M0113102-05 (en-us)

August 2023

Operation and
Maintenance
Manual
Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations
 i08815461

Important Safety Information

Most accidents that involve product operation, maintenance and repair are caused by failure to observe
basic safety rules or precautions. An accident can often be avoided by recognizing potentially hazardous
situations before an accident occurs. A person must be alert to potential hazards. This person should also
have the necessary training, skills and tools to perform these functions correctly.
Incorrect operation, lubrication, maintenance or repair of this product can be dangerous and could
result in injury or death.
Do not operate or perform any lubrication, maintenance or repair on this product, until you have
read and understood the operation, lubrication, maintenance and repair information.
Safety precautions and warnings are provided in this manual and on the product. If these hazard warnings
are not heeded, bodily injury or death could occur to you or to other persons.
The hazards are identified by the “Safety Alert Symbol” and followed by a “Signal Word” such as
“DANGER”, “WARNING” or “CAUTION”. The Safety Alert “WARNING” label is shown below.

The meaning of this safety alert symbol is as follows:

Attention! Become Alert! Your Safety is Involved.
The message that appears under the warning explains the hazard and can be either written or pictorially
presented.
Operations that may cause product damage are identified by “NOTICE” labels on the product and in this
publication.
Perkins cannot anticipate every possible circumstance that might involve a potential hazard. The
warnings in this publication and on the product are, therefore, not all inclusive. You must not use
this product in any manner different from that considered by this manual without first satisfying
yourself that you have considered all safety rules and precautions applicable to the operation of
the product in the location of use, including site-specific rules and precautions applicable to the
worksite. If a tool, procedure, work method or operating technique that is not specifically
recommended by Perkins is used, you must satisfy yourself that it is safe for you and for others.
You should also ensure that you are authorized to perform this work, and that the product will not
be damaged or become unsafe by the operation, lubrication, maintenance or repair procedures that
you intend to use.
The information, specifications, and illustrations in this publication are on the basis of information that was
available at the time that the publication was written. The specifications, torques, pressures,
measurements, adjustments, illustrations, and other items can change at any time. These changes can
affect the service that is given to the product. Obtain the complete and most current information before you
start any job. Perkins dealers or Perkins distributors have the most current information available.

When replacement parts are required for this

product Perkins recommends using Perkins re-
placement parts.
Failure to heed this warning can lead to prema-
ture failures, product damage, personal injury
or death.

In the United States, the maintenance, replacement, or repair of the emission control devices and
systems may be performed by any repair establishment or individual of the owner's choosing.
M0113102-05 3
Table of Contents

Table of Contents
Foreword ........................................................... 4

Maintenance Section

Lubricant Specifications .................................... 5

Fuel Specifications .......................................... 24

Cooling System Specifications........................ 60

Exhaust Aftertreatment Fluids Specifications . 78

Contamination Control .................................... 83

Reference Information Section

Reference Materials ........................................ 88

Index Section

Index................................................................ 92
4 M0113102-05
Foreword

Foreword Use the Maintenance Interval Schedule in the

Operation and Maintenance Manual for your
application to determine servicing intervals. Use the
Fluids/Filters Recommendation service hour meter to determine servicing intervals.
Calendar intervals shown (daily, weekly, monthly, and
Literature Information so on) can be used instead of service hour meter
intervals if calendar intervals provide more
This manual should be stored in the literature holder convenient servicing schedules. Calendar intervals
or in the literature storage area on the application. can approximate the indicated service hour meter
Immediately replace this manual if lost, damaged, or reading. Recommended service should always be
unreadable. performed at the interval that occurs first.
The information contained in this document is the Under extremely severe, dusty, or wet operating
most current information available for fluid
maintenance and service products. Special conditions, more frequent lubrication and/or filter
maintenance and service products may be required changes than is specified in the maintenance interval
for some application compartments. Refer to the schedule might be necessary.
Operation and Maintenance Manual for your
Following the recommended maintenance intervals
application for the maintenance and service
reduces the risk of excessive wear and potential
requirements. Refer to the Original Equipment
failures of components.
Manufacturer (OEM) for more information. Read,
study, and keep this manual with the product. This Aftermarket Products and Warranty
manual should be read carefully before using this
product for the first time and before performing
maintenance. NOTICE
The engine should use the correct specification of flu-
Whenever a question arises regarding your product, ids and filters. Failure to use the correct specification
or this publication, consult your Perkins distributor for of fluids and filters could affect your warranty.
the latest available information.
When auxiliary devices, accessories, or consum-
Safety ables (filters, additives, catalysts) made by other
manufacturers are used on Perkins products, the
Refer to the Operation and Maintenance Manual for Perkins warranty is not affected simply because of
your engine for all safety information. Read and such use.
understand the basic safety precautions listed in the
Safety Section. In addition to safety precautions, this However, failures that result from the installation
section identifies the text and locations of warning or use of other manufacturers devices, accesso-
ries, or consumables are NOT Perkins defects.
signs used on the engine. Refer to the OEM for the Therefore, the defects are NOT covered under the
safety information for the application. Perkins warranty.
Read and understand the applicable precautions Perkins is not in a position to evaluate the many auxil-
listed in the Maintenance and Operation Sections iary devices, accessories, or consumables promoted
before operating or performing lubrication, by other manufacturers and their effect on Perkins
maintenance, and repair on the engine. products. Installation or use of such items is at the
discretion of the customer who assumes ALL risks for
Maintenance the effects that result from this usage.
Refer to the Operation and Maintenance Manual for Furthermore, Perkins does not authorize the use of
your engine to determine all maintenance its trade name, trademark, or logo in a manner which
requirements. Refer to the OEM for the maintenance implies our endorsement of these aftermarket
requirements for the application. products.
Correct maintenance and repair are essential to keep
the equipment and systems operating correctly. As
the owner, you are responsible for the performance
of the required maintenance listed in the Owner
Manual, Operation and Maintenance Manual, and
Service Manual.
Maintenance Interval Schedule
M0113102-05 5
Maintenance Section
Lubricant Specifications

Maintenance Section Counterfeit or “look-alike” products have a very high

likelihood of causing and/or allowing engine and/or
machine compartment damage.

Lubricant Specifications Many of the guidelines, recommendations, and

requirements that are provided in this “Perkins Diesel
Engines Fluids Recommendations” are interrelated.
i07991773 Before using the provided information, the user is
responsible to read and understand the information
Lubricant Information provided in this “Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations”.
The user is responsible to follow all safety guidelines
found in this “Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
NOTICE
Every attempt is made to provide accurate, up-to- Recommendations” and in the engine Operation and
date information. By the use of this document, you Maintenance Manual when performing all
agree that Perkins Engines Company Limited is not recommended and/or required engine, engine
responsible for errors or omissions. systems, and/or machine maintenance.

The information that is provided is the latest For questions concerning the information presented
recommendations for Perkins diesel engines that are in this “Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
covered by this “Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations” and/or in your product Operation
Recommendations”. This information supersedes all and Maintenance Manual, and/or for additional
guidelines and recommendations (including
previous recommendations which have been
maintenance interval recommendations/
published for Perkins diesel engines that are covered requirements) consult your Perkins distributor.
by this “Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations”. Special fluids are required for Commercial products that make generic claims of
some engines. These fluids will still be necessary in meeting Perkins and/or Perkins engines
those engines. Refer to the applicable Operation and requirements without listing the specific Perkins
Maintenance Manual. recommendations and/or requirements that are met
may not provide acceptable performance. Reduced
This publication is a supplement to the engine
engine and/or machine fluid compartment life may
Operation and Maintenance Manual. This publication
result. Refer to this “Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
does not replace the engine-specific Operation and
Maintenance Manuals, but may contain updates to Recommendations” and refer to the product
certain specifications in earlier manual. Operation and Maintenance Manual for Perkins fluids
recommendations and/or requirements.
NOTICE Use of fluids that do not meet at least the
These recommendations are subject to change with- minimum performance recommendations and/or
out notice. Consult your local Perkins distributor for requirements may lead to lower engine
the most up-to-date recommendations. performance and/or engine failure.
Problems/failures that are caused by using fluids that
Failure to follow the recommendations found in this do not meet the minimum recommended and/or
Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations required performance level for the compartment are
can cause engine failures, shortened engine service not warrantable by Perkins. The fluid manufacturer
life, and reduced engine performance. and customer are responsible.
To avoid potential damage to your Perkins engine, Different brand oils may use different additive
only purchase Perkins fluids and Perkins filters packages to meet the various engine performance
through your Perkins distributor or Perkins authorized category/specification requirements. For the best
outlets. For a list of authorized Perkins parts outlets results, do not mix oil brands.
in your area, consult your Perkins distributor.
The overall performance of engine and machine
If you purchase what appear to be Perkins fluids compartments depends on the choice of the
and/or Perkins filters through other outlets/ lubricants and on the maintenance and cleanliness
sources, you are at a very high risk of purchasing practices. The choices include filtration products,
counterfeit (“look-alike”) products. contamination control, tank management, and
general handling practices. Perkins designed and
Counterfeit or “look-alike” products may visually produced filtration products offer optimal
appear the same as the original Perkins product. The performance and system protection.
product performance and internal quality will typically
be very low.
6 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Engine Oil

To obtain additional information on Perkins designed Current lubricant formulations are more advanced
and produced filtration products, refer to your Perkins and complex than previous formulations. Current
distributor for guidance. Consult your Perkins lubricants are developed to support advanced engine
distributor for assistance with filtration technologies that have lower emissions while
recommendations for your Perkins machine. supporting the performance and durability of these
engines.
Note: To help ensure the maximum expected engine
performance and life, use a fluid that meets Perkins High-performance oils are produced and validated
highest level of fluid performance as described in this using industry standard tests, proprietary tests, field
“Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations” tests, and often prior experience with similar
for the engine. Using a fluid that is considered an formulation. The American Petroleum Institute (API)
acceptable, but lower performing option for typical categories describe the key industry standards that
set the minimum acceptable performance for engine
applications, will provide lower performance.
oils. Other global standard setting organizations may
also develop common standards, for example the
NOTICE “European Automobile Manufacturer's Association
Faulty engine coolant temperature regulators, or op- (ACEA)” oil specifications. Perkins high quality and
erating with light loads, short operation cycles, exces- high-performance lubricants are validated based on
sive idling, or operating in applications where normal these factors.
operating temperature is seldom reached can con-
tribute to excessive water in the crankcase oil. Corro- To provide optimal engine performance and life and
sive damage, piston deposits, increased oil comply with regulated emission reduction, use the
consumption, and other damage can result. If a com- recommended engine oil as provided in this “Perkins
plete oil analysis program is not followed or if the re- Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations”. Due to
sults are ignored, the potential for damage increases. the significant variations in the quality and
Follow engine warmup recommendations provided in performance of commercially available oils on a
this “Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommenda- global basis, Perkins recommends the use of Perkins
tions” and/or given in your engine Operation and oils as detailed in this section.
Maintenance Manual.
Perkins Diesel Engine Oils
i07991847 Perkins diesel engine oils have been developed and
tested by Perkins to increase the performance and
Engine Oil the life of Perkins components. The quality of finished
oil depends on the quality of the base stock, the
quality of the additives and the compatibility of the
Engine lubricants play multiple roles in engines. base stock and additives. Perkins diesel engine oils
Appropriate lubricants offer the following: are formulated of high-quality refined oil base stocks
and additives of optimal chemistry and quantity to
• Provide lubrication to the moving components of provide high performance in engines and machine
the engine under a wide range of temperatures components.
and pressures Perkins engine oils are offered by Perkins distributors
for service fills and as aftermarket products. Consult
• Keep the engine components clean and remove your Perkins distributor for more information on these
wear debris Perkins engines oil.
• Remove heat from the lubricated components Perkins recommends the use of the Perkins diesel
engine oil where suitable for Perkins commercial
• Neutralize acidic products due to combustion engines detailed in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
process Recommendations.
• Protect the engine from cavitation and foaming Perkins offers the following Perkins diesel engine
oils:
• Protect the engine from corrosion and rust

• Control Oil Consumption

• Disperse/Solubilize Contaminants (soot)

• Support the regulated engine emissions limits

M0113102-05 7
Maintenance Section
Engine Oil

Table 1

Perkins Lubricants Viscosity Grade

Diesel Engine Oil (DEO) - Ultra Low Sulfur Perkins DEO-ULS SAE 15W-40
(ULS) (API CK-4) (1)

Diesel Engine Oil (DEO) (API CI-4 / API CI- Perkins DEO SAE 15W-40
4PLUS)
(1) These oils have changed from API CJ-4 to API CK-4 in early 2017.

Note: More Perkins engine oils may be available.

Note: Perkins engine oil availability will vary by
region.
Always consult your Perkins distributor to ensure that
you have the current revision level of the publication.

Note: The optimal application of the lubricants

depends on the oil quality and the maintenance
practices such as contamination control, tank
management, and general handling practices.

