole well

Ground reservoir tank

Surface water intake

Overhead storage tank

Pump house and pumps

Treatment unit: Treatment plant

 Roughing filter
 Sedimentation tanks
 Slow sand filters
 Rapid sand filters
 iron removal unit

Chlorination unit

Staff house

Laboratory (small)
Water transmission
Water transmission main

Overhead reservoirs

Pump house and pumps

Distribution network
Distribution main

Local distribution network

House connections

Household meters
Drainage/Storm water works Network
Drains

Rain inlets

Manholes

Outfall

River Bank Protection

Sanitation/Sewage Sewage network
Sewers and manholes
management
Reed bed/Treatment plant

Sludge drying bed

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Sub-project type Possible main elements

(new or renovated)

Public toilet
Toilet

Septic tank/Soak pit

Sludge drying (reed) bed

Private toilet
Toilet

Septic tank/Soak pit

Sludge drying (reed) bed

Solid waste management Waste processing
Covered concrete shed
center

ADB Environment Policy

Environmental Classification

According to ADB Environment Policy the environmental classification of subprojects

is determined by the Regional Social and Environmental Safeguards Division (RSES)
of ADB, and there are four possible outcomes:
Category A: Projects that could have significant environmental impacts. An
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required.
Category B: Projects that could have some adverse environmental impacts, but of
less significance than those for Category A. An Initial Environmental Examination
(IEE) is required to determine whether significant impacts warranting an EIA are
likely. If an EIA is not needed, the IEE is regarded as the final environmental
assessment report. A Category B project may be classified as B-sensitive if it
involves environmentally sensitive activities. Such projects require IEEs, but have
the same requirements for disclosure and Environmental Management Plans as
Category A.

Category C: Projects that is unlikely to have adverse environmental impacts. No

EIA or IEE is required, although environmental implications are reviewed.
Category FI: Projects that involve investments of ADB funds to, or through,
financial intermediaries.

Preparation of Initial Environmental Examinations (IEEs)

An IEE describes the studies conducted to identify the potential environmental

impacts of a proposed development, and is prepared when impacts are unlikely to be
highly significant and can be mitigated relatively easily. In this program ADB policy
requires that an IEE (or EIA) is conducted for each subproject. Impacts are screened
using ADB’s Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklists. For small town water
supply and sanitation projects the IEEs are usually adequate.

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Any new subprojects must comply with national legislation and procedures and ADB
policy. If the criteria shown in the environmental criteria table in the next chapter are
followed in the selection and development of new subprojects, most of them shall
have relatively minor environmental impacts and the procedure for environmental
assessment should then be straightforward and shall follow the normal IEE
procedure described earlier. EIA will be implemented if either the Government’s or
ADB’s rules/policy so require.

Appendix 1 and Appendix 2 give the format for preparing the TOR and IEE. It is
suggested that ADB’s SPS (2009) (Safeguard Policy Statement) and Environmental
Assessment and Review Framework/Policy (EARF/EARP) for Emerging Towns Sub-
Projects be used as references.

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Annexes

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Annex 1 - Evaluation of Pipe Materials for Transmission and Bulk

Supply
1. BDS Pipeline Material Introduction

For large diameter pipes used in water supply conveyance and distribution, a number
of materials exist including Ductile Iron, Steel, PVC, Polyethylene, Concrete, and
Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP), among many others. For the current study, it
seemed prudent that a brief comparative assessment of major pipe materials for
large diameter pipes be considered before recommending a particular material for
subsequent use and implementation. The following comparison is for the most
appropriate materials for large diameter pipes to be considered for the Bulk
Distribution System (BDS) or transmission mains; PE, Steel and DI. These materials
are compared for their relative ease in transportation, installation and laying, material
and laying costs, availability of fittings, internal and external coating and operation
and maintenance.

A. Ductile Iron (DI) Pipes

Ductile Iron pipes have been extensively used for water supply throughout the world
because of the flexibility and ease in installation, pressure ratings, longevity and
resistance of different soil conditions and strength. The most common type of DI
pipes are the K9 class conforming to ISO 2531 (1998) and EN 545 (2006). The
principal properties of the ductile iron is a yield stress of over 300 MPa, tensile
strength of over 420 MPa, elongation of over 10%, and Brinell hardness less than
230. The impact strength of DI pipes is exceptional and allows a variation in pipe
alignment up to 4%; depending upon pipe diameter. Normally, DI pipes are available
for diameters ranging from 80 mm to 1200 mm, but larger diameter DI pipes up to
1800 mm are also available. Normal allowable operating pressure for K9 class pipes
range from 30 to 60 kg/cm2. The internal surface of DI pipes normally has a cement
mortar lining, which is applied by a centrifugal process. The cement mortar lining
shall be in accordance with ISO 4179 – 2005 with minimum thickness ranging from
2.5 to 7mm depending upon the pipe diameter. Similarly, the external protective
coating of DI pipes shall be zinc plus bitumen. The metallic zinc coating shall be in
accordance with ISO 8179 Part 1 – 2004. In addition, a bituminous varnish is applied
over the zinc coating, also in accordance with ISO 8179 Part 1 – 2004. This provides
a high degree of protection against most soil conditions. For aggressive soils the
pipes can be protected by a coating of polyurethane. The water tightness of DI pipes
will be ensured by push-on joints with gaskets made of elastomer rubber (EPDM
Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer or SSBR Styrene Butadiene Rubber)
conforming to ISO 4633 – 2002.

B. Polyethylene (PE) Pipes

Polyethylene pipes are extensively used for bulk water supply especially in Europe
considering their flexibility and ease in laying quickly. PE pipes are designed,

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manufactured and supplied under a BS EN ISO 9001:2000 accredited Quality

Management System. Two most common types of PE pipes used are PE80 and PE
100.

PE80 – This is the term used to denote the polyethylene material which has been
widely used for gas, water and industrial applications for many years. The terms
MDPE and HDPE were commonly used to describe this material.

PE100 – This is a term used to denote high performance polyethylene. PE100 is a

higher performance material than PE80 and demonstrates exceptional resistance to
rapid crack propagation as well as to long-term stress cracking. Moreover, the higher
strength of PE100 permits thinner pipe walls than PE80 for the same operating
pressure. PE100 uses less polymer and provides for a larger bore and increased flow
capacity for a given nominal pipe size. This can result in significant cost savings at
certain sizes and pressure ratings.

PE pipes are manufactured from a diameter of 20 mm to 1000mm normally.

However, larger diameter PE pipes can also be manufactured subject to scale or
magnitude of order. Allowable working pressure for PE80 pipes varies from 12.5 to 8
bars, whereas for PE100 it varies from 16, 10, 8 and 6 bars for SDRs (ratio of outer
diameter to average wall thickness) 11, 17, 21 and 26. In Nepal HDPE pipes are
available primarily for distribution networks, which conform to Nepalese Standards
NS-40.

C. Mild Steel Pipes (MS)

Mild Steel Spiral Weld pipes have the advantage that they can be designed for any
pressure and this can result in cost savings. The pipes can be designed to withstand
considerable longitudinal forces eliminating the need for anchor (thrust) blocks in
many locations. The joints are generally welded giving little tolerance for ground
movement or for making on-site adjustment to the pipeline alignment during
installation. Mild Steel Spiral Weld pipes need to conform to IS 3589 / 2001.

Cement mortar linings are effective in preventing internal corrosion and also will
maintain their surface conditions over their lifetime (unless particularly aggressive
waters are being conveyed - which is not expected.). Cement mortar linings can be
works applied or applied in situ. Works application is carried out by spinning
requiring special equipment and results in pipes being heavy, difficult to handle and
the lining is prone to damage during transportation to site. Alternatively, buried steel
pipeline can be coated internally, with a single coat two part solvent free high build
liquid epoxy lining as per AWWA C210-07 suitable for potable water application and
approved by NSF International Standard NSF/ANSI-61 2004. Liquid epoxy lining for
internal coating has many advantages over cement mortar lining.

The preferred external coating for buried steel pipeline is prefabricated polyolefin
tape coating as per AWWA C 214-07. It is the general practice that special sections,

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miter bends, tees, connections, fittings in buried steel pipeline network should be
coated externally, with prefabricated polyolefin tape coating as per AWWA C 209-00.

