A SEMINAR REPORT

On
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Submitted to

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING

By

KANCHARLA SAGAR
19J41A0192
Dr.S.ASHOK KUMAR
(Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department )

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An UGC Autonomous Institution, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to
JNTUH,Hyderabad).
Maisammaguda(H), Medchal - Malkajgiri District, Secunderabad, Telangana State –
500100,www.mrec.ac.in

APRIL - 2023
 MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An UGC Autonomous Institution, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad).
Maisammaguda(H), Medchal - Malkajgiri District, Secunderabad, Telangana State –
500100,www.mrec.ac.in

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that seminar work entitled “WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM” is a

bonafide work carried out in the eighth semester by “KANCHARLA
SAGAR(19J41A0455)” in partial ful filment for the award of Bachelor of
Technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering from Malla Reddy
Engineering College, during the academic year 2022 – 2023.

I wish her/ him success in all future endeavors.

Seminar Coordinator Head of Department

Mr. Ram Prasanna Reddy Dr. J. Selwyn Babu
Assistant Professor Professor &HOD

Place:
Date:
ii
 MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Maisammaguda, Secunderabad, Telangana, India 500100

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel ourselves honored and privileged to place our warm salutation to our college Malla
Reddy college of Engineering and Technology of Civil Engineering which gave me the
opportunity to have expert is in engineering and profound technical knowledge.

I would like to deeply thank our Honourable Minister of Telangana State Sri.Ch. Malla
Reddy Garu, Founder Chairman MRGl, the largest cluster of institutions in the state of
Telangana for providing us with all the resources in the college to make our
projectsuccessful.

I wish to convey gratitude to our Principal Dr. A. Ramaswami Reddy, for providing us
with the environment and means to enrich our skills and motivating us and helping s to
realize our full potential.

We wish to convey gratitude to our Dean Dr. B. Sudharshan Reddy, Professer, for
providing us with the environment and means to enrich our skills and motivating me and
helping to realize my full potential.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. J. Selwyn Babu, Professor, HOD, Head of the
Department of Civil Engineering for inspiring me to take up a project on this subject and
success fully guiding me towards its completion

I would also like to thank our project coordinator Mr. Ram Prasanna Reddy, Assistant
Professor, for his kind encouragement and overall guidance in viewing this program as a
good asset with profound gratitude.

I would like to thank all the teaching, non-teaching staff, parents and friends of the
Department of Civil Engineering and all other departments who have been helpful directly
in making the project a success.
Kancharla Sagar
Civil Engineering
19J41A192

iii
 ABSTRACT

This paper concerns for the design of rural water distribution systems in developing countries. Most
of population of India is staying in rural area. At end of nineteen century community is not getting water at
their resident in the village. But water is basic need of human being and it is directly effete on human health.
Indian government is decided to provide safe, regular, and adequate water to the community at their resident.
This paper is helpful to water supply engineers are facing the problem of designing new distribution network
in haphazard developed rural area. For designing of best economical water distribution system LOOP version
4 heuristic software is used with a case study. Design procedure satisfied all constraints with a minimum
total cost. The constraints include residual nodal pressure, velocity of flow in pipe, pipe material, reservoir
level, peak factor, and available commercial pipe diameters. In investigation, it is found that water
distribution network cost occupied almost 70% of the total cost of water supply system. Extensive research
has been done to minimize cost through optimization in design of water distribution network. In addition to
the simulation tool, optimization techniques to identify the least cost design of distribution systems, while
achieving the most equitable distribution of water have been developed.

Keywords: Water distribution system, LOOP version 4 heuristic.

Signature of the Student

Name :K.Sagar
Regn. No :19J41A0192
Semester :IV- II
Branch :Civil Engineering
Date :
\

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter No. Description Page No.

ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF FIGURES vi
1. Introduction 1

2. Literature Review 2

3 Methodology 4

3.1 Layouts of Water Distribution system 4

3.2 Methods of Supplying Water 9

3.3 Method of Water Distribution System 13

4 CONCLUSION 17

REFERENCES 18

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

NO.
3.1 Dead End or Tree System 5

3.2 Radial System 6

3.3 Grid-iron System 7

3.4 Ring System 9

Continuous System of Water Supply
3.5 10
Intermittent System of Water Supply
3.6 12
Gravity System of Water Distribution System
3.7 13
Pumping System of Water Distribution System
3.8 15
Combined Gravity and Pumping System
3.9 16

v
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Drinking water comes from a variety of different sources. As water makes its way
through the hydrologic cycle, it comes back to land in the form of precipitation (rain, sleet,
snow, etc.). Some of it is captured in lakes and rivers, while some of it percolates into the
earth’s surface and becomes groundwater. Groundwater can be pumped back up through
groundwater wells and surface water can be treated and delivered to customers. In order for
water to continue to flow out of the faucet when it is turned on by customers, it requires a
network of pipes, pumps, storage, and other components which make up a distribution
system. The water distribution system is the focus of this chapter. We will identify how
water enters, travels through, and leaves a distribution system. Some of the focal points for
discussion are storage, pipes, pumps, and various appurtenances. Appurtenance is a general
term used to describe things such as valves, fire hydrants, meters, among other things. There
are various names which refer to a company which distributes water to customers. Some
examples include, water retailer, water utility, water district, water agency, water purveyor,
and water supplier. These terms may be used throughout this text with the understanding
they all virtually mean the same thing.

Necessities of a Good Water Distribution system:

1. The quality of water should deteriorate in distribution pipes.

2. It must be supplying water to desired places with enough pressure.
3. It should be capable of supplying an ample amount of water for firefighting.
4. The layout should be such that no consumer gets affected if there is repair in the
pipe.
5. The distribution pipe should be laid 1 meter away from the sewer pipe.
6. The pipe should be tight enough to minimize leakage

1
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Osama Khasraw Mohammed Amin (2021):
This study presented the designing of a water distribution system as a case study in
Erbil and optimizing it by finding the minimum volume for the tank to minimize the project
cost comparing to the pumps working hours. In the beginning, the problem was defined and
analysed by using the 5 whys technic to reach the problem root. After that, designing the
pipe distribution system and finding the most efficient design for the volume of elevated
tank and pumps working hours was done to minimize the cost. Epanet 2.0 software was used
to design the pipe distribution system and to find the most suitable diameter for the pipe
system with enough pressure and velocity in each of the junctions. Excel also was used to
make the optimization by implementing 9 iterations to get the best tank volume and pump
working hours. As it was found, trial 4 A was the best one because it gave the smallest value
of the tank volume with suitable pumps working hours.
Raja Vamsi et.(2021):
The information about the current and future demands and network situation were used to
analyse the university distribution network using EPANET platform. The optimization of a
large water distribution system is a complex problem. In past days to design the water
distribution network using genetic algorithms with the Newton method but now technology
was developed so design network with using software's. This ensures that the study’s
objective of lowering the cost and improving the efficiency of the water supply and
distribution network is achieved and this forms the basis for any improvement needed and
any modification required should be carried out.

Andrea Bolognesi, Cristiana Bragalli, Angela Marchi, SandroArtina DISTART,

(2014):
The design of a water distribution network (WDN) is conceptually a multi objective
problem characterized by stringent constraints. Even in its most simple formulation, which
requires only the maintenance of minimum pressures, it is difficult to solve, and the
simplifications introduced often impair the practicality of the solutions. The paper aims at
integrating an engineering approach to the optimization problem by generating pseudo
fronts in the hydraulically feasible region of the search space. The optimization algorithms
provide an entirely feasible trade-off between cost and considered constraints, which may

2
be directly used by a hypothetical decision maker. This engineering approach requires a fast
tool to search for feasible solutions: the recently developed genetic heritage by stochastic
evolution transmission (GHEST) algorithm, used herein, has proved to be effective and
efficient in solving the optimal design problem of WDNs. Tests are carried out on two large-
size water distribution networks (Balerma and Modena), using the GHEST algorithm,
modified to account for several objectives.

Vicki L. Van Blaricum and Vincent F. Hock (2008):

This paper describes the demonstration and validation of multi-parameter water
quality sensors and corrosion rate sensors that were permanently installed at a U. S. Army
installation to detect corrosion problems and fine-tune the chemical treatment program. The
use of water quality and corrosion rate sensors has been demonstrated and validated in the
field.
Walski (2001):
while discussing the issues related to water distribution system focused on some of
the most compelling problems facing optimization viz. (i) Designer must strike a balance
between cost minimization and net benefits (benefit minus costs) (ii) Reliability of the water
distribution networks should not be reduced for the sake of cost reduction.

3
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 LAYOUTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. The pipes are laid beneath the road pavements.