Perkins Diesel Engine Oils

Recommendations
Perkins DEO-ULS and Perkins DEO multigrade oils
are the preferred oils for use in ALL Perkins diesel
engines that are covered by this “Perkins Diesel
Engines Fluids Recommendations”. Commercial
alternative diesel engine oils are, as a group,
acceptable oils. Refer to table 2 below for
information.
Table 2
Perkins Engine Lubricants Recommendations/Requirements
Non-Road Tier 4 / China NR4 / EU stage IIIb/ Non-Road Pre Tier 4 / China NR4 / EU stage
IV and up IIIb/IV

Perkins DEO-ULS (API CK-4) (1)

Preferred Perkins DEO-ULS (API CK-4)
Perkins DEO (API CI-4 / API CI-4 PLUS)

API CK-4 (1)

ACEA E9(1)
API CK-4
ACEA E7
Commercial Lubricants ACEA E9
ECF-3 / API CJ-4(1)
ECF-3 / API CJ-4
ECF-2 / API CI-4
ECF-1a / API CH-4
(1) Use of API CK-4 / API CJ-4 / ACEA E9 oil specification is subject to ULSD / LSD fuel or fuel with a sulphur content of less than 1000 ppm
(parts per million) (mg/kg)

Note: API engine oil categories are backwards Note: When the recommended Perkins diesel engine
compatible, except for API FA-4 oil specification. oils are not used, commercial oils that are API CK-4
Perkins DEO-ULS (API CK-4) oil can be used in all licensed and/or meet the requirements of the ECF-1-
engines with some restrictions related to fuel sulfur a, ECF-2, and/or the ECF-3 specification are
level, refer to table 5 for more details. Perkins DEO acceptable, but are second choice, for use in Perkins
(API CI-4 / API CI-4 PLUS) can be used in engines diesel engine.
that are Tier 3 emissions certified and prior, and in
engines that do not use aftertreatment devices. Refer to “The Current American Petroleum Institute
(API) Oil Categories” and “Commercial Engine Oil
Recommendations” sections for information on the
API categories and corresponding Perkins engine
oils.
8 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Engine Oil

API CK-4 exceeds the performance requirements of Table 3

prior oil categories.
Perkins Engine Crankcase Fluids (ECF) Definitions
Perkins has released a new Perkins diesel engine oil, Minimum Performance
Perkins DEO-ULS that is per the new API CK-4 ECF Specifications Re-
Requirements for Com- quirements(1)
heavy-duty engine oil category. The new Perkins mercial Oils
DEO-ULS replaces the prior Perkins oil that was per
API CJ-4 category, but it is of the same brand name. (2)
API CK-4 Oil Category per-
The new Perkins DEO-ULS preserves the same level formance requirements
of phosphorous, 1000 ppm (parts per million) (mg/
API CJ-4 Oil Category per-
kg), to ensure achieving long service hours engine ECF-3
formance requirements
durability goals.
API CI-4 / CI-4 PLUS Oil Cate-
Note: The new API FA-4 Heavy-duty Engine Oil gory performance require-
Category is NOT allowed in Perkins engines. API ments and Passing standard
FA-4 is a special low High Temperature High Shear ECF-2 Perkins 2206 engine test per
(HTHS) viscosity oil that is designed for certain 2017 API requirements and Oils of
On-Highway engine models. sulfated ash > 1.50 percent
are not allowed
Note: Each of the ECF specifications provides API CH-4 Oil category per-
increased performance over lower ECF formance requirements and
specifications. For example, ECF-3 provides higher for oils that are between 1.30
performance than ECF-2 and ECF-3 provides much percent and 1.50 percent sul-
higher performance than ECF-1-a. Refer to table 3 ECF-1-a fated ash, passing one addi-
for details. tional (“ASTM D6681”) is
required and Oils of sulfated
The engine oils recommended/required for Tier 4 / ash > 1.50 percent are not
EU Stage IIIB / IV certified engines and beyond are allowed
formulated with limited ash and chemical limits: (1) The API categories define the minimum common OEM require-
ments for engine oils.
• 1 percent sulfated ash maximum (2) Perkins did not develop an ECF external specification for API
CK-4. Perkins DEO-ULS API CK-4 oil is specifically developed
• 0.12 percent phosphorous maximum and validated for Perkins engines.

• 0.4 percent sulfur maximum Refer to “Commercial Engine Oil Recommendations”

and “The Current American Petroleum Institute (API)
These chemical limits were developed to maintain Oil Categories” sections for information on the API
the expected aftertreatment devices life, categories and corresponding Perkins engine oils.
performance, and service intervals. Use of oils other
than those listed in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Perkins DEO-ULS exceeds many of the performance
Recommendations in aftertreatment equipped requirements of API CK-4 standard tests and ECF
engines can negatively impact performance of the specifications. Perkins DEO-ULS is formulated with
aftertreatment devices, can contribute to Diesel 1000 ppm (parts per million) (mg/kg) phosphorous
Particulate Filter (DPF) plugging and/or can cause level to ensure achieving long hour engine durability
the need for more frequent DPF ash service goals.
intervals.
Perkins DEO exceeds the limits of API CI-4/CI-
Perkins DEO-ULS and Perkins DEO are 4PLUS and API CH-4. Perkins DEO-ULS and
recommended for all pre-Tier 4 engines that use Ultra Perkins DEO are rigorously tested with full-scale
Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) or Low Sulfur Diesel (LSD) proprietary Perkins engine tests to ensure optimal
fuels. Perkins DEO / API CI-4 is recommended for protection of Perkins diesel engines. The tests
engines using fuels of sulfur levels that exceed 0.1 include the following:
percent (1000 ppm). Perkins DEO-ULS may be used
in these applications if an oil analysis program is • Sticking of the piston rings
followed. The oil change interval may be affected by
the fuel sulfur level. Refer to table 5 for details. • Piston deposits
Table 3 below provides details of Perkins Engine • Oil control tests
Crankcase Fluids (ECF) specifications.
• Wear tests

• Soot tests
Proprietary tests help ensure that Perkins oils provide
superior performance in Perkins diesel engines.
M0113102-05 9
Maintenance Section
Engine Oil

Perkins DEO-ULS multi-grade and Perkins DEO Consult your Perkins distributor for part numbers and
multi-grade oils are formulated with the correct for available sizes of containers.
amounts and chemistry of various additives including
detergents, dispersants, antioxidants, alkalinity, Commercial Engine Oil
antifoam, viscosity modifiers, and others to provide
superior performance in Perkins diesel engines Recommendations
where recommended for use.
Note: The engine oil recommendations given in
Multi-grade oils provide the correct viscosity for a “Commercial Engine Oil Recommendations” are
broad range of operating temperatures. Multi-grade applicable to all current and noncurrent Perkins
oils provide the appropriate oil film thickness for
moving engine components such as piston, ring and Diesel Engines that are covered in this Perkins
liners, bearings, valve train, and others. Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations.

Use appropriate lubricating oils that are compatible Refer to “The Current American Petroleum Institute
(API) Oil Categories” section for information on the
with the engine certification and aftertreatment
API categories and corresponding Perkins engine
system and with the fuel sulfur levels. Refer to the oils.
“Recommendation for Europe Stage V Certified
Nonroad Engines”, to “Diesel Fuel Sulfur Impacts” API CK-4 oils exceed the performance requirements
section in Characteristics of Diesel Fuel and to of prior API categories. Perkins developed the
Lubricant Information section of this Perkins Diesel Engine Crankcase Fluid (ECF) specifications to
Engines Fluids Recommendations. ensure the availability of acceptable performance
Perkins diesel engine oils exceed many of the commercial diesel engine oils. The three ECF
performance requirements of the corresponding API specifications, ECF-1-a, ECF-2, and ECF-3 are
categories and of other manufacturers of diesel described in table 2 . These specifications require
engines. Therefore these oils are excellent choices more engine tests than the corresponding API
for many mixed fleets. Refer to the engine categories. As a result, oils that are API CK-4 and/or
manufacturer literature for the recommended per these Engine Crankcase Fluid (ECF)
categories/specifications. Compare the categories/ specifications can offer acceptable engine
specifications to the specifications of Perkins diesel performance.
engine oils. The current industry standards for
Perkins diesel engine oils are listed on the product Each higher ECF specification provides increased
labels. performance over lower ECF specifications. For
example, ECF-3 provides higher performance than
Also, refer to the datasheets for the product for ECF-2 and ECF-3 provides much higher
technical details. performance than ECF-1-a. Refer to table 3 for
details.
Perkins DEO-ULS and Perkins DEO are
recommended for all pre-Tier 4 engines that use Ultra When the preferred Perkins diesel engine oils are not
Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) or Low Sulfur Diesel (LSD) used, commercial oils that are API CK-4 licensed
fuels. Perkins DEO / API CI-4 is recommended for and/or meet the requirements of the ECF-1-a, ECF-2,
engines using fuels of sulfur levels that exceed 0.1 and/or the ECF-3 specification are acceptable for use
percent (1000 ppm). Perkins DEO-ULS may be used in Perkins diesel engine, with aftertreatment devices
in these applications if an oil analysis program is or non aftertreatment engines using ULSD / LSD
followed. The oil change interval may be affected by fuels.
the fuel sulfur level. Refer to table 5 in this section for
details. Oils that are API CJ-4, API CI-4/CI-4 PLUS / ACEA
E7 / ACEA E9 and API CH-4, and do not meet any
Note: API oil category CF is obsolete. The API ECF specification are, as a group adequate but may
(American Petroleum Institute) does not license this cause reduced engine life.
category effective end of 2010. API does not validate
Refer to “Perkins Engine Lubricants
the quality of API CF oils and does not allow the Recommendations/Requirements” Table 2 for
display of API symbol (also referred to as API guidance on commercial lubricant usage in Perkins
doughnut) with CF as highest claim on the oil diesel engines
container.
Note: API FA-4 oils are NOT allowed for use in
Perkins engines. These oils are designed for use in
certain 2017 On-Highway engine models.
10 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Engine Oil

Note: Perkins diesel engine oils are required to pass • Korea Tier 4 Nonroad
proprietary full-scale diesel engine testing. The
testing is above and beyond the testing required by • India Bharat Stage IV/V for Construction
the various ECF specifications and by the various Equipment Vehicles
API oil categories that are also met. This additional
proprietary testing helps ensure that Perkins multi- • China Nonroad Stage IV
grade diesel engine oils, when used as
recommended, provide superior performance in Engine Oils
Perkins diesel engines. If Perkins diesel engine oils
are not used, use only commercial oils that meet the The REQUIRED engine oils for the above emissions
recommendations and requirements stated in this legislations are listed below. These oils are
section. developed with restricted ash level and chemical
limits that are suitable for use in engines with
Note: For engines that are Tier 4 EPA certified, refer aftertreatment.
to the Recommendations for Tier 4 Engines article in
• Perkins DEO-ULS (preferred)
this Engine Oil section. Tier 4 EPA certified engines
require specifically formulated oils. • API CK-4 engine oil category
For engines using fuels of sulfur levels that exceed • Oils meeting the ECF-3 specification
0.1 percent (1000 ppm), Perkins recommends
Perkins DEO engine oils. However, commercial oils • API CJ-4 engine oil category
that meet ECF- 2 or ECF-1-a specifications are
acceptable. Commercial oils that meet ECF- 3 • ACEA E9
specifications may be used in these applications if an
oil analysis program is followed. The oil change Note: ACEA E9 oils are validated using some but not
interval is affected by the fuel sulfur level. Refer to all ECF-3 and API CJ-4 standard engine
table 5 of this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids performance tests. Consult your oil supplier when
Recommendations. considering use of an oil that is not API CK-4, ECF-3,
In selecting oil for any engine application, both the oil or API CJ-4 qualified.
viscosity and oil performance category/specification
The chemical limits are detailed in the “Perkins
as specified by the engine manufacturer must be Diesel Engine Oils Recommendations, and
defined and satisfied. Using only one of these Perkins”section.
parameters will not sufficiently define oil for an
engine application.
Diesel Fuels
To make the correct diesel engine oil viscosity grade
choice, refer to the table in Lubricant Viscosities The diesel fuels REQUIRED by regulations for use in
section of this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids engines that are certified to nonroad emissions
Recommendations. standards listed above and in engines equipped with
exhaust aftertreatment systems are.
NOTICE
Failure to follow these oil recommendations can • United States Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) fuel
cause shortened engine service life due to deposits ≤15 ppm (mg/kg) (0.0015 percent) sulfur
and/or excessive wear.
• European ULSD ≤10ppm (mg/kg) (0.0010
percent) sulfur fuel. This fuel is also called “sulfur
free”
Recommendation for US EPA Tier 4
/ EU Stage IIIb/IV Certified Nonroad • Other fuels available around the world that are ≤15
ppm (mg/kg) (0.0015 percent) sulfur
Engines
Certain governments/localities and/or applications
All diesel engines with aftertreatment devices are MAY require the use of ULSD fuel. Consult with
REQUIRED to use specially formulated engine oils federal, state, and local authorities for guidance on
and specific diesel fuels. The engine categories that fuel requirements for your area.
are certified per the emissions regulations listed
below commonly have aftertreatment devices: ULSD fuel or sulfur-free diesel fuels are suitable for
use in all engines regardless of the engine emissions
• United States Environmental Protection Agency Tier or Stage.
(EPA) Tier 4 Nonroad
• European Union Stage IIIB, IV, and V, Nonroad

• Japan 2014 (Tier 4) Nonroad

M0113102-05 11
Maintenance Section
Engine Oil

The fuels listed above have to meet the performance Also, for the correct operation of the engine to
levels detailed in the Fuel Information for Diesel maintain the gaseous and particulate pollutant
Engines section in this publication. The Fuel emissions of the engine within the limits of the type-
Information for Diesel Engines section also includes approval, unless specified otherwise in the engine-
the pertinent recommendations for biodiesel fuels in specific Operation and Maintenance Manual, EU
the engines certified to non-road emissions Stage V regulations REQUIRE the diesel fuels (also
standards listed above. called non-road gas oil) used in engines operated
within the European Union (EU) to have the
Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) characteristics below:

This fluid MUST be used in engines that are • The sulfur content should not be greater than 10
equipped with Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) mg/kg (20 mg/kg at point of final distribution)
systems. DEF must meet all the requirements
detailed in the Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) section of • The Cetane number should not be less than 45
this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations. • The biodiesel (also called Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
(FAME)) content should not be greater than 8 %
Aftertreatment systems may include the following: volume/volume
• Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) Note: Certain Perkins engines that are certified per
EU Stage V can use up to B20 biodiesel blends.
• Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC) Refer to your engine-specific Operation and
Maintenance Manual.
• Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
Follow all the local regulations and fluids
• Lean NOx Traps (LNT) requirements in your area. Refer to your engine-
specific Operation and Maintenance Manual, and
Other systems may apply. refer to your aftertreatment device documentation, if
available, for further guidance.
Regulations may vary around the world. Follow all
the local regulations and fluids requirements in your
area. Refer to your engine-specific Operation and The Current American Petroleum
Maintenance Manual, and refer to your Institute (API) Oil Categories
aftertreatment device documentation, if available, for
further guidance.
The American Petroleum Institute, working closely
with Original Engine Manufacturers (OEMs) including
NOTICE Perkins, has been developing engine oil categories
Do not add new engine oil, waste engine oil, or any
oil product to the fuel unless the engine is designed since the 1950s. These categories define the
and certified to burn diesel engine oil. Perkins experi- minimum common OEM and industry requirements
ence has shown that adding oil products to Tier 4 en- for engine oils. Perkins oils exceed the requirements
gine fuels (U. S. EPA Tier 4 certified), to Euro IV/ of API categories and the corresponding ECF
Stage IV certified engine fuels, or to the fuels of en- specifications (Refer to table 3 in this section).
gines equipped with exhaust aftertreatment devices, The American Petroleum Institute (API), has
will generally cause the need for more frequent ash developed two new Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Oil
service intervals and/or cause loss of performance. categories. The two new categories, described
Adding oil products to the fuel may raise the sulfur below, were released in December 2016.
level of the fuel and may cause fouling of the fuel sys-
tem and loss of performance. 1. API CK-4: backwards compatible oil that is based
on API CJ-4 technology with additional
performance improvements:
Recommendation for Europe Stage V
Certified Nonroad Engines a. Improved oxidation stability (per “ASTM
D8048”).
All the recommendations and requirements given in b. Improved air release (Per “ASTM D8047”).
“Recommendation for US EPA Tier 4 / EU Stage IIIb/
IV Certified Nonroad Engines” section is applicable to c. Improved used oil shear stability per tighter
the Europe Stage V type-approved Nonroad specification limits.
Engines.
d. Same chemical limits as API CJ-4 oil category,
designed for use in engines with aftertreatment
devices.
12 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Engine Oil

2. API FA-4: low High Temperature High Shear

(HTHS) viscosity oil developed for certain 2017
On-Highway engine models that have to meet
certain on-road emissions regulations. This
category is not backwards compatible with
previous API Categories.
Perkins is NOT recommending API FA-4 for Perkins
engines. These oils are designed with low HTHS
viscosity for application in certain 2017 On-Highway
truck engines. The level of HTHS viscosity for API
FA-4 is lower than the traditional levels of HTHS for
heavy-duty engine oils.
Perkins new diesel oil, Perkins DEO-ULS, released in
December 2016, is per API CK-4 oil category. This oil
changed from API CJ-4 formulation, but is of the
same brand name. Perkins DEO-ULS exceeds the
performance requirements of API CK-4 and has been
extensively validated in Perkins engine tests.
Perkins DEO-ULS is formulated with 1000 ppm (parts
per million) (mg/kg) phosphorous level to ensure
achieving long hour engine durability goals.
The API oil categories and the corresponding Perkins
engine oils are described in table 4 below. Refer to
API 1509 document and/or “ASTM D4485” for details
of the API tests requirements and limits.
Table 4
API Category to Perkins Oil Reference
API Category Corresponding Perkins Oil(1) Standard Date of Release

API CK-4(2) Perkins DEO-ULS December, 2016

API FA-4 Not recommended for Perkins engines December, 2016

Currently not available as a Perkins Oil

API CJ-4(2) 2006
Replaced by DEO-ULS, CK-4

API CI4 / CI-4 PLUS Perkins DEO(1) 2002

Perkins DEO(1) (3)

API CH-4 Available only in certain geographical 1998
regions

No available as Perkins oils

API CF (Obsolete) 1994
Not allowed in Perkins engines

API CG-4, CF-4, CE, CD, and prior. No available as Perkins oils
1955 - 1990
(Obsolete) Not allowed in Perkins engines
(1) Perkins oils exceed the requirements of API categories and the corresponding ECF specifications (Refer to table 3 ).
(2) Oils with Chemical limits. Compatible with emissions-reducing aftertreatment devices.
(3) Perkins DEO API CH-4 and ECF-1-are available only in China. These oils are used in Tier 2 emissions certified engines.

Note: Each API category is more technically

advanced than the prior categories.
Oils that are API CJ-4, API CI-4/CI-4 PLUS / ACEA
E7 / ACEA E9 and API CH-4, and do not meet the
ECF specification are, as a group adequate but may
cause reduced engine life.
M0113102-05 13
Maintenance Section
Engine Oil

Note: Obsolete API oil categories are not licensed by

the API and hence are of uncontrolled quality. These
oils are technically inferior to current oils and can
result in reduced engine performance and life.

Total Base Number (TBN) and Fuel

Sulfur Levels for Direct Injection
(DI) Diesel Engines
This section provides information for Direct Injection
(DI) Diesel Engines and Precombustion Chamber
(PC) Diesel Engines.
The use of an oil analysis is recommended for
determining oil life, refer to the Oil Analysis section of
this “Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations”.
TBN is also commonly referred to as Base Number
(BN).
The minimum required Total Base Number (TBN) for
an appropriate fresh oil, depends on the fuel sulfur
level. For commercial diesel engines that use
distillate fuel, the following guidelines apply:
Table 5
TBN recommendations for applications in Perkins engines
Fuel Sulfur Level percent (ppm) Perkins Engine Oils TBN of Commercial Engine Oils

Perkins DEO-ULS
0.05 percent (500ppm) Min 7
Perkins DEO
>0.05 percent (500ppm) , <0.01 percent Perkins DEO-ULS (2)
Min 10
(1000ppm) (1) Perkins DEO

Above 0.1 percent (above 1000ppm) (3)(4) Perkins DEO Min 10

(1) Use of an oil analysis program to determine oil drain intervals is strongly recommended if fuel sulfur is between 0.05% (500 ppm) and 0.1%
(1000 ppm).
(2) Perkins DEO-ULS may be used if an oil analysis program is followed. High fuel sulfur levels may reduce the oil drain intervals.
(3) Use of an oil analysis program to determine oil drain intervals is required if fuel sulfur is above 0.1 % (1000 ppm).
(4) For fuels of sulfur levels that exceed 0.5 percent (5000 ppm), refer to TBN and engine oil guidelines given in this section.

Note: For PC (Pre-combustion Chamber) diesel TBN testing is an optional part of an oil analysis
engines, which are mainly 1990 and older engines, program. TBN testing may be done in addition to the
the minimum new oil TBN must be 20 times the fuel standard sampling program test for oil deterioration.
sulfur level. In most applications, oil sampling tests for oxidation,
sulfation, viscosity, and wear will identify oil
For regions in the world where fuels of high sulfur deterioration.
that exceed 0.5 percent (5000 ppm (mg/kg)) are
available and allowed for use by law, use the TBN of the oil is typically measured using “ASTM
following guidelines: D2896” and/or “ASTM D4739” test methods. Both
methods can be used to measure the TBN of used
• Choose multigrade oil with the highest TBN that oils. However, “ASTM D4739” is the preferred
meets one of these specifications: ECF-1-a, ECF- method for used oils.
2, ECF-3, and API CK-4. Commercial oils are • Consider changing the oil if the “ASTM D2896”
second choice oils. test result reaches 4 TBN. Look for other signs of
• Reduce the oil change interval. Base the oil oil deterioration, or abnormal wear to verify the
change interval on the oil analysis. Ensure that the need to change oil.
oil analysis includes the condition of the oil and a
wear metal analysis. Perkins engines require an
oil analysis program.
14 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Engine Oil

• Consider changing the oil if the “ASTM D4739” Bullet points 2 through 7 above can contribute to
test result reaches 3 TBN. Look for other signs of excessive water in the crankcase oil. The water
oil deterioration, or abnormal wear to verify the combines with available sulfur to form sulfuric acid.
need to change oil. Neutralizing acids that are formed contribute to rapid
TBN depletion.
• Both of these test methods have variability of
approximately ±1 TBN. Care should be taken NOTICE
when analyzing the results of the TBN test. Depending on application severity and localized envi-
ronmental conditions, and also depending on mainte-
Consult a trained oil sample analyst when making
nance practices, operating Direct Injection (DI) diesel
oil drain decisions based on oil sample results. engines and operating PC (Precombustion Chamber)
diesel engines on fuel with sulfur levels over 0.1 per-
Note: The use of sample oil analysis helps
cent (1000 ppm) may require significantly shortened
environmental sustainability as the best way to oil change intervals to help maintain adequate wear
optimize oil life. An oil sampling service will help protection. Refer to this Perkins Diesel Engines Flu-
engines reach the expected life. Consult your Perkins ids Recommendations, “Fuel Specifications”, “Diesel
distributor regarding the testing required to establish Fuel Sulfur” section for additional information.
a safe, optimized oil drain interval.
To help protect your engine, and optimize oil Note: Do NOT use only this Perkins Diesel
drain intervals for engine applications and duty Engines Fluids Recommendations as a basis for
cycles, use an oil sampling analysis as follows: determining oil drain intervals.
• Recommended normally This Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations does not address recommended
• Very strongly recommended to determine oil drain oil drain intervals, but rather provides guidance that
intervals when operating on fuel with sulfur levels should be used with your specific engine/machine
between 0.05% (500 ppm) and 0.1% (1000 ppm) Operation and Maintenance Manuals in determining
acceptable oil drain intervals. Consult your engine/
• Required to determine oil drain intervals when machine Operation and Maintenance Manuals, and
operating on fuel with sulfur levels that are above consult your Perkins distributor for additional
0.1% (1000 ppm) guidance, including but not limited to guidance on
establishing optimized and/or acceptable oil drain
Note: Engine operating conditions play a key role in intervals.
determining the effect that fuel sulfur will have on
engine deposits and on engine wear. Consult your
Perkins distributor for guidance when fuel sulfur
Severe applications
levels are above 0.1% (1000 ppm).
An engine which operates outside of normal
Excessive piston deposits can be produced by oil conditions is operating in a severe service
with a high TBN and/or high ash. These deposits can application.
lead to a loss of control of the oil consumption and to An engine that operates in a severe service
the polishing of the cylinder bore. application may need more frequent maintenance
There are many factors that contribute to rapid TBN intervals to maximize the following conditions:
depletion, a not all inclusive list follows:
• Reliability
• High sulfur fuel (the more fuel sulfur, the more
• Service life
rapid the TBN depletion.)
Severe Applications Require the Use of Higher
• Faulty engine coolant regulators Performing Diesel Engine Oils. Examples of
severe duty applications include, but not limited to
• Light loads the following:
• Short operation cycles • operating at greater than 75% load factor
• Excessive idling • operating in high humidity
• Operating in applications where normal operating • operating with fuel sulfur levels that are above
temperature is seldom reached 0.1% (1000 ppm)
• High humidity (allowing excessive condensation)
M0113102-05 15
Maintenance Section
Lubricant Viscosities

To help ensure the maximum expected engine • Operating with fuel which does not meet the
performance and life, higher performing fluids as standards for distillate diesel fuel as stated in
described in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations,
Recommendations may be required. Fluids that meet “Fuel Recommendations”.
only the minimum performance levels may be
allowed for typical applications, but maintenance • Operating with a blend of distillate fuel which
intervals must be reduced. For the maximum contains more than 20 percent biodiesel
expected engine performance and life and where
LSD or ULSD fuels are available, oils meeting the
API CK-4 or ECF-3 specification must be used. Improper Maintenance Procedures
(Maintenance Procedures Which May
The number of individual applications cause the Contribute to a Severe Service
impossibility of identifying all the factors which may
contribute to severe service operation. Consult your Application)
Perkins distributor for the unique maintenance that
may be necessary for your engine. • Inadequate maintenance of fuel storage tanks
from causes such as excessive water, sediment,
An application is a severe service application if any of and microorganism growth.
the following conditions apply:
• Extending maintenance intervals beyond the
Severe Environmental Factors recommended intervals

• Frequent operation in dirty air • Using fluids which are not recommended in
Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations,
• Frequent operation at an altitude which is above M0113102
1525 m (5000 ft)
• Extending maintenance intervals for changing the
• Frequent operation in ambient temperatures which engine oil and engine coolant without a fluid
are above 32° C (90° F) sampling program

• Frequent operation in ambient temperatures which • Extending maintenance intervals for changing air
are below 0° C (32° F) filters, oil filters, and fuel filters

Severe Operating Conditions • Failure to use a water separator

• Using non-recommended filters

• Frequent operation with inlet air which has a
corrosive content
i08002137
• Operation with inlet air which has a combustible
content Lubricant Viscosities
• Operation which is outside of the intended
application
Selecting the Viscosity
• Operation with a plugged fuel filter
Ambient temperature is the temperature of the air in
• Extended operation at low idle (more than 20% of the immediate vicinity of the engine. This
hours) temperature may differ due to the engine application
from the generic ambient temperature for a
• Frequent cold starts at temperatures below 0° C geographic region. When selecting the correct oil
(32° F) viscosity for use, review both the regional ambient
temperature and the potential ambient temperature
• Frequent dry starts (starting after more than 72 for a given engine application. Generally, use the
hours of shutdown) higher temperature as the criterion for the selection
of the oil viscosity. Generally, use the highest oil
• Frequent hot shutdowns (shutting down the viscosity that is allowed for the ambient temperature
engine without the minimum of 2 minutes to 5 when you start the engine. Refer to the “Lubricant
minutes of cool down time) Viscosities for Ambient Temperatures for Perkins
Diesel Engines” table 6 for guidance. In cold-weather
• Operation above the engine rated speed applications, the preferred method is to use properly
sized engine compartment heaters and a higher
• Operation below the peak torque speed viscosity grade oil. Thermostatically controlled
heaters that circulate the oil are preferred.
16 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Lubricant Viscosities

The correct oil viscosity grade is determined by the Note: Different brand oils may use different additive
minimum ambient temperature (the air in the packages to meet the various engine performance
immediate vicinity of the engine). To determine the category/specification requirements. For the best
correct oil viscosity grade, refer to the “Min” column in results, do not mix oil brands.
the “Lubricant Viscosities for Ambient Temperatures
for Perkins Diesel Engines” table 6 . This information Note: The availability of the various Perkins oils will
reflects the coldest ambient temperature condition for vary by region.
starting a cold engine and for operating a cold
engine. Refer to the “Max” column in the “Lubricant
Viscosities for Ambient Temperatures for Perkins Lubricant Viscosity
Diesel Engines” table 6 to select the oil viscosity Recommendations for Direct
grade for operating the engine at the highest
temperature that is anticipated. Unless specified Injection (DI) and Precombustion
otherwise in the tables, use the highest oil viscosity Chamber (PC) engines
that is allowed for the ambient temperature when you
start the engine. Refer to the minimum temperature in table 6 to
Engines that are operated continuously should use determine the required oil viscosity for starting a cold
oils that have the highest recommended viscosity. engine. Refer to the maximum temperature to select
The oils that have the higher oil viscosity will maintain the oil viscosity for engine operation at the highest
the highest possible oil film thickness. Refer to this ambient temperature that is anticipated.
Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations, Refer to this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
“Lubricant Information” section, table 6 , and any Recommendations, “Lubricant Information” section
associated footnotes. Consult your Perkins distributor for important lubricant information.
if additional information is needed.
Supplemental heat is recommended for cold-soaked
Note: SAE 0W and SAE 5W oils, are not starts below the minimum ambient temperature.
recommended for use in engines that are operated Supplemental heat may be required for cold-soaked
continuously and/or are heavily loaded. Refer to the starts that are above the minimum temperature that
“Lubricant Viscosities for Ambient Temperatures for is stated, depending on the parasitic load and other
Perkins Diesel Engines” table 6 for guidance. The factors. Cold-soaked starts occur when the engine
oils that have the higher oil viscosity will maintain the has not been operated for a time, allowing the oil to
highest possible oil film thickness. Consult your become more viscous in cooler ambient
Perkins distributor if additional information is needed. temperatures.

