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Mathematical And Statistical Foundations (Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,

Hyderabad)
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Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences: Tirupati

(Autonomous)
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
Subject Code: 20ABS9911
(AK20 Regulation)
(Common to CSE, AI&DS)

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Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences: Tirupati

(Autonomous)
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS
Subject Code: 20ABS9911
(AK20 Regulation)
(Common to CSE, AI&DS)

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MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Introduction:
Dispersion is defined as deviation or scattering of values from their central values i.e,
average (Mean, Median or Mode but preferably Mean or Median). In other words, dispersion
measures the degree or extent to which the values of a variable deviate from its average.
Two distributions may have:
i. Same central tendency and same dispersion
ii. Different central tendency but same dispersion
iii. Same central tendency but different dispersion
iv. Different central tendency and different dispersion
Definition: The degree to which numerical data tend to spread about an average value is
called variation or dispersion or spread of the data.
The measures of dispersion in common use are:

(i) Range
(ii) Mean Deviation
(iii) Standard Deviation
(I) RANGE: Calculation of Range:
For ungrouped data:

Range = Highest Value – Lowest Value. i.e, (H – L).
For grouped frequency distribution:

Range = Upper boundary of last class – Lower boundary of 1stclass
Problem1: Compute the range for the following observation 15, 20, 25, 25, 30, 35.
Solution: Range = Largest value – Smallest value
i.e., 35-15=20
Problem 2: The following table gives the daily sales (Rs.) of two firms A and B for five
days.
Firm A 5050 5025 4950 4835 5140
Firm B 4900 3100 2200 1800 13000
Solution: The sales of both the firms in average are same but distribution pattern is not
similar. There is a great amount of variation in the daily sales of the firm B than that of the
firm A
Range of sales of firm A = Greatest value – Smallest value = 5140-4835=305
Range of sales of firm B = Greatest value – Smallest value = 13000-1800=11200

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MEAN DEVIATION:
Mean deviation is defined as arithmetic average of absolute values of the deviations
of the variates measured from an average (median, mode or mean).
The absolute value of the deviation denoted by | deviation | is the numerical value of
the deviation with positive sign.
Note: Mean deviation can be similarly calculated by taking deviations from the median or
mode.
Mean Deviation from Mean of an Ungrouped Data:

Let x1, x2,…,xn be the values of n variates and x be their arithmetic mean. Let |xi - x | be the
absolute value of the deviation of the variate xi from x .
n
x i x
⸫ Mean deviation = i 1
n
Problem 1: Calculate the mean deviation of the variates 40, 62, 54, 68, 76 from A.M
40  62  54  68  76 300
Solution: A.M = x =   60
5 5
n 5
 xi  x  x  60i
 i 1
=
n 5
40  60  62  60  54  60  68  60  76  60
5
= 52/5 = 10.4
Problem 2: Find the mean deviation from the mean for the following data: 38, 70, 48,
40, 42, 55, 63, 46, 54, 44.
38  70  48  40  42  55  63  46  54  44 500
Solution: Mean x =   50
10 10
10
x
i 1
i x
Mean deviation from the mean = =
10
38  50  70  50  48  50  40  50  42  50  55  50  63  50  46  50  54  50  44  50
10
= 84/10 = 8.4
Problem 3: Find the mean deviation from the median for the data 34, 66, 30, 38, 44, 50,
40, 60, 42, 51.
Solution : Arranging the data in ascending order, we have :
30, 34, 38, 40, 42, 44, 50, 51, 60, 66 (n=10 terms)

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th th
n n 
 2  term   2  1 term
Now Median ( M d )     
2
= (42+44)/2 = 43.
10 10
 xi  Median  x  43 i
i 1
 i 1
⸫ Mean deviation from the median = 10 10
30  43  34  43  38  43  40  43  42  43  44  43  50  43  51  43  60  43  66  43
10
= 87/10 = 8.7
Mean Deviation for a Grouped Data:

We know that data can be arranged as a frequency distribution in two ways
(i) Discrete Frequency Distribution and
(ii) Continuous Frequency Distribution
Mean Deviation from mean for Discrete Frequency Distribution:

Let x1,x2,………,xn be the midvalues of n class intervals with frequencies f1,f2,………,fn of a
frequency distribution. Let x be the arithmetic mean of the distribution. Let |xi - x | be the
absolute value of the deviation of the midvalue xi from the arithmetic mean x
Then the mean deviation about the arithmetic mean
n
xi  x f1  xi  x f 2  xi  x f 3  .......  xi  x f n f i xi  x
 =
i 1
f1  f 2  f 3  ..........  f n n
fi 1
i
f i xi  x n
where  f i  N
i 1
=
N i 1
Problem 1: Find the mean deviation about the mean for the following data
xi 2 5 7 8 10 35
,f i 6 8 10 6 8 2
Solution : we will tabulate the values as follows:

xi ,fi xi,fi |xi - x |=|xi - 8 | |xi - x |,fi
2 6 12 6 36
5 8 40 3 24
7 10 70 1 10
8 6 48 0 0
10 8 80 2 16

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35 2 70 27 54
∑,fi=N=40 ∑xi,fi=320 140
Thus A.M= x  
f i xi 320
 8
f i 40
n
f i xi  x
n =140/40 = 3.5

i 1
fi
Problem 2: Find the mean deviation about the median for the following data
xi 6 9 3 12 15 13 21 22
,fi 4 5 3 2 5 4 4 3
Solution :Given observations in ascending order to get the table as follows:

xi 3 6 9 12 13 15 21 22
,fi 3 4 5 2 4 5 4 3
Here N= 30
⸫ Median is the mean of 15th and 16th observation which is equal to 13.
Now we tabulate the absolute values of the deviations.
|xi – med|=| 10 7 4 1 0 2 8 9
xi - 13|
, fi 3 4 5 2 4 5 4 3
fi |xi – med| 30 28 20 2 0 10 32 27
Thus ∑ fi |xi – median| = 149

8
f i xi  Median
149
i 1
  4.97
⸫ Mean deviation from the median = f i 30
xi 5 10 15 20 25
,f i 7 4 6 3 5
Solution:
Mean=14;
Mean deviation about the mean= 6.32
Problem 4: Find the mean deviation from median for the following data
xi 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
,f i 3 6 9 13 8 5 4
Solution : Median = 9 ;
Mean deviation about the median = 1.25

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Mean Deviation from mean for Continuous Frequency Distribution: A continuous frequency
distribution is a series in which the data is classified into different class intervals along with
respective frequency. We calculate the A.M. of a continuous frequency distribute, we take xi
as the mid value of the class interval.
Problem 1:The following table gives the sales of 100 companies. Find the mean deviation
from the mean.
Sales in thousands 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
,Number of companies 5 15 25 30 20 5
Solution: we construct the following table for the given data
Sales Number of Midpoint of xi fi |xi - x | |xi - x | ,fi
companies fi the class xi
40-50 5 45 225 26 130
50-60 15 55 825 16 240
60-70 25 65 1625 6 150
70-80 30 75 2250 4 120
80-90 20 85 1700 14 280
90-100 5 95 475 24 120
∑fi = N= ∑xi,fi = ∑|xi - x |,fi
100 7100 =1040
Now x 
fx i i

7100
 71
f i 100
n
f
i 1
i xi  x
Mean Deviation from mean= n =1040/40 = 10.4

i 1
fi
Problem 2:Find the mean deviation of the following frequency distribution:

Class Interval 0-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-40
Frequency 8 12 35 25 13 7
Solution : Mean = 11.76; mean deviation = 4.176
Step Deviation Method (Short Cut method) :

Suppose in the given data the midpoints of the class intervals xi and their associated
frequencies are numerically large. Then the computations become tedious (too large).
To avoid large calculations, we take an assumed mean a which lies in the middle or
close to it in the data and take the deviations of the mid points xi from this assumed mean.
This is equal to shifting the origin from 0 to assumed mean on the number line.
Again, if there is a common factor of all the deviations, we divide them by their
common factor (h) to further simplify the deviations. These are known as Step Deviations.
With the assumed mean ‘a’ and a common factor h we define a new variable,
xi  a   fi di 
di  . Then A.M. = x   h

h  N 

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Classes 0-100 100-200 200-300 300-400 400-500 500-600 600-700 700-800
Freq. 4 8 9 10 7 5 4 3
Solution : Assumed mean a = 350
Classes Mid Frequency(fi) di fi di |xi - x | |xi - x |,fi

values(xi)
0-100 50 4 -3 -12 308 1232
100-200 150 8 -2 -16 208 1664
200-300 250 9 -1 -9 108 972
300-400 350 10 0 0 8 80
400-500 450 7 1 7 92 644
500-600 550 5 2 10 192 960
600-700 650 4 3 12 290 1168
700-800 750 3 4 12 392 1176
50 4 7896
x  assumed mean xi  a xi  350
di  i  
class size h 100
Now x  a  
fi di 4
 class size = 350  x100  358
f i 50
n
f
i 1
i xi  x
Mean Deviation from mean= n = 7896 / 50 = 157.92

i 1
fi
Classes 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Freq. 5 8 15 16 6
Solution :
Classes Mid Frequency(fi) di fidi |xi - x | |xi - x |,fi
values(xi)
0-10 5 5 -2 -10 22 110
10-20 15 8 -1 -8 12 96
20-30 25 15 0 0 2 30
30-40 35 16 1 16 8 128
40-50 45 6 2 12 18 108
50 10 472
Now x  a 
 fi di
 h = 25 
10
 10  27 and
xi  x xi  27

f i
50 h 10

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f
i 1
i xi  x
Mean Deviation from mean= n = 472 / 50 = 9.44
f
i 1
i
Age of 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60
workers
No. of 120 125 175 160 150 140 100 30
workers
Solution : we form the following table for the given data
Classes Mid Frequency(fi) Cumulative |xi - x | = |xi–37.5| |xi - x |,fi

points(xi) frequency
(c.f)
20-25 22.5 120 120
15 1800
25-30 27.5 125 245
10 1250
30-35 32.5 175 420
5 875
35-40 37.5 160 580
0 0
40-45 42.5 150 730
5 750
45-50 47.5 140 870
10 1400
50-55 52.5 100 970
15 1500
55-60 57.5 30 1000
20 600
N=1000 8175
Here N / 2 = 1000 / 2 = 500.
The C.f. just greater than N / 2 is 580. i = 5 (length of class interval)
The corresponding class interval is 35 – 40. This is the median class
N
 cf
500  420
 Median ( M d )  l  2 X i  35  X 5  35  2.5  37.5
f 160
8
f i xi  Median
8175
i 1
  8.175
⸫ Mean deviation from the median = f i 1000
Wages/week 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
(Rs.)
No. of 120 125 175 160 150 140 100
workers
Solution : Here N/2=30 ; Median = 45 ;
Mean deviation from median = 11.33

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TEST FOR EQUALITY OF TWO MEANS-LARGE SAMPLES

(TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE FOR DIFFERENCE OF MEANS OF
TWO LARGE SAMPLES)
Let x1 and x2 be the sample means of two independent large random samples sizes n1 and
n2 drawn from two populations having means 1 and 2 and standard deviations  1 and  2 .
To test whether the two population means are equal.
Step:1 Null Hypthesis H 0 : 1  2
Step:2 Alternative Hypthesis H1 : 1  2
Step:3 Set the level of significance  .
Step:4 The test statistic z 

 x  x    ; where     
1 2
1 2
 2
 22
1

n1 n2
If   o, the two populations have the same means
If   o, the two populations are different.
Step:5 Rejection rule for H 0 : 1  2 .
i. If z  1.96 , reject H 0 at 5% level of significance.
ii. If z  2.58 , reject H 0 at 1% level of significance.
iii. If z  1.645 , reject H 0 at 10% level of significance.
Note : If the two samples are drawn from population with unknown Standard deviations 12
and  22 , then 12 and  22 can be replaced by sample by variances s12 and s22 provided both the
samples n1 and n2 are large.
In this case, the test statistic is z 

x  x   .
1 2
s12 s22

n1 n2

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TWO LARGE SAMPLES)
Solved Problems
1. The means of two large samples of sizes 1000 and 2000 members are 67.5 inches and 68.0
respectively. Can the samples be regarded as drawn from the same population of S.D 2.5
inches.
Solution: Let 1 and 2 be the means of the two populations.
Given n1  1000 and n2  2000 and x1  67.5 and x2  68.0 inches.
Population Standard deviation,   2.5 inches.
Step:1 Null Hypothesis H 0 : The samples have been drawn from the same population of S.D
2.5 inches. i.e., 1  2 and   2.5 inches.
Step:2 Alternative Hypothesis H1 : 1  2
Step:3 Set the level of significance:  =0.05.

x  x 
1 2

67.5  68
 12  22  1 1 
 2.5 
2
   
n1 n2  1000 2000 
0.5
z  5.16
0.0968
 z  5.16
Tabulated value of Z at 5% level of significance is 1.96.
Hence calculated Z > tabulated Z.
Step:5 Hence the null hypothesis H 0 is Rejected at 5% level of significance and we conclude
that the samples are not drawn from the sample population of S.D. 2.5 inches.
2. A researcher wants to know the intelligence of students in a school. He selected two

groups of students. In the first group there 150 students having mean IQ (intelligence
quotient) of 75 with a S.D. of 15 in the second group there are 250 students having mean IQ
of 70 with S.D. of 20.
Given n1  150 and n2  250 and x1  75 and x2  70 .