2. There are four different types of pipe networks, any one of which can be used
either separately or combined for any place.

Types of Water Distribution System:

1. DEAD END SYSTEM

2. RADIAL SYSTEM
3. GRID IRON SYSTEM
4. RING SYSTEM

1. Dead-End System or Tree System:

In this system, one main pipe line runs through the centre of the area to be served,
and from both sides of the main pipe line sub-mains take off. The sub-mains divide into
several branch lines from which service connections are given to the consumers.

Thus, the entire distribution area is covered by a net-work of pipe lines running
like branches of a tree. There are no cross connections between different submains and
branches, and hence there are a number of dead ends in this system. Due to several dead
ends, there is accumulation of sediment there and stagnation of water.

The dead-end system of layout is adopted in towns or cities which have developed in a
haphazard manner without proper planning. The water supply mains are laid at random
without any planning of future roads

4
 Figure 3.1: Dead End or Tree System

ADVANTAGES:
1. In this case the discharge and pressure at any point in the distribution system can
be worked out accurately and hence the design calculations are simple and easy.
2. The pipe diameters are to be designed for the population likely to be served by
them only. This may make the system cheap and economical.
3. In this system of layout comparatively less number of cut-off valves are required.

4. The laying of pipes is simple.

DIS-ADVANTAGES:
1. In the case of damage or repair in any section of the system, the water supply to
the entire portion beyond that point will be completely cut-off. Thus, large portion
of the distribution area will be affected resulting in great inconvenience to the
consumers of that area.
2. There are number of dead-ends in the system due to which free circulation of water
is prevented and stagnation of water results. This stagnation of water may lead to
degradation in its quality. Further there may be accumulation of sediment at the
dead ends.
3. The system is less successful in maintaining satisfactory pressures in the remote
parts.

5
 4. In his system since water supplied to any area is obtained from the main pipe line
at one point only, the water available for firefighting will be limited. Further in this
system it is not possible to increase the supplies by diverting from any other side.

2. Radial System:
This system of layout is just the reverse of the circular or ring system of layout, with water
flowing towards the outer periphery instead of from it. In this system the entire distribution
area is divided into a number of small distribution zones and in the centre of each zone a
distribution reservoir is provided.
Water obtained from the main pipe line is pumped into the distribution reservoir from where
it is supplied through radially laid distribution pipes running towards the periphery of the
distribution zone. This system of layout ensures high pressure in distribution and it gives
quick and efficient water distribution. The calculations for design of pipe sizes are also
simple. The radial system of layout is most suitable for cities having roads laid out radially.
It may, however, be stated that generally only any one of these four systems of layout may
not be suitable for the entire city or town. In actual practice for any city or town depending
upon the various factors such as relative levels of different zones of the city or town, layout
of its roads and streets, etc., a combination of two or more of these four systems of layout
may be more suitable and the same may therefore be adopted.

Figure 3.2: Radial Systam

6
ADVANTAGES:

1. It gives quick service.

2. Calculation of pipe sizes is easy.

DIS-ADVANTAGES:
1. It is not highly reliable.
2. A fault in the feeder will result in supply failure to associated consumers as there
won't be any alternative feeder to feed distributors.
3. Voltage is affected much at far away load from the substation.

3. GRID IRON SYSTEM or Reticulation System or Interlaced System:

In this system of layout, the mains, sub-mains, and branches are interconnected with
each other. The main pipe line runs through the centre of the area to be served and from
both sides of the main pipe line sub-mains take off in perpendicular directions. The branch
lines interconnect all the sub-mains. Thus, in this case water can be made to circulate
through the entire distribution system. This system of layout is more suitable for cities laid
out on a rectangular plan resembling a grid-iron.

Figure 3.3: Grid-iron System

ADVANTAGES:
1. There is free circulation of water, without any stagnation or sediment deposit.
Thus, chances of pollution of water due to stagnation are not there.
2. Due to interconnection water is delivered at every point of distribution system with
minimum loss of head.

7
 3. In the case of damage or repair in any section of the system, the water supply to
only very small area of the distribution system is affected.
4. When fire occurs, plenty of water can be made available for firefighting purpose by
manipulating the cut-off valves and diverting the supplies from other sections.
DIS-ADVANTEGES:
1. In this system of layout, a large number of cut-off valves are required.
2. This system of layout requires longer lengths of pipes.
3. The procedure for calculating the sizes of pipes and for working out pressures at
various points in the distribution system is laborious, complicated and difficult.
4. In this system of layout, the cost of laying distribution pipes is more.