2. Comparative Assessment of Pipe Materials for BDS

The three pipe materials discussed have their own distinct advantages and
disadvantages. However, for the present purposes the pipe materials have been
comparatively assessed in terms of the following factors – transportation; laying and
joining; strength, operation and maintenance (including availability of spare parts)
and initial investment costs. The comparative table below summarizes the
advantages and disadvantages of the three pipe materials:
Pipe Material Advantages Disadvantages
PE100  PE100 pipes are relatively lighter  The pressure rating of the larger
in unit weight and easier to diameter pipes is limited.
transport.  To ensure the pipeline has good
 The internal surface is much structural properties, a high standard
smoother resulting in higher “C” of bedding is required.
value or lower resistance.  Without good storage conditions
 Repair and maintenance is plastic pipes deteriorate, and storage
relatively easy of materials for future repairs may be
 More suited for conveyance of difficult.
potable water.  Butt-fusion welding of joints needs
 Greater laying flexibility and special equipment and skill.
requires average bedding  Cost for unit length for larger
requirements. diameter pipes is extremely high.
DI (K9 Class)  Pipes are relatively strong and  Restrained joint can be provided by
can withstand large external most manufactures where the pipes
loads with modest bedding. are to withstand some longitudinal
 The majority of standard pipes forces; however, generally anchor
and fittings can handle (thrust) blocks are required.
pressures up to 16 Bar.  Unit weight of pipes is generally
 The flexible joint system means higher than PE and MS Spiral Weld
that earthquake movements can Pipes.
be accommodated.  Transportation cost can be relatively
 The strength of the pipes means higher.
they are less likely to be  Per unit cost of DI pipes in
damaged than other materials. comparison with MS Spiral Weld
 Ductile iron pipes can be laid Pipes is similar, but becomes
quicker with short lengths of cheaper for larger diameter pipes.
trench causing less disruption to
road traffic.
 The system can be modified and
additional facilities easily added
to the pipe network.
 Ductile iron pipes are semi-rigid
pipes and generally do not
require bedding to be of as high
a standard as PE or MS pipes.
MS Spiral Weld  Steel pipes have the advantage  The joints are generally welded
Pipes that they can be designed for giving little tolerance for ground
any pressure and this can result movement or for making on-site
in cost savings. adjustment to the pipeline alignment

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Pipe Material Advantages Disadvantages

 The pipes can be designed to during installation.
withstand considerable  Welding the joint in the trench will
longitudinal forces eliminating require a large excavation at each
the need for anchor (thrust) joint to allow access for the welder to
blocks in most cases. make the joint. For the larger pipes it
 Improved capacity and flow will take a day to make each joint.
characteristics are in utilizing
 The pipes require a good standard of
liquid Epoxy Coating, which
gives higher “C” factor. bedding to ensure deflections are not
 Liquid Epoxy coating offer very excessive.
much reduced weight and have  Addition of new sections of pipeline
longer life. to an existing steel system requires
specialist skills in welding.
 Lined and coated pipes from
manufacturers are usually
transported in 40ft trailers to carry
pipe lengths of 12 meters.
 Because of the special need of MS
Spiral Weld Pipes internal and
external coatings especially at joints
has to be carried out by specialists.
 MS Spiral Welded Pipes’ unit costs
are similar to that of DI pipes, but are
slightly costlier for larger diameter
pipes.

A comparison of the three pipes with reference to their unit costs and weight is
presented in the charts below. The unit costs have been obtained from various
sources including the web. PE pipe rates for large diameters are high in comparison
because they follow British and European standards.

Bulk Transmission Pipe Costs

4000
3500
3000
2500
PE100
US $/m

2000 DI - K9
1500 MS Spiral
1000
500
0
600 800 900 1000 1200 1400 1500
Diameter (mm)

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Bulk Transmission Main Comparative Weight

700.00
600.00
500.00
400.00 PE100
Kg/m

300.00 DI - K9
MS Spiral Weld
200.00
100.00
0.00
600 800 900 1000120014001500
Diameter (mm)

3. BDS Pipe Material Recommendation

After considering all the issues related to construction, maintenance and investment
of the three pipe materials discussed above, it has been decided that DI pipes of K9
class conforming to ISO 2531 (1998) and EN 545 (1995) be used for all bulk
transmission mains, ring and transversal mains including distribution pipes greater
than 300 mm diameter considering their longevity, ease in construction and laying
and relative investment requirement.

Evaluation of Pipe Materials for Distribution Network

4. Pipeline Material Introduction

For pipes used in water supply conveyance and distribution, a number of materials
exist including Ductile Iron (DI), Galvanized Iron (GI), PVC, Polyethylene (PE) and
Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP), among many others. Several studies in the past
have made specific recommendations based on the pipe size to be used and the soil
conditions and experience of local craftsman in laying and joining distribution network
pipes. Other considerations like cost ease in installation and better performance over
a long period of time also needs to be assessed.

For the current study, it seemed prudent that a brief comparative assessment of
major pipe materials for distribution network pipes be considered before
recommending particular materials for subsequent use and implementation. The
following comparison is for the most appropriate materials to be considered for the
Distribution Network Improvement (DNI), i.e., DI, PE, GI, and uPVC. These materials
are compared for their relative ease in transportation, installation and laying, material
and laying costs, availability of fittings, internal and external coating and operation
and long term maintenance.

A. Ductile Iron (DI) Pipes

Ductile Iron pipes have been extensively used for water works throughout the world
because of the flexibility and ease in installation, pressure ratings, longevity and
resistance to different soil conditions. The most common type of DI pipes are the K9

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class conforming to ISO 2531 (1998) and EN 545 (2006). The principal properties of
the ductile iron is a yield stress of over 300 MPa, tensile strength of over 420 MPa,
elongation of over 10%, and Brinell hardness less than 230. The impact strength of
DI pipes is exceptional and allows a variation in pipe alignment up to 4%; depending
upon pipe diameter. Normally, DI pipes are available for diameters ranging from 80
mm to 1200 mm. Normal allowable operating pressure for K9 class pipes range from
30 to 60 kg/cm2. The internal surface of DI pipes is coated with cement mortar lining,
which is applied by centrifugal process. Similarly, the external protective coating of DI
pipes is zinc plus bitumen. This provides a high degree of protection against most
soil conditions. Other features of DI pipes shall be similar to the earlier description
made under BDS pipe material options.

B. Polyethylene (PE) Pipes

Polyethylene pipes are extensively used in Nepal for their flexibility and ease in
laying. Internationally, PE pipes are designed, manufactured and supplied under a
BS EN ISO 9001:2000 accredited Quality Management System. Two most common
types of PE pipes used are PE80 and PE 100. However, in Nepal PE or HDPE, as it
is more commonly known, is manufactured as per NS 40 – 2040 or relevant Indian
Standards of IS 4984 – 1978. PE / HDPE pipes are generally manufactured in pipe
diameters ranging from 20 – 110 mm under pressure ranges from 2.5 – 10 kg/cm2.
However, HDPE pipes of larger diameters, i.e. 110 mm onwards are also
manufactured, if required in Nepal.

C. Galvanized Iron Pipes (GI)

Galvanized Iron (GI) pipes are also extensively used in pipe distribution systems in
Nepal. Although imported in the past, GI pipes are manufactured in the country
conforming to NS 199 – 2046 or relevant Indian Standards of IS: 1239 (Part I) - 2004.
GI pipes are normally available in pipe diameter range of 15 – 100mm, but can be
manufactured for greater diameters of 125 and 150mm. There are three pressure
classes under which GI pipes are manufactures – Light, Medium and Heavy.
However, only Medium and Heavy classes of GI pipes are recommended for use in
reticulated water systems with working pressure of 15 and 20 kg/cm2.

D. Unplasticized PVC Pipes

More recently uPVC pipes are being used in urban water systems, as they are
available in large range of pipe diameters and pressure classes. Although there are a
few manufacturers of uPVC pipes in the country, most pipes are imported from India.
uPVC pipes conform to either NS 206 – 2046 or IS 4985 – 2000. They are available
in pipe diameters ranging from 20 mm to over 300 mm and in pressure classes
ranging from 2.5 – 15 kg/cm2. Use of such pipes in pipe network systems in Nepal is
relatively new.