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TWO LARGE SAMPLES)
Population Standard deviation, 1  15 &  2  20
Step: 1 Null Hypothesis H 0 : The groups have been came from the same population.
i.e., 1  2 and 1  15 &  2  20 .
Step: 2 Alternative Hypothesis H1 : 1  2
Step: 3 Set the level of significance:  =0.05.
Step: 4 The test statistic z 

x  x 
1 2

75  70

5 5
 2.7116
 2
 2
 225 400  17
1
 2
  
n1 n2  150 250 
 z  2.7116
Step: 5 Hence the null hypothesis H 0 is Rejected at 5% level of significance and we

conclude that the groups have not been from the same population.
3. Samples of students were drawn from two universities and from their weights in
kilograms, mean and S.D. are calculated and shown below. Make a large sample test to the
significance of the difference between the means.
Mean S.D. Size of the sample

University A 55 10 400
University B 57 15 100
Solution: Let x1 and x2 be the means of the two samples.
Standard deviation, s1  10 & s2  15
Step:1 Null Hypothesis H 0 : x1  x2 . i.e there is no difference.
Step:2 Alternative Hypothesis H1 : x1  x 2

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TWO LARGE SAMPLES)

x  x 
1 2

55  57

2
 1.26
s2
s 2
 100 225  2.5
1
 2
  
n1 n2  400 100 
 z  1.26
Hence calculated Z < tabulated Z.
Step:5 Hence the null hypothesis H 0 is accepted at 5% level of significance and we conclude
that there is no significant difference between the means.
4. The average marks scored by 32 boys is 72 with S.D. of 8. While that for 36 girls is70 with
a S.D. of 6. Does this indicate that the boys perform better than girls at level of significance
0.05?
Step:1 Null Hypothesis H 0 : 1  2 .
Step:2 Alternative Hypothesis H1 : 1  2 .

x  x 
1 2

72  70

2
 1.1547
 2
 2
 64 36  3
   
1 2
n1 n2  32 36 
 z  1.1547
Step:5 Hence the null hypothesis H 0 is accepted at 5% level of significance and we conclude
that the performance of boys and girls is the same.
5. A sample of the height of 6400 Englishmen has a mean of 67.85 inches and a S.D. of 2.56
inches while a simple sample of heights of 1600 Austrians has a mean of 68.55 inches and

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TWO LARGE SAMPLES)
S.D. of 2.52 inches. Do the data indicate the Austrians are on the average taller than the
Englishmen? (Use  as 0.01).
Solution: Let x1 and x2 be the means of the two samples.
Given n1  6400 and n2  1600 and x1  67.85 and x2  68.55 .
Standard deviation, s1  2.56 & s2  2.52
Step:1 Null Hypothesis H 0 : x1  x2 . i.e there is no difference.
Step:2 Alternative Hypothesis H1 : x1  x 2

x  x 
1 2

67.85  68.55

0.7
 9.9
s12 s22  6.5536 6.35  0.005
   
n1 n2  6400 1600 
 z  9.9
Hence calculated Z >tabulated Z.
Step:5 Hence the null hypothesis H 0 is rejected at 5% level of significance and we conclude
that the Austrians are taller than Englishmen.
6. In a certain factory there are two independent processes for manufacturing the same item.
The average weights in a sample of 700 items produced from one process is found to be 250
gms with a S.D. of 30 gms while the corresponding gures in a sample of 300 items from the
other process are 300 and 40. Is there significant difference between the mean at 1% level of
significance.
Step:1 Null Hypothesis H 0 : 1  2 and 1  30 &  2  40 .
Step:2 Alternative Hypothesis H1 : 1  2

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TWO LARGE SAMPLES)

x  x 
1 2

250  300
 19.43
 12  22  900 1600 
   
n1 n2  700 300 
 z  19.43
that there is a significant difference between the means.
7. The mean yield of wheat from a district A was 210 pounds with S.D. 10 pounds per acre
from a sample of 100 plots. In another district the mean yield was 220 pounds with S.D. 12
pounds from a sample of 150 plots. Assuming that the S.D. of yield in the entire state was 11
pounds, test whether there is any significant difference between the mean yield of crops in the
two districts.
8. The research investigator is interested in studying whether there is a significant difference

in the salaries of MBA grades in two metropolitan cities. A random sample of size 100 from
Mumbai yields on average income of Rs. 20,150. Another random sample of 60 from
Chennai results in an average income of Rs. 20,250. If the variances of both the populations
are given as 12  Rs. 40,000 and  22  Rs. 32, 400 respectively.

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How to find critical value for Two-Tailed and One-Tailed Test
NOTE: 1. Find a critical value for a 95% confidence level (Two-Tailed Test).
Procedure: Confidence limit = 95%
i.e, (1   )100%  95%
 (1   )100  95
95 
 (1   )   0.95    0.05   0.025
100 2
1  0.025  0.975, z  value at 0.975 is 1.96
 z  1.96
2
2. Find a critical value for a 95% confidence level (One-Tailed Test).

Procedure: Confidence limit = 95%
i.e, (1   )100%  95%
 (1   )100  95
95
 (1   )   0.95    0.05
100
1  0.05  0.95, z  value at 0.95 is 1.645
 z  1.645
Sample Proportion:
Count of successes in a sample x

p  ;
sample size ' n ' n
q  1  p  sample of proportion of failures in a sample of size n.
Large Proportion:
Count of successes in a population X

P  ;
Population size ' N ' N
Q  1  P  Population of proportion of failures in a population of size N

lOMoARcPSD|37321784
TEST FOR EQUALITY OF SIGNIFICANCE FOR SINGLE

PROPORTION-LARGE SAMPLES
Suppose a large random sample of size n has a sample proportion p of members possessing a
certain attribute (i.e, proportion of successes). To test the hypothesis that the proportion P in
the population has a specified value P0.
Step:1 Let us set the Null Hypthesis be H 0 : P  P0 (P0 is a particular value of P).
Step:2 The Alternative Hypothesis is H1 : P  P0 i.e, H1 : P  P0 , H1 : P  P0
pP
Step:4 The test statistic z  ; where p is the sample proportion is approximately
PQ
n
normally distributed.
Step:5 The critical Rejection for z depending on the nature of H1 and level of significance
 is given in the following table.
Rejection Rule for H 0 : P  P0

Level of significance 1% 5% 10%
Critical region for P  P0 (Two-tailed test) z  2.58 z  1.96 z  1.645
Critical region for P  P0 (Right-tailed test) z  2.33 z  1.645 z  1.28

Critical region for P  P0 (Left-tailed test) z  2.33 z  1.645 z  1.28
Note: 1. without any reference to the level of significance, we may reject the Null
Hypothesis H 0 when z  3 .
pq
2. (i) Limits for population proportion P are given by p  3 where q  1  p .
n
pq pq
(ii) Confidence interval for proportion P are given by p  z  z  p  z
2 n 2 n
where Q  1  P .

lOMoARcPSD|37321784
Solved Problems
1. A manufacturer claimed that at least 95% of the equipment which he supplied to a factory
conformed to specifications. An examination of a sample of 200 pieces of equipment
revealed that 18 were faulty. Test his claim at 5% level of significance.
Solution: Given sample size, n=200.
Number of pieces confirming to specifications=x=200-18=182
x 182
 p =Proportion of pieces confirming to specifications=   0.91
n 200
95
Let P = Population proportion=  0.95 ; Q=1-P=1-0.95=0.05
100
Step:1 Null Hypothesis H 0 : The proportion of pieces confirming to specifications.
i.e., P  95% .
Step:2 Alternative Hypothesis H1 : P  0.95 . (Left – tail test)
pP 0.91  0.95 0.04

Step:4 The test statistic z     2.59
PQ  0.95  0.05  0.0154
 
n  200 
 z  2.59
Since alternative hypothesis is left tailed, the tabulated value of z at 5% level of significance
is 1.645.
Hence calculated value of Z > tabulated Z.
that the manufacture’s claim is rejected.
2. In a sample of 1000 people in Karnataka 540 are rice eaters and the rest are wheat eaters.
Can we assume that both rice and wheat are equally popular in this state at 1% level of
significance?
540
Let p =Sample proportion of rice eaters =  0.54
1000
1
Let P = Population proportion of rice eaters =  0.5 .
2
Q  1  P  1  0.5  0.5.

lOMoARcPSD|37321784
Step:1 Null Hypothesis H 0 : Both rice and wheat are equally popular in the state.
i.e., P  0.5 .
Step:2 Alternative Hypothesis H1 : P  0.5 . (Two– tailed test)
pP 0.54  0.5

Step:4 The test statistic z    2.532
PQ  0.5  0.5 
 
n  1000 
 z  2.532
Since alternative hypothesis is left tailed, the tabulated value of z at 1% level of significance
is 2.58.
Step:5 Hence the null hypothesis H 0 is accepted at 1% level of significance and conclude
that both rice and wheat are equally popular in the state.
3. A random sample of 500 pineapples was taken from a large consignment and 65 were
found bad. Find the percentage of bad pineapples in the consignment.
65
Let p = Proportion of bad pineapples in the sample =  0.13
500
q  1  p  0.87 .
We know that the limits for population proportion P are given by
pq 0.13  0.87
p3  0.13  3  0.13  0.045  (0.085,0.175)
n 500
 The percentage of bad pineapples in the consignment lies between 8.5 and 17.5.
4. A manufacturer claims that only 4% of his products are defective. Test the hypothesis at
random sample of 500 were taken among which 100 were defective. Test the hypothesis at
0.05 level.
Solution: Given sample size, n=500, x=100
x 100
Let p =   0.2
n 500
Let P =4%=0.04 & Q  1  P  0.96
Step:1 Null Hypothesis H 0 : P  0.04 .

lOMoARcPSD|37321784
pP 0.2  0.04

Step:4 The test statistic z    18.26
PQ  0.04  0.96 
 
n  500 
 z  18.26
Since alternative hypothesis is right tailed, the tabulated value of z at 5% level of significance
is 1.96.
Step:5 Hence the null hypothesis H 0 is rejected at 5% level of significance.
5. In a random sample of 100 packages shipped by air freight 13 had some damage.
Construct 95% confidence interval for the true proportion of damage package.
Solution: Given sample size, n=100, x=13
x 13
Let p =sample proportion of damage packages=   0.13
n 100
q  1  p  1  0.13  0.87
PQ pq 0.13  0.87
p    0.034 ( Pis not known, we take p for P)
n n 100
 95% confidence interval for the population proportion of P of damage package
pq
p  1.96  0.13  1.96(0.034)  0.13  0.067  (0.063,0.197)
n
Hence the 95% confidene limits for the true proportion of damage packages is (0.063, 0.197)
6. In a hospital 480 females and 520 male babies were born in a week. Do these figures
confirm the hypothesis that males and females are born in equal number?
Solution: Given sample size, n=Total number of births=480+520=1000, x=480
x 480
Let p =proportion of females born=   0.48
n 1000
Let P =0.5 & Q  1  0.5  0.5
1
Step:1 Null Hypothesis H 0 : The probability of equal proportion i.e, P   0.5 .
2

lOMoARcPSD|37321784
pP 0.48  0.5

Step:4 The test statistic z    1.265
PQ  0.5  0.5 
 
n  1000 
 z  1.265
Since alternative hypothesis is two-tailed, the tabulated value of z at 5% level of significance

is 1.96.
Step:5 Hence the null hypothesis H 0 is accepted at 5% level of significance.
7. In a random sample of 125 cool drinkers, 68 said they prefer thumsup to pepsi. Test the
null hypothesis P=0.5 against the alternative hypothesis P>0.5.
x 68
Solution: Given sample size, n=125, x=68 and p =   0.544
n 125
Let P =0.5 & Q  1  0.5  0.5
Step:1 Null Hypothesis H 0 : P  0.5
Step:2 Alternative Hypothesis H1 : P  0.5 . (Right– tailed test)
pP 0.544  0.5

PQ  0.5  0.5 
 
n  125 
 z  0.9839
is 1.645.
8. In a big city 325 men out of 600 men were found to be smokers. Does this information
support the conclusion that the majority of men in this city are smokers?
9. A die was thrown 9000 times and of these 3220 yielded a 3 or 4. Is this consistent with the
hypothesis that the die was unbiased?
10. In a random sample of 160 workers exposed to a certain amount of radiation, 24
experienced some ill effects. Construct a 99% confidence interval for the corresponding true
percentage.

lOMoARcPSD|37321784
TEST FOR EQUALITY OF TWO PROPORTION (OR SIGNIFICANCE OF

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO SAMPLE PROPORTIONS-LARGE
SAMPLES)
Let p1 and p2 be the sample proportions in two large random samples of sizes n1 and n2
drawn from two populations having proportions P1 and P2 .
To test whether the two samples have been drawn from the sample population.
Step:1 Let us set the Null Hypothesis be H 0 : P1  P2 .
Step:2 The Alternative Hypothesis is H1 : P1  P2
Step:4 There are two ways of computing a test statistic z.
(a) When the population proportions P1 and P2 are known.
In this case Q1  1  P1 and Q2  1  P2 and p1 , p2 are sample proportions.
p1  p2
The test statistic z 
PQ PQ
1 1
 2 2
n1 n2
(b) When the population proportions P1 and P2 are not known but sample proportions
p1 and p2 are known .
In this case we have two methods to estimate P1 and P2 .
(i) Method of Substitution:
In this method, sample proportion p1 and p2 are substituted for P1 and P2 .

p1  p2
p1q1 p2 q2

n1 n2
(i) Method of Pooling:
In this method, the estimated value for the two population proportions is obtained by
pooling the two sample proportions p1 and p2 into a single proportion p by the formula given
below.
Sample proportion of two samples or estimated value of p is given by
n p n p x x
p  1 1 2 2  1 2 ; q  1 p
n1  n2 n1  n2
p1  p2
1 1
pq   
 n1 n2 

lOMoARcPSD|37321784
Step:5 Rejection rule for H 0 : P1  P2 .

i. If z  1.96 , reject H 0 at 5% level of significance.
ii. If z  2.58 , reject H 0 at 1% level of significance.
iii. If z  1.645 , reject H 0 at 10% level of significance.
Solved Problems
1. A manufacturer of electronic equipment subjects samples of two completing brands of

transistors to an accelerated performance test. If 45 of 180 transistors of the first kind and 34
of 120 transistors of the second kind fail the test, what can he conclude at the level of
significance a=0.05 about the difference between the corresponding sample proportions?
Solution: We have n1  180 , n2  120 , x1  45 and x2  34
x1 45 x 34
p1    0.25, p2  2   0.283
n1 180 n2 120
n1 p1  n2 p2 x1  x2 45  34 79
p     0.263 ;
n1  n2 n1  n2 180  120 300
q  1  p  1  0.263  0.737
Step:1 Let us set the Null Hypothesis be H 0 : p1  p2 .
Step:2 The Alternative Hypothesis is H1 : p1  p2
Step:3 Set the level of significance   0.05 .
Step:4 Method of Pooling:
p1  p2 0.25  0.283
The test statistic z    0.647
1 1  1 1 
pq    (0.263)(0.737)   
 n1 n2   180 120 
 z  0.647
Since alternative hypothesis is two tailed, the tabulated value of z at 5% level of significance
is 1.96.
2. In two large population, there are 30% and 25% respectively of fair haired people. Is this
difference likely to be hidden in samples of 1200 and 900 respectively from the two
populations?

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30
P1  Pr oportion of fair haired people in the first population  30%   0.3,
100
25
P2  Pr oportion of fair haired people in the sec ond population  25%   0.25
100
Q1  1  P1  1  0.3  0.7;
Q2  1  P2  1  0.25  0.75
P1  P2 0.3  0.25
 PQ PQ   0.3  0.7 0.25  0.75 

1 1
 2 2   
 n1 n2   1200 900 
 z  2.56
is 1.96.
Step:5 Hence the null hypothesis H 0 is rejected at 5% level of significance.
3. In an investigation on the machine performance the following results are obtained.