4. Circular System or Ring System:

In this system of layout, the main pipe line is laid to form a closed ring, either
circular or rectangular, around the area to be served.

The entire distribution area is divided into small circular or rectangular blocks and the main
pipe lines are laid on the periphery of these blocks. The sub-mains take off from the main
pipe lines and run on the interior of the area. Thus, in this case water can be supplied to any
point from at least two directions. This system of layout is most suitable for cities having
well planned streets and roads.

Further this system of layout possesses the same advantages and disadvantages as those of
grid-iron system of layout. However, in the case of circular system of layout the length of
the main pipe line is much larger and also large quantity of water can be made available for
firefighting.

8
 Figure 3.4: Ring System

ADVANTAGES:

1. Water can be supplied to any point from at least two directions.

2. Minimum head loss due to less number of interconnections.
3. High discharge.
4. Very few consumers are affected during repair and maintenance work.

DISADVANTAGES:

1. High initial cost due to requirement of more pipes and valves as compared to other
systems.

3.2 METHODS OF SUPPLYING WATER

There are two methods of supplying water.

1. Continuous system
2. Intermittent system

1. Continuous System:
1. A continuous system of water supply is the best method by which the water is
supplied to the community during all 24 hours of the day.

9
 2. In this system, a sufficient amount of water is always available for consumers to
use and for emergencies like firefighting.
3. Due to the continuous circulation, water remains fresh, but the losses will be more
if there are leakages in the system.

Working on Continuous System:

1. Water demand is high in the morning and evening and very low at night.
2. To tackle peak demand and hourly fluctuations, balancing reservoirs are commonly
utilized.
3. The balancing reservoir gets recharged during low demand times and serves during
peak demand.

Figure 3.5: Continuous System of Water Supply

ADVANTAGES:

1. Due to continuous circulation, water remains fresh.

2. Water is available for users in sufficient quantity 24/7.
3. Pipes of lesser size are required for distribution.

10
 4. Emergency demands like fire demands can be met within time.

DISADVANATAGES:

1. Water loss during water distribution is high.

2. Requirement of more water at the source.
3. Increase in water wastage due to lack of civil sense.

2. Intermittent system:

1. If adequate water is unavailable, the whole community is divided into several

zones, and water is supplied in each zone for a fixed time of the day or on alternate
days.

2. The water flows into the consumer’s tap at specific intervals. So, it is called an
intermittent system.

3. Consumers are generally advised to treat the water from the intermittent system as
water becomes stagnant in-service reservoirs. Bleaching powder is also used to
maintain the residual chlorine level.

Working on an Intermittent System of Water Supply:

1. The working of the intermittent system is quite simple.

2. At first, the distribution area is divided into several zones. Then, water is supplied
to only a few zones based on the schedule. This is done to maintain the proper
pressure at the consumer’s tap.

11
 Figure 3.6: Intermittent System of Water Supply

ADVANTAGES:

1. Fewer water leakages and losses as compared to a continuous system.

2. Easy for repair and maintenance works as repairs can be done during out-of-supply
hours.

DISADVANTAGES:

1. Water is provided to the consumers for a limited time.

2. High cost of construction and requirement for more numbers of valves and other
distribution accessories.
3. Fire demand cannot be met in time.
4. Bigger diameter pipes are required.
5. Requirement of more workforce as compared to continuous.

12
3.3 Methods of Water Distribution System

The method of distribution depends upon the topography of the area. The
following method or system may be adopted for distribution:

1. Gravity system.
2. Pumping system.
3. Combined gravity and pumping system.

1. Gravity system:

In the gravity system, the source of water supply is so located with respect to
the area of distribution that water is available with sufficient pressure at various points of
the area. No pumping is normally required.

Purification units are located on a hill, and the source of water supply is also
located behind the hill, pumping may be required to convey water from the raw water source
to the purification works.

Figure 3.7: Gravity System of Water Distribution System

13
ADVANTAGES:

1. No energy is required to operate the system as water is conveyed by gravity.

2. No pump is required.
3. Economical for long-term use.

DISADVANTAGES:

1. Not applicable in plain or flat terrain where an elevation source of water supply is
not available.
2. Water loss by leakage is comparatively higher.
3. Requirement of break pressure tanks to reduce the hydrostatic pressure in the
pipelines.