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5. Comparative Assessment of Pipe Materials

The four pipe materials discussed have their own distinct advantages and
disadvantages. However, for the present purposes the pipe materials have been
comparatively assessed in terms of the following factors – transportation; laying and
joining; strength, operation and maintenance (including availability of spare parts)
and initial investment costs. The comparative table below summarizes the
advantages and disadvantages of the four pipe materials:

Pipe Material Advantages Disadvantages

DI (K9 Class)  Pipes are relatively strong and can  Restrained joint can be provided by
withstand large external loads with most manufactures where the pipes
modest bedding. are to withstand some longitudinal
 The majority of standard pipes and forces; however, generally anchor
fittings can handle pressures up to (thrust) blocks are required.
16 Bar.  Unit weight of pipes is generally
 The flexible joint system means that higher than PE and PVC Pipes.
earthquake movements can be  Transportation cost can be relatively
accommodated. higher.
 The strength of the pipes means  Per unit cost of DI pipes in
they are less likely to be damaged. comparison with GI Pipes is similar,
 Ductile iron pipes can be laid quicker but becomes cheaper for larger
with short lengths of trench causing diameter pipes.
less disruption to road traffic.
 The system can be modified and
additional facilities easily added to
the pipe network.
 Ductile iron pipes are semi-rigid
pipes and generally do not require
bedding to be of as high a standard
as PE or PVC pipes.
PE100 / HDPE  PE100 pipes are relatively lighter in  The pressure rating of the larger
unit weight and easier to transport. diameter pipes is limited.
 The internal surface is much  Without good storage conditions
smoother resulting in higher “C” plastic pipes deteriorate, and storage
value or lower resistance. of materials for future repairs may be
 Repair and maintenance is relatively difficult.
easy  Butt-fusion welding of joints needs
 More suited for conveyance of special equipment and skill.
potable water.  Susceptible to damage by rodents
 Greater laying flexibility and requires and creatures of that nature.
average bedding requirements.
GI Pipes  Higher working pressure  Poorly galvanized pipes very
 Available in diameters ranging from susceptible to corrosion and hence
15mm to 150 mm leakage.
 GI Pipes are readily available in  Leakage from badly joined pipe ends
Nepal and are locally manufactured. and fittings.
 Local plumbers are conversant in the  Relatively heavier than uPVC and PE
use and installation of GI pipes. pipes.
 Not susceptible to damage by  Susceptible to underground soil
rodents and other such creatures. conditions and requires better

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Pipe Material Advantages Disadvantages

 Generally resistant to external protection.
weather conditions
uPVC Pipes  uPVC pipes are relatively lighter in  The pressure rating of the larger
unit weight and easier to transport. diameter pipes is limited.
 The internal surface is much  To ensure the pipeline has good
smoother resulting in higher “C” structural properties, a good standard
value or lower resistance. of bedding is required.
 Suited for conveyance of potable  Without good storage conditions
water. plastic pipes deteriorate and storage
 uPVC pipes are rigid enough for of materials for future repairs may be
threading and joining works similar difficult.
to GI pipes.  Laying and joining of uPVC pipes
requires better skills and joining
materials.

A comparison of the three pipe materials in relation to their unit costs is presented in
the chart below.

As it is evident from the chart, DI pipe is more cost effective for large diameter pipes
of distribution systems. While the other pipes; PE, GI and uPVC, of diameters above
150mm need to be specially ordered. In terms of cost, DI and GI pipes are more
costly, while PE and uPVC pipes are relatively cheaper.

6. Pipe Material Recommendation for Distribution Network

For the present DNI works it is recommended that all pipes of sizes DN 150 and
above shall be DI. While for smaller diameter pipes including those for house
connections, non-metallic pipes – i.e. PE and uPVC are recommended for use. As
the quality of galvanization of locally available GI pipes usually is not of good
standards, use of GI pipes should be avoided to the maximum extent possible.

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Appendix 1
Annex 2 - TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)

Objective: To guide the proponent or consultant in the preparation of Environmental

Assessment report of the desired quality.
Why:
 Listing of activities to be performed
 Systematising working procedures
 Specific activities to be performed
 Fitting the study within the policy and legal context
 Accomplishing the work within the time frame
 Providing technical guidance to the proponent/consultant
When:
 TOR approval by concerned authority before carrying out EA.
Content:
1. Introduction: background and purpose of the proposal, study boundary, responsible
party for preparing the EA report, policy and legal requirements, and EA-related
guidelines.
2. Scope of work to be considered during the study.
3. Alternatives
4. Institutional and public involvement: how they should be involved.
5. Required information: major tasks, study schedule, reviews, study team, costs, data
and information.
6. Analysis of impacts: Positive and negative impacts, identification, prediction and
evaluation of impacts using necessary methods and techniques.
7. Impact mitigation and monitoring: environmental management plan, monitoring plan
and monitoring costs.
8. Conclusions and recommendations
9. References
10. Annexes
11. Need for Executive Summary (both in English and Nepali).

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Department of Water Supply Asian Development Bank

and Sewerage
Ministry of Physical Planning and Works
Government of Nepal

SMALL TOWNS WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT

GRANT NO. 0157 - NEP

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION FOR XXX SUB-PROJECT

TERMS OF REFERENCE

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CONTENTS

Page

1. ORGANISATION PREPARING THE TERMS OF REFERENCE 1

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 1

3. METHODOLOGY 1

3.1 Environmental assessment 1

3.2 Socio-economic assessment 2
4. POLICIES, LAWS, RULES AND DIRECTIVES 2

5. TIME ESTIMATED, BUDGET, AND SPECIALISTS/EXPERTS REQUIRED3

5.1 Time
5.2 Estimated budget 3
5.3 Specialists/experts required 3

6. SCOPE OF WORK 4
7. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 4
8. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT 4
9. MITIGATION MEASURES 4
11. DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
MANAGEMENT PLAN TO MITIGATE ADVERSE IMPACTS 4
12. REPORTS 5
13. RELEVANT INFORMATION 5

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Terms of Reference for the XXX Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation Projects
1. Organisation preparing the Terms of Reference
The Environment Protection Regulations of 1997 have been amended on 5 April
1999 wherein it has been mentioned that a ToR for an IEE is required.

This ToR for the Initial Environmental Examination has been prepared by YYY in for
the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works, Department of
Water Supply and Sewerage (DWSS). This ToR is a part of the consulting services
as agreed to between the proponent, DWSS and the Consultant.

2. Description of the Project and Project Background

Describe the existing water supply and sanitation systems and drainage of the town.
3. Methodology
 prepare a comprehensive database on the corridor of influence on the bio-physical
and the socio-economic environment.
 secondary data will have to be collected from published and unpublished reports,
maps, aerial photographs, newspaper articles, etc. from different Governmental and
non-governmental organisations.
 Questionnaires/checklists/matrices for collection of primary data will be prepared
for both the bio-physical and socio-economic assessments.
Consultant will provide a description of relevant parts of the Project, using maps
with appropriate scale and photographs and aerial photos where necessary,
including the following information: location, alignment and alternatives, design
standards, pre-construction activities, construction activities, post-construction
activities, work schedule, staffing and support facilities and services.
 Information on mitigation costs associated with construction activities (during
design, construction and operation and maintenance activities) should also be
included.
3.1 Environmental assessment

 Existing environmental constraints and potential impacts in the Project area have to
be studied through field surveys, complemented by secondary information from
reports and interviews with a number of government officials, representatives of
NGO and International Organisations’ (IO) supported projects and researchers.

 The Consultant will collect primary and secondary data, evaluate them and
describe the relevant environmental characteristics of the area along the pipeline
routes and its corridor of influence, including the following information:
(a) Physical Environment: topography, soils, climate and meteorology, geology,
surface and ground water hydrology, noise, air and water quality
 Engineering Design Guidelines

(b) Biological Environment: flora, fauna, rare and endangered species, religious
trees and sensitive habitats (including parks or reserves)
 The Consultant will develop all necessary documents for field visit and collect
data with the help of the survey team. It is suggested that the IEE team go to the
field and work as a team and not dispersed at different times.