No. of units inspected No. of defectives
Machine 1 375 17
Machine 2 450 22
Test whether there is any significant performance of two machines at   0.05.
x1 17 x 22
p1    0.045, p2  2   0.049
n1 375 n2 450
n1 p1  n2 p2 x1  x2 17  22 39
p     0.047 ;
n1  n2 n1  n2 375  450 825
q  1  p  1  0.047  0.953
Step:1 Let us set the Null Hypothesis be H 0 : p1  p2 .
Step:2 The Alternative Hypothesis is H1 : p1  p2

lOMoARcPSD|37321784
p1  p2 0.045  0.049
The test statistic z    0.015
1 1  1 1 
pq    (0.047)(0.953)   
 n1 n2   375 450 
is 1.96.
4. During a country wide investigation the incidence of tuberculosis was found to be 1%. In a
college of 400 students 3 reported to be affected, where as in another college of 1200 students
10 were affected. Does this indicate any significant difference?
x1 3 x 10
p1    0.0075, p2  2   0.0083
n1 400 n2 1200
Given
p  1%  0.01 ; q  1  p  1  0.01  0.99
p1  p2 0.0075  0.0083
The test statistic z    0.14
1 1  1 1 
pq    (0.01)(0.99)   
 n1 n2   400 1200 
 z  0.14  1.96
is 1.96.
5. A sample poll of 300 voters from district A and 200 voters from district B showed that
56% and 48% respectively, were in favour of a given candidate. At a 0.05 level of
significance, test the hypothesis that there is a difference in the districts.
Solution: We have n1  300 , n2  200 , P1  56%  0.56 and P2  48%  0.48
Q1  1  P1  1  0.56  0.44; Q2  1  P2  1  0.48  0.52

lOMoARcPSD|37321784
P1  P2 0.56  0.48
 PQ PQ   0.56  0.44 0.48  0.52 

1 1
 2 2   
 n1 n2   300 200 
 z  1.78
is 1.96.
6. A random sample of 300 shoppers at a supermarket includes 204 who regularly use cents
off coupons. In another sample of 500 shoppers at a supermarket includes 75 who regularly
use cents off coupons. Construct confidence interval for the probability that any one shopper
at the supermarket, selected at random, will regularly use cents off coupons.
Solution: Here n1  300 , n2  500 , x1  204 and x2  75
x1 204
p1  Pr oportion of shoppers who use cents off coupons in the first sample    0.68,
n1 300
x2 75
p2  Pr oportion of shoppers who use cents off coupons in the first sample    0.15
n2 500
q1  1  0.68  0.32; q2  1  0.15  0.85
The 98% confidence interval for the probability that any one shopper in sample selected at
random is
 p1q1  0.68  0.32

 p1  z   0.68  (2.33)  0.68  0.063  (0.62, 0.74)
 2 n1  300
7. A study shows that 16 of 200 tractors produced on one assembly line required extensive
adjustments before they could be shipped, while the same was true for 14 of 400 tractors
produced on another assembly line. At the 0.01 level of significance, does this support the
claim the second production line superior work?
8. On the basis of their total scores, 200 candidates of a civil service examination are divided
into two groups, the upper 30% and the remaining 70%. Consider the first question of the
examination. Among the first group, 40had the correct answer, where as among the second
group, 80 had the correct answer. On the basis of these results, can one conclude that the first
question is not good at discriminating ability of the type being examined here?

lOMoARcPSD|37321784
4/24/2020 F-Distribution Table for F-Test
F Distribution Table at α = 0.01 or 1%

m
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
n
1 4069.7377 4999.5 5403.2423 5624.5833 5764.2278 5921.8678 6401.986
2 98.6873 99 99.1663 99.2494 99.3118 102.4074 125.3596
3 34.1509 30.8165 29.4567 28.7099 28.2383 28.2052 29.8751
4 21.2076 18 16.6944 15.977 15.5222 15.2788 15.4921
5 16.2587 13.2739 12.06 11.3919 10.9671 10.6993 10.6456
6 13.7404 10.9248 9.7795 9.1483 8.746 8.4791 8.3496

7 12.2382 9.5466 8.4513 7.8466 7.4605 7.1987 7.0421
8 11.2476 8.6491 7.591 7.0061 6.6318 6.3753 6.2078
9 10.5481 8.0215 6.9919 6.4221 6.057 5.8049 5.6329
10 10.0289 7.5594 6.5523 5.9943 5.6363 5.3881 5.2142
11 9.6287 7.2057 6.2167 5.6683 5.316 5.071 4.8966

12 9.3112 6.9266 5.9525 5.412 5.0644 4.822 4.6476
13 9.0531 6.701 5.7394 5.2053 4.8616 4.6216 4.4475
14 8.8393 6.5149 5.5639 5.0354 4.695 4.4568 4.2833
15 8.6594 6.3589 5.417 4.8932 4.5556 4.3192 4.1461
16 8.5058 6.2262 5.2922 4.7726 4.4374 4.2025 4.0299

17 8.3732 6.1121 5.185 4.669 4.3359 4.1023 3.9303
18 8.2575 6.0129 5.0919 4.579 4.2479 4.0153 3.8439
19 8.1557 5.9259 5.0103 4.5003 4.1708 3.9392 3.7682
20 8.0654 5.8489 4.9382 4.4307 4.1027 3.8721 3.7015
21 7.9848 5.7804 4.874 4.3688 4.0421 3.8123 3.6422

22 7.9124 5.719 4.8166 4.3134 3.988 3.7589 3.5891
23 7.8469 5.6637 4.7649 4.2636 3.9392 3.7108 3.5414
24 7.7875 5.6136 4.7181 4.2184 3.8951 3.6673 3.4982
25 7.7333 5.568 4.6755 4.1774 3.855 3.6277 3.459
https://getcalc.com/statistics-fdistribution-table.htm 1/2
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4/24/2020 F-Distribution Table for F-Test
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F-Test (OR) Snedecor’s F-Test of Significane

The test is named in the honor of the great statistician R.A. Fisher.
Objective of F-Test:
 To find out whether the two independent estimates of population variance differ
significantly.
(OR)
 To find out whether the two samples may be regarded as drawn from the normal
populations having same variance.
Test for equality of two population variances:

Let two independent random samples of sizes n1 and n2 be drawn from two normal
populations.
To test the hypothesis that the two population variances  12 and  22 are equal.
Step:1 Let the null hypothesis be H 0 :  12   22 .
Step:2 Then the Alternative hypothesis is H1 :  12   22 .
Step:3 The estimates of  12 and  22 are given by

 xi  x   yi  y  
2 2
n s2 n s2
S12  1 1 (or ) and S22  2 2 (or ) , where s12 and s22 are the
n1  1 n1  1 n2  1 n2  1
variances of the two samples.
Assuming that H 0 is true, the test statistic is
S12 S 22
F when S1
2
 S 2
2 (or) F  when S22  S12 follows F-distribution with
S 22 S12
( n1 1, n2 1) degrees of freedom.
Step:5 If the calculated value of F> the tabulated value of F at  , we reject the null
hypothesis H 0 and conclude that the variances  12 and  22 are not equal . Otherwise,
we accept the null hypothesis H 0 and conclude that the variances  12 and  22 are
equal.
Note:
 In numerical problem, we take the greater of the two variances S12 and S 22 in the
numerator and the other in the denominator.
Greater var iance
i.e, F 
Smaller var iance
 When F is close to 1, the two sample variances S1 and S 2 are nearly same.
 If sample variance S 2 is given, we can obtain population variance  2 by using the

relation n 2  (n  1)S 2 and vice-versa.

lOMoARcPSD|37321784
Properties of F-distribution:
1. F-distribution curve is Skewed towards right with range 0 to  and having the roughly
median value 1.
2. Value of F will always be more than 0.
3. Shape of F-distribution curve is dependent on – d.f. of numerator & d.f. of denominator.
4. F-distribution curve is never symmetrical, but if d.f. will be increased then it will be more
similar to the symmetrical shape.
5. F cannot be negative, and it is a continuous distribution.
f(F)
F
0 F (1 , 2 )
F-distribution
Solved Problems
1. In one sample of 8 observations from a normal population, the sum of the squares of
deviations of the sample values from the sample mean is 84.4 and in another sample of 10
observations it was 102.6. Test at 5% level whether the populations have same variance.
Solution: Let  12 and  22 be the variances of the two normal populations from which the
samples are drawn.
Here n1  8, n2  10
Step:3 The estimates of  12 and  22 are given by
 x  x  yi  y  
2 2
i 84.4 102.6
S12    12.057 and S22    11.4 .
n1  1 8 1 n2  1 10  1
S12 12.057
Assuming that H 0 is true. Since S12  S22 , the test statistic is F    1.057
S22 11.4
with ( (1, 2 )  n1 1, n2 1 )=(8-1,10-1)=(7,9) degrees of freedom.
Step:5 The tabulated value of F at 5% level for (7,9) degrees of freedom is 3.29.

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The calculated value of F< the tabulated value of F at   0.05 , we accept the null
hypothesis H 0 and conclude that the variances  12 and  22 are equal.
2. Two random samples reveal the following results:
Sample Size Sample Mean Sum of Squares of deviations from the mean
1 10 15 90
2 12 14 108
Test whether the samples came from the same normal population.
Solution: Let  12 and  22 be the variances of the two normal populations from which the
samples are drawn.
Here we have to use two tests (i) To test equality of variances by F-test (ii) To test equality of
means by t-test.
(i) F-test (equality of variances)
Given n1  10, n2  12, x  15, y  14
 x  x  y  y
2 2
i 90 i 108
S12    10 and S22    9.82
n1  1 10  1 n2  1 12  1
S12 10
F 2
  1.018
S2 9.82
i.e, Calculated F= 1.018. Assuming that H 0 is true. Since S12  S22 , the test statistic is
with ( n1 1, n2 1 )=(9,11) degrees of freedom. Set the level of significance   0.05 .
The tabulated value of F at 5% level for (9,11) degrees of freedom is 2.89.
The calculated value of F< the tabulated value of F at   0.05 , we accept the null
hypothesis H 0 and conclude that the samples came from the same normal populations
with same variances.
(ii) t-test (to test equality of means):
Null hypothesis: H 0 : 1  2
Given x  15, y  14, n1  10, n2  12
1 
  
x  x  y  y    1

90  108  9.9
2 2
Now S 2 

n1  n2  1  
 10  12  1
S  3.15
x y 15  14
The test statistic is t    0.74 .
1 1 3.15
S 
n1 n2
Tabulated value of t for 20 d.f. (n1+n2-2) at 5% level of significance is 2.086.
Since calculated value of t < tabulated value of t , we accept the null hypothesis.
Hence from (i) and (ii), the given samples have been drawn from the same normal
populations. Hence we accept the null hypothesis that 1  2 and  12   22
3. The nicotine contents in milligrams in two samples of tobacco were found to be as
follows:
Sample A 24 27 26 31 25 ---
Sample B 27 30 28 31 22 36
Can it be said that the two samples have come from the same normal population.

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4. The measurements of the output of two units have given the following results. Assuming
that both samples have been obtained from the normal population at 10% significant level,
test whether the two populations have the same variances.
Unit-A 14.1 10.1 14.7 13.7 14.0
Unit-B 14.0 14.5 13.7 12.7 14.1
Solution: Let the Null hypothesis be H 0 :  12   22

Then the Alternate hypothesis is H1 :  12   22
Given n1  5& n2  5
x
 x  1 (14.1  10.1  14.7  13.7  14.0)  13.32
Now
n5
y
 y  1 (14.0  14.5  13.7  12.7  14.1)  13.8
n 5
x x  x =x-13.32 ( x  x)2 y y  y =y-13.8 ( y  y)2
14.1 0.78 0.6084 14.0 0.2 0.04
10.1 -3.22 10.3684 14.5 0.7 0.49
14.7 1.38 1.9044 13.7 -0.1 0.01
13.7 0.38 0.1444 12.7 -1.1 1.21
14.0 0.68 0.4624 14.1 0.5 0.09
 x =66.6  ( x  x)2 =13.488  y  69  ( y  y)2 =1.84
 x  x  yi  y  
2 2
i 13.4888 1.84
S12    3.372 and S22    0.46
n1  1 5 1 n2  1 5 1
S12 3.372
F   7.33
S22 0.46
Since S12  S22 , the test statistic is with ( n1 1, n2 1 )=(4,4) degrees of freedom.
Tabulated value of F for (4,4) d.f. at 10% =0.01 level of significance is 15.97.
Since calculated F < tabulated F, we accept the Null hypothesis H0.
i.e, There is no significant difference between the variances.
5. Two independent samples of 8 & 7 items respectively had the following values of the
variables.
Sample I 9 11 13 11 16 10 12 14
Sample II 11 13 11 14 10 8 10 ---
Do the estimates of the population variance differ significantly?
Solution: Let the Null hypothesis be H 0 :  12   22

Then the Alternate hypothesis is H1 :  12   22

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Given n1  8& n2  7
x
 x  1 (9  11  13  11  16  10  12  14)  96  12
n1 8 8
Now
y
 y  1 (11  13  11  14  10  8  10)  11
n2 7
x x  x =x-12 ( x  x)2 y y  y =y- ( y  y)2
13.8
9 -3 9 11 0 0
11 -1 1 13 2 4
13 1 1 11 0 0
11 -1 1 14 3 9
16 4 16 10 -1 1
10 -2 4 8 -3 9
12 0 0 10 -1 1
14 2 4 --- --- ---
 x =96  ( x  x)2 =36  y  77  ( y  y)2 =24
 x  x 
 yi  y 
2 2
i 36 24
S12    5.14 and S22   4
n1  1 8 1 n2  1 7 1
S12 5.14
F   1.285
S22 4
Since S12  S22 , the test statistic is with ( n1 1, n2 1 )=(7,6) degrees of freedom.
Tabulated value of F for (7, 6) d.f. at 5% =0.05 level of significance is 4.21.
Since calculated F < tabulated F, we accept the Null hypothesis H0.
i.e, There is no significant difference between the variances.
6. It is known that the mean diameters of rivets produced by two firms A and B are
practically the same, but the standard deviation may differ. For 22 rivets produced by firm A,
the S.D. is 2.9 mm, while for 16 rivets manufactured by firm B, the S.D. is 3.8 mm, compute
the statistic you would use to test whether the products of firm A have the same variability as
those of firm B and test its significance.
Solution: Given n1  22, n2  16, s1  2.9mm, s2  3.8mm

Since the S.D’s of the samples s1 & s2 are given.
Step:3 The population variances S12 and S 22 are obtained by using the relations
n1s12 22(2.9)2 n s 2 16(3.8) 2
S12    8.805 and S22  2 2   15.393 , where s12 and s22 are the
n1  1 21 n2  1 15
variances of the two samples.

