How To Make A Zero Crossing Detector Using 311 Op-Amp IC ?

How to make a Zero Crossing Detector using 311 Op-Amp IC ?
zero crossing detector using IC 311
A zero-crossing detector using IC 311 (8 pin DIP unit) is illustrated in figure. The positive (above 0 V) going input signal drives the output transistor on, the output going low (- 10 V in this connection). The negative (below 0 V) going input drives the output transistor off, the output going high (+ 10 V in this connection). The output is thus an indication of whether the input is above or below 0 V. When the input is any positive voltage (above 0 V), the output is low level, while any negative input voltage will result in the output going to a highvoltage level.
Zero Crossing Detector-Output Waveform
zero crossing detector waveform
Read more: http://www.circuitstoday.com/zero-crossing-detector-using-ic-311#ixzz1cNrtzQ8V Under Creative Commons License: Attribution
Zero crossing detector is used to convert sine wave or other signal into square-wave, the output should be low if the input is negative and high if the input if positive. Many zero crossingdetector use split supply (symmetric supply), but this zero crossing detector circuit only need a single supply, thus suitable for battery-operated circuits. Here is the schematic diagram:
The op-amp uses LM339, LM239, LM2901, LM2901V, NCV2901, or MC3302 single supplyquad comparator.
Zero crossing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Zero-crossing in a waveform representing voltage vs. time
Zero-crossing is a commonly used term in electronics, mathematics, and image processing. In mathematical terms, a "zero-crossing" is a point where the sign of a function changes (e.g. from positive to negative), represented by a crossing of the axis (zero value) in the graph of the function.
[edit]In
electronics
In alternating current, the zero-crossing is the instantaneous point at which there is no voltage present. In a sine wave or other simple waveform, this normally occurs twice during each cycle.
The zero-crossing is important for systems which send digital data over AC circuits, such as modems, X10 home automation control systems, and Digital Command Control type systems for Lionel and other AC model trains. Counting zero-crossings is also a method used in speech processing to estimate the fundamental frequency of speech. In a system where an amplifier with digitally controlled gain is applied to an input signal, signal artifacts will occur when the gain of the amplifier abruptly switches between its discrete gain settings while outputting a non-zero current. At audio frequencies, such as in modern consumer electronics like digital audio players, these effects are clearly audible, resulting in a 'zipping' sound when rapidly ramping the gain, or a soft 'click' when a single gain change is made. Artifacts are disconcerting and clearly not desirable. If changes are made at a zero-crossing of the signal, the input is zero, so no matter how the amplifier gain setting changes, the output will also remain at zero. If electrical power is to be switched, no electrical interference is generated if switched at an instant when there is no ccurrent, a zero crossing. Early light dimmers and similar devices generated interference; later versions were designed to switch at the zero crossing.
[edit]In
image processing
In the field of Digital Image Processing, great emphasis is placed on operators which seek out edges within an image. They are called 'Edge Detection' or 'Gradient filters'. A gradient filter is a filter which seeks out areas of rapid change in pixel value. These points usually mark an edge or a boundary. A Laplace filter is a filter which fits in this family, though it sets about the task in a different way. It seeks out points in the signal stream where the digital signal of an image passes through a pre-set '0' value, and marks this out as a potential edge point. Because the signal has crossed through the point of zero, it is called a zero-crossing. For a more complete explanation, try visiting [1]. Another example can be found here, including the source in Java.
Zero Crossing Detector

Download Zero Crossing Detector.epb
Aim: To design and simulate a Zero Crossing Detector circuit. Components: Name EDWin Components Used SMB_TRANSFORMER RC05 1N4007 SMB_VGEN SMB_SPL0 BC107 CAP Description Number of components required 1 3 5 1 1 1 1
TRANSFORMER RES DIODE VGEN GND NPN CAP
Transformer Resistor Diode Ac voltage source Ground Transistor Capacitor
Theory: -
As the name indicates the zero crossing detector is a device for detecting the point where the voltage crosses zero in either direction. As shown in the above circuit diagram the first section is a bridge rectifier, which provides full wave rectified output. This is applied to the base of the transistor through a base resistor, R2. The capacitor charges to maximum of the bridge rectified output through the diode,D5. This charge is available to the transistor as VCC. The capacitance value is kept large in order to minimize ripple and get perfect dc. The transistor remains OFF until the Cut-in voltage VBE is reached. During the OFF period of the transistor the output will be high and approximately equal to VCC. Once the transistor is ON and IB increases according to the input wave, the transistor moves slowly towards saturation where the output reduces to the saturation voltage of the transistor which is nearly equal to zero. Initially VBE = Cut-in voltage of diode, the capacitor will charge through the diode Vm where Vm is the maximum amplitude of the rectified wave. Now the diode is reverse biased and hence does not provide a discharging path for the capacitor, which in turn has two effects. 1. Variation in VCC. 2. It will provide base current to the transistor in the region where both diode and transistor are OFF. Thus an output square wave is produced whenever the input voltage crosses zero thereby acting as a zero crossing detector. Procedure: EDWin 2000 -> Schematic Editor: The circuit diagram is drawn by loading components from the library. Wiring and proper net assignment has been made. The
values are assigned for relevant components.
EDWin 2000 -> Mixed Mode Simulator: The circuit is preprocessed. The waveform markers are placed at transformer primary, bridge output and detector output. The Transient Analysis parameters have been set. The Transient Analysis is executed and output observed in the Waveform Viewer.
Result:The output waveform may be observed in the waveform viewer.
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How to make a Zero Crossing Detector using 311 Op-Amp IC ?

zero crossing detector using IC 311

Zero Crossing Detector-Output Waveform

zero crossing detector waveform

Read more: http://www.circuitstoday.com/zero-crossing-detector-using-ic-311#ixzz1cNrtzQ8V Under Creative Commons License: Attribution

Zero-crossing in a waveform representing voltage vs. time

Zero Crossing Detector

TRANSFORMER RES DIODE VGEN GND NPN CAP

Transformer Resistor Diode Ac voltage source Ground Transistor Capacitor

Result:The output waveform may be observed in the waveform viewer.

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