3.2 Socio-economic assessment

 Social assessment of the projects tries to determine the social implications (issues)
in terms of assumed positive and negative impacts related to location, design,
construction and operation. Preparation and actual implementation of the
construction activities will create some nuisance and inconvenience for the
communities in the area.
 Primary data should be obtained through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) with
communities along the pipeline routes under consideration. Additional data should
be collected from the various Committees (VDCs, DDCs, NGOs, community
groups etc.) through whose territory the respective pipe alignments pass.
 The Consultant will collect primary and secondary data, evaluate them and
describe the relevant environmental characteristics of the area along the
proposed alignment and its corridor of influence, including the following
information:

population, land use, planned development activities, community structure,

government services, demography, employment, distribution of income and
source of livelihood, goods and services produced, water supply, public health,
education, extension services, cultural sites and heritage, tribal people, customs,
aspirations and attitudes, expected water users and those benefiting from it,
different needs and demands of VDCs, and the present Quality of Life (QoL) etc.
4. Policies, laws, rules and directives

 The Consultant will describe the pertinent regulations and standards that govern
environmental quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas and
endangered species etc. at international, regional, district, VDC and Ward levels.
 Nepal is a signatory to many international conventions, including those
concerning habitat, bio-diversity and cultural heritage protection. These issues
should be considered during the IEE and their avoidance/ mitigation measures
should be identified.
 The IEE should also be conducted in compliance with the following GON Acts,
Regulations and Guidelines:
 Policy Guidelines of Ninth Five Year Plan, HMG/N, Planning Commission, 1998
 1998/1999 Fiscal Policy Guidelines, Ministry of Finance, HMG/N, 1998
 Environment Protection Act, 1996

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 Environment Protection Regulations, 1997

 First Amendment to the Environment Protection Regulations, 1999
 National EIA Guidelines, 1993
 Draft EIA Guidelines for the Road Sector, 1997
 EIA Guidelines for the Forestry Sector, 1995
 Forest Act, 2049 and Forest Regulations, 2050
 Land Acquisition Act, 2034
 The IEE will also take into consideration ADB’s “Safeguard Policy Statement”
(SPS 2009).

5. Time, estimated budget, and specialists required

5.1 Time

After the approval of the ToR, it is expected that the approximate time needed to
complete the final IEE report will be 6 weeks as follows:

ACTIVITY DURATION

1. Desk-top study 1 week

2. Field study 2 weeks

3. Data compilation 1 week

4. Draft IEE Report 1 week

5. Final IEE Report 1 week

5.2 Estimated budget

A budget of approximately Rs. ……..will be required to complete the IEE for the
Project.

5.3 Specialists/Expertise required

The IEE studies require a multidisciplinary team of experts for the bio-physical and
socio-economic assessments. The following team is proposed:

 Environmental Specialist

 Geologist

 Botanist/Forester

 Sociologist

 Water Supply and Sanitary Engineer

Three to four enumerators will also be required to help the team.

6. Scope of work

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 Engineering Design Guidelines

The Bank’s Guidelines and MoPE’s “Environment Protection Regulations 2054”

broadly define the scope of work required in the IEE.

7. Anticipated impacts of the Proposed Project

A distinction will have to be made between potentially significant positive and

adverse impacts, direct and indirect impacts and immediate and long-term impacts.
Impacts that are unavoidable or irreversible will have to be identified. Wherever
possible, the significant impacts are to be quantified in terms of environmental costs
and benefits.

Potential physical, biological and social impacts should be considered.

8. Analysis of Alternatives to the Proposed Project

Alternative alignments to the proposed project to meet the same project objectives
will have to be described (siting, design, technology choice, construction techniques,
operation and maintenance). Alternatives in terms of potential environmental
impacts, capital and operating costs and institutional training and monitoring
requirements should be described. Costs and benefits of each alternative should be
quantified (wherever possible), incorporating the estimated costs of any associated
mitigation measures.

9. Mitigation Measures

Mitigation measures for adverse potential impacts due to location, design,

construction and post-construction will have to be proposed. Mitigation measures will
have to be incorporated from the planning stage onwards. These measures should
be outlined in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and the Resettlement
Plan (RP).

11. Development of an Environmental Management Plan to Mitigate Adverse

Impacts
An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has a dual purpose. It is designed to
monitor the contractor’s work during project implementation. It helps to check
contractual compliance with specified mitigation measures. It also helps in making
periodic checks on the actual environmental impacts of the Project over the years
following completion of the works, and compare these with those impacts anticipated
at the time of Project appraisal.
The EMP therefore provides the necessary feedback required for correcting
potentially serious Project deficiencies, and for planning of other projects. Feasible
and cost-effective measures to prevent/mitigate/reduce significant negative impacts
should be recommended in an Environmental Monitoring Management Plan, outlining
construction and post-construction measures. The impacts and costs associated with
implementing the measures will have to be detailed. Issues related to compensation
of affected parties for impacts that cannot be mitigated will have to be considered.
The EMP will include proposed work programs, budget estimates, schedules, staffing

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 Engineering Design Guidelines

and training requirements and other support services to implement the mitigating
measures.

A detailed Resettlement Action Plan (covering compensation and/or resettlement) for

the Project Affected Persons should be prepared in addressing the socio-economic
impacts
12. Reports
The format for the IEE report should include the following:
1. Executive summary (in English and Nepali)
2. Table of contents
3. List of tables
4. List of figures/photographs
5. Appendices
6. List of Abbreviations
7. Acknowledgement
8. Introduction
9. Description of project
10. Description of the environment
11. Anticipated environmental impacts and mitigation measures
12. Analysis of alternatives with and without project situations
13. Information disclosure, consultation, and participation
14. Grievance and redress mechanism
15. Environmental management plan
16. Conclusions and recommendations
17. References
18. Annexes
13. Relevant information
Tables, figures, maps, photographs and references that should be included in the
IEE report.

ANNEX 3

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Appendix 2
IEE REPORT FORMAT
Executive Summaries in Nepali and English

A. INTRODUCTION

1 Name and address of the individual institution preparing the report

a. Name of the proposal

b. Name and address of the proponent

c. Consultant preparing the report

2. Basis and extent of the IEE study

a. ADB Policy

b. National Laws, Policies, Acts, Regulations, Standards and Guidelines

d. Objectives and Scope of the Environmental Study

e. Relevancy of the Project

f. Approach and Methodology

B. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

1. Existing Water Supply, Sanitation and Drainage Infrastructure

a. Water Supply

b. Sanitation

c. Drainage

1. Type, category and need of the Subprojects

2. Size or magnitude of operation

3. Proposed schedule for implementation

4. Description of the Subprojects

Table: Components of Subprojects

Infrastructure Function Description Location

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C. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

1. Physical Resources
Topography
Geology and soils, seismology
Climate and air quality
Water Resources
Surface water and quality
Groundwater and quality

2. Ecological Resources
National Parks and protected areas
Forests (including rare or endangered species)
Flora
Fauna
Fisheries/aquatic biology
3. Social and cultural resources
Population and communities
Health facilities
Educational facilities
Socio-economic conditions (community structure, family structure, social well-being)
Physical or cultural heritage
Employment
Slums and Squatter Settlements

1 Economic Development and Prospects for Growth

Land Use

Infrastructure
Transportation
Drinking Water Supply
Surface Drainage, Sanitation & Sewerage
Electricity
Communications

Economic Characteristics

Industries
Agricultural development
Mineral development
Tourism development

Development organisations
Major Environmental Problems

Health and Sanitation

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D. Anticipated Environmental Impacts AND MITIGATION MEASURES

1 Pre-construction Phase

a. Environmental impacts due to project design

2 Construction Phase

a. Environmental impacts due to project construction

i. Physical Environment
ii. Biological Environment
iii. Socio-Economic and Cultural Environment

Compensation and rehabilitation as per the Resettlement Plan (RP)

Reinstatement of damaged community services and infrastructure
Influx of outside workforce, money and unwanted activities
Health and safety
a. Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
b. Community Health and Safety
Dislocation of archaeological artifacts
Traffic management

3 Operational Phase
Table: Summary of mitigation measures for Subproject Components
Proposed
Potential Environmental Institutional Cost
Project Stage Project Activity Mitigation
Impacts Responsibility (Rs)
Measures
Pre-Project
Activity (Project
Design)
Preparation for
construction