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Assuming that H 0 is true and S22  S12 then the test statistic is
S22 15.393
F   1.74
S12 15
Tabulated value of F- with (21, 15) d.f. at 0.05 level of significance is 2.31.
Step:4 The calculated value of F< the tabulated value of F at   0.05 ,we accept the null
hypothesis H 0 i.e, the products of both the firms A and B have the same variability.
So we may conclude that the products of firm A are not superior to those of firm B .
7. Pumpkins were grown under two experimental conditions. Two random samples of 11 and
9 pumpkins, show the sample standard deviations of their weights as 0.8 and 0.5 respectively.
Assuming that the weight distributions are normal, test hypothesis that the true variances are
equal.
8. The time taken by workers in performing a job by Method I and Method II is given below.
Method I 20 16 26 27 23 22 ---
Method II 27 33 42 35 32 34 38
Do the data show that the variances of time distribution from population from which these
samples are drawn do not differ significantly?

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To make the generalization about the population from the sample, statistical tests are used. A
statistical test is a formal technique that relies on the probability distribution, for reaching the
conclusion concerning the reasonableness of the hypothesis. These hypothetical testing
related to differences are classified as parametric and nonparametric tests.
The parametric test is one which has information about the population.
Ex: z-test, t-test and F-test.
On the other hand, the nonparametric test is one whether no exact information about the
population . Chi-square test is commonly used non-parametric test.
 2 - test:
 First used by Karl Pearson in 1900.

 Denoted by square of the Greek letter  .
 The quantity  2 describes the magnitude of the discrepancy between theory and
observations.
Properties:
1.  2 - distribution curve is not symmetrical, lies entirely in the first quadrant, and hence
not a normal curve, since  2 varies from 0 to  .
2. As the number of degrees of freedom increases, the chi-square distribution becomes
more symmetric.
3. It depends only on the degree of freedom  .
4. The values are non-negative. i.e, the values of are greater than or equal to 0.
5. Mean=  and variance=2 .
f(  )
2

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Applications of  2 distribution:
1.
To test the goodness of fit.
2.
To test the independence of attributes.
3.
To test the homogeneity of independent estimation of the population variances.
4.
To test the homogeneity of independent estimation of the population Correlation
coefficient.
Conditions of validity :
Following are the conditions which should be satisfied before  2 test can be applied.
1.
The sample observations should be independent.
2.
N, the total frequency is large, i.e, >50.
3.
The constraints on the cell frequencies, if any, are linear.
4.
No theoretical (or expected) frequency should be less than 10. If small theoretical
frequencies occur, the difficulty is overcome by regrouping 2 or more classes together
before calculating (O-E). Note that the degrees of freedom is determined with the
number of classes after regrouping.
Definition: If a set of events A1, A2,…..,An are observed to occur with frequencies O1,
O2,…..,On respectively and according to probability rules A1, A2,…..,An are expected to
occur with frequencies E1, E2,…..,En respectively with O1, O2,…..,On are called observed
frequencies and E1, E2,…..,En are called expected frequencies.
If Oi (i=1,2,…..,n) is a set of observed (experimental) frequencies and E i (i=1,2,…..,n)
is the corresponding set of expected (theoretical ) frequencies, then  2 is defined as
(Oi  Ei )2
n
 
2
with (n-1) degrees of freedom.
i 1 Ei
Note:
If the data is given in a series of ‘n’ numbers then degrees of freedom = n-1.

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In case of Binomial distribution, d.f =n-1.

In case of Poisson distribution, d.f =n-2.
In case of Normal distribution, d.f =n-3.
 2 -Test as a test of Goodness of fit:
We use this test to decide whether the discrepancy between theory and experiment is
significant or not. i.e, to test whether the difference between the theoretical and observed
values can be attributed to chance or not.
Let the Null hypothesis H0 be there is no significant difference between the observed values
and the corresponding expected values.
Then the Alternative hypothesis H1 is that the above difference is significant.
Let O1, O2,…..,On be a set of observed frequencies and E 1, E2,…..,En the corresponding
expected frequencies. Then the test statistic  2 is given by
n
(Oi  Ei )2
2  
i 1 Ei
Assuming that H0 is true, the test statistic  2 follows Chi-square distribution with (n-1) d.f.
where
n n n
O  E
i 1
i
i 1
i (or )  (O  E )  0
i 1
i i
Solved Problems
1. The number of automobile accidents per week in a certain community are as follows:
12,8,20,2,14,10,15,6,9,4. Are these frequencies in agreement with the belief that accident
conditions were the same during this 10 week period.
100
Solution: Expected frequency of accidents each week=  10 .
10
Null hypothesis H0: The accident conditions were the same during the 10 week period.
Alternative hypothesis H0: The accident conditions are different during 10 week period.
Observed Frequency Expected Frequency (Oi-Ei) (Oi  Ei )2

(Oi) (Ei) Ei
12 10 2 0.4
8 10 -2 0.4
20 10 10 10.0
2 10 -8 6.4
14 10 4 1.6
10 10 0 0.0
15 10 5 2.5
6 10 -4 1.6
9 10 -1 0.1
4 10 -6 3.6
100 100 26.6
n
(Oi  Ei )2
Now,  2    26.6.
i 1 Ei

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i.e, Calculate value of  2  26.6
Here n=10 observations are given.
 Degrees of freedom (d.f)=n-1=10-1=9.
Tabulated value at 0.05 with 9 d.f. is  2  16.9
Since Calculated  > Tabulated  , therefore the Null hypothesis is rejected and concluded
2 2
that the accident conditions were not the same during the 10 week period.
2. The following figures show the distribution of digits in numbers chosen at random from a
telephone directory.
Digits 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frequency 1026 1107 997 966 1075 933 1107 972 964 853
Test whether the digits may be taken to occur equally in the directory.
Solution: Null hypothesis H0: The digits occur equally frequently in the directory.
Alternative hypothesis H1: The digits occur differently frequently in the directory.
Digits Observed Expected (Oi-Ei)2 (Oi  Ei )2

Frequency (Oi) Frequency (Ei) Ei
0 1026 1000 676 0.676
1 1107 1000 11449 11.449
2 997 1000 9 0.009
3 996 1000 1156 1.156
4 1075 1000 5625 5.625
5 933 1000 4489 4.489
6 1107 1000 11449 11.449
7 972 1000 784 0.784
8 964 1000 1296 1.296
9 853 1000 21609 21.609
Total 10000 10000 58.542
n
(Oi  Ei )2
Now,  2  
i 1 Ei
 58.542
 Degrees of freedom (d.f)=n-1=10-1=9.
Tabulated value at 0.05 with 9 d.f. is  2  16.9
Since Calculated  > Tabulated  , therefore the Null hypothesis is rejected and concluded
2 2
that the digits do not occur equally frequently in the directory.

lOMoARcPSD|37321784
3. A die is thrown 264 times with the following results. Show that the die is biased. [Given
0.05
2
 11.07 for 5 d. f ]
No. appeared on the die 1 2 3 4 5 6

Frequency 40 32 28 58 54 52
4. A survey of 240 families with 4 children each revealed the following distribution.
Male Births 4 3 2 1 0
Observed frequency 10 55 105 58 12
Solution: Null hypothesis H0: The male and female births are equally probable.
1
i.e, p  q 
2
The expected frequency x of male births is given by
f ( x)  N  Ckn p x qnk , where N=240, n=4, x=0,1,2,3,4

0 40
1 1 1
 f (0)  240  C04        240  1 1  15
2 2 16
1 4 1
1 1 1 1
f (1)  240  C14        240  4    60
2 2 2 8
2 4 2
1 1 1 1
f (2)  240  C24        240  6    90
2 2 4 4
3 4 3
1 1 1 1
f (3)  240  C34        240  4    60
2 2 8 2
4 4 4
1 1 1
f (4)  240  C44        240  1  1  15
2 2 16
The expected or theoretical (Binomial) frequencies of male births are:
x 4 3 2 1 0
f(x) 15 60 90 60 15
Let us now apply  2 test to examine the goodness of fit of the given data to the above
Binomail distribution.
No.of families (Oi  Ei )2

2
Observed Frequency Expected Frequency (Oi-Ei) (Oi-Ei) Ei
(Oi) (Ei)
10 15 -5 25 1.67
55 60 -5 25 0.42
105 90 15 225 2.5
58 60 -2 4 0.07
12 15 -3 9 0.6
Total: 240 240 5.26
n
(Oi  Ei )2
Now,  2  
i 1 Ei
 5.26

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 Degrees of freedom (d.f)=n-1=5-1=4. Tabulated value at 0.05 with 4 d.f. is   9.488

2
Since Calculated  2 < Tabulated  2 , therefore the Null hypothesis is accepted and conclude
that the male and female births are equally probable.
5. 4 coins were tossed 160times and the following results were obtained.
No.of Heads 0 1 2 3 4
Observed frequencies 17 52 54 31 6
Under the assumption that coins are balanced, find the expected frequencies of 0,1,2,3 or 4
heads and test the goodness of fit   0.05 .
6. Fit a Poisson distribution to the following data and for its goodness of fits at level of
significance 0.05?
x 0 1 2 3 4
f(x) 419 352 154 56 19
Solution:
x f f.x
0 419 0
1 352 352
2 154 308
3 56 168
4 19 76
N=  f =1000  fx  904
Mean   
fi xi 904
  0.904
f 1000
e   x
Theoretical distribution is given by N  p( x)  1000 
x!
Hence the theoretical frequencies are given by
e0.904 (0.904) x 1000  0.4049  (0.904) x
f ( x)  1000        (1)
x! x!
Putting x=0,1,2,3,4, we get
x 0 1 2 3 4
f(x) 406.2 366 165.4 49.8 12.6
Now,
n
(Oi  Ei )2 (419  406.2) 2 (352  366) 2 (154  165.4) 2 (56  49.8) 2 (19  12.6)2
2       
i 1 Ei 406.2 366.6 165.4 49.8 12.6
 5.748
2

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Since Calculated  2 < Tabulated  2 , therefore the Null hypothesis is accepted.
7. A sample analysis of examination results of 500 students was made. It was found that 220
students had failed, 170 had secured a third class, 90 were placed in second class and 20 got a
first class. Do these figures commensurate with the general examination result which is in the
ratio of 4:3:2:1 for the various categories respectively.
Solution: Null Hypothesis: H0: The observed results commensurate with the general
examination results.
Expected frequencies are in the ratio of 4:3:2:1
Total frequency=500
If we divide the total frequency 500 in the ratio 4:3:2:1, we get the expected frequencies as
4 3 2 1
500   200 ; 500   150 ; 500   100 and 500   50
10 10 10 10
Class Observed Expected (Oi-Ei) (Oi-Ei)2 (Oi  Ei )2

Frequency Frequency (Ei) Ei
(Oi)
Failed 220 200 20 400 2.06
Third 170 150 20 400 2.667
Second 90 100 -10 100 1.000
First 20 50 -30 900 18.00
500 500 23.667
n
(Oi  Ei )2
2    23.667
i 1 Ei


2
Since Calculated  2 >Tabulated  2 , therefore the Null hypothesis is rejected and conclude
that the observed results are not commensurate with the general examination.
8. A pair of dice is thrown 360 times and the frequency of each sum is indicated below.
Sum 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Frequency 8 24 35 37 44 65 51 42 26 14 14
Would you say that the dice are fair on the basis of the Chi-Square test at 0.05 level of
significance?

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4/24/2020 t-Distribution Table for One Tailed t-Test
One Tailed Student's t-Distribution Table

α
0.01 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.5
df
1 127.32 63.66 21.20 12.71 6.31 5.03 2.41
2 14.09 9.92 5.64 4.30 2.92 2.56 1.60
3 7.45 5.84 3.90 3.18 2.35 2.11 1.42
4 5.60 4.60 3.30 2.78 2.13 1.94 1.34
5 4.77 4.03 3.00 2.57 2.02 1.84 1.30
6 4.32 3.71 2.83 2.45 1.94 1.78 1.27

7 4.03 3.50 2.71 2.36 1.89 1.74 1.25
8 3.83 3.36 2.63 2.31 1.86 1.71 1.24
9 3.69 3.25 2.57 2.26 1.83 1.69 1.23
10 3.58 3.17 2.53 2.23 1.81 1.67 1.22
11 3.50 3.11 2.49 2.20 1.80 1.66 1.21

12 3.43 3.05 2.46 2.18 1.78 1.65 1.21
13 3.37 3.01 2.44 2.16 1.77 1.64 1.20
14 3.33 2.98 2.41 2.14 1.76 1.63 1.20
15 3.29 2.95 2.40 2.13 1.75 1.62 1.20
16 3.25 2.92 2.38 2.12 1.75 1.62 1.19

17 3.22 2.90 2.37 2.11 1.74 1.61 1.19
18 3.20 2.88 2.36 2.10 1.73 1.61 1.19
19 3.17 2.86 2.35 2.09 1.73 1.60 1.19
20 3.15 2.85 2.34 2.09 1.72 1.60 1.18
21 3.14 2.83 2.33 2.08 1.72 1.60 1.18

22 3.12 2.82 2.32 2.07 1.72 1.59 1.18
23 3.10 2.81 2.31 2.07 1.71 1.59 1.18
24 3.09 2.80 2.31 2.06 1.71 1.59 1.18
25 3.08 2.79 2.30 2.06 1.71 1.59 1.18
26 3.07 2.78 2.30 2.06 1.71 1.59 1.18

27 3.06 2.77 2.29 2.05 1.70 1.58 1.18
28 3.05 2.76 2.29 2.05 1.70 1.58 1.17
29 3.04 2.76 2.28 2.05 1.70 1.58 1.17
https://getcalc.com/statistics-one-tailed-tdistribution-table.htm 1/4
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30 3.03 2.75 2.28 2.04 1.70 1.58 1.17
31 3.02 2.74 2.27 2.04 1.70 1.58 1.17

32 3.01 2.74 2.27 2.04 1.69 1.58 1.17
33 3.01 2.73 2.27 2.03 1.69 1.57 1.17
34 3.00 2.73 2.27 2.03 1.69 1.57 1.17
35 3.00 2.72 2.26 2.03 1.69 1.57 1.17
36 2.99 2.72 2.26 2.03 1.69 1.57 1.17

37 2.99 2.72 2.26 2.03 1.69 1.57 1.17
38 2.98 2.71 2.25 2.02 1.69 1.57 1.17
39 2.98 2.71 2.25 2.02 1.68 1.57 1.17
40 2.97 2.70 2.25 2.02 1.68 1.57 1.17
41 2.97 2.70 2.25 2.02 1.68 1.57 1.17

42 2.96 2.70 2.25 2.02 1.68 1.57 1.17
43 2.96 2.70 2.24 2.02 1.68 1.56 1.17
44 2.96 2.69 2.24 2.02 1.68 1.56 1.17
45 2.95 2.69 2.24 2.01 1.68 1.56 1.17
46 2.95 2.69 2.24 2.01 1.68 1.56 1.17