Note: Generally, use the highest oil viscosity that is For oil recommendations for Tier 4 EPA certified
engines, EU stage IIIB and IV type approved
available to meet the requirement for the temperature engines, and Japan Step IV approved engines refer
at start-up. to the Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations, “Engine Oil” section. Refer to this
Proper oil viscosity AND oil type/specification are Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations,
required to maximize engine performance and life. “Lubricant Information” section for a list of all Perkins
Do NOT use only oil viscosity, or only oil type to engine oils.
determine the engine oil selection. Using only the oil
viscosity or only the oil type to determine the engine Note: Use the highest oil viscosity that is available to
oil selection can lead to reduced performance and meet the requirement for the temperature at start-up.
engine failure. Refer to the “Lubricant Viscosities for If ambient temperature conditions at engine start-up
Ambient Temperatures for Perkins Diesel Engines” require the use of multigrade SAE 0W oil, SAE 0W-
table 6 and to ALL of the associated footnotes. 40 viscosity grade is preferred over SAE 0W-30.
Follow the recommendations found in the “Lubricant
Viscosities for Ambient Temperatures for Perkins Note: 10W-30 is the preferred viscosity grade for the
Diesel Engines” table 6 and associated footnotes to following diesel engines when the ambient
enhance performance and reduce risk of engine temperature is above −18° C (0° F) and below 40° C
failure. (104° F).
In colder ambient conditions an engine warmup • 1300 Series
procedure and/or supplemental engine fluid
compartment heat may be required. Engine warmup • 1500 Series
procedures can typically be found in the Operation
and Maintenance Manual for the engine. The • 1600 Series
“Lubricant Viscosities for Ambient Temperatures for
Perkins Diesel Engines” table 6 include footnotes that
address engine warmup.
M0113102-05 17
Maintenance Section
Synthetic Basestock Oils

Table 6
Lubricant Viscosities for Ambient Temperatures for Perkins Diesel Engines(1)(2)
°C °F
Engine Type Viscosity Grade
Min Max Min Max
SAE 0W-40 −40 40 −40 104

Direct Injection (DI) and SAE 5W-40 −30 50 −22 122

Pre Combustion (PC) SAE 10W-30 −18 40 0 104
SAE 15W-40 −10 50 14 122
(1) Refer to “Engine Oil”, for information on the recommended and required engine oils for Tier 4 emissions certified engines.
(2) Commercial oils of viscosity grades that are not included in this table may be used, if they are per ECF specifications. Refer to the “Perkins
Engine Crankcase Fluids (ECF) Definitions” table in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations, “Engine Oil” for more information.
Commercial oils are second choice.

Synthetic base oils generally perform better than

conventional oils in the following two areas:
• Synthetic base oils have improved flow at low
temperatures especially in arctic conditions
• Synthetic base oils have improved oxidation
stability especially at high operating temperatures
Some synthetic base oils have performance
characteristics that enhance the service life of the oil.
However, Perkins does not recommend automatic
extension of the oil drain interval for any type of oil,
whether synthetic or non-synthetic.
Oil drain intervals for Perkins diesel engines can only
be adjusted to a longer interval after an oil sample
analysis program that contains the following data:
• Oil condition, oil contamination, and wear metal
analysis
• Trend analysis
Illustration 1 g06509990
• Fuel consumption
Typical example of Lubricant Viscosities for Ambient
Temperatures • Oil consumption
Commercial multi-grade oil alternatives must claim at
i08002213
least one of the following Perkins specifications:
ECF-1-a, ECF-2, ECF-3, API CK-4. Non-Perkins
commercial oils are as a group an acceptable choice Re-refined Basestock Oils
of oils.
Refer to this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations, “Lubricant Viscosities” and Cold- Re-refined basestock oils are acceptable for use in
Weather Lubricants for additional information. Perkins engines IF these oils meet the
performance requirements that are specified by
Perkins.
i08132259
Re-refined basestock oils can be used exclusively in
Synthetic Basestock Oils finished oil or in a combination with new basestock
oils. The US military specifications and the
specifications of other heavy equipment
manufacturers also allow the use of re-refined
Synthetic base oils are acceptable for use in Perkins basestock oils that meet the same criteria.
engines. If these oils meet the performance
requirements that are specified by Perkins for the
engine compartment.
18 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Aftermarket Oil Additives

The process that is used to make re-refined i08002313

basestock oil should adequately remove all wear
metals and all additives that are in the used oil.
Vacuum distillation and the hydrotreating of the used
Cold Weather Lubricants
oil are acceptable processes that are used for
producing re-refined base oil.

Note: Filtering is inadequate for the production of Engine

high-quality re-refined basestock oils from used oil.
NOTICE
i08002235 Recommended compartment warmup procedure
must be followed. Refer to the engine Operation and
Aftermarket Oil Additives Maintenance Manual. Also refer to the “Lubricant Vis-
cosities for Ambient Temperatures for Perkins Diesel
Engines” table footnotes in this Perkins Diesel En-
gines Fluids Recommendations and to the “Warmup
Perkins does not recommend the use of aftermarket Procedures for Engines that are used in Cold Weath-
additives in oil. Aftermarket additives are not er (Generic)” in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
necessary to achieve the maximum service life of the Recommendations.
engine or rated performance of the engine. Fully
formulated, finished oils consist of base oils and of
commercial additive packages. These additive
packages are blended into the base oils at precise NOTICE
Excessive engine idling time can contribute to exces-
percentages to help provide performance
sive water in the crankcase oil, causing corrosion,
characteristics that meet industry standards.
sludge, and other problems. Excessive engine idling
There are no industry standard tests that evaluate time can also lead to injector fouling, piston and com-
the performance or the compatibility of aftermarket bustion chamber deposits, corrosive damage, and in-
additives in finished oil. Aftermarket additives may creased oil consumption.
not be compatible with the additive package of the
finished oil, which could lower the performance of the
finished oil. The aftermarket additive could fail to mix For correct selection of oil type and/or specification,
with the finished oil and produce sludge in the refer to this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
crankcase. Perkins discourages the use of Recommendations, “Engine Oil” section. Also, refer
aftermarket additives in finished oils. to the “Lubricant Viscosities for Ambient
To achieve the best performance from Perkins Temperatures for Perkins Diesel Engines” table in
engines, conform to the following guidelines: this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations.
• Select the correct Perkins oil or select commercial For the correct selection of oil viscosity grade, refer to
oil that has passed the Field Performance the “Lubricant Viscosities for Ambient Temperatures
Evaluation. Refer to the “Commercial Engine Oil for Perkins Diesel Engines” table in this Perkins
Recommendations” section in the Engine Oil Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations. Also, refer
section of this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids to this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations. Recommendations, “Lubricant Viscosities” section.
• Refer to the appropriate “Lubricant Viscosities for NOTICE
Ambient Temperatures for Perkins Diesel Not following the recommendations found in the “Lu-
Engines” table in this Perkins Diesel Engines bricant Viscosities for Ambient Temperatures for Per-
Fluids Recommendations to find the correct oil kins Diesel Engines” table and associated footnotes
viscosity grade for the engine can lead to reduced performance and engine failure.

• At the specified interval, service the engine. Use

appropriate new oil and install an appropriate new NOTICE
oil filter. Do NOT use only the oil viscosities when determining
the recommended oil for an engine compartment.
• Perform maintenance at the intervals that are The oil type (performance requirements) MUST also
specified in the engine Operation and be used.
Maintenance Manual, “Maintenance Interval
Schedule”.
For easier cold weather starting, ensure that all the
components of the engine electrical system are
properly maintained. All electrical wiring and
connections should be free of the following: .
M0113102-05 19
Maintenance Section
Cold Weather Lubricants

• Fraying Note: Cold-soaked starts occur when the engine has

not been operated for a time. The oil becomes more
• Damaged insulation viscous due to cooler ambient temperatures.
Supplemental heat is recommended for cold-soaked
• Corrosion starts that are below the minimum ambient
Batteries should be kept fully charged and warm. The temperatures listed in the “Lubricant Viscosities for
batteries and the battery cables need to be the Ambient Temperatures for Perkins Diesel Engines”
appropriate size for the application table. Supplemental heat may be required for cold-
soaked starts that are above the minimum
For more information on cold-weather operation, temperature that is stated, depending on the parasitic
refer to this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids load and other factors.
Recommendations, “Distillate Diesel Fuel” section.
Also refer to this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations, “Coolant Recommendations NOTICE
(General Maintenance)”. Engines that use fluid or pan heaters, or heated
enclosures, or are kept running under load, and
Before attempting to start the engine, make sure that so on, can, and generally should use higher vis-
the oil in the engine is fluid enough to flow. Check the cosity oil. The “Lubricant Viscosities for Ambient
oil by removing the dipstick. If the oil will drip from the Temperatures for Perkins Diesel Engines” table Mini-
dipstick, then the oil should be fluid enough to allow mum viscosity for ambient temperature recommen-
the engine to start. Do not use oil that has been dations is for cold-soaked conditions. Use the highest
diluted with kerosene. Kerosene will evaporate in the viscosity oil that is allowed for the ambient tempera-
engine. Evaporation will cause the oil to thicken. ture at startup. BUT, under continuous usage (mul-
Kerosene will cause swelling and softening of the tiple shifts per day), and/or when using fluid or pan
silicone seals. Kerosene will dilute the oil additives. heaters, use a higher viscosity oil than the minimum
Dilution of the oil additives will reduce the oil recommended viscosity for cold-soaked starting con-
performance, and reduce the engine protection that ditions. The higher viscosity oil will maintain the high-
the additives provide. If your application is equipped est possible oil film thickness. Refer to the “Lubricant
with a gasoline starting engine (earlier application), Viscosities for Ambient Temperatures for Perkins Die-
make sure that the oil is fluid enough to flow. sel Engines” table and the footnotes for exceptions.
If the viscosity of the oil is changed for colder Example: The oil viscosity recommended for use in
weather, also change the filter element. If the filter is Perkins diesel engines for cold-soaked starts at
not changed, the filter element and the filter housing −40 °C (−40 °F) is multigrade oil of the SAE 0W vis-
can become a solid mass. After you change the oil, cosity grade (SAE 0W-30). If the diesel engine is run
operate the engine to circulate the thinner oil. continuously, SAE 15W-40 viscosity grade diesel en-
gine oil can be used and is generally the preferred oil
When you start a cold-soaked engine or when you viscosity in this situation.
operate an engine in ambient temperatures that are
below −18°C (0°F), use base oils that can flow in low
temperatures. These multigrade oils have lubricant
viscosity grade of SAE 0W or of SAE 5W. An NOTICE
If ambient conditions warrant, a higher viscosity oil of
example of viscosity grade is SAE 5W-40.
the recommended specification for a given compart-
When you start a cold-soaked engine or when you ment may need to be installed in order to provide ad-
operate an engine in ambient temperatures that are equate film thickness.
below −30°C (−22°F), use a synthetic basestock
multi-grade oil. The oil should have a lubricant
viscosity grade of SAE 0W or SAE 5W. Use an oil Warmup Procedures for Engines
with a pour point that is lower than −40°C (−40°F).
that are used in Cold Weather
Note: Use the highest oil viscosity grade that is (Generic)
allowed for the ambient temperature when you start
the engine. If a different oil viscosity grade is Note: For recommendations that are specific to your
specified in “Lubricant Viscosities for Ambient engine, refer to the Operation and Maintenance
Temperatures for Perkins Diesel Engines” , use the Manual for your engine.
viscosity grade that is specified in the table. In arctic
applications, an appropriately sized engine
compartment heater is recommended and uses a
higher viscosity grade oil. Refer to the “Lubricant
Viscosities” section in this Perkins Diesel Engines
Fluids Recommendations for further details.
20 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Oil Analysis