Construction
Phase: Physical
Environment
Construction
Phase:
Biological
Environment
Construction
Phase: Socio-
Economic
Environment

Operational
Phase

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4 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES WITH AND WITHOUT PROJECT

SITUATIONS

5 INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION, AND PARTICIPATION

6 GRIEVANCE AND REDRESS MECHANISM

7 MATTERS TO BE MONITORED WHILE IMPLEMENTING THE

PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

c. Mitigation and monitoring

Table 1: Monitoring Requirements
Impacts / Project Monitoring Plan
Activities

Environmental Mitigating Parameters to be

Measures Location Measurements Responsibility Frequency Cost
Impact monitored

Design Phase

Pre-Construction Activities

Construction Phase: Physical Environment

Construction Phase: Biological Environment

Construction Phase: Socio-economy

Operation Phase

a. Construction Phase

b. Operation Phase
1. Environmental Procedures and Institutions
2. Grievance and Redress Mechanism
3. Potential Environmental Enhancement Measures
4. Reporting Procedures
5. Procurement Plan and Cost Estimates
6. Work Plan

8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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9 EXPLANATION OF DETAILS TO BE INCLUDED IN THE CHAPTERS

OF AN IEE

REPORT AS PER ADB REQUIREMENTS

Outline of an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) Report

1. An initial environmental examination (IEE) report is required for all environment

category B projects. Its level of detail and comprehensiveness is commensurate with
the significance of potential environmental impacts and risks.

2. A typical IEE report contains many of the same major elements as an EIA, but may
have a narrower scope and depth of analysis. The substantive aspects of this outline
will guide the preparation of IEE reports, although not necessarily in the order shown.

A. Executive Summary
This section describes concisely the critical facts, significant findings, and
recommended actions.

B. Policy, Legal, and Administrative Framework

This section summarizes the national and local legal and institutional framework
within which the environmental assessment is carried out. It also identifies project-
relevant international environmental agreements to which the country is a party.

C. Description of the Project

This section describes the proposed project; its major components; and its geographic,
ecological, social, and temporal context, including any associated facility required by
and for the project (for example, access roads, power plants, water supply, quarries
and borrow pits, and spoil disposal). It normally includes drawings and maps showing
the project’s layout and components, the project site, and the project's area of
influence.

D. Description of the Environment (Baseline Data)

This section describes relevant physical, biological, and socioeconomic conditions
within the study area, and may be based largely on secondary data if relevant and
accurate secondary data is available. It also looks at current and proposed
development activities within the project's area of influence, including those not
directly connected to the project. It indicates the accuracy, reliability, and sources of
the data.

E. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

This section predicts and assesses the project's likely positive and negative direct and
indirect impacts to physical, biological, socioeconomic (including occupational health
and safety, community health and safety, vulnerable groups and gender issues, and
impacts on livelihoods through environmental media [Appendix 2, para. 6]), and
physical cultural resources in the project's area of influence, in quantitative terms to
the extent possible; identifies mitigation measures and any residual negative impacts

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that cannot be mitigated; explores opportunities for enhancement; identifies and

estimates the extent and quality of available data, key data gaps, and uncertainties
associated with predictions and specifies topics that do not require further attention;
and examines global, transboundary, and cumulative impacts as appropriate. It is
expected that an IEE will based on less rigorous impact assessment methodologies
than an EIA. For example, an EIA might be based on predictive modeling, while an
IEE might utilize expert opinion.

F. Information Disclosure, Consultation, and Participation

This section:
(i) describes the process undertaken during project design and preparation
for engaging stakeholders, including information disclosure and
consultation with affected people and other stakeholders;
(ii) summarizes comments and concerns received from affected people and
other stakeholders and how these comments have been addressed in
project design and mitigation measures, with special attention paid to
the needs and concerns of vulnerable groups, including women, the
poor, and Indigenous Peoples; and
(iii) describes the planned information disclosure measures (including the
type of information to be disseminated and the method of
dissemination) and the process for carrying out consultation with
affected people and facilitating their participation during project
implementation.

G. Grievance Redress Mechanism

This section describes the grievance redress framework (both informal and formal
channels), setting out the time frame and mechanisms for resolving complaints about
environmental performance.

H. Environmental Management Plan

This section deals with the set of mitigation and management measures to be taken
during project implementation to avoid, reduce, mitigate, or compensate for adverse
environmental impacts (in that order of priority). It may include multiple management
plans and actions. It includes the following key components (with the level of detail
commensurate with the project’s impacts and risks):

(i) Mitigation:
(a) identifies and summarizes anticipated significant adverse
environmental impacts and risks;
(b) describes each mitigation measure with technical details,
including the type of impact to which it relates and the
conditions under which it is required (for instance,
continuously or in the event of contingencies), together with
designs, equipment descriptions, and operating procedures, as
appropriate; and
(c) provides links to any other mitigation plans (for example, for
involuntary resettlement, Indigenous Peoples, or emergency
response) required for the project.

(ii) Monitoring:

Page 11
 Engineering Design Guidelines

(a) describes monitoring measures with technical details, including

parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling
locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits and
definition of thresholds that will signal the need for corrective
actions; and
(b) describes monitoring and reporting procedures to ensure early
detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation
measures and document the progress and results of mitigation.

(iii) Implementation arrangements:

(a) specifies the implementation schedule showing phasing and
coordination with overall project implementation;
(b) describes institutional or organizational arrangements, namely,
who is responsible for carrying out the mitigation and
monitoring measures, which may include one or more of the
following additional topics to strengthen environmental
management capability: technical assistance programs, training
programs, procurement of equipment and supplies related to
environmental management and monitoring, and organizational
changes; and
(c) Estimates capital and recurrent costs and describes sources of
funds for implementing the environmental management plan.

(iv) Performance indicators: describes the desired outcomes as measurable

events to the extent possible, such as performance indicators, targets,
or acceptance criteria that can be tracked over defined time periods.

I. Conclusion and Recommendations

This section provides the conclusions drawn from the assessment and provides
recommendations.

Page 12
 Engineering Design Guidelines

RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (REA) CHECKLISTS

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions:

(i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a
project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the
Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES) for endorsement by the Director, RSES and
for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social
dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary
resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to
consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify
potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title:

Sector Division:

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

A. Project Siting

Is the project area…

 Densely populated?

 Heavy with development activities?

 Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas?

 Cultural heritage site

 Protected Area

 Wetland

Page 13
 Engineering Design Guidelines

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

 Mangrove

 Estuarine

 Buffer zone of protected area

 Special area for protecting biodiversity

 Bay

B. Potential Environmental Impacts

Will the Project cause…

 pollution of raw water supply from upstream wastewater discharge from

communities, industries, agriculture, and soil erosion runoff?

 impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas and loss/damage to these sites?

 hazard of land subsidence caused by excessive ground water pumping?

 social conflicts arising from displacement of communities ?

 conflicts in abstraction of raw water for water supply with other beneficial
water uses for surface and ground waters?

 unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g. excessive pathogens or mineral constituents)?

 delivery of unsafe water to distribution system?

 inadequate protection of intake works or wells, leading to pollution of water supply?

 over pumping of ground water, leading to salinization and ground subsidence?

 excessive algal growth in storage reservoir?

 increase in production of sewage beyond capabilities of community facilities?

 inadequate disposal of sludge from water treatment plants?

 inadequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment plants to alleviate noise and
other possible nuisances and protect facilities?

 impairments associated with transmission lines and access roads?

 health hazards arising from inadequate design of facilities for receiving, storing, and
handling of chlorine and other hazardous chemicals.

 health and safety hazards to workers from handling and management of chlorine
used for disinfection, other contaminants, and biological and physical hazards
during project construction and operation?