47 2.95 2.68 2.24 2.01 1.68 1.56 1.16
48 2.94 2.68 2.24 2.01 1.68 1.56 1.16
49 2.94 2.68 2.24 2.01 1.68 1.56 1.16
50 2.94 2.68 2.23 2.01 1.68 1.56 1.16
51 2.93 2.68 2.23 2.01 1.68 1.56 1.16

52 2.93 2.67 2.23 2.01 1.67 1.56 1.16
53 2.93 2.67 2.23 2.01 1.67 1.56 1.16
54 2.93 2.67 2.23 2.00 1.67 1.56 1.16
55 2.92 2.67 2.23 2.00 1.67 1.56 1.16
56 2.92 2.67 2.23 2.00 1.67 1.56 1.16

57 2.92 2.66 2.23 2.00 1.67 1.56 1.16
58 2.92 2.66 2.22 2.00 1.67 1.56 1.16
59 2.92 2.66 2.22 2.00 1.67 1.56 1.16
60 2.91 2.66 2.22 2.00 1.67 1.56 1.16
lOMoARcPSD|37321784

61 2.91 2.66 2.22 2.00 1.67 1.56 1.16
62 2.91 2.66 2.22 2.00 1.67 1.56 1.16
63 2.91 2.66 2.22 2.00 1.67 1.55 1.16
64 2.91 2.65 2.22 2.00 1.67 1.55 1.16
65 2.91 2.65 2.22 2.00 1.67 1.55 1.16
66 2.90 2.65 2.22 2.00 1.67 1.55 1.16

67 2.90 2.65 2.22 2.00 1.67 1.55 1.16
68 2.90 2.65 2.22 2.00 1.67 1.55 1.16
69 2.90 2.65 2.22 1.99 1.67 1.55 1.16
70 2.90 2.65 2.22 1.99 1.67 1.55 1.16
71 2.90 2.65 2.21 1.99 1.67 1.55 1.16

72 2.90 2.65 2.21 1.99 1.67 1.55 1.16
73 2.89 2.64 2.21 1.99 1.67 1.55 1.16
74 2.89 2.64 2.21 1.99 1.67 1.55 1.16
75 2.89 2.64 2.21 1.99 1.67 1.55 1.16
76 2.89 2.64 2.21 1.99 1.67 1.55 1.16

77 2.89 2.64 2.21 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16
78 2.89 2.64 2.21 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16
79 2.89 2.64 2.21 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16
80 2.89 2.64 2.21 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16
81 2.89 2.64 2.21 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16

82 2.88 2.64 2.21 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16
83 2.88 2.64 2.21 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16
84 2.88 2.64 2.21 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16
85 2.88 2.63 2.21 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16
86 2.88 2.63 2.21 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16

87 2.88 2.63 2.21 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16
88 2.88 2.63 2.21 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16
89 2.88 2.63 2.21 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16
90 2.88 2.63 2.21 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16
91 2.88 2.63 2.20 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16

92 2.88 2.63 2.20 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16
lOMoARcPSD|37321784

93 2.88 2.63 2.20 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16
94 2.87 2.63 2.20 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16
95 2.87 2.63 2.20 1.99 1.66 1.55 1.16
96 2.87 2.63 2.20 1.98 1.66 1.55 1.16

97 2.87 2.63 2.20 1.98 1.66 1.55 1.16
98 2.87 2.63 2.20 1.98 1.66 1.55 1.16
99 2.87 2.63 2.20 1.98 1.66 1.55 1.16
100 2.87 2.63 2.20 1.98 1.66 1.55 1.16
lOMoARcPSD|37321784
4/24/2020 t-Distribution Table for Two Tailed Students t-Test
Two Tailed Student's t-Distribution Table

α
0.01 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.25 0.5
df
1 63.66 31.82 12.71 6.31 3.08 2.41 1.00
2 9.92 6.96 4.30 2.92 1.89 1.60 0.82
3 5.84 4.54 3.18 2.35 1.64 1.42 0.76
4 4.60 3.75 2.78 2.13 1.53 1.34 0.74
5 4.03 3.36 2.57 2.02 1.48 1.30 0.73
6 3.71 3.14 2.45 1.94 1.44 1.27 0.72

7 3.50 3.00 2.36 1.89 1.41 1.25 0.71
8 3.36 2.90 2.31 1.86 1.40 1.24 0.71
9 3.25 2.82 2.26 1.83 1.38 1.23 0.70
10 3.17 2.76 2.23 1.81 1.37 1.22 0.70
11 3.11 2.72 2.20 1.80 1.36 1.21 0.70

12 3.05 2.68 2.18 1.78 1.36 1.21 0.70
13 3.01 2.65 2.16 1.77 1.35 1.20 0.69
14 2.98 2.62 2.14 1.76 1.35 1.20 0.69
15 2.95 2.60 2.13 1.75 1.34 1.20 0.69
16 2.92 2.58 2.12 1.75 1.34 1.19 0.69

17 2.90 2.57 2.11 1.74 1.33 1.19 0.69
18 2.88 2.55 2.10 1.73 1.33 1.19 0.69
19 2.86 2.54 2.09 1.73 1.33 1.19 0.69
20 2.85 2.53 2.09 1.72 1.33 1.18 0.69
21 2.83 2.52 2.08 1.72 1.32 1.18 0.69

22 2.82 2.51 2.07 1.72 1.32 1.18 0.69
23 2.81 2.50 2.07 1.71 1.32 1.18 0.69
24 2.80 2.49 2.06 1.71 1.32 1.18 0.68
25 2.79 2.49 2.06 1.71 1.32 1.18 0.68
26 2.78 2.48 2.06 1.71 1.31 1.18 0.68

27 2.77 2.47 2.05 1.70 1.31 1.18 0.68
28 2.76 2.47 2.05 1.70 1.31 1.17 0.68
29 2.76 2.46 2.05 1.70 1.31 1.17 0.68
https://getcalc.com/statistics-two-tailed-tdistribution-table.htm 1/4
lOMoARcPSD|37321784

30 2.75 2.46 2.04 1.70 1.31 1.17 0.68
31 2.74 2.45 2.04 1.70 1.31 1.17 0.68

32 2.74 2.45 2.04 1.69 1.31 1.17 0.68
33 2.73 2.44 2.03 1.69 1.31 1.17 0.68
34 2.73 2.44 2.03 1.69 1.31 1.17 0.68
35 2.72 2.44 2.03 1.69 1.31 1.17 0.68
36 2.72 2.43 2.03 1.69 1.31 1.17 0.68

37 2.72 2.43 2.03 1.69 1.30 1.17 0.68
38 2.71 2.43 2.02 1.69 1.30 1.17 0.68
39 2.71 2.43 2.02 1.68 1.30 1.17 0.68
40 2.70 2.42 2.02 1.68 1.30 1.17 0.68
41 2.70 2.42 2.02 1.68 1.30 1.17 0.68

42 2.70 2.42 2.02 1.68 1.30 1.17 0.68
43 2.70 2.42 2.02 1.68 1.30 1.17 0.68
44 2.69 2.41 2.02 1.68 1.30 1.17 0.68
45 2.69 2.41 2.01 1.68 1.30 1.17 0.68
46 2.69 2.41 2.01 1.68 1.30 1.17 0.68

47 2.68 2.41 2.01 1.68 1.30 1.16 0.68
48 2.68 2.41 2.01 1.68 1.30 1.16 0.68
49 2.68 2.40 2.01 1.68 1.30 1.16 0.68
50 2.68 2.40 2.01 1.68 1.30 1.16 0.68
51 2.68 2.40 2.01 1.68 1.30 1.16 0.68

52 2.67 2.40 2.01 1.67 1.30 1.16 0.68
53 2.67 2.40 2.01 1.67 1.30 1.16 0.68
54 2.67 2.40 2.00 1.67 1.30 1.16 0.68
55 2.67 2.40 2.00 1.67 1.30 1.16 0.68
56 2.67 2.39 2.00 1.67 1.30 1.16 0.68

57 2.66 2.39 2.00 1.67 1.30 1.16 0.68
58 2.66 2.39 2.00 1.67 1.30 1.16 0.68
59 2.66 2.39 2.00 1.67 1.30 1.16 0.68
60 2.66 2.39 2.00 1.67 1.30 1.16 0.68
lOMoARcPSD|37321784

61 2.66 2.39 2.00 1.67 1.30 1.16 0.68
62 2.66 2.39 2.00 1.67 1.30 1.16 0.68
63 2.66 2.39 2.00 1.67 1.30 1.16 0.68
64 2.65 2.39 2.00 1.67 1.29 1.16 0.68
65 2.65 2.39 2.00 1.67 1.29 1.16 0.68
66 2.65 2.38 2.00 1.67 1.29 1.16 0.68

67 2.65 2.38 2.00 1.67 1.29 1.16 0.68
68 2.65 2.38 2.00 1.67 1.29 1.16 0.68
69 2.65 2.38 1.99 1.67 1.29 1.16 0.68
70 2.65 2.38 1.99 1.67 1.29 1.16 0.68
71 2.65 2.38 1.99 1.67 1.29 1.16 0.68

72 2.65 2.38 1.99 1.67 1.29 1.16 0.68
73 2.64 2.38 1.99 1.67 1.29 1.16 0.68
74 2.64 2.38 1.99 1.67 1.29 1.16 0.68
75 2.64 2.38 1.99 1.67 1.29 1.16 0.68
76 2.64 2.38 1.99 1.67 1.29 1.16 0.68

77 2.64 2.38 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
78 2.64 2.38 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
79 2.64 2.37 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
80 2.64 2.37 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
81 2.64 2.37 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68

82 2.64 2.37 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
83 2.64 2.37 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
84 2.64 2.37 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
85 2.63 2.37 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
86 2.63 2.37 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68

87 2.63 2.37 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
88 2.63 2.37 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
89 2.63 2.37 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
90 2.63 2.37 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
91 2.63 2.37 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68

92 2.63 2.37 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
lOMoARcPSD|37321784

93 2.63 2.37 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
94 2.63 2.37 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
95 2.63 2.37 1.99 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
96 2.63 2.37 1.98 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68

97 2.63 2.37 1.98 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
98 2.63 2.37 1.98 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
99 2.63 2.36 1.98 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
100 2.63 2.36 1.98 1.66 1.29 1.16 0.68
lOMoARcPSD|37321784
4/24/2020 χ²-Distribution Table for Chi-squared Test
Chi-square (χ²) Distribution Table

α
0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.001
df
1 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879 10.828
2 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.21 10.597 13.816
3 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345 12.838 16.266
4 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277 14.86 18.467
5 9.236 11.07 12.833 15.086 16.75 20.515
6 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548 22.458

7 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278 24.322
8 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.09 21.955 26.124
9 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589 27.877
10 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188 29.588
11 17.275 19.675 21.92 24.725 26.757 31.264

12 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.3 32.909
13 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819 34.528
14 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319 36.123
15 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801 37.697
16 23.542 26.296 28.845 32 34.267 39.252

17 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718 40.79
18 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156 42.312
19 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582 43.82
20 28.412 31.41 34.17 37.566 39.997 45.315
21 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401 46.797

22 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796 48.268
23 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181 49.728
24 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.98 45.559 51.179
25 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928 52.62
26 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.29 54.052

27 36.741 40.113 43.195 46.963 49.645 55.476
28 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.993 56.892
29 39.087 42.557 45.722 49.588 52.336 58.301
https://getcalc.com/statistics-chisquared-distribution-table.htm 1/7
lOMoARcPSD|37321784

30 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672 59.703
31 41.422 44.985 48.232 52.191 55.003 61.098

32 42.585 46.194 49.48 53.486 56.328 62.487
33 43.745 47.4 50.725 54.776 57.648 63.87
34 44.903 48.602 51.966 56.061 58.964 65.247
35 46.059 49.802 53.203 57.342 60.275 66.619
36 47.212 50.998 54.437 58.619 61.581 67.985

37 48.363 52.192 55.668 59.893 62.883 69.346
38 49.513 53.384 56.896 61.162 64.181 70.703
39 50.66 54.572 58.12 62.428 65.476 72.055
40 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691 66.766 73.402
41 52.949 56.942 60.561 64.95 68.053 74.745

42 54.09 58.124 61.777 66.206 69.336 76.084
43 55.23 59.304 62.99 67.459 70.616 77.419
44 56.369 60.481 64.201 68.71 71.893 78.75
45 57.505 61.656 65.41 69.957 73.166 80.077
46 58.641 62.83 66.617 71.201 74.437 81.4

47 59.774 64.001 67.821 72.443 75.704 82.72
48 60.907 65.171 69.023 73.683 76.969 84.037
49 62.038 66.339 70.222 74.919 78.231 85.351
50 63.167 67.505 71.42 76.154 79.49 86.661
51 64.295 68.669 72.616 77.386 80.747 87.968

52 65.422 69.832 73.81 78.616 82.001 89.272
53 66.548 70.993 75.002 79.843 83.253 90.573
54 67.673 72.153 76.192 81.069 84.502 91.872
55 68.796 73.311 77.38 82.292 85.749 93.168
56 69.919 74.468 78.567 83.513 86.994 94.461

57 71.04 75.624 79.752 84.733 88.236 95.751
58 72.16 76.778 80.936 85.95 89.477 97.039
59 73.279 77.931 82.117 87.166 90.715 98.324
60 74.397 79.082 83.298 88.379 91.952 99.607
lOMoARcPSD|37321784

61 75.514 80.232 84.476 89.591 93.186 100.888
62 76.63 81.381 85.654 90.802 94.419 102.166
63 77.745 82.529 86.83 92.01 95.649 103.442
64 78.86 83.675 88.004 93.217 96.878 104.716
65 79.973 84.821 89.177 94.422 98.105 105.988
66 81.085 85.965 90.349 95.626 99.33 107.258

67 82.197 87.108 91.519 96.828 100.554 108.526
68 83.308 88.25 92.689 98.028 101.776 109.791
69 84.418 89.391 93.856 99.228 102.996 111.055
70 85.527 90.531 95.023 100.425 104.215 112.317
71 86.635 91.67 96.189 101.621 105.432 113.577

72 87.743 92.808 97.353 102.816 106.648 114.835
73 88.85 93.945 98.516 104.01 107.862 116.092
74 89.956 95.081 99.678 105.202 109.074 117.346
75 91.061 96.217 100.839 106.393 110.286 118.599
76 92.166 97.351 101.999 107.583 111.495 119.85

77 93.27 98.484 103.158 108.771 112.704 121.1
78 94.374 99.617 104.316 109.958 113.911 122.348
79 95.476 100.749 105.473 111.144 115.117 123.594
80 96.578 101.879 106.629 112.329 116.321 124.839
81 97.68 103.01 107.783 113.512 117.524 126.083