After the engine is warm, warm up the other systems. Cold-weather operations require more time for
Start with the hydraulic system. Run the engine at completion than other operations. The extra time that
less than one-third throttle and slowly move the is spent in properly caring for the equipment can
control lever to lift the attachment. Initially, lift the prolong the life of the equipment. Extra care is
control lever for a few centimeters (inches). Lower especially helpful in extreme conditions. Longer
the attachment slowly. Continue the following equipment life will decrease overall cost.
sequence: raising, lowering, extending, and
retracting. Extend the travel during each cycle. This i08002563
operation must be performed for all hydraulic circuits.
Alternate between all the attachments.
Oil Analysis
Exercise the transmission and the power train. If you
cannot move the control for the transmission, perform
the following steps:
Perkins Oil Analysis
• Engage the parking brake or apply the parking
brake.
NOTICE
• Run the engine slightly above LOW IDLE. These recommendations are subject to change with-
out notice. Consult your local Perkins distributor for
• Shift the transmission several times from FIRST the most up-to-date recommendations.
GEAR FORWARD to FIRST REVERSE.
Release the brake. Move the equipment forward and Note: DO NOT USE ONLY THIS Perkins Diesel
backward for several meters (yards). Exercise the Engines Fluids Recommendations AS A BASIS FOR
machine for several minutes. DETERMINING OIL DRAIN INTERVALS.
To reduce the total warmup time, start exercising the The use of an oil sampling maintenance tool service
entire machine before you complete the hydraulic that evaluates oil degradation and detects signs of
warmup time. wear on internal components is recommended. Oil
sampling analysis divides oil analysis into four
Operate under a light load until the systems reach categories:
normal operating temperatures.
• Component wear
If the engine temperature is not high enough, enclose
the engine and block the radiator. A thermostat that • Oil condition
opens at a higher temperature will not increase the
engine temperature if the engine is not under load. • Oil contamination
To prevent seal damage and gasket damage, keep • Oil identification
the pipe for the engine crankcase breather clear of
blockage. Component Wear Rate analysis evaluates the wear
that is taking place inside the lubricated
In extreme conditions, use a canvas over the engine compartment. An Analysis service uses the results of
compartment. Heat the engine area with a space elemental analysis and particle count tests to
heater. Heating will aid in starting the engine. evaluate the wear. Trend analysis and proprietary
Extending the canvas over the hydraulic components wear tables are then used to determine if wear rates
will provide initial warming of the components. are normal or abnormal.
Follow all applicable safety guidelines.
Oil Condition analysis is used to determine if the oil
Running the engine at low idle will not keep the has degraded. Tests are done to look at the
hydraulic systems warm. oxidation, sulfation, and viscosity of the oil. An
Analysis service uses established guidelines or trend
analysis to determine if the oil has reached the useful
life limit.
Oil Contamination tests are performed to determine
if anything harmful has entered the oil. This analysis
relies on the results from the following tests:
elemental analysis, soot, particle count, fuel dilution,
water, and glycol.
Oil Identification is another important part of an oil
analysis program. The wrong oil in an engine can
severely damage major components. An Analysis
service uses elemental analysis and viscosity results
to identify key characteristics of the oils.
M0113102-05 21
Maintenance Section
Oil Analysis

These four types of analysis are used to monitor the

condition of your application, and to help identify
potential problems. A properly administered oil
analysis program will reduce repair costs and the
program will lessen the impact of downtime.
An oil analysis program uses a wide range of tests to
determine the condition of the oil and the condition of
the lubricated compartment.
Guidelines that are based on experience and a
correlation to failures have been established for
these tests. Refer to the “Oil Sampling Analysis
Guidelines” in table 7 . Exceeding one or more of
these guidelines could indicate serious fluid
degradation or a pending component failure. A
trained person at your Perkins distributor should
make the final analysis.
Oil analysis is one of the diagnostic tools to
determine engine health. Oils that are within the
limits given by the guidelines may not indicate all
engine health issues. Under certain conditions,
including, but not limited to severe operating
conditions, oils that are within the limits contained in
the guidelines may require changing early.
Note: Cooling system problems will also reduce the
life of engines. Coolant analysis and oil analysis
provide a complete and accurate method for
monitoring the health of all engine systems. Refer to
the coolant analysis information in this Perkins Diesel
Engines Fluids Recommendations. A properly
administered sampling program will reduce repair
costs and lessen the impact of downtime.
Refer to the Contamination Control section in this
“Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations”
for recommended fluid cleanliness targets.
Table 7
Oil Sampling Analysis Guidelines

Test Parameter Guideline

Oxidation (1)

Soot (1)

Sulfation (1)

Wear Metals Trend Analysis and Perkins Wear Table (1)

Water 0.5% maximum

Glycol 0%

Fuel Dilution based on viscosity (1) and GC (2) fuel dilution in excess of 4%

Viscosity “ASTM D445” measured at 100° C (212° F) ±3 centistoke (cSt) change from new oil viscosity.
(1) Acceptable values for these parameters are proprietary to Perkins and are developed on an engine platform basis. Consult your Perkins dis-
tributor for further guidance on specific sample analysis trend results.
(2) Gas Chromatograph
22 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Oil Analysis

Note: Most oil analysis programs do not detect larger

NOTICE
particles in the oil sample. Some failure modes only Do not use the same vacuum sampling pump for ex-
produce larger particles. Oil analysis alone will not tracting oil samples that is used for extracting coolant
always detect an impending failure. Oil filters should samples.
be sectioned and inspected for the presence of
visible particles. A small residue of either type sample may remain in
the pump and may cause a false positive analysis for
The engine oil consumption must be measured and the sample being taken.
recorded. A significant increase in oil consumption
can indicate a problem with cylinder pack deposits or Always use a separate pump for oil sampling and a
components. Additionally, oil additions dilute wear separate pump for coolant sampling.
metals and other contaminants. Oil analysis results
may become inaccurate. Failure to do so may cause a false analysis which
could lead to customer and dealer concerns.
Consult your Perkins distributor for complete
information and assistance about the oil analysis
program. Oil Sampling Interval
Obtaining Oil Samples Take the oil samples as close as possible to the
standard intervals. To receive the full value from oil
Before you obtain an oil sample, operate the machine analysis, establish a consistent trend of data. To
until the oil is warm and the oil is well circulated. Then establish a pertinent history of data, perform
obtain the oil sample. consistent oil samplings that are evenly spaced.
To obtain a good oil sample, do not take the oil Recommended interval for engine oil samples is
sample from the drain stream. The drain stream given in table 8 . A 250 hour sampling interval can
method can allow a stream of dirty oil from the provide a timely indication of oil contamination and oil
bottom of the compartment to contaminate the degradation.
sample. Likewise, never dip an oil sample from an oil
container or pour a sample from a used filter. Measure and record engine oil consumption to allow
accurate oil analysis. Oil additions during the
There are two acceptable ways to obtain oil samples. sampling interval dilute wear metals and other
The following methods are listed in the order that is contaminants.
preferred: Table 8

• Use an in-line sampling valve on the pressurized Oil Sampling Interval for Engine crankcase
oil manifold (oil rail)
Recommended Interval (1)(2) Oil Type
• Use a sampling gun (vacuum pump) that is Perkins DEO / API CI-4 / ACEA
inserted into the oil pan. E7
Every 250 Service Hours
Perkins DEO-ULS / API CK-4 /
Use of the in-line sampling valve is the preferred ACEA E9
method. This method provides samples that are less (1)
likely to be contaminated. Whenever you obtain the Severe applications may require a more frequent oil sampling,
for example 125 service hours interval.
samples, obtain the samples from the same point. (2) Under certain conditions, the Perkins distributor or the Opera-
The samples will be more representative of the oil tion and Maintenance Manual may allow a longer interval be-
that is in the system. tween oil samplings.

Normally, the oil sample is taken at LOW IDLE. If the Note: Refer to the engine Operation and
flow rate is too low, increase engine speed to HIGH
Maintenance Manual for recommended oil drain
IDLE to obtain the oil sample.
intervals.
Consult your Perkins distributor for complete
information and assistance to establish an oil
sampling program for your engine.
M0113102-05 23
Maintenance Section
Oil Analysis

More Frequent Oil Sampling Improves Life Cycle Consult your Perkins distributor regarding the testing
Management that is required in establishing oil drain intervals that
are optimized for your application.
Traditionally, the suggested oil sampling intervals for
diesel engines have been at 250 hours. However in To help protect your engine, and help optimize oil
severe applications, more frequent oil sampling is drain intervals for engine applications and duty
recommended. Severe service for engines occurs at cycles, use oil sampling analysis as follows:
high loads, in high temperatures, and in dusty
conditions. If any of these conditions or other severe • Recommended as a standard practice
service indicators exist, sample the engine oil at 125-
hour intervals. These additional samples will increase • Recommended to determine oil drain intervals
the chance of detecting a potential failure. when using fuel with sulfur levels between 0.05%
(500 ppm) and 0.1% (1000 ppm)
Determining Optimum Oil Change • Required to determine oil drain intervals when
Intervals using fuel with sulfur levels that are above 0.1%
(1000 ppm)
Sampling the engine oil at every 125 service hours
for aperiodof timewill provide information for oil Note: Engine operating conditions play a key role in
condition and for oil performance. This information is determining the effect that fuel sulfur will have on
used to determine the optimum usable life of a engine deposits and on engine wear. Consult your
particular oil. Also, more points of data will allow Perkins distributor for guidance when fuel sulfur
closer monitoring of component wear rates. Close levels are above 0.1% (1000 ppm).
monitoring also allows you to obtain the maximum
use of the oil. For detailed information on optimizing
oil change intervals, consult your Perkins distributor.
This Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations does not address recommended
oil drain intervals. Refer to your engine Operation
and Maintenance Manual, and consult your Perkins
distributor for additional guidance, including but not
limited to guidance on establishing optimized and/or
acceptable oil drain intervals.

Note: The use of oil sampling analysis helps

environmental sustainability as the best way to
optimize oil life. A fluid sampling program will help
engines reach expected life. Consult your Perkins
distributor regarding the testing required to establish
a safe, optimized oil drain interval.
Standard oil drain intervals as published in engine
Operation and Maintenance Manual are for typical
applications:
• Using recommended oils

• Using good fuel

• Using recommended filters
• Using industry standard good maintenance
practices
• Following maintenance intervals as detailed in
engine Operation and Maintenance Manual
More severe applications may require shortened oil
drain intervals, while less severe applications may
allow for longer than standard oil drain intervals. High
load factors (above 75%), particularly with high sulfur
fuels, can contribute significantly to reducing oil drain
intervals below standard oil drain intervals.
24 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Fuel Specifications

Fuel Specifications NOTICE

Many of the guidelines, recommendations, and re-
quirements that are provided in this Perkins Diesel
i07938240
Engines Fluids Recommendations are interrelated.
Before using the provided information, it is the re-
General Fuel Information sponsibility of the user of this Perkins Diesel Engines
Fluids Recommendations to read and understand the
information provided in its entirety.

NOTICE The user of this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Rec-

Every attempt is made to provide accurate, up-to- ommendations is the responsible for following all
date information. By the use of this document, you safety guidelines found in this Perkins Diesel Engines
agree that Perkins Engines Company Limited is not Fluids Recommendations and in engine and/or appli-
responsible for errors or omissions. cation-specific Operation and Maintenance Manual
when performing all recommended and/or required
The information provided are the latest engine, engine systems, and/or application
recommendations for the Perkins diesel engines that maintenance.
are covered by this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations. This information supersedes all For questions concerning the information presented
previous recommendations which have been in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommenda-
published for the Perkins diesel engines that are tions and/or in the engine Operation and Mainte-
covered by this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids nance Manual, and/or for further guidelines and
Recommendations. Special fluids are required for recommendations (including maintenance interval
some engines and continued use of these special recommendations/requirements) consult your Per-
products will be necessary. Refer to the applicable kins distributor.
engine Operation and Maintenance Manual for more
information.
Follow all industry standard safety practices when
This publication is a supplement to the engine operating engines and/or applications and when
Operation and Maintenance Manual. This publication performing all recommended and/or required
does not replace the engine-specific Operation and maintenance.
Maintenance Manuals for the recommended
maintenance intervals. NOTICE
Commercial products that make generic claims of
NOTICE meeting Perkins requirements without listing the spe-
These recommendations are subject to change with- cific Perkins recommendations and requirements that
out notice. Consult your nearest Perkins distributor are met, may not provide acceptable performance.
for the most up-to-date recommendations. Commercial products may cause reduced engine
and/or application fluid compartment life. Refer to this
Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations for
To avoid potential damage to your Perkins engine, Perkins fluids recommendations and requirements.
only purchase Perkins fluids and Perkins filters Refer to product-specific Operation and Maintenance
through your Perkins distributor or Perkins authorized Manual for Perkins fluids recommendations and
outlets. For a list of authorized Perkins parts outlets requirements.
in your area, consult your Perkins distributor.
If you purchase what appear to be Perkins fluids Note: Instructions for the installation of the filter are
and/or Perkins filters through other outlets/ printed on the side of each Perkins spin-on filter. For
sources, you are at a very high risk of purchasing non Perkins filters, refer to the installation instructions
counterfeit ( “ look-alike”” ) products. that are provided by the supplier of the filter.
Counterfeit or “look-alike” products may visually
appear the same as the original Perkins product, but
the product performance and internal quality will
typically be very low.