Page 14
 Engineering Design Guidelines

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

 dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people?

 disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or

other vulnerable groups?

 noise and dust from construction activities?

 increased road traffic due to interference of construction activities?

 continuing soil erosion/silt runoff from construction operations?

 delivery of unsafe water due to poor O&M treatment processes (especially mud
accumulations in filters) and inadequate chlorination due to lack of adequate
monitoring of chlorine residuals in distribution systems?

 delivery of water to distribution system, which is corrosive due to inadequate

attention to feeding of corrective chemicals?

 accidental leakage of chlorine gas?

 excessive abstraction of water affecting downstream water users?

 competing uses of water?

 increased sewage flow due to increased water supply

 increased volume of sullage (wastewater from cooking and washing) and

sludge from wastewater treatment plant

 large population influx during project construction and operation that causes
increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and
sanitation systems)?

 social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries are hired?

 risks to community health and safety due to the transport, storage, and use and/or
disposal of materials such as explosives, fuel and other chemicals during operation
and construction?

 community safety risks due to both accidental and natural hazards, especially where
the structural elements or components of the project are accessible to members of
the affected community or where their failure could result in injury to the
community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning?

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions Yes No Remarks

The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They are included in
this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks.

 Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides,

tropical cyclone winds, storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate
changes (see Appendix I)?

 Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or extreme events patterns over the

Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (e.g., changes in rainfall
patterns disrupt reliability of water supply; sea level rise creates salinity intrusion
into proposed water supply source)?

 Are there any demographic or socio-economic aspects of the Project area that are
already vulnerable (e.g.,high incidence of marginalized populations, rural-urban
migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)?

Page 15
 Engineering Design Guidelines

 Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster vulnerability of the
surrounding area (e.g., by using water from a vulnerable source that is relied upon
by many user groups, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)?

* Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.

Page 16
 SEWAGE
TREATMENT
page 17 of 106

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions:

(i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project.
It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and
Safeguards Division (RSES) for endorsement by the Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief
Compliance Officer.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are
adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and
Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and
participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential
impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title:

Sector Division:

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

B. Project Siting

Is the project area…

 Densely populated?

 Heavy with development activities?

 Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas?

 Cultural heritage site

 Protected Area

 Wetland

 Mangrove

Page 17
 SEWAGE
TREATMENT
page 18 of 106

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

 Estuarine

 Buffer zone of protected area

 Special area for protecting biodiversity

 Bay

A. Potential Environmental Impacts

Will the Project cause…

 impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas and

loss/damage to these sites?

 interference with other utilities and blocking of access to

buildings; nuisance to neighboring areas due to noise, smell,
and influx of insects, rodents, etc.?

 dislocation or involuntary resettlement of

people?

 disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children,

Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups?

 impairment of downstream water quality due to inadequate

sewage treatment or release of untreated sewage?

 overflows and flooding of neighboring properties with raw

sewage?

 environmental pollution due to inadequate sludge

disposal or industrial waste discharges illegally
disposed in sewers?

 noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil works?

 risks and vulnerabilities related to occupational health and

safety due to physical, chemical,and biological hazards
during project construction and operation?

 discharge of hazardous materials into sewers, resulting in

damage to sewer system and danger to workers?

Page 18
 SEWAGE
TREATMENT
page 19 of 106

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

 inadequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment plants
to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances, and protect
facilities?

 road blocking and temporary flooding due to land excavation

during the rainy season?

 noise and dust from construction activities?

 traffic disturbances due to construction material transport and

wastes?

 temporary silt runoff due to construction?

 hazards to public health due to overflow flooding, and

groundwater pollution due to failure of sewerage system?

 deterioration of water quality due to inadequate sludge

disposal or direct discharge of untreated sewage water?

 contamination of surface and ground waters due to sludge

disposal on land?

 health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and

hazardous materials which maybe contained in confined
areas, sewage flow and exposure to pathogens in untreated
sewage and unstabilized sludge?

 large population increase during project construction and

operation that causes increased burden on social
infrastructure (such as sanitation system)?

 social conflicts between construction workers from other

areas and community workers?

 risks to community health and safety due to the transport,

storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as
explosives, fuel and other chemicals during construction and
operation?

 community safety risks due to both accidental and natural

hazards, especially where the structural elements or
components of the project are accessible to members of the
affected community or where their failure could result in
injury to the community throughout project construction,
operation and decommissioning?

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions Y No Remarks

The following questions are not for environmental es
categorization. They are included in this checklist to help
identify potential climate and disaster risks.

Page 19
 SEWAGE
TREATMENT
page 20 of 106

 Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes,

floods, landslides, tropical cyclone winds, storm surges,
tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate changes (see
Appendix I)?

 Could changes in precipitation, temperature, salinity, or

extreme events over the Project lifespan affect its
sustainability or cost?

 Are there any demographic or socio-economic aspects of the

Project area that are already vulnerable (e.g. high incidence
of marginalized populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal
settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)?

 Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster

vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., increasing traffic
or housing in areas that will be more prone to flooding, by
encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)?

1.

Page 20
 SEWAGE
TREATMENT
page 21 of 106

2. Appendix I: Environments, Hazards and Climate Changes

Environ Natural Hazards and Climate Change

ment

Arid/ Low erratic rainfall of up to 500 mm rainfall per annum with periodic droughts and high rainfall
Semi-arid and variability. Low vegetative cover. Resilient ecosystems & complex pastoral and systems, but medium
desert certainty that 10–20% of drylands degraded; 10-30% projected decrease in water availability in next 40
environments years; projected increase in drought duration and severity under climate change. Increased mobilization
of sand dunes and other soils as vegetation cover declines; likely overall decrease in agricultural
productivity, with rain-fed agriculture yield reduced by 30% or more by 2020. Earthquakes and other
geophysical hazards may also occur in these environments.

Humid and sub- More than 500 mm precipitation/yr. Resilient ecosystems & complex human pastoral and
humid plains, cropping systems. 10-30% projected decrease in water availability in next 40 years; projected increase in
foothills and hill
droughts, heatwaves and floods; increased erosion of loess-mantled landscapes by wind and water;
country
increased gully erosion; landslides likely on steeper slopes. Likely overall decrease in agricultural
productivity & compromised food production from variability, with rain-fed agriculture yield reduced by
30% or more by 2020. Increased incidence of forest and agriculture-based insect infestations.
Earthquakes and other geophysical hazards may also occur in these environments.

River valleys/ River basins, deltas and estuaries in low-lying areas are vulnerable to riverine floods, storm
deltas and surges associated with tropical cyclones/typhoons and sea level rise; natural (and human-induced)
estuaries and
subsidence resulting from sediment compaction and ground water extraction; liquefaction of soft
other low-lying
coastal areas sediments as result of earthquake ground shaking. Tsunami possible/likely on some coasts. Lowland agri-
business and subsistence farming in these regions at significant risk.

Small islands Small islands generally have land areas of less than 10,000km2 in area, though Papua New
Guinea and Timor with much larger land areas are commonly included in lists of small island developing
states. Low-lying islands are especially vulnerable to storm surge, tsunami and sea-level rise and,
frequently, coastal erosion, with coral reefs threatened by ocean warming in some areas. Sea level rise is
likely to threaten the limited ground water resources. High islands often experience high rainfall
intensities, frequent landslides and tectonic environments in which landslides and earthquakes are not
uncommon with (occasional) volcanic eruptions. Small islands may have low adaptive capacity and high
adaptation costs relative to GDP.

Mountain Accelerated glacial melting, rockfalls/landslides and glacial lake outburst floods, leading to increased
ecosystems debris flows, river bank erosion and floods and more extensive outwash plains and, possibly, more frequent
wind erosion in intermontane valleys. Enhanced snow melt and fluctuating stream flows may produce
seasonal floods and droughts. Melting of permafrost in some environments. Faunal and floral species
migration. Earthquakes, landslides and other geophysical hazards may also occur in these environments.

Volcanic Recently active volcanoes (erupted in last 10,000 years – see www.volcano.si.edu). Often fertile soils with
environments intensive agriculture and landslides on steep slopes. Subject to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
including pyroclastic flows and mudflows/lahars and/or gas emissions and occasionally widespread ashfall.

Page 21
 Engineering Design Guidelines

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions:

1. The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It
is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and
Safeguards Division (RSES) for endorsement by the Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief
Compliance Officer.
2. This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are
adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and
Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and
participation; and (d) gender checklists.
3. Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential
impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title

Sector Division:

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

A. Project Siting

Is the project area…

 Densely populated?

 Heavy with development activities?

 Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas?