82 98.78 104.139 108.937 114.695 118.726 127.324
83 99.88 105.267 110.09 115.876 119.927 128.565
84 100.98 106.395 111.242 117.057 121.126 129.804
85 102.079 107.522 112.393 118.236 122.325 131.041
86 103.177 108.648 113.544 119.414 123.522 132.277

87 104.275 109.773 114.693 120.591 124.718 133.512
88 105.372 110.898 115.841 121.767 125.913 134.745
89 106.469 112.022 116.989 122.942 127.106 135.978
90 107.565 113.145 118.136 124.116 128.299 137.208
91 108.661 114.268 119.282 125.289 129.491 138.438

92 109.756 115.39 120.427 126.462 130.681 139.666
lOMoARcPSD|37321784

93 110.85 116.511 121.571 127.633 131.871 140.893
94 111.944 117.632 122.715 128.803 133.059 142.119
95 113.038 118.752 123.858 129.973 134.247 143.344
96 114.131 119.871 125 131.141 135.433 144.567

97 115.223 120.99 126.141 132.309 136.619 145.789
98 116.315 122.108 127.282 133.476 137.803 147.01
99 117.407 123.225 128.422 134.642 138.987 148.23
100 118.498 124.342 129.561 135.807 140.169 149.449
101 119.589 125.458 130.7 136.971 141.351 150.667

102 120.679 126.574 131.838 138.134 142.532 151.884
103 121.769 127.689 132.975 139.297 143.712 153.099
104 122.858 128.804 134.111 140.459 144.891 154.314
105 123.947 129.918 135.247 141.62 146.07 155.528
106 125.035 131.031 136.382 142.78 147.247 156.74

107 126.123 132.144 137.517 143.94 148.424 157.952
108 127.211 133.257 138.651 145.099 149.599 159.162
109 128.298 134.369 139.784 146.257 150.774 160.372
110 129.385 135.48 140.917 147.414 151.948 161.581
111 130.472 136.591 142.049 148.571 153.122 162.788

112 131.558 137.701 143.18 149.727 154.294 163.995
113 132.643 138.811 144.311 150.882 155.466 165.201
114 133.729 139.921 145.441 152.037 156.637 166.406
115 134.813 141.03 146.571 153.191 157.808 167.61
116 135.898 142.138 147.7 154.344 158.977 168.813

117 136.982 143.246 148.829 155.496 160.146 170.016
118 138.066 144.354 149.957 156.648 161.314 171.217
119 139.149 145.461 151.084 157.8 162.481 172.418
120 140.233 146.567 152.211 158.95 163.648 173.617
121 141.315 147.674 153.338 160.1 164.814 174.816

122 142.398 148.779 154.464 161.25 165.98 176.014
123 143.48 149.885 155.589 162.398 167.144 177.212
124 144.562 150.989 156.714 163.546 168.308 178.408
lOMoARcPSD|37321784

125 145.643 152.094 157.839 164.694 169.471 179.604
126 146.724 153.198 158.962 165.841 170.634 180.799

127 147.805 154.302 160.086 166.987 171.796 181.993
128 148.885 155.405 161.209 168.133 172.957 183.186
129 149.965 156.508 162.331 169.278 174.118 184.379
130 151.045 157.61 163.453 170.423 175.278 185.571
131 152.125 158.712 164.575 171.567 176.438 186.762

132 153.204 159.814 165.696 172.711 177.597 187.953
133 154.283 160.915 166.816 173.854 178.755 189.142
134 155.361 162.016 167.936 174.996 179.913 190.331
135 156.44 163.116 169.056 176.138 181.07 191.52
136 157.518 164.216 170.175 177.28 182.226 192.707

137 158.595 165.316 171.294 178.421 183.382 193.894
138 159.673 166.415 172.412 179.561 184.538 195.08
139 160.75 167.514 173.53 180.701 185.693 196.266
140 161.827 168.613 174.648 181.84 186.847 197.451
141 162.904 169.711 175.765 182.979 188.001 198.635

142 163.98 170.809 176.882 184.118 189.154 199.819
143 165.056 171.907 177.998 185.256 190.306 201.002
144 166.132 173.004 179.114 186.393 191.458 202.184
145 167.207 174.101 180.229 187.53 192.61 203.366
146 168.283 175.198 181.344 188.666 193.761 204.547

147 169.358 176.294 182.459 189.802 194.912 205.727
148 170.432 177.39 183.573 190.938 196.062 206.907
149 171.507 178.485 184.687 192.073 197.211 208.086
150 172.581 179.581 185.8 193.208 198.36 209.265
151 173.655 180.676 186.914 194.342 199.509 210.443

152 174.729 181.77 188.026 195.476 200.657 211.62
153 175.803 182.865 189.139 196.609 201.804 212.797
154 176.876 183.959 190.251 197.742 202.951 213.973
155 177.949 185.052 191.362 198.874 204.098 215.149
lOMoARcPSD|37321784

156 179.022 186.146 192.474 200.006 205.244 216.324
157 180.094 187.239 193.584 201.138 206.39 217.499
158 181.167 188.332 194.695 202.269 207.535 218.673
159 182.239 189.424 195.805 203.4 208.68 219.846
160 183.311 190.516 196.915 204.53 209.824 221.019
161 184.382 191.608 198.025 205.66 210.968 222.191

162 185.454 192.7 199.134 206.79 212.111 223.363
163 186.525 193.791 200.243 207.919 213.254 224.535
164 187.596 194.883 201.351 209.047 214.396 225.705
165 188.667 195.973 202.459 210.176 215.539 226.876
166 189.737 197.064 203.567 211.304 216.68 228.045

167 190.808 198.154 204.675 212.431 217.821 229.215
168 191.878 199.244 205.782 213.558 218.962 230.383
169 192.948 200.334 206.889 214.685 220.102 231.552
170 194.017 201.423 207.995 215.812 221.242 232.719
171 195.087 202.513 209.102 216.938 222.382 233.887

172 196.156 203.602 210.208 218.063 223.521 235.053
173 197.225 204.69 211.313 219.189 224.66 236.22
174 198.294 205.779 212.419 220.314 225.798 237.385
175 199.363 206.867 213.524 221.438 226.936 238.551
176 200.432 207.955 214.628 222.563 228.074 239.716

177 201.5 209.042 215.733 223.687 229.211 240.88
178 202.568 210.13 216.837 224.81 230.347 242.044
179 203.636 211.217 217.941 225.933 231.484 243.207
180 204.704 212.304 219.044 227.056 232.62 244.37
181 205.771 213.391 220.148 228.179 233.755 245.533

182 206.839 214.477 221.251 229.301 234.891 246.695
183 207.906 215.563 222.353 230.423 236.026 247.857
184 208.973 216.649 223.456 231.544 237.16 249.018
185 210.04 217.735 224.558 232.665 238.294 250.179
186 211.106 218.82 225.66 233.786 239.428 251.339

187 212.173 219.906 226.761 234.907 240.561 252.499
lOMoARcPSD|37321784

188 213.239 220.991 227.863 236.027 241.694 253.659
189 214.305 222.076 228.964 237.147 242.827 254.818
190 215.371 223.16 230.064 238.266 243.959 255.976
191 216.437 224.245 231.165 239.386 245.091 257.135

192 217.502 225.329 232.265 240.505 246.223 258.292
193 218.568 226.413 233.365 241.623 247.354 259.45
194 219.633 227.496 234.465 242.742 248.485 260.607
195 220.698 228.58 235.564 243.86 249.616 261.763
196 221.763 229.663 236.664 244.977 250.746 262.92

197 222.828 230.746 237.763 246.095 251.876 264.075
198 223.892 231.829 238.861 247.212 253.006 265.231
199 224.957 232.912 239.96 248.329 254.135 266.386
200 226.021 233.994 241.058 249.445 255.264 267.541
lOMoARcPSD|37321784
4/24/2020 Normal Distribution Table for Z-Test
Standard Normal Distribution Table for Z = 0.00 to

3.59
Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
https://getcalc.com/statistics-normal-distribution-table.htm 1/3
lOMoARcPSD|37321784
Standard Normal Distribution Table for Z = 0.00 to

3.59
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998
3.5 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998 0.9998
Standard Normal Distribution Table for Z = -3.59 to

0.00
Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
-0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
-0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
-0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
-0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
-0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
-0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
-0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
-0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
-0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
-0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
-1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
-1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
-1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
-1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
-1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
-1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
-1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
-1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
-1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
-1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
-2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
lOMoARcPSD|37321784
Standard Normal Distribution Table for Z = -3.59 to

0.00
-2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
-2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
-2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
-2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
-2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
-2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
-2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
-2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
-2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
-3.0 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010
-3.1 0.0010 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007
-3.2 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
-3.3 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003
-3.4 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002
-3.5 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002
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ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCES:: TIRUPATI

AUTONOMOUS
AK 20 Regulations
Year : I B.Tech Semester : II Branch of Study : CSE,AI&DS,CIC,AI &ML

Subject L T P Credits
Subject Name: Probability and Statistics
Code:20ABS9911 3 0 0 3
Course Outcomes:
1. Interpret the association of characteristics and through correlation and regression tools.
2. Make use of the concepts of probability and their applications.
3. Apply discrete and continuous probability distributions.
4. Design the components of a classical hypothesis test for large sample.
5. Design the components of a classical hypothesis test for small samples.
UNIT -1
Measures of Central Tendency, Measures of Dispersion,
Correlation,Regression
10 marks
1.Compute the arithmetic mean of the following data:
Roll 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No.s
Marks(x) 40 50 55 78 58 60 73 35 43 48
2: From the following data find the mean profits

Profit per 100-200 200-300 300-400 400-500 500-600 600-700 700-800
shop(Rs)
Number 10 18 20 26 30 28 18
of shops
3:Compute the arithmetic mean of the following by direct and short -cut methods both:
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Class 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

Frequency 8 26 30 20 16
4:Calculate the arithmetic mean of the following distribution

Variate 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Frequency 20 43 57 61 72 45 39
5: Calculate the median from the following data

Marks 10-25 25-40 40-55 55-70 70-85 85-100
Frequency 6 20 44 26 3 1
6: Calculate the median from the following data

Wages in Rs. 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
No. of 22 38 46 35 20
workers
7.Compute the mode of the following distribution:

Class 0-7 7-14 14-21 21-28 28-35 35-42 42-49
Frequency 19 25 36 72 51 43 28
8: Compute the geometric mean of the following distribution:
Wheat (kg) 7.5-10.5 10.5-13.5 13.5-16.5 16.5-19.5 19.5-22.5 22.5-25.5 25.5-28.5
No. of farms 5 9 19 23 7 4 1
9 :Claculate coefficient of correlation from the following data
X 12 9 8 10 11 13 7
Y 14 8 6 9 11 12 3
10. Find the coefficient of correlation between the two variables
X 50 50 55 60 65 65 65 60 60 60
Y 11 13 14 16 16 15 15 14 13 13
11.Find if there is any significant correlation between the heights and weights given below:
Height 57 59 62 63 64 65 55 58 57
inches(x)
Weight 113 117 126 126 130 129 111 116 112
in lbs(y)
12. Claculate coefficient of correlation between age of cars and annual maintenance cost and
comment:
Age of cars in years(x) 2 4 6 7 8 10 12
Annual maintenance cost in 1600 1500 1800 1900 1700 2100 2000
Rs.(y)
13. Problem 1 :Claculate Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient for the following paired data:
X 28 41 40 38 35 33 40 32 36 33
Y 23 34 33 34 30 26 28 31 36 38
14.The following table gives the distribution of the total population and those who are totally and
partially blind among them. Find out if there is any relation between age and blindness
Age 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70 70 – 80
No.ofpersons 100 60 40 36 24 11 6 3
‘(000)
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Blind 55 40 40 40 36 22 18 15
.15. Following are the ranks obtained by 10 students in two subjects, Statistics and Mathematics.
To what extent the knowledge of the students in two subjects is related?
Statistics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mathematics 2 4 1 5 3 9 7 10 6 8
16. The ranks of 16 students in Mathematics and Statistics are as follows:
(1,1) (2, 10) (3, 3) (4, 4) (5, 5) (6, 7) (7, 2) (8, 6) (9, 8) (10, 11) (11, 15) (12, 9) (13, 14) (14,
12) (15, 16) (16, 13) . Calculate the rank correlation coefficient for proficiencies of this group in
Mathematics and Statistics
17. Ten competitors in a musical test were ranked by the three judges A, B and C in the
following order.
Ranks 1 6 5 10 3 2 4 9 7 8
by A
Ranks 3 5 8 4 7 10 2 1 6 9
by B
Ranks 6 4 9 8 1 2 3 10 5 7
by C
Using rank correlation method, discuss which pair of judges has the nearest approach to common
likings in music.
18. A sample of 12 fathers and their elder sons gave the following data about their elder sons.
Calculate the rank correlation coefficient
X 65 63 67 64 68 62 70 66 68 67 69 71
Y 68 66 68 65 69 66 68 65 71 67 68 70
19.Find the standard deviation of the following data (use the step deviation method):
Wages 125- 175- 225- 275- 325- 375- 425- 475- 525-
(Rs.) 175 225 275 325 375 425 475 525 575
no. of 2 22 19 14 3 4 6 1 1
workers
20.Goals scored by two teams A and B in foot ball season are as follows.
Number of goals scored in Number of matches

match Team A Team B
0 24 25
1 9 9
2 8 6
3 5 5
4 4 5
By calculating the standard deviations in each case find which team be consider more consistent
21.The scores of two cricketers A and B in 10 innings are given here. Find who is a better and
who is more a consistent player.
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Section of A 40 25 19 80 38 8 67 121 66 76
xi
Section of A 28 70 31 0 14 111 66 31 25 4
yi
22. Calculate Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness for the following data: 25, 15, 23, 40, 27,
25, 23, 25, 20.
23. Calculate Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness for the following data:
Variable 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40
Frequency 2 5 7 13 21 16 8 3
24. From the following distribution, calculate (i) First 4 moment about the mean (ii) Skewness
based on moments (iii) Kurtosis
Income (Rs) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40
Frequency 1 3 4 2
2Marks
Problem 1: According to the census of 1991, following are the population figure, in thousands, of
10 cities : 1400, 1250, 1670, 1800, 700, 650, 570, 488, 2100, 1700. Find the median
2: Find the mode of the following salaries:

(i) 850, 750, 600, 825, 850, 725, 600, 850, 640, 530
(ii) 40, 45, 48, 57, 78
3.Given n=10,  x  5.4,  y  6.2 and sum of the product of deviations from the mean of X and
Y is 66 find the correlation co-efficient
4. Find the variance and standard deviation of the following data: 5, 12, 3, 18, 6, 8, 2, 10.
5.Find the variance and standard deviation of the following data: 45, 60, 62, 60, 50, 65, 58,
68,44, 48.
6.Calculate the standard deviation for the following distribution:
xi 4 8 11 17 20 24 32
fi 3 5 9 5 4 3 1
7. Calculate the mean and standard deviation for the following frequency distribution:
xi 6 10 14 18 24 28 30
fi 2 4 7 12 8 4 3
Compute the range for the following observation 15, 20, 25, 25, 30, 35
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8. The following table gives the daily sales (Rs.) of two firms A and B for five days.
Firm A 5050 5025 4950 4835 5140
Firm B 4900 3100 2200 1800 13000
Calculate the mean deviation of the variates 40, 62, 54, 68, 76 from A.M
9. Find the mean deviation from the mean for the following data: 38, 70, 48, 40, 42, 55, 63, 46,
54, 44.
10.Find the mean deviation about the mean for the following data
xi 2 5 7 8 10 35
,f i 6 8 10 6 8 2
11.Find the mean deviation about the median for the following data
xi 6 9 3 12 15 13 21 22
,f i 4 5 3 2 5 4 4 3
12.The following table gives the sales of 100 companies. Find the mean deviation from the
mean.
Sales in thousands 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
,Number of companies 5 15 25 30 20 5
13.Find the mean deviation about the mean for the following data
Classes 0-100 100-200 200-300 300-400 400-500 500-600 600-700 700-800
Freq. 4 8 9 10 7 5 4 3
:
14.Find the mean deviation from median for the following data
Age of 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60
workers
No. of 120 125 175 160 150 140 100 30
workers
15.Write the Types of (i) correlation (ii) Regression.
16. Explain Positive and Negative Correlation
17. Explain Simple and Multiple Correlation
18. Explain Partial and Total Correlation
19. Explain Linear and Non-linear Correlation
20.Write the formula for Regression lines (i) Y on X (ii) X on Y
21.Define Co-Variance.
22.Define Skewness
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23.Define kurtosis
UNIT-II & III
PROBABILITY
10 Marks
1. A class consists of 6 girls and 10 boys. If a committee of 3 is chosen at random from the
class, find the probability that (a) 3 boys are selected,(b) exactly two girls are selected.
2. A and B throw alternately with a pair of ordinary dice. A wins if he throws 6 before B throws
7 and B wins if he throws 7 before A throws 6.If A begins , show that his chance of winning is
30/61.
3. A,B and C in order toss a coin. The first one to toss head wins the game. What are the
probabilities of winning, assuming that the game may continue indefinitely.
4. Two cards are selected at random from 10 cards numbered 1 to 10.Find the probability that
the sum is even if (a)The two cards are drawn together. (b)The two cards are drawn one after
other with replacement.
5. A box contains n tickets marked 1 through n. Two tickets are drawn in succession without
replacement. Determine the probability that the number on the tickets are consecutive integers.
6. Determine the probability for each of the following events: A non-defective bolt will be found
if out of 600 bolts already examined 12 were defective.
7. What is the probability of picking an ace and a king from a 52 cards deck?
8. Out of 15 items 4 are not in good condition 4 are selected at random. Find the probability that
(a) All are not good (b) Two are not good
9. Five persons in a group 20 are engineers. If three persons are selected at random, determine
the probability that all engineers and the probability that at least one being an engineer.
10. Three students A,B,C are in running race. A and B have the same probability of winning and
each is twice as likely to win as C. Find the probability that B or C wins.
11. A class has 10 boys and 5 girls. Three students are selected at random one after another.
Find the probability that (a) first two are boys and third is girl (b) first and third are of same sex
and the second is of opposite sex.
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12. Two aeroplanes bomb a target in succession. The probability of each correctly scoring a hit
is 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. The second will bomb only if the first misses the target. Find the
probability that (a)target is hit (b) both fails to score hits.
13. Box A contains 5 red and 3 white marbles and box B contains 2 red and 6 white marbles. If a
marble is drawn from each box, what is the probability that they are both of same colour.
14. Two marbles are drawn in succession from a box containing 10 red, 30 white,20 blue and 15
orange marbles, with replacement being made after each draw. Find the probability that (a) both
are white (b) first is red and second is white.
15. A can hit a target 3 times in 5 shots, B hits target in 5 shots ,C hits target 3 times in 4 shots.
Find the probability of the target being hit when all of them try.
16. Two dice are thrown. Let A be the event that the sum of the points on the faces is 9.Let B be
the event that at least one number is 6.Find
(a) P(A∩B) (b) P(AUB) (c) P(𝐴𝑐 𝑈𝑩𝑐 )
17. If the probability that a communication system will have high fidelity is 0.81 and the
probability that it will have high fidelity and selectivity is 0.81.What is the probability that a
system with high fidelity will also have high selectivity?
18. Suppose 5 men out of 100 and 25 women out of 10,000 are colour blind. A colour blind
person is choosen at random. What is the probability of the person being a male(Assume male
and female to be in equal numbers)?
19. In a bolt factory machines A,B,C manufacture 20%,30% and 50% of the total of their output
and 6%,3% and 2% are defective. A bolt is drawn at random and found to be defective. Find the
probabilities that it is manufactured from (a)Machine A. (b)Machine B. (c)Machine C.
20. Of the three men,the chances that a politician,a business man or an academician will be
appointed as a vice-chancellor (V.C) of a University are 0.5,0.3,0.2 respectively.Probability that
research is promoted by these persons if they are appointed as V.C are 0.3,0.7,0.8 respectively.
(a) Determine the probability that research is promoted
(b) If research is promoted, what is the probability that V.C is an academician?
DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
22. Two dice are thrown. Let X assign to each point (a,b) in S the maximum of its numbers i.e.,
X(a,b)=max.(a,b). Find the probability distribution. X is a random variable with X(s) =
{1,2,3,4,5,6}. Also find the mean and variance of the distribution.
(OR)
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A random variable X has the following distribution?
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(x) 1/36 3/36 5/36 7/36 9/36 11/36
Find (a) the mean (b) variance (c) P(1<X<6)
23. A random variable X has the following probability function:
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 2 2
P(x) 0 k 2k 2k 3k 𝑘 2𝑘 7𝑘 + 𝑘
(a) Determine K (b) Evaluate P(X<6),P(X>6),P(0<X<5) and P(0<X<4) (c) if P(X<K)
>1/2, find the minimum value of K and, (d) Determine the distribution of X (e) Mean (f)
Variance.
24. The probability density function of a variate X is
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X) K 3k 5k 7k 9k 11k 13k
(a) Find K (b) Find P(X<4), P(X>5), P(3<X<6) (c) what will be the minimum value of k so
that P(X<2)>0.3 ?
25. A random variables X has the following probability function
𝑥𝑖 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
𝑃(𝑥𝑖 ) K 0.1 K 0.2 2K 0.4 2K
Find (a) K (b) Mean (c) Variance
26. From a lot of 10 items containing 3 defectives, a sample of 4 items is drawn at random.Let
the random variable X denote the number of defective items in the sample. Find the probability
distribution of X when the sample is drawn without replacement.
27. Let X denote the minimum of the two numbers that appear when a pair of fair dice is thrown
once. Determine the
(a) Discrete probability distribution (b) Expectation (c) Variance
28. A sample of 4 items is selected at random from a box containing 12 items of which 5 are
defective. Find the expected number E of defective items.
29. A fair coin is tossed until a head or five tails occurs. Find the expected number E of tosses of
the coin.
30. Find the mean of the probability distribution of the number of heads obtained in three flips
of a balanced coin.
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CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
1. If the probability density of a random variable is given by
𝑘(1 − 𝑥 2 ), 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑥 < 1

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = {
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
2. The probability density f(x) of a continuous random variable is given by
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑐𝑒 −|𝑥| , −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞. Show that c=1/2 and find that the mean and variance of the
distribution. Also find the probability that the variate lies between 0 and 4.
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
3. Probability density function of a random variable X is 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = {2 .
0, 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
Find the mean,mode and median of the distribution and also find the probability between
𝜋
0 and ?
2
4. A continuous random variable X has the distribution function
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = {𝑘 (𝑥 − 1)4 , 𝑖𝑓 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 3. Determine (i) f(x) (ii) k (iii) Mean
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 3
5. If X is a continuous random variable and Y = aX + b, prove that E(Y)=a E(X) + b and

V(Y) = a2. V(X),where V stands for variance and a, b are constants?
6. If X is a continuous random variable and k is a constant, the prove that (i) Var(X+k) =
Var(X) (ii) Var(kX) = k2 Var(X)?
7. For the continuous random variable X whose probability density function is given by
𝑐𝑥(2 − 𝑥 ), 𝑖𝑓 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { where c is constant. Find c, Mean and Variance of X?
8. The daily consumption of electric power (in millions of kW-hours) is a random variable
1 𝑥
𝑥𝑒 − ⁄3 , 𝑥 > 0
having the probability density function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = {9 . If the total production is
0, 𝑥 ≤ 0
12 million kW-hours, determines the probability that there is power cut on any given day.
𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑥 ≥ 0
9. The density function of a random variable X is 𝑓(𝑥 ) = { . Find E(X), E(X2),
Var(X).
10. The cumulative distribution function for a continuous random variable X is
1 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 , 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = { . Find (i) the density function f(x) (ii) Mean (iii) Variance of the
0, 𝑥 < 0
density function.
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
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1. 10 coins are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of getting at least (i) 7 heads (ii)
6 heads
2. 2 dice are thrown 5 times. Find the probability of getting 7 as sum (i) at least once (ii)
two times (iii) p(1<X<5)
3. In 256 sets of 12 tosses of a coin, how many cases one can expect 8 heads and 4 tails
4. Out of 800 families with 4 children each, how many families would be expected to have
(a) 2 boys and 2 girls (b) at least one boy (c) no girl (d) at most 2 girls? Assume equal
probabilities for boys and girls
5. In a binomial distribution consisting of 5 independent trails, probabilities of 1 and 2
success are 0.4096 and 0.2048 respectively. Find the parameter p of the distribution.
6. Fit a binomial distribution to the following data
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
f 2 14 20 34 22 8
7. The mean of binomial distribution is 3 and variance is 9/4. Find (i) the value of n (ii) p(x
≥ 7) (iii) p(1 ≤ X < 6)
8. The probability that the life of a bulb is 100 days is 0.05. find the probability that out of 6
bulbs (i) at least one (ii) greater than 4 (iii) none, will be having a life of 100 days
POISSON DISTRIBUTION
1. A car-hire firm has two cars which it hires out day by day. The number of demands for a
car on each day is distributed as a poisson distribution with mean 1.5. Calculate the
proportion of days (a) on which there is no demand (b) on which demand is refused.
2. A hospital switch board receives an average of 4 emergency calls in a 10 minute interval.
What is the probability that (a) there are at most 2 emergency calls in a 10 minute interval
(b) there are exactly 3 emergency calls in a 10 minute interval.
3. If a random variable has a poisson distribution such that P(1)=P(2), find (a) mean of the
distribution (b) P(4) (c) P(x>1) (d) P(1<x<4).
4. The average number of phone calls / minute coming into a switch board between 2 p.m
and 4 p.m is 2.5. Determine the probability that during one particular minute there will be
(a) 4 or fewer (b) more than 6 calls.
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5. Average number of accidents on any day on a national highway is 1.8. Determine the
probability that the number of accidents are (a) at least one (b) at most one
6. If X is a poisson variate such that P(x=0)=P(x=1),find P(x=0) and using recurrence
formula find the probabilities at x=1,2,3,4 and 5.
7. If the variance of a poisson variate is 3,then find the probability that (a) x=0 (b) 0<x<3
(c) 1<x<4.
8. If X is a poisson variate such that 3P(x=4)=1/2 P(x=2) + P(x=0), find (a) the mean of x
(b) P(x<2)
9. Wireless sets are manufactured with 25 soldered joints each. On the average 1 joint in
500 is defective. How many sets can be expected to be free from defective joints in a
consignment of 10,000 sets.
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
10. If X is a normal variate with mean 30 and standard deviation 5. Find the probabilities
that (a) 26<X<40 (b) X>45
11. In a Normal distribution, 7% of the items are under 35 and 89% are under 63. Determine
the mean and variance of the distribution.
(OR)
Find the mean and standard deviation of a normal distribution in which 7% of items are
under 35 and 89% are under 63.
12. The mean and standard deviation of the marks obtained by 1000 students in an
examination are respectively 34.5 and 16.5. Assuming the normality of the distribution,
find the approximate number of students expected to obtain marks between 30 and 60.
13. The marks obtained in mathematics by 1000 students is normally distributed with mean
78% and standard deviation 11%.Determine
(a) How many students got marks above 90%
(b) What was the highest mark obtained by the lowest 10% of the students
(c) Within what limits did the middle of 90% of the students lie.
14. Suppose the weights of 800 male students are normally distributed with mean µ=140
pounds and standard deviation 10 pounds. Find the number of students whose weights are
(a) between 138 and 148 pounds (b) more than 152 pounds.
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15. The marks obtained in statistics in a certain examination found to be normally distributed.
If 15% of the students > 60 marks,40% < 30 marks, find the mean and standard deviation.
16. A sales tax officer has reported that the average sales of the 500 business that he has to
deal with during a year is Rs. 36,000 with a standard deviation of 10,000. Assuming that
the sales in these business are normally distributed,find
(a) the number of business as the sales of which are Rs.40,000.
(b) the percentage of business the sales of which are likely to range between
Rs.30,000 and Rs.40,000.
17. If the masses of 300 students are normally distributed with mean 68 kgs and standard
deviation 3kgs, how many students have masses
(a) greater than 72 kg
(b) less than or equal to 64 kg
(c) between 65 and 71 kg inclusive.
18. Given that the mean height of students in a class is 158cms with standard deviation of
20cms. Find how many students heights lie between 150cms and 170cms, if there are 100
students in the class.
2marks
1. A box contains n tickets marked 1 through n. Two tickets are drawn in succession without
replacement. Determine the probability that the number on the tickets are consecutive integers.
2. Determine the probability for each of the following events: A non-defective bolt will be found
if out of 600 bolts already examined 12 were defective.
3. What is the probability of picking an ace and a king from a 52 cards deck?
4. Out of 15 items 4 are not in good condition 4 are selected at random. Find the probability that
(a) All are not good (b) Two are not good.
5. Let X denote the number of heads in a single toss of 4 fair coins. Determine (a) P(X<2) (b)
P(1<X<3).
6. The mean and variance of a binomial distribution are 4 and 4/3 respectively. Find p(x ≥ 1).
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7. Using recurrence formula find the probabilities when x=0,1,2,3,4 and 5;if the mean of poisson
distribution is 3.
8. Find the probability of getting an even number 3 or 4 or 5 times in throwing 10 dice. Using
binomial distribution.
9. Determine the probability that getting an even number on face 3 to 5 times in throwing 10
dice together.
UNIT-IV
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
1.A sample of 64 students have a mean weight of 70 kgs. Can this be regarded as a sample from a
population with mean weight 56 kgs and standard deviation 25kgs.
2.A sample of 900 members has a mean of 3.4 cms and S.D 2.61 cms. Is this sample has been taken
from a large population of mean 3.25 cm and S.D 2.61 cms. If the population is normal and its mean
is unknown find the 95% fiducial limits of true mean.
3.A sample of 400 items is taken from a population whose standard deviation is 10. The mean of the
sample is 40. Test whether the sample has come from a population with mean 38. Also calculate
95% confidence interval for the population.
4.An ambulance service claims that it takes on the average less than 10 minutes to reach its
destination in emergency calls. A sample of 36 calls has a mean of 11 minutes and the variance of 16
minutes. Test the claim at 0.05 level significance.
5.It is claimed that a random sample of 49 tyres has a mean life of 15200 km. This sample was drawn
from a population whose mean is 15150 kms and a standard deviation of 1200km. Test the
significance at 0.05 level.
6.The means of two large samples of sizes 1000 and 2000 members are 67.5 inches and 68.0 inches
respectively. Can the samples be regarded as drawn from the same population of S.D 2.5 inches.
7.A researcher wants to the intelligence of students in a school. He selected two groups of students.
In the first group there 150 students having mean IQ of 75 with a S.D. Of 15 in the second group
there are 250 students having men IQ of 70 with S.D. of 20.
8.The mean life of a sample of 10 electric bulbs ( or motors ) was found to be 1456 hours with S.D.
Of 423 hours. A second sample of 17 bulbs chosen from a different batch showed a mean life 1280
hours with S.D. of 398 hours. Is there a significant difference between the means of two batches.
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9.The mean height of 50 male students who participated in sports is 68.2 inches with a S.D of 2.5.
The mean height of 50 male students who have not participated in sport is 67.2 inches with a S.D of
2.8. Test the hypothesis that the height of students who participated in sports is more than the
students who have not participated in sports.
10.A manufacturer claimed that at least 95% of the equipment which he supplied to a factory
conformed to specifications. An examination of a sample of 200 pieces of equipment revealed that
18 were faculty. Test his claim at 5% level of significance.
11.In a sample of 1000 people in Karnataka 540 are rice eaters and the rest are wheat eaters. Can
we assume that both rice and wheat are equally popular in this state at 1% level of significance.
12.In a big city 325 men out of 600 men were found to be smokers. Does this information support
the conclusion that the majority of men in this city are smokers?
13.Experience had shown that 20% of a manufactured product is of the top quality. In one day’s
production of 400 articles only 50 are of top quality. Test the hypothesis at 0.05 level.
14.In a sample of 500 from a village in Rajasthan, 280 are found to be wheat eaters and the rest rice
eaters. Can we assume that the both articles are equally popular.
15.20 people were attacked by a disease and only 18 survived. Will you reject the hypothesis that
the survival rate if attacked by this disease is 85% in favour of the hypothesis that is more at 5%
level.
16.A random sample of 500 apples was taken from a large consignment of 60 were found to be bad,
obtain the 98% confidence limits for the percentage number of bad apples in the consignment.
17.Random samples of 400 men and 600 women were asked whether they would like to have a
flyover near their residence. 200 men and women in favour of the proposal are same, at 5% level.
18.On the basis of their total scores, 200 candidates of a civil service examination are divided into
two groups, the upper 30% and the remaining 70%. Consider the first question of the examination.
Among the first group, 40 had the correct answer, whereas among the second group, 80 had the
correct answer. On the basis of these results, can one conclude that the first question is not good at
discriminating ability of the type being examined here?
19.In two large populations, there are 30%, and 25% respectively of fair haired people. Is this
difference likely to be hidden in samples of 1200 and 900 respectively from the two populations.
20.In a random sample of 1000 persons from town A, 400 are found to be consumers of wheat. In a
sample of 800 from town B, 400 are found to be consumers of wheat. Do these data reveal a
significant difference between town A and town B, so far as the proportion of wheat consumers is
concerned?
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21.Before an increase on excise duty on tea 500 people out of a sample of 900 found to have the
habit of having tea. After an increase on excise duty 250 are have the habit of having tea among
1100. Is there any decrease in the consumption of tea. Test at 5% level.
2Marks
1Find the value of the finite population correction factor for n=10 and N=100.
2.A random sample of size 81 was taken whose variance is 20.25 and mean is 32, construct 98%
confidence interval .
3.In a random sample of 100 packages shipped by air freight 13 had some damage. Construct 95%
confidence interval for the true proportion of damage package.
4.Define (i)Sample (ii) Population
5.Define (i) Large Sample (ii) Small Sample.
6.Define Sample Variance.
7.Define Central Limit Theorem.
8.Define Standard Error.
9.Write the confidence limits for (i) single mean (ii) Difference of Means (iii)Single Proportion (iv)
Difference of Proportion.
10. Define (i)Null Hypothesis (ii) Alternative Hypothesis
11.Define (I) Type I error (ii) Type II error.
12.Define (i)critical region (ii) Acceptance Region.
13.Define (i) Two Tailed Test (ii)One-Tailed Test
UNIT-V
TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE (small samples)