NOTICE
Counterfeit or “look-alike” products have a very high
likelihood of causing and/or allowing engine and/or
application compartment damage.
M0113102-05 25
Maintenance Section
General Fuel Information

Cleanliness of the injectors impact the performance,

NOTICE power, fuel consumption, and emissions throughout
To meet expected fuel system component life, 4 mi-
cron absolute or less secondary fuel filtration is re- the life of modern diesel engines. To keep the
quired for all Perkins diesel engines that are injectors clean, avoid injector deposits and ensure
equipped with high-pressure fuel systems. Also, 4 mi- appropriate operation and long life of the injectors:
cron absolute or less secondary fuel filtration is re- • Ensure that the fuel has the correct chemistry.
quired for all Perkins diesel engines that are
equipped with electronic unit injected fuel systems. Fuels that are per the specifications given in this
For all other Perkins diesel engines (mostly older en- Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations
gines with pump, line and nozzle or mechanical unit have the appropriate cetane value, viscosity,
injector type fuel systems), the use of 10 micron ab- density, distillation, stability, lubrication, and
solute or less secondary fuel filtration is strongly energy content.
recommended.
• Ensure that the fuel has the required quality. Fuel
quality is determined by the lack of contamination
Note: All current Perkins diesel engines are factory and water. This quality is ensured through
equipped with Perkins Advanced Efficiency fuel filters following the contamination control
recommendations and filtering the fuel as
To obtain additional information on Perkins designed recommended by the Operation and Maintenance
and produced filtration products, consult your Perkins Manual and as stated in this Perkins Diesel
distributor for assistance with filtration Engines Fluids Recommendations.
recommendations for your Perkins engine.
• The use of fuel additives to improve detergency
Diesel Fuel and Injector Health and overall quality of fuels may be needed
sometimes. When needed, Perkins recommends
Fuel injectors are highly engineered components the use of a suitable fuel conditioner and Perkins
built with very tight clearances and designed to spray Fuel System Cleaner. Perkins cannot validate or
precise amounts of fuel into the combustion chamber. recommend other additives available in the
The accurate operation of the fuel injectors supports market. The fuel supplier should be consulted
the performance and noise of the engine and impacts when using additives to enhance other properties
the emissions. of the fuel.
Fuels that are not per the characteristics described in Consult with the engine or application Operation and
this section and in the recommended specifications Maintenance Manual for any special fuel
can lead to deposits in the injector, cold start issues, requirements.
smoke, noise, low performance, increased
emissions, and other issues. Deposits in the injector Consult with your fuel supplier to ensure that the fuel
can be external or internal: follows all the recommendations given in this Perkins
Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations.
• External deposits form on the tip of the injector.
These deposits become carbonaceous (mainly
composed of carbon) due to the high temperature
General Recommendations and
of the combustion chamber. The deposits prevent Contamination Control Guidelines
the appropriate fine spray of the fuel and the for Fuels
proper atomization in the combustion chamber.
These issues can significantly degrade the Follow all applicable industry standards and all
operation of the engine. applicable governmental, environmental, and safety
guidelines, practices, regulations, and mandates.
• Internal deposits form on the internal moving
components of the injector. These deposits close Note: These general recommendations and
the tight clearances in the injector and prevent the guidelines concerning maintenance and care of fuel
components from moving as designed. Some and fuel storage systems are not intended to be all
internal deposits can be “soaps” that form due to inclusive. Discuss proper fuel safety and health,
reaction of sodium contaminants in the fuel with handling, and maintenance practices with your
certain fuel additives. Sometimes, these soaps fuel supplier. Use of these general
cause injector sticking in the open or closed recommendations and guidelines does not lessen the
positions. The result is a malfunction of the engine owners and/or fuel supplier responsibility to
injector. follow all industry standard practices for fuel storage
and for fuel handling.
26 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
General Fuel Information

Note: Where recommendations for draining water • Filter the fuel coming into the bulk storage fuel
and/or sediment and/or debris are stated, dispose of tank and at every subsequent transfer into and out
this waste according to all applicable regulations and of any container and prior to adding to the engine
mandates. fuel tank preferably through filters with a rating of
20 microns absolute or less. The use of wire mesh
Note: Perkins filters are designed and built to provide media (strainer-type filters) is not recommended
optimal performance and protection of the fuel except for when filters with standard media
system components. (cellulose or synthetic) are downstream of the wire
mesh media filters. Wire mesh filters typically have
Clean fuels, as detailed below, are strongly poor filtration efficiency and can corrode with time,
recommended to allow optimal performance and
allowing the passing of large particles.
durability of the fuel systems and to reduce power
loss, failures, and related down time of engines. • Perkins recommends the use of properly
Fuels of “ISO 18/16/13” cleanliness levels are designed and grounded bulk fuel filter / coalescer
particularly important for new fuel system designs units which remove both particulate contamination
such as high-pressure fuel injection systems and unit and water in a single pass. These units are able to
injection systems. These new injection system clean the fuel to “ISO 18/16/13” or cleaner and
designs utilize higher fuel pressures and are remove free water to 200 ppm (mg/kg) or less.
designed with tight clearances between moving parts
to meet required stringent emissions regulations. • Fill the fuel tanks for the application with fuels of
Peak injection pressures in current fuel injection “ISO 18/16/13” cleanliness level or cleaner, in
systems may exceed 200 MPa (29000 psi). particular for engines with high-pressure fuel
Clearances in these systems are less than 5 µm. As systems and unit injection systems. When you
a result, particle contaminants as small as 4 µm can refuel the application, filter the fuel through a 4 µm
cause scoring and scratching of internal pump and absolute filter (Beta 4 = 75 up to 200) to reach the
injector surfaces and of injector nozzles. recommended cleanliness level. This filtration
Water in the fuel causes cavitation, corrosion of fuel should be located at the device that dispenses the
system parts, and provides an environment where fuel to the application fuel tank. In addition,
microbial growth in the fuel can flourish. Other filtration at the dispensing point should be able to
sources of fuel contamination are soaps, gels, or remove water to ensure that fuel is dispensed at
other compounds that may result from undesirable 200 ppm water or less.
chemical interactions in the fuels, particularly in Ultra
Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD). Gels and other • Keep the area around the fuel tank filler neck
compounds can also form in biodiesel fuel at low clean of debris to prevent dirt entry and
temperatures or if biodiesel is stored for extended contamination of the fuel tank.
periods. The best indication of microbial
contamination, fuel additives, or cold temperature gel • Drain your water separators daily per the
is very rapid filter plugging of bulk fuel filters or Operation and Maintenance Manual of your
engine fuel filters. application.
To reduce downtime due to contamination, follow • Install desiccant type breathers of 4 µm or less
these fuel maintenance guidelines in addition to the absolute efficiency with the ability to remove water
recommendations given in the Contamination Control on bulk storage tanks.
section in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations: • Drain your fuel tanks of sediment every 500 hours
or 3 months per the Operation and Maintenance
• Use high-quality fuels per recommended and
Manual of your engine or application.
required specifications. Refer to the Fuel
Recommendations section of this Perkins Diesel • Centrifugal filters may need to be used as a
Engines Fluids Recommendations prefilter with fuel that is severely contaminated
with gross amounts of water or large particulate
• Use recommended Perkins filtration products.
contaminants. Centrifugal filters can effectively
Change your fuel filters per recommended service
remove large contaminants, but may not be able
requirements or as needed. Never fill the new
to remove the very small abrasive particles
secondary fuel filter with fuel before
required to achieve the recommended “ISO”
installation. Use the fuel priming pump to
cleanliness level. Bulk filter / coalescers are
remove air from the system .
necessary as a final filter to achieve the
• Follow correct practices of fuel transport and recommended cleanliness level.
filtration from storage tank to the application to
• Cover, protect, and ensure cleanliness of all
allow the delivery of clean fuel to application tank.
connection hoses, fittings, and dispensing
Keep the fuel storage tank clean of water, debris,
nozzles.
and sediment.
M0113102-05 27
Maintenance Section
General Fuel Information

• Test for microbial contamination regularly and take Note: Thorough cleaning of fuel storage tanks is
proper corrective action if contamination is strongly recommended before converting to Ultra
present. Properly dispose of cleanup waste Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) (15 ppm or less sulfur)
according to all applicable regulations and and/or biodiesel/biodiesel blends. Conversion to
mandates. ULSD and/or biodiesel/biodiesel blends can loosen
fuel system and fuel storage tank deposits. Bulk tank
• Every 3 months, or sooner if problems are continuous filtration unit and dispensing point filters,
suspected, have a complete analysis of the bulk and onboard engine filters change intervals may
storage fuel per the information detailed in need to be shortened for an extended period to allow
“Perkins Specification for Distillate Diesel Fuel for for this cleaning effect.
Off-Highway Diesel Engines” table in this Perkins
Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations. Refer to Note: Even when all fuel storage maintenance
“Fuel Analysis” section of this Perkins Diesel practices that are relevant to your application are
Engines Fluids Recommendations. Take followed, Perkins recommends a maximum of 1 year
corrective action if necessary. Corrective actions from production for distillate fuel storage, and the
may include, but are not limited to, treating the recommended storage and monitoring of biodiesel
fuel, cleaning of the fuel storage tank/system, and and biodiesel blends as detailed in the “Guidelines
replacing the problematic fuel with fresh fuel. and potential impacts associated with the use of
biodiesel and biodiesel blends” table in the Biodiesel
• Top off fixed roof fuel tanks as often as practical to section of this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
reduce tank breathing and to reduce the amount of Recommendations. Storage life for biodiesel and
condensation generated water. biodiesel blends is limited.
Consult your local Perkins distributor for additional
NOTICE information on Perkins designed and produced
To meet expected fuel system component life, 4 mi-
cron absolute or less secondary fuel filtration is re- filtration products.
quired for all Perkins diesel engines that are
equipped with high-pressure fuel systems. Also, 4 mi-
cron absolute or less secondary fuel filtration is re-
quired for all Perkins diesel engines that are
equipped with electronic unit injected fuel systems.
For all other Perkins diesel engines (mostly older en-
gines with pump, line and nozzle or mechanical unit
injector type fuel systems), the use of 10 micron ab-
solute or less secondary fuel filtration is strongly
recommended.

Note: All current Perkins diesel engines have Perkins

Advanced Efficiency fuel filters installed at the
manufacturing facility.

NOTICE
Do not add new engine oil, waste engine oil, or any
oil product to the fuel unless the engine is designed
and certified to burn diesel engine oil. Perkins experi-
ence has shown that adding oil products to Tier 4 en-
gine fuels (U.S. EPA Tier 4 certified), to EURO Stage
IIIB, IV, and V certified engine fuels, or to the fuels of
engines equipped with exhaust aftertreatment devi-
ces, will generally cause the need for more frequent
ash service intervals and/or cause loss of
performance.
Adding oil products to the fuel may raise the sulfur
level of the fuel and may cause fouling of the fuel sys-
tem and loss of performance.
28 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Fuel Information for Diesel Engines

Refer to Contamination Control section in this

Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations for
more details.
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) poses a greater
static ignition hazard than earlier diesel formula-
i07938356
tions, with a higher sulfur content, which may re-
sult in a fire or explosion. Consult with your fuel
Fuel Information for Diesel or fuel system supplier for details on proper
grounding and bonding practices.
Engines
Note: The removal of sulfur and other compounds in
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) fuel decreases the
NOTICE conductivity of ULSD and increases the ability of the
U. S. EPA regulations require the use of Ultra Low
Sulfur Diesel fuel (ULSD) , ≤0.0015 percent (≤15 fuel to store static charge. Refineries may have
ppm (mg/kg)) sulfur, for nonroad and stationary Tier 4 treated the fuel with a static dissipating additive.
EPA certified engines using fuel sensitive technolo- However, there are many factors that can reduce the
gies such as SCR systems and particulate filters. effectiveness of the additive over time. Static charges
Fuels other than ULSD can cause damage in those can build up in ULSD fuel while the fuel is flowing
engines and should not be used. through fuel delivery systems. Static electricity
discharge when combustible vapors are present
Consult the U. S. EPA for fuel sulfur regulations and could result in a fire or explosion. Therefore, ensuring
for the ULSD point of sales required dates for various that the entire system used to refuel your application
nonroad applications. (fuel supply tank, transfer pump, transfer hose,
nozzle, and others) is properly grounded and bonded
European sulfur free fuel ≤0.0010 percent (≤10ppm
(mg/kg) sulfur) fuel is required by regulation for use in is important. Consult with your fuel or fuel system
engines certified to EU nonroad Stage IIIB and newer supplier to ensure that the delivery system is in
standards and that are equipped with exhaust after- compliance with fueling standards for proper
treatment systems. grounding and bonding practices.

Certain governments/localities and/or applications In the North America two basic types of distillate
may require the use of ULSD fuel. Consult federal, diesel fuels are No.2 and No.1 diesel fuel defined by
state, and local authorities for guidance on fuel re- “ASTM D975” specification. No. 2 diesel fuel is the
quirements for your area. most commonly available summer grade diesel fuel.
No. 1 diesel fuel is a winter grade diesel fuel. During
Typical aftertreatment systems include Diesel Partic- the winter months fuel suppliers will typically blend
ulate Filters (DPF), Diesel Oxidation Catalysts No. 1 and No. 2 diesel fuel in various percentages to
(DOC), Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and/or meet the historical low ambient temperature cold-flow
Lean NOx Traps (LNT). Other systems may apply. needs for a given area or region. No. 2 diesel fuel is a
heavier diesel fuel than No. 1 diesel fuel. In cold
Low sulfur diesel (LSD) fuel ≤0.05 percent (≤500 ppm weather, heavier fuels can cause problems with fuel
(mg/kg) sulfur) is strongly recommended for use in filters, fuel lines, fuel tanks, and fuel storage. Heavier
engines that are pre-Tier 4 models while diesel fuel diesel fuels such as No. 2 diesel fuel can be used in
with >0.05 percent (>500 ppm (mg/kg) sulfur) sulfur diesel engines that operate in cold temperatures with
is acceptable for use in areas of the world where al- an appropriate amount of a well proven pour point
lowed by law. Pre-Tier 4 engines that are equipped depressant additive. For more information on fuels
with a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) require the which include blends of No. 1 and No. 2 diesel fuel,
use of LSD fuel or ULSD fuel. consult your fuel supplier.