 Cultural heritage site

 Protected Area

 Wetland

 Mangrove

 Estuarine

Page 22
 Engineering Design Guidelines

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

 Buffer zone of protected area

 Special area for protecting biodiversity

 Bay

B. Potential Environmental Impacts

Will the Project cause…

 impacts associated with transport of wastes to the disposal site

or treatment facility

 impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas and

loss/damage to these sites?

 degradation of aesthetic and property value loss?

 nuisance to neighboring areas due to foul odor and influx of insects,

rodents, etc.?

 dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people?

 disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children,

Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups?

 risks and vulnerabilities related occupational health and safety due to

physical, chemical, biological, and radiological hazards during project
construction and operation?

 public health hazards from odor, smoke from fire, and diseases
transmitted by flies, insects, birds and rats?

 deterioration of water quality as a result of contamination of receiving

waters by leacheate from land disposal system?

 contamination of ground and/or surface water by leach ate from land

disposal system?

 land use conflicts?

 pollution of surface and ground water from leach ate coming form
sanitary landfill sites or methane gas produced from decomposition of
solid wastes in the absence of air, which could enter the aquifer or
escape through soil fissures at places far from the landfill site?

 inadequate buffer zone around landfill site to alleviate nuisances?

 road blocking and/or increased traffic during construction of facilities?

 noise and dust from construction activities?

Page 23
 Engineering Design Guidelines

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

 temporary silt runoff due to construction?

 hazards to public health due to inadequate management of landfill site

caused by inadequate institutional and financial capabilities for the
management of the landfill operation?

 emission of potentially toxic volatile organics from land disposal site?

 surface and ground water pollution from leach ate and methane gas
migration?

 loss of deep-rooted vegetation (e.g. tress) from landfill gas?

 explosion of toxic response from accumulated landfill gas in

buildings?

 contamination of air quality from incineration?

 public health hazards from odor, smoke from fire, and diseases
transmitted by flies, rodents, insects and birds, etc.?

 health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and hazardous
materials in the site?

 large population influx during project construction and operation that

causes increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as
water supply and sanitation systems)?

 social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries are hired?

 risks to community health and safety due to the transport, storage, and
use and/or disposal of materials such as explosives, fuel and other
chemicals during construction and operation?

 community safety risks due to both accidental and natural hazards,

especially where the structural elements or components (e.g., landfill
or incinerator) of the project are accessible to members of the affected
community or where their failure could result in injury to the
community throughout project construction, operation and
decommissioning?

Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions Y N Remarks

The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They es o
are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and
disaster risks.

 Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes, floods,

landslides, tropical cyclone winds, storm surges, tsunami or volcanic
eruptions and climate changes (see Appendix I)?

 Could changes in precipitation, temperature, salinity, or extreme

events over the Project lifespan affect its sustainability or cost?

 Are there any demographic or socio-economic aspects of the Project

area that are already vulnerable (e.g. high incidence of marginalized
populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic
minorities, women or children)?

 Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster

vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., increasing traffic or
housing in areas that will be more prone to flooding, by encouraging
settlement in earthquake zones)?

Page 24
Engineering Design Guidelines

Page 25
 Engineering Design Guidelines

3. Appendix I: Environments, Hazards and Climate Changes

Environ Natural Hazards and Climate Change

ment

Arid/ Low erratic rainfall of up to 500 mm rainfall per annum with periodic droughts and high rainfall
Semi-arid and variability. Low vegetative cover. Resilient ecosystems & complex pastoral and systems, but medium certainty
desert that 10–20% of drylands degraded; 10-30% projected decrease in water availability in next 40 years; projected
environments increase in drought duration and severity under climate change. Increased mobilization of sand dunes and
other soils as vegetation cover declines; likely overall decrease in agricultural productivity, with rain-fed
agriculture yield reduced by 30% or more by 2020. Earthquakes and other geophysical hazards may also occur
in these environments.

Humid and sub- More than 500 mm precipitation/yr. Resilient ecosystems & complex human pastoral and cropping
humid plains, systems. 10-30% projected decrease in water availability in next 40 years; projected increase in droughts,
foothills and hill
heatwaves and floods; increased erosion of loess-mantled landscapes by wind and water; increased gully
country
erosion; landslides likely on steeper slopes. Likely overall decrease in agricultural productivity & compromised
food production from variability, with rain-fed agriculture yield reduced by 30% or more by 2020. Increased
incidence of forest and agriculture-based insect infestations. Earthquakes and other geophysical hazards may
also occur in these environments.

River valleys/ River basins, deltas and estuaries in low-lying areas are vulnerable to riverine floods, storm surges
deltas and associated with tropical cyclones/typhoons and sea level rise; natural (and human-induced) subsidence
estuaries and
resulting from sediment compaction and ground water extraction; liquefaction of soft sediments as result of
other low-lying
coastal areas earthquake ground shaking. Tsunami possible/likely on some coasts. Lowland agri-business and subsistence
farming in these regions at significant risk.

Small islands Small islands generally have land areas of less than 10,000km2 in area, though Papua New Guinea
and Timor with much larger land areas are commonly included in lists of small island developing states. Low-
lying islands are especially vulnerable to storm surge, tsunami and sea-level rise and, frequently, coastal
erosion, with coral reefs threatened by ocean warming in some areas. Sea level rise is likely to threaten the
limited ground water resources. High islands often experience high rainfall intensities, frequent landslides and
tectonic environments in which landslides and earthquakes are not uncommon with (occasional) volcanic
eruptions. Small islands may have low adaptive capacity and high adaptation costs relative to GDP.

Mountain Accelerated glacial melting, rockfalls/landslides and glacial lake outburst floods, leading to increased debris
ecosystems flows, river bank erosion and floods and more extensive outwash plains and, possibly, more frequent wind
erosion in intermontane valleys. Enhanced snow melt and fluctuating stream flows may produce seasonal floods
and droughts. Melting of permafrost in some environments. Faunal and floral species migration. Earthquakes,
landslides and other geophysical hazards may also occur in these environments.

Volcanic Recently active volcanoes (erupted in last 10,000 years – see www.volcano.si.edu). Often fertile soils with
environments intensive agriculture and landslides on steep slopes. Subject to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions including
pyroclastic flows and mudflows/lahars and/or gas emissions and occasionally widespread ashfall.

Page 26
 Engineering Design Guidelines

ADB’S RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (REA) CHECKLISTS

WATER SUPPLY

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions:

 This checklist is to be prepared to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached

to the environmental categorization form that is to be prepared and submitted to the Chief Compliance
Officer of the Regional and Sustainable Development Department.

 This checklist is to be completed with the assistance of an Environment Specialist in a Regional

Department.

 This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are
adequately considered, refer also to ADB checklists and handbooks on (i) involuntary resettlement, (ii)
indigenous peoples planning, (iii) poverty reduction, (iv) participation, and (v) gender and development.

 Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential
impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title:

Sector Division:
...................................................................................................................................
REENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS
. Project Siting

Is the project area…

 Densely populated?

 Heavy with development activities?

 Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas?

 Cultural heritage site

 Protected Area

 Wetland

 Mangrove

 Estuarine

Page 27
 Engineering Design Guidelines

REENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

 Buffer zone of protected area

 Special area for protecting biodiversity

 Bay

B. Potential Environmental Impacts

Will the Project cause…
 pollution of raw water supply from upstream wastewater discharge from
communities, industries, agriculture, and soil erosion runoff?
 impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas and loss/damage to these sites?

 hazard of land subsidence caused by excessive ground water pumping?

 social conflicts arising from displacement of communities ?

 conflicts in abstraction of raw water for water supply with other beneficial water uses
for surface and ground waters?
 unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g. excessive pathogens or mineral constituents)?

 delivery of unsafe water to distribution system?

 inadequate protection of intake works or wells, leading to pollution of water supply?

 over pumping of ground water, leading to salination and ground subsidence?

 excessive algal growth in storage reservoir?

 increase in production of sewage beyond capabilities of community facilities?

 inadequate disposal of sludge from water treatment plants?

 inadequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment plants to alleviate noise and other
possible nuisances and protect facilities?
 impairments associated with transmission lines and access roads?

 health hazards arising from inadequate design of facilities for receiving, storing, and
handling of chlorine and other hazardous chemicals.
 health and safety hazards to workers from the management of chlorine used for disinfection
and other contaminants?
 dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people

 social conflicts between construction workers from other areas and community workers?

 noise and dust from construction activities?

 increased road traffic due to interference of construction activities?

 continuing soil erosion/silt runoff from construction operations?

 delivery of unsafe water due to poor O&M treatment processes (especially mud
accumulations in filters) and inadequate chlorination due to lack of adequate monitoring of
chlorine residuals in distribution systems?
 delivery of water to distribution system, which is corrosive due to inadequate attention to
feeding of corrective chemicals?
 accidental leakage of chlorine gas?

 excessive abstraction of water affecting downstream water users?

 competing uses of water?