1>Find (a) P(t < 2.365) when v = 7
(b) P(t > 1.318)when v = 24
(c)P(-1.356 < t <2.179) when v = 12
(d)P(t>-2.567) when v= 17
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2> A random of sample of size 25 from a normal population has the mean𝑥 =4.75 and the standard
deviation S = 8.4 .Does this information tend to support or refute the claim that mean of the population
is µ = 42.5?
3> Ten bearings made by a certain process have a mean diameter of 0.5060cm with a standard deviation
of 0.0040cm. Assuming that the data may be taken as a random sample from a normal distribution,
construct a 95% confidence interval for the actual average diameter of the bearings?
4> A sample of size 10 was taken from a population S.D of sample is 0.03.Find maximum error with 99%
confidence.
5>A sample of 11 rats from a central population had an average blood viscosity of 3.92 with a S.D of0.61.
Estimate the 95% confidence limits for the mean blood viscosity of the population.
6>A mechanist is making engine parts with axle diameters of 0.700inch.A random sample of 10 parts
shows a mean diameter of 0.742inch with a S.D of 0.040inch. Compute the statistics you would use to
test whether the work is meeting the specification at 0.05 level of significance.
7>A sample of 26 bulbs gives a mean life of 990 hours with a S.D of 20 hours. The manufacturer claims
that the mean life of bulbs is 1000 hours. Is the sample not upto the standard .
8> The average breaking strength of the steel rods is specified to be 18.5 thousand pounds. To test this
sample of 14 rods were tested .The mean and standard deviations obtained were 17.85 and 1.955
respectively. Is the result of experiment significant?
9>> A random of sample of size 16 values from a normal population showed a mean of 53 and a sum of
squares of deviations from the mean equals to 150. Can this sample be regarded as taken from
population having 50 as mean? Obtain 95% confidence limits of the mean of the population.
10>A random of sample of six steel beams has a mean compressive strength of 58,392 p.s.i (pounds per
square inch) with a standard deviation of 648 p.s.i. Use this information and the level of significance α =
0.05 to test whether the true average compressive strength of the steel from which this sample came is
58,000 p.s.i. Assume normality.
11> A random of sample of 10 boys had the following I.Q’s : 70,120,110,101,88,83,95,98,107 and 100.
(𝑎)Do these data support the assumption of a population mean I.Q of 100
(𝑏)Find the reasonable range in which most of the mean I.Q values of samples of 10 boys lie.
11>Producer of ‘gutkha’, claims that the nicotine content in his gutkha on the average is 1.83mg.Can this
claim accepted if a random sample of 8 gutkha of this type have the nicotine contents of
2.0,1.7,2.1,1.9,2.2,2.1,2.0,1.6mg? Use a 0.05 level of significance.
12>Two horses A and B were tested according to the time (in sec) to run a particular track with the
following results.
Horse A 28 30 32 33 33 29 34
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Horse B 29 30 30 24 27 29
Test whether two horses have the same running capacity.
13>To examine the hypothesis that the husbands are more intelligent than the wives, an investigator
took a sample of 10 couples and administered them a test which measures the I.Q. The results are as
follows:
Husbands 117 105 97 105 123 109 86 78 103 107

Wives 106 98 87 104 116 95 90 69 108 85
Test the hypothesis with a reasonable test at the level of significance of 0.05.
14>To compare two kinds of bumper guards,6 of each kind were mounted on a car and then the car was
run into a concrete wall. The following are the costs of repairs.
Guard 1 107 148 123 165 102 119

Guard 2 134 115 112 151 133 129
Use the 0.01 level of significance to test whether the difference between two sample mean is significant.
15>Scores obtained in a shooting competition by 110 soliders before and after intensive training are
given below:
Before 67 24 57 55 63 54 56 68 33 43
After 70 38 58 58 56 67 68 75 42 38
Test whether the intensive training is useful at 0.05 level of significance.
16>The blood pressure of 5 women before and after intake of a certain drug are given below:
Before 110 120 125 132 125

After 120 118 125 136 121
Test whether tere is significant change in blood pressure at 1% level of significance.
17>Memory capacity of 10 students were tested before and after training. State whether the training
was effective or not from the following scores.
Before 12 14 11 8 7 10 3 0 5 6
training
After 15 16 10 7 5 12 10 2 3 8
training
18>In one sample of 8 observations from a normal population, the sum of the squares of deviations of
the sample values from the sample mean is 84.4 and in another sample of 10 observations it was 102.6.
Test at 5% level whether the populations have the same variance.
19>The nicotine contents in milligrams in two samples of tobacco were found to be as follows:
Sample A 24 27 26 21 25 —
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Sample B 27 30 28 31 22 36
Can it be said that the two samples have come from the same normal population?
20>The measurements of the output of the two units have given the following results. Assuming that
both samples have been obtained from the normal populations at 10% significant level, test whether the
two populations have the same variance.
Unit-A 14.1 10.1 14.7 13.7 14.0

Unit-B 14.0 14.5 13.7 12.7 14.1
21>In one sample of 10 observations, the sum of the squares of the deviations of the sample values
from sample mean was 120 and in the other sample of 12 observations, it was 314. Test whether the
difference is significant at 5% level?
22> Two independent samples of 8 and 7 items respectively had the following values of the variables
Sample I 9 11 13 11 16 10 12 14
SampleII 11 13 11 14 10 8 10 —
Do the estimates of the population variance differ significantly.
23>The number of automobile accidents per week in a certain community are as follows:
12,8,20,2,14,10,15,6,9,4. Are these frequencies in agreement with the belief that accident conditions
were the same during this 10 week period.
24>A die is thrown 264 times with the following results. Show that die is biased. [Given χ20.05 =11.07 for 5
d.f]
No .appeared on the die 1 2 3 4 5 6

Frequency 40 32 28 58 54 52
25> A pair of dice are thrown 360 times and the frequency of each sum is indicated as below:
Sum 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Frequency 8 24 35 37 44 65 51 42 26 14 14
Would you say that the dice are fair on the basis of the chi-square test at 0.05 level of significance?
26>4 coins were tossed 160 times and the following results were obtained:
No. of heads 0 1 2 3 4
Observed frequencies: 17 52 54 31 6
Under the assumption that coins are balanced, find the expected frequencies of 0,1,2,3 or 4 heads, and
test the goodness of fit (α= 0.05).
27> Fit a poisson distribution to the following data and for its goodness of fit at level of significance
0.05?
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lOMoARcPSD|37321784
x 0 1 2 3 4
f 419 352 154 56 19
28>The following table gives the classification of 100 workers according to gender and nature of work.
Test whether the nature of work is independent of the gender of the worker.
Stable Unstable Total

Males 40 20 60
Females 10 30 40
Total 50 50 100
29>Given the following contingency table for hair colour and eye colour. Find the value of χ2 . Is there
good association between the two?
Hair colour
Fair Brown Black Total
Eye colour Blue 15 5 20 40
Grey 20 10 20 50
Brown 25 15 20 60
Total 60 30 60 150
30> From the following data find whether there is any significant liking in the habit of taking soft drinks
among the categories of employees.
Employees
Soft Drinks Clerks Teachers Officers
Pepsi 10 25 65
Thumsup 15 30 65
Fanta 50 60 30
31> In an investigation on the machine performance, the following results are obtained:
No . of units inspected No . of defectives

Machine 1 375 17
Machine 2 450 22
Test whether there is any significant performance of two machines at α=0.05.
32>A firm manufacturing rivets wants to limit variations in their length as much as possible. The lengths
(in cms) of 10 rivets manufactured by a new process are
2.15 1.99 2.05 2.12 2.17

2.01 1.98 2.03 2.25 1.93
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Examine whether the new process can be considered superior to the old if the old population has
standard deviation 0.145 cm?
2Marks
1.Define Degrees of Freedom.
2.Define t- Distribution and uses.
3.Write properties of t-Distribution and Applications.
4.Define Chi-Square Distribution.
5. Write properties of Chi-Distribution and Applications.
6. Write properties of F-Distribution .
7. Write Test of significance of small samples.
8.write the conditions of validity of test of Goodness of Fit.
9.Write confidence or Fiducial limits for 𝜇.
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Mathematical And Statistical Foundations (Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,

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Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences: Tirupati

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Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences: Tirupati

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The measures of dispersion in common use are:

(I) RANGE: Calculation of Range:

For ungrouped data:

For grouped frequency distribution:

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Mean Deviation from Mean of an Ungrouped Data:

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⸫ Mean deviation from the median = 10 10

Mean Deviation for a Grouped Data:

Mean Deviation from mean for Discrete Frequency Distribution:

Solution : we will tabulate the values as follows:

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Solution :Given observations in ascending order to get the table as follows:

Thus ∑ fi |xi – median| = 149

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Problem 2:Find the mean deviation of the following frequency distribution:

Step Deviation Method (Short Cut method) :

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Classes Mid Frequency(fi) di fi di |xi - x | |xi - x |,fi

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Solution : we form the following table for the given data

Classes Mid Frequency(fi) Cumulative |xi - x | = |xi–37.5| |xi - x |,fi

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Downloaded by Palla Srija (srijapalla01@gmail.com)

Downloaded by Palla Srija (srijapalla01@gmail.com)

Downloaded by Palla Srija (srijapalla01@gmail.com)

Downloaded by Palla Srija (srijapalla01@gmail.com)

Downloaded by Palla Srija (srijapalla01@gmail.com)

Downloaded by Palla Srija (srijapalla01@gmail.com)

Downloaded by Palla Srija (srijapalla01@gmail.com)

Downloaded by Palla Srija (srijapalla01@gmail.com)

Downloaded by Palla Srija (srijapalla01@gmail.com)