2. PUMPING SYSTEM:

1. In the pumping water distribution system, water is supplied to the consumers with
the help of pumps.
2. Some extra pumps are also installed for emergency causes like fire hazards, peak
water demand, etc.
3. This method is suitable if the source is at a lower elevation than the target
community.
4. However, this system of distribution becomes very expensive for long-term use.
5. In this system, the water may be insufficient when the power fails. So diesel pumps
are also managed as an alternative.
6. This method has no problem with the pressure and maintaining the head at the
consumer’s tap.

Working of Pumping Water Distribution System:

1. Pump ( at intake structure) is utilized to supply the water to the transmission mains,
which conveys the water to the treatment plant.

14
 2. After treating water, it is stored in service reservoirs from which water is
distributed to the consumers using pumps.

Figure 3.8: Pumping System of Water Distribution System

ADVANTAGES:

1. Water can be pumped only when required.

2. Low water loss due to leakage.

DISADVANTAGES:

1. Breakdown of the system may occur if power fails.

2. Maintenance and operation cost is high.
3. During pumping hours, water inflow through leaks may cause water
contamination.

3. Combined gravity and pumping system:

This system is the most common system adopted in most cases. Generally, the water
purification works are located almost at the same level as the area of distribution. The water
from the elevated reservoir then flows under gravity, as illustrated.

15
One Way System:
In this system, water is pumped to the elevated reservoir and then supplied to the
consumers by gravity. The distribution network is connected with an elevated reservoir but
not with direct distribution pumps, as shown in the figure above.
Two-Way System:
In this system, separate pumps are provided for direct distribution and elevated
reservoirs where an elevated reservoir is used for backup in an emergency, power failure,
etc.

Figure
3.9:

Combined Gravity and Pumping System

16
 CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION

1. Water distribution system should be based on a pipe layout that is suitable and have
no or less water stagnation within the pipe to avoid tuberculation, encrustation, and
sediment deposits
2. Through a wealth of specialized publications and software development is now well
understood that water distribution system management is technically difficult, but with
current technologies, software systems, and highly specialized equipment (flushing
and scraper), this is simply not the case anymore.
3. Water utilities will also need to practice appropriate design of system
expansions/distribution (e.g., new network parts already constructed as DMAs) and
use higher quality works, materials, and equipment. In addition, regulators and policy
makers should require water utilities to do periodic water audits and regularly publish
detailed water distribution system data, which can then be independently audited.
4. Again, water distribution system management should not be a one-time activity.
Although an intense and comprehensive water distribution system reduction program
is suitable to reduce the backlog of required water distribution system reduction
measures, it should not lead to a sustainable low level of water distribution system
unless water distribution system management becomes part of the normal day-to-day
activities of the water utility.

17
 REFERENCE

1. Osama Khasraw Mohammed Amin,Mohammad Zaher Akkad, Tamás Bányai (2021),

DESIGNING OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM, Multidiszciplináris
tudományok, 11. kötet. (2021) 3 sz. pp. 55-63,
https://doi.org/10.35925/j.multi.2021.3.7
2. Raja Vamsi G, Satish Kumar B, Upendra P, Ravi Teja K, Vijayakumar A (2021),
Design of Water Distribution Network, Journal of Water Resource Research and
Development, Volume 4 Issue 3, pp. 1-5.
3. Andrea Bolognesi, Cristiana Bragalli, Angela Marchi, Sandro Artina
DISTART,(2014), Multiobjective Design of Water Distribution Networks through
the Generation of Pseudofronts in the Hydraulically Feasible Region,Journal of
Computing in Civil Engineering, vol 28 Issue 4, pp. 1-10.

4. Vickki l. Van Blaricum, V. Hock, (2008), Water Distribution System Modeling and
Remote Monitoring, Advanced Materials Research 38,pp. 132-14.
5. "Drinking Water Distribution Systems". United States Environmental Protection
Agency. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
Drinking Water Distribution Systems | US EPA
6. "City, S&WB Host Preview of New Water Towers at Carrollton Water Plant". City
of New Orleans. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
City, S&WB Host Preview Of New Water Towers At Carrollton Water Plant - Biz
New Orleans
7. Drinking water distribution systems : assessing and reducing risks. National
Academies Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-309-10306-0. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
Front Matter | Drinking Water Distribution Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks
|The National Academies Press

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