ULSD fuels or sulfur-free diesel fuels are acceptable When you use No. 2 diesel fuel or other heavier
in all engines regardless of the engine U.S. EPA Tier fuels, some of the fuel characteristics may interfere
or EU Stage requirements. with successful cold-weather operation. Additional
information about the characteristics of diesel fuel is
Use appropriate lubricating oils that are compatible available. This information contains a discussion on
with the engine certification and aftertreatment sys- the modification to the characteristics of diesel fuel.
tem and with the fuel sulfur levels. Refer to “Diesel There are several possible methods that can be used
Fuel Sulfur Impacts” in the Characteristics of Diesel to compensate for the fuel qualities that may interfere
Fuel section of this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids with cold-weather operation. These methods include
Recommendations. the use of starting aids, engine coolant heaters, fuel
heaters, and de-icers. In addition, the manufacturer
of the fuel can add cold flow improvers and/or blend
No. 1 and No. 2 diesel in various percentages.
M0113102-05 29
Maintenance Section
Fuel Information for Diesel Engines

Not all areas of the world classify diesel fuel using the Note: A fuel heater is not effective for cold-soaked
No. 1 and No. 2 nomenclature described above. But, starts unless the fuel heater can be powered from an
the basic principles of using additives and/or blending external power source. External fuel lines may
fuels of different densities to help compensate for the require the use of heaters that circulate the fuel.
fuel qualities that may interfere with cold-weather
operation are the same. Note: Only use properly sized fuel heaters that are
controlled by thermostats or use fuel heaters that are
Starting Aids self-regulated. Thermostatically controlled fuel
heaters generally heat fuel to 15.5° C (60° F). Do not
The use of a starting aid is a conventional method of use fuel heaters in warm temperatures.
assistance for cold starts in low temperature
conditions. Various starting aids are available for For distillate fuel configured engines, Perkins
Perkins engines. Follow the recommendations that recommends a fuel viscosity as delivered to rotary
are provided by the manufacturer of the starting aid. fuel injection pumps of between 1.4 cSt (min.) and
4.5 cSt (max.).
Engine Coolant Heaters Note: If a fuel with a low viscosity is used, cooling of
the fuel may be required to maintain 1.4 cSt or
These heaters heat the engine coolant. The heated
coolant flows through the cylinder block. The flow of greater viscosity at the fuel injection pump. Fuels with
heated coolant keeps the engine warm. A warm a high viscosity might require fuel heaters to lower
engine is easier to start in cold weather. Most coolant the viscosity to 4.5 cSt or less for rotary fuel injection
heaters use electrical power. A source of electricity is pumps.
necessary for this type of heater. Other heaters that
burn fuel are available as a source of heat. These NOTICE
heaters may be used in place of the electrical When you use fuel heaters, do not allow the fuel tem-
heaters. perature to reach above 52°C (125°F). The high fuel
With either type of heater, starting aids and/or fuels temperatures affect the fuel viscosity. When the fuel
with higher cetane numbers are less important viscosity falls below 1.4 cSt, pump damage may
occur.
because the engine is warm. Problems with fuel
cloud point can cause the plugging of fuel filters.
Problems with fuel cloud point cannot be corrected
by engine coolant heaters. Especially for fuel filters
that are cooled by air flow during operation.
Overheating the fuel or the fuel filter can result in
Fuel Heaters personal injury and/or damage to the engine. Use
extreme care and caution for heating of the fuel
The fuel cloud point is related to problems with fuel and/or the fuel filter.
filters. The fuel heater heats the fuel above the cloud
point before the fuel enters the fuel filter. Heating the
fuel prevents wax from blocking the filter. Fuel can Select a fuel heater that is mechanically simple, yet
flow through pumps and lines at temperatures below adequate for the application. The fuel heater should
the cloud point. The cloud point is often above the also prevent overheating of the fuel. Disconnect the
pour point of a fuel. While the fuel can flow through fuel heater or deactivate the fuel heater in warm
these lines, the wax in the fuel can still plug the fuel weather. An unacceptable loss of fuel viscosity and
filter. engine power will occur if the fuel supply temperature
is allowed to become too hot.
In some engine installations, small modifications can
prevent problems that are caused by the cloud point. For additional information on fuel heaters, consult
your Perkins distributor.
One of the following changes can prevent problems
in many conditions: a change in the location of fuel
filters and/or supply lines and the addition of
insulation. In extreme temperatures, heating of the
fuel may be required to prevent the filters from
plugging. There are several types of fuel heaters that
are available. The heaters typically use either engine
coolant or exhaust gas as a heat source. These
systems may prevent filter waxing problems without
the use of de-icers or cold flow improvers. These
systems may be ineffective when the fuel contains a
large amount of dirt or of water. Use of a fuel heater
can help eliminate some cold-weather problems. A
fuel heater should be installed so that the fuel is
heated before flowing into the fuel filter.
30 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Characteristics of Diesel Fuel

De-icers Cetane number affect engine cold start ability,

exhaust emissions, combustion noise, and altitude
De-icers lower the freezing point of the moisture in performance. Fuel with higher cetane number is
the fuel. De-icers are not generally needed when fuel desirable and recommended. Higher cetane number
heaters are used. If you experience trouble, consult fuel is particularly important for operations in cold
your fuel supplier for recommendations of a weather and at high altitude.
compatible commercial de-icer.
Modifying the Cetane Number
i08132120
The cetane number of a fuel can be changed if the
Characteristics of Diesel Fuel fuel is mixed with a fuel that has a different cetane
number. Generally, the cetane number of the mixture
will be in direct relation to the ratio of the fuels that
were mixed. Your fuel supplier can provide the
information about the cetane number of a particular
Viscosity fuel.
The viscosity of the fuel is significant because the Additives can also be used to improve the cetane
fuel serves as a lubricant for fuel system number of a fuel. Additives are evaluated through
components. Fuels need to have sufficient viscosity. testing in special test engines. However, the
The fuel must lubricate the fuel system in both characteristics of fuels with natural cetane number
extremely cold and in extremely hot temperatures. can be different than those characteristics of a fuel
addetized to reach the same cetane number. While
Fuels of improper viscosity result in poor atomization both fuels may be rated as having the same cetane
and spray pattern when injected, which cause poor number, starting may be different.
combustion and loss of performance. If the kinematic
viscosity of the fuel is lower than 1.4 cSt as supplied Cloud Point
to the fuel injection pump or to the unit injectors,
excessive scuffing and seizure can occur. If the fuel The cloud point of a fuel is different from the pour
viscosity is too high, the fuel may cause high fuel point. The cloud point is the temperature that allows
pump resistance, negatively impact the injector spray some of the heavier components in the wax to solidify
pattern, and may cause filter damage. in the fuel. This wax is not a contaminant in the fuel.
The wax is an important element of No. 2 diesel fuel.
For distillate fuel configured engines, Perkins The wax has a high fuel energy content and the wax
recommends a fuel viscosity as delivered to rotary has a very high cetane value. Removal of the heavier
fuel injection pumps and high-pressure fuel systems wax lowers the cloud point of the fuel. Removal of the
of between 1.4 cSt (min.) and 4.5 cSt (max.). wax also increases the cost because less fuel can be
made from the same amount of crude oil. Basically, a
If a fuel with a low viscosity is used, cooling of the No. 1 diesel fuel is formulated by removing the wax
fuel may be required to maintain 1.4 cSt or greater from a No. 2 diesel fuel.
viscosity at the fuel injection pump. Fuels with a high
viscosity might require heaters to lower the viscosity The cloud point of the fuel is important because the
to either 4.5 cSt or less for rotary fuel injection cloud point can limit the performance of the fuel filter.
pumps. The wax can alter the fuel characteristics in cold
weather. Solid wax can fill the fuel filters. The
solidified wax will cause filter plugging. Plugged filters
Cetane Number cannot remove contaminants from the fuel and hence
cannot protect the fuel injection systems. Since fuel
The cetane number of the fuel affects the ability of must flow through the filters, installing a fuel heater is
the engine to start. Also, the cetane number affects the most practical way to prevent the problem. A fuel
the interval of time before the engine runs smoothly. heater will keep the fuel above the cloud point as the
Fuels of high cetane rating are easier to ignite. The fuel flows through the fuel system. The fuel heater
starting temperature can be improved approximately will permit the wax to flow through the filters with the
7 to 8°C (12 to 15°F) for every increase of ten in the fuel.
cetane number. Cetane numbers are derived for
fuels against proportions of cetane and Modifying the Cloud Point
heptamethylnonane in the standard CFR engine.
Refer to “ISO 5165” for the test method. You can lower the cloud point of a diesel fuel by
Note: In Europe for non-road Stage V emissions mixing the diesel fuel with a different fuel that has a
lower cloud point. No. 1 diesel fuel or kerosene may
regulations require minimum Cetane number of 45. In
be used to lower the cloud point of a diesel fuel. The
the North America the minimum Cetane number efficiency of this method is not good, because the
requirement is 40. ratio of the mixture does not have a direct relation to
the improvement in cloud point. The amount of fuel
with low cloud point that is required makes the
process less preferable to use.
M0113102-05 31
Maintenance Section
Characteristics of Diesel Fuel

The fuel supplier must be consulted to provide the Modifying the Pour Point
proper mix of fuels that offers the appropriate cloud
point. You can lower the pour point of the fuel by using
additives. You can also lower the pour point of a
Another approach to modify the cloud point is to use diesel fuel by mixing the diesel fuel with a different
cold flow improvement additives. The manufacturer fuel that has a lower pour point. No. 1 diesel fuel or
of the fuel can add cold flow improvers to the fuel. kerosene may be used to lower the pour point of a
Cold flow improvers modify the wax crystals in the diesel fuel. The amount of fuel with low pour point
fuels. The cold flow improvers do not change the that is required makes the process less preferable to
cloud point of the fuel. However, the cold flow use.
improvers keep the wax crystals small enough to
pass through standard fuel filters. For mixing The following illustration contains a table that can be
precautions, refer to “Pour Point” for more used to find the necessary mixture for two fuels with
information. different pour points. This table is true only if the fuels
do not have additives which change the pour point.
Generally, the most practical method that is used to This table may not apply to ultra low sulfur diesel
prevent problems that are caused by fuel cloud point fuels and should be used only as a general guide. To
at low temperatures is the use of fuel heaters. In use the table, you must know the exact pour point of
most applications, fuel heaters can be used at a each fuel. This specification can change from one
lower cost than fuel mixtures. purchase of fuel to the next purchase of fuel. This
specification is normally available from personnel at
The common standard methods that are used to test the source of the fuel supply. When fuels that have a
the cloud point of diesel fuels are:
lower pour point are not available, this method
• “ASTM D2500” Test Method for Cloud Point of cannot be used.
Petroleum Products

• “ASTM D5771” Test Method for Cloud Point of

Petroleum Products (Optical Detection Stepped
Cooling Method)
• “ASTM D5772” Test Method for Cloud Point of
Petroleum Products (Linear Cooling Rate Method)

• “ASTM D5773” Test Method for Cloud Point of

Petroleum Products (Constant Cooling Rate
Method)

Pour Point
The fuel's pour point is a temperature below the
cloud point of the fuel. Fuel stops flowing below the
pour point. The pour point is the temperature which
limits movement of the fuel inside the pumps.
To measure the pour point, the fuel temperature is
lowered below the cloud point in steps of 3°C (5°F)
at a time. The temperature is lowered until the fuel
does not flow. The pour point is the last temperature
that is shown before the flow stops. At the pour point,
the wax has solidified out of the fuel. This
temperature makes the fuel more solid than liquid.
The pour point of the fuel can be improved. This
improvement does not require the removal of
important elements. This process is the same Illustration 2 g01180699
process that is used to improve the cloud point of a
fuel. Pour point of fuel mixtures

A fuel's pour point should be at least 6°C (10°F) To calculate the amount of lighter fuel that is required
below the lowest ambient temperature that is to be blended with the heavier fuel, perform the
required for engine start-up and for engine operation. following steps:
To operate the engine in extremely cold weather, No.
1 fuel or No. 1-D fuel may be necessary because of 1. Obtain the specification for the cloud point or the
the lower pour points of the fuels. pour point of both fuels from your fuel supplier.
32 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Characteristics of Diesel Fuel

2. Locate the cloud point or the pour point of the Note: The fuel lubricity is important. The lubricity of
heavier fuel on the left side of the table. Mark the the fuel should be considered whenever you operate
point on the table. the equipment in temperature extremes, whether
extremely hot or extremely cold. Also, you should
3. Locate the cloud point or the pour point of the consider the fuel lubricity whenever you use fuels
lighter fuel on the right side of the table. Mark the that are lower in viscosity or that have been hydro-
point on the table. treated. There are many aftermarket additives that
are available to treat fuel. If the lubricity of the fuel is
4. Draw a line between the two points that were an issue, consult your fuel supplier for proper
established. Label this line “A” . recommendations regarding fuel additives.
5. Determine the lowest outside temperature for The finished fuels as described by Perkins Diesel
application operation. Find this point on the left Fuel Specification, “ASTM D975” or “EN 590” are at
side of the table. Mark this point. Draw a horizontal the recommended lubricity levels. To determine the
line from this point. Stop the line at the intersection lubricity of the fuel, use the “ASTM D6079 High
of line “A” . Label this new line “C” . Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR)” test. The
maximum allowable wear scar is 0.52 mm
6. Line “C” and line “A” intersect. Mark this point. (0.0205 inch) at 60° C (140° F). If the lubricity of a
Draw a vertical line from this point. Stop the line at fuel does not meet the minimum requirements,
the bottom of the table. Label this line “B” . The consult your fuel supplier. Do not treat the fuel
without consulting the fuel supplier. Some additives
point at the bottom of line “B” reveals the are not compatible. These additives can cause
percentage of lighter fuel that is required to modify problems in the fuel system.
the cloud point or the pour point.
The process that is most commonly used to remove
The above example shows that the blending will sulfur from fuel is called hydro-treatment. This
require a 30 percent mixture of lighter fuel. process is also the most economical process. Each
source of crude oil contains different amounts of
Additives are a good method to use to lower the pour sulfur. Crude oils typically require hydro-treatment to
point of a fuel. These additives are known by the obtain the 0.0015 percent maximum sulfur limit.
following names: pour point depressants, cold flow Crude oils with high sulfur require a more severe
improvers, and wax modifiers. When the additives treatment.
are used in the proper concentration, the fuel will flow
through pumps, lines, and hoses. The hydro-treatment removes the sulfur and other
components from the fuel. The treatment removes
Note: These additives must be thoroughly mixed into nitrogen compounds, polar materials, bicyclic
the fuel at temperatures that are above the cloud aromatics, polycyclic aromatics, and oxygen
point. The fuel supplier should be contacted to blend compounds. While the removal of sulfur has shown
the fuel with the additives. The blended fuel can be no detrimental effects to the engine, but the removal
delivered to your fuel tanks. of the other compounds has lowered the lubricity of
the fuel. As a result of the lowered lubricity, the fuel is
The standard method to measure the pour point of less tolerant of contamination by water and dirt. The
the fuels is detailed in “ASTM D97 - Standard Test lower fuel lubricity can be seen as abrasive wear of
Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products”. fuel system components. Fuels that have a low
lubricity may not provide adequate lubrication to
plungers, to barrels, and to injectors. This problem
Lubricity and Low Sulfur Diesel may be compounded in areas that require winter
(LSD) and Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel blends of fuel. The lighter winter fuel blend has the
following characteristics: lower viscosity, lower cloud
(ULSD) Fuel point, and lower pour point.
The lubricity of the fluid describes the ability of the
fluid to reduce the friction between surfaces that are
under load. This ability reduces the damage that is
caused by friction. Fuel injection systems rely on the
lubricating properties of the fuel.
M0113102-05 33
Maintenance Section
Characteristics of Diesel Fuel

The finished fuels that are per the recommended Fuel volatility
specifications should have the correct lubricity.
However, if required, the lubricity of the fuel may be Fuel volatility is measured and controlled by the fuel
enhanced with additives. Many fuel suppliers treat distillation curve. The optimal fuel volatility required
the fuel with these additives. Do not use a fuel for various engines depends on the engine
lubricity additive before you consult the fuel supplier. application, design, loads, speeds, ambient
Some aftermarket additives may not be compatible temperatures, and other factors. Low volatility fuels
with the additives that are already in the fuel, and may have a higher energy content (heating value).
some may damage emission control systems. Some On the other hand, fuels of high initial volatility may
additive packages that are supplied by the improve the ability to start the engine, the warmup
aftermarket manufacturer may not be compatible with process and reduce smoke. High-performance fuels
the seals that are used in fuel systems of some diesel have the right balance of volatility.
engines. Other additive packages that are supplied
by aftermarket manufacturers cannot provide proper The fuel distillation curve describes the amount of
performance in high temperature conditions. These fuel that evaporates at various temperatures. Of
additives may leave deposits because of the high these temperatures, the heavy end is characterized
temperatures that exist in the fuel systems of diesel by the T90, the temperature where 90 percent of the
engines. fuel evaporates. If the T90 exceeds the maximum
limits given in the “Perkins Specification for Distillate
Maximum life of the fuel system can be achieved by Fuel for Nonroad Diesel Engines” table, in the
performing the following tasks: using a preferred Distillate Diesel Fuel section, the fuel may increase
distillate diesel fuel, refer to Fuel Recommendations smoke, deposits, soot, and particulate matter
section in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids emissions. The lower end or low distillation
Recommendations, using a reliable fuel supplier and temperatures are not specified in the “Perkins
performing proper maintenance of the fuel system. Specification for Distillate Fuel for Nonroad Diesel
Perkins Advanced Efficiency fuel filters are required Engines” table, nor in “ASTM D975” or similar
for diesel engines that run on diesel fuel to provide specifications. However, very low distillation
maximum life to the fuel system. temperatures may cause the fuel to become volatile
at low temperatures and may cause cavitation of fuel
Note: Lighter fuels are frequently used in arctic pumps or fuel system components.
temperatures. Lighter fuels may include the following
fuels: Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-8, JP-5, and kerosene. The Diesel Fuel Sulfur
specifications that apply to these fuels do not include
a minimum lubricity requirement. Do not assume that Sulfur is a natural component of diesel fuels. High
a fuel meets the minimum Perkins specification. sulfur in the fuel can be reduced through refining
Contact the fuel supplier for proper recommendations technologies.
on fuel lubricity additives.
Sulfur levels in the fuel affect the durability of engine
Note: The sulfur levels for Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-8, JP-5, components and also affect engine exhaust
and kerosene fuels typically far exceed 15 ppm, emissions. Modern Perkins diesel engines are
which exceeds the limit for sulphur of U.S. ULSD fuel designed to meet mandated gaseous emissions
and EU sulphur free diesel at 10 ppm in the EPA Tier requirements. To meet these emissions
requirements, the engines are tested and developed
4 and EU Stage III/IV/V regulations as well other with specific sulfur levels in the diesel fuel.
higher emissions regulations in other regions.
The maximum allowable fuel sulfur level is controlled
Note: For best results, your fuel supplier should treat by various emissions laws, regulations, and
the fuel when additives are required. mandates. Consult federal, state, and local
authorities for guidance on fuel requirements for your
Refer to Distillate Diesel Fuelsection, “Aftermarket area.
Fuel Additives” section, and “Diesel Fuel Conditioner”
sections in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids The list below provides a quick reference for
Recommendations for more information. acceptable sulfur levels for diesel fuel that will be
used in Perkins diesel engines but the controlling
documents are the engine Operation and
Maintenance Manuals, the specific aftertreatment
device documentation, and the applicable emissions
laws, regulations, and mandates.
34 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Characteristics of Diesel Fuel

• U.S. EPA regulations require the use of Ultra Low • Maintenance intervals and other maintenance
Sulfur Diesel fuel (ULSD) , ≤ 0.0015 percent (≤ 15 practices
ppm (mg/kg)) sulfur, for nonroad and stationary
Tier 4 EPA certified engines using fuel sensitive Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
technologies such as SCR systems and
particulate filters. Fuels other than ULSD can The United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection
cause damage in those engines and should not be Agency (EPA) defines Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD
used. Consult the U.S. EPA for fuel sulfur - S15) as a U.S. diesel fuel with a sulfur content not
regulations and for the ULSD point of sales to exceed 15 parts per million (ppm(mg/kg)) or
required dates for various nonroad applications. 0.0015 percent by weight.

• European sulfur free fuel, 0.0010 percent (= 10 ULSD was introduced for the U.S. on-highway diesel
mg/kg) sulfur, fuel is required by regulation for use engine market in October 2006. ULSD is available
in engines certified to EU nonroad Stage IIIB and since December 2010for nonroad diesel engines and
newer standards and that are equipped with applications. Refer to the U.S. EPA for the required
exhaust aftertreatment systems. ULSD point of sales dates for various nonroad
applications.
• Certain governments/localities and/or applications Engines certified to nonroad Tier 4 standards (Stage
MAY require the use of ULSD fuel. Consult IV in Europe) and are equipped with fuel sulfur
federal, state, and local authorities for guidance on sensitive exhaust aftertreatment systems are
fuel requirements for your area. designed to run on ULSD only. Use of LSD or fuels
higher than 15 ppm (mg/kg) sulfur in these engines
• The maximum allowable fuel sulfur level for most will reduce engine efficiency and engine durability
pre-Tier 4 engines that are equipped with Diesel and will damage emissions control systems and/or
Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) is 0.05 percent (500 shorten the service interval.
ppm (mg/kg)). Some DOC equipped engines
require the use of fuel with a maximum of 0.005% ULSD fuel can be used in any engine designed to run
(50 ppm (mg/kg)) fuel sulfur. Refer to the engine on diesel fuel. Perkins does not require the use of
Operation and Maintenance Manual and refer to ULSD in nonroad and machine applications that are
the aftertreatment device-specific documentation not Tier 4/Stage IIIB/Stage IV certified engines and
for more information. are not equipped with aftertreatment devices. For
Tier 4/Stage IIIB/Stage IV certified engines, always
• For application diesel engines that are retrofitted follow operating instructions and fuel tank inlet labels,
with an aftertreatment device, refer to the if available, to insure the correct fuels are used.
aftertreatment device-specific documentation. Note: The removal of sulfur and other compounds in
Typical aftertreatment systems include Diesel Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) fuel decreases the
Particulate Filters (DPF), Diesel Oxidation Catalysts conductivity of ULSD and increases the ability of the
(DOC), Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and/or fuel to store static charge. Refineries may have
Lean NOx Traps (LNT). Other systems may apply. treated the fuel with a static dissipating additive.
However, there are many factors that can reduce the
In addition to the emission regulations, factors that effectiveness of the additive over time. Static charges
affect maximum allowed and/or acceptable fuel sulfur can build up in ULSD fuel while the fuel is flowing
level include: through fuel delivery systems. Static electricity
discharge when combustible vapors are present
• Exhaust aftertreatment device type could result in a fire or explosion. Therefore, ensuring
• Engine model/design that the entire system used to refuel your application
(fuel supply tank, transfer pump, transfer hose,
• Engine application nozzle, and others) is properly grounded and bonded
is important. Consult with your fuel or fuel system
• Overall fuel quality supplier to ensure that the delivery system is in
compliance with fueling standards for proper
• Using recommended fluids, including but not grounding and bonding practices.
limited to engine oil quality
The standard methods for testing conductivity of
• Environmental factors and other site-specific diesel fuel are:
operating conditions
• “ASTM D2624” Test Methods for Electrical
• Fuel costs versus risk of shortened engine/engine Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels
component life
• “ASTM D4308” Test Method for Electrical
• Fuel costs versus shortened oil drain intervals Conductivity of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Precision
Meter
M0113102-05 35
Maintenance Section
Characteristics of Diesel Fuel

Sulfur-free Diesel Fuel Depending on operating conditions, and depending

on maintenance practices, the potential issues stated
In Europe, ultra low sulfur diesel fuel will have a above may and/or will take place with fuel sulfur
maximum of 0.0010 percent (10 ppm(mg/kg)) sulfur levels that are at or below the recommended fuel
and is typically referred to as “sulfur-free” . This sulfur sulfur levels, and/or that are at or below the
level is defined in “European Standard EN 590:2004”. maximum allowable fuel sulfur levels.

Low Sulfur Diesel (LSD) Fuel sulfur levels above 0.1 percent (1000 ppm (mg/
kg)) may significantly shorten the oil change interval.
Low Sulfur Diesel (LSD - S500) is defined by the U.S. When other factors do no preclude, and
EPA as a U.S. diesel fuel with sulfur content not to understanding that there may be trade-offs such as
exceed 500 ppm or 0.05 percent by weight.
shortened oil drain intervals, certain commercial, and
application diesel engines that are covered by this
Note: Both ULSD and LSD must meet the fuel Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations
requirements outlined in the most current revision may be able to operate satisfactorily on fuels with up
level of “ASTM D975”. to 1 percent (10, 000 ppm(mg/kg)) sulfur if the
following conditions are met:
Diesel Fuel Sulfur Impacts
• All emissions laws, regulations, and mandates are
Sulfur in the fuel results in the formation of Sulfur followed
Dioxide (SO2) and Sulfur Trioxide (SO3) gases during
the combustion process. When combined with water • The engine/engines are not equipped with
in the exhaust gas SO2 and SO3 can form acids. The
aftertreatment device/devices
acids can impact engine components and engine
lubricants. • All appropriate guidelines and maintenance
Sulfur in the exhaust gas can interfere with the practices as stated in the engine Operation and
operation of aftertreatment devices causing loss of Maintenance Manual are followed
passive regeneration performance, reduced gaseous
emission conversion efficiency, and increased • All appropriate guidelines and maintenance
particulate matter emissions. practices as stated in this Perkins Diesel Engines
Fluids Recommendations are followed
Typical aftertreatment systems include Diesel
Particulate Filters (DPF), Diesel Oxidation Catalysts • Operating in otherwise low to moderate severity
(DOC), Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and/or applications
Lean NOx Traps (LNT). Other systems may apply.
• Your Perkins distributor is consulted and
Use of fuels with higher than recommended and/or approves
maximum allowed fuel sulfur levels can and/or will:
• You refer to this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
• Increase wear of engine components Recommendations, and you refer to your specific
Perkins engine and/or refer to your specific
• Increase corrosion of engine components application Operation and Maintenance Manual
for more guidance and exceptions
• Increase deposits
Oil Drain Intervals
• Increase soot formation
• Shorten the time period between oil drain intervals Note: DO NOT USE ONLY THIS Perkins Diesel
(cause the need for more frequent oil drain Engines Fluids Recommendations AS A BASIS FOR
intervals) DETERMINING OIL DRAIN INTERVALS.
Fuel sulfur level impacts the oil drain interval. For
• Shorten the time interval between aftertreatment
detailed information, refer to the Oil Analysis section
device service intervals (cause the need for more in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
frequent service intervals) Recommendations.
• Negatively impact the performance and life of • Oil sampling analysis is recommended.
aftertreatment devices (cause loss of
performance) • Oil sampling analysis is strongly recommended to
determine oil drain intervals when using fuel with
• Reduce regeneration intervals of aftertreatment sulfur levels between 0.05 percent (500 ppm) and
devices 0.5 percent (5000 ppm).
• Lower fuel economy
• Increase overall operating costs
36 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Characteristics of Diesel Fuel

• Oil sampling analysis is required to determine oil The moisture which is free and settled at the bottom
drain intervals when using fuel with sulfur levels of the tank can become mixed with the fuel. The force
above 0.5 percent (5000 ppm). of any pumping action will mix the moisture with the
fuel whenever fuel is transferred. This moisture then
• Consult your Perkins distributor for guidance becomes free and dispersed water. This moisture
can cause ice in the filters. This moisture can cause