Page 28
 Engineering Design Guidelines

REENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

 increased sewage flow due to increased water supply

 increased volume of sullage (wastewater from cooking and washing) and sludge
from wastewater treatment plant

Page 29
 Engineering Design Guidelines

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

SEWAGE TREATMENT

Instructions:

 This checklist is to be prepared to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached

to the environmental categorization form that is to be prepared and submitted to the Chief Compliance
Officer of the Regional and Sustainable Development Department.

 This checklist is to be completed with the assistance of an Environment Specialist in a Regional

Department.

 This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are
adequately considered, refer also to ADB checklists and handbooks on (i) involuntary resettlement, (ii)
indigenous peoples planning, (iii) poverty reduction, (iv) participation, and (v) gender and development.

 Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential
impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title:

Sector Division:
...................................................................................................................................
SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS
B. Project Siting

Is the project area…

 Densely populated?

 Heavy with development activities?

 Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas?

 Cultural heritage site

 Protected Area

 Wetland

 Mangrove

 Estuarine

Page 30
 Engineering Design Guidelines

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

 Buffer zone of protected area

 Special area for protecting biodiversity

 Bay

B. Potential Environmental Impacts

Will the Project cause…

 impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas and

loss/damage to these sites?

 interference with other utilities and blocking of access to

buildings; nuisance to neighbouring areas due to noise, smell,
and influx of insects, rodents, etc.?

 dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people

 impairment of downstream water quality due to inadequate

sewage treatment or release of untreated sewage?

 overflows and flooding of neighbouring properties with raw

sewage?

 environmental pollution due to inadequate sludge

disposal or industrial waste discharges illegally disposed
in sewers?

 noise and vibration due to blasting and other civil works?

 discharge of hazardous materials into sewers, resulting in

damage to sewer system and danger to workers?

 inadequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment plants to

alleviate noise and other possible nuisances, and protect
facilities?

 social conflicts between construction workers from other areas

and community workers?

 road blocking and temporary flooding due to land excavation

during the rainy season?

 noise and dust from construction activities?

 traffic disturbances due to construction material transport and

wastes?

 temporary silt runoff due to construction?

 hazards to public health due to overflow flooding, and

groundwater pollution due to failure of sewerage system?

 deterioration of water quality due to inadequate sludge disposal

or direct discharge of untreated sewage water?

Page 31
 Engineering Design Guidelines

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

 contamination of surface and ground waters due to sludge
disposal on land?

 health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and

hazardous materials which maybe contained in sewage flow
and exposure to pathogens in sewage and sludge?

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 Engineering Design Guidelines

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Instructions:

 This checklist is to be prepared to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached

to the environmental categorization form that is to be prepared and submitted to the Chief Compliance
Officer of the Regional and Sustainable Development Department.

 This checklist is to be completed with the assistance of an Environment Specialist in a Regional

Department.

 This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are
adequately considered, refer also to ADB checklists and handbooks on (i) involuntary resettlement, (ii)
indigenous peoples planning, (iii) poverty reduction, (iv) participation, and (v) gender and development.

 Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential
impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title:
Sector Division:
...................................................................................................................................
SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS
A. Project Siting

Is the project area…

 Densely populated?

 Heavy with development activities?

 Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas?

 Cultural heritage site

 Protected Area

 Wetland

 Mangrove

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 Engineering Design Guidelines

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

 Estuarine

 Buffer zone of protected area

 Special area for protecting biodiversity

 Bay

B. Potential Environmental Impacts

Will the Project cause…

 impacts associated with transport of wastes to the disposal site or

treatment facility

 impairment of historical/cultural monuments/areas and loss/damage

to these sites?

 degradation of aesthetic and property value loss?

 nuisance to neighbouring areas due to foul odour and influx of insects,

rodents, etc.?

 dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people

 public health hazards from odour, smoke from fire, and diseases transmitted
by flies, insects, birds and rats?

 deterioration of water quality as a result of contamination of receiving

waters by leacheate from land disposal system?

 contamination of ground and/or surface water by leach ate from land

disposal system?

 land use conflicts?

 pollution of surface and ground water from leach ate coming form sanitary
landfill sites or methane gas produced from decomposition of solid wastes
in the absence of air, which could enter the aquifer or escape through soil
fissures at places far from the landfill site?

 inadequate buffer zone around landfill site to alleviate nuisances?

 social conflicts between construction workers from other areas and

community workers?

 road blocking and/or increased traffic during construction of facilities?

 noise and dust from construction activities?

 temporary silt runoff due to construction?

 hazards to public health due to inadequate management of landfill site

caused by inadequate institutional and financial capabilities for the
management of the landfill operation?

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 Engineering Design Guidelines

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

 emission of potentially toxic volatile organics from land disposal site?

 surface and ground water pollution from leach ate and methane gas
migration?

 loss of deep-rooted vegetation (e.g. tress) from landfill gas?

 explosion of toxic response from accumulated landfill gas in buildings?

 contamination of air quality from incineration?

 public health hazards from odour, smoke from fire, and diseases transmitted
by flies, rodents, insects and birds, etc.?

 health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and hazardous
materials in the site?

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 Engineering Design Guidelines

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Instructions:

 This checklist is to be prepared to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached

to the environmental categorization form that is to be prepared and submitted to the Chief Compliance
Officer of the Regional and Sustainable Development Department.

 This checklist is to be completed with the assistance of an Environment Specialist in a Regional

Department.

 This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are
adequately considered, refer also to ADB checklists and handbooks on (i) involuntary resettlement, (ii)
indigenous peoples planning, (iii) poverty reduction, (iv) participation, and (v) gender and development.

 Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential
impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title:

Sector Division:

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

A. Project Siting

Is the project area

 Densely populated?
 Heavy with development activities?
 Adjacent to or within any environmentally sensitive areas?

 Cultural heritage site

 Protected Area

 Wetland

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 Engineering Design Guidelines

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

 Mangrove

 Estuarine

 Buffer zone of protected area

 Special area for protecting biodiversity

 Bay

B. Potential Environmental Impacts

Will the Project cause…

 impacts on the sustainability of associated sanitation and

solid waste disposal systems and their interactions with
other urban services.
 deterioration of surrounding environmental conditions
due to rapid urban population growth, commercial and
industrial activity, and increased waste generation to the
point that both manmade and natural systems are
overloaded and the capacities to manage these systems
are overwhelmed?

 degradation of land and ecosystems (e.g. loss of wetlands and

wild lands, coastal zones, watersheds and forests)?

 dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people

 degradation of cultural property, and loss of cultural heritage

and tourism revenues?

 occupation of low-lying lands, floodplains and steep hillsides

by squatters and low-income groups, and their exposure to
increased health hazards and risks due to polluting industries?

 water resource problems (e.g. depletion/degradation of

available water supply, deterioration for surface and ground
water quality , and pollution of receiving waters?

 air pollution due to urban emissions?

 social conflicts between construction workers from other areas

and local workers?

 road blocking and temporary flooding due to land excavation

during rainy season?

 noise and dust from construction activities?

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 Engineering Design Guidelines

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

 traffic disturbances due to construction material transport and
wastes?

 temporary silt runoff due to construction?

 hazards to public health due to ambient, household and

occupational pollution, thermal inversion, and smog
formation?

 water depletion and/or degradation?

 overpaying of ground water, leading to land subsidence,

lowered ground water table, and salination?
 contamination of surface and ground waters due to improper
waste disposal?
 pollution of receiving waters resulting in amenity losses,
fisheries and marine resource depletion, and health problems?

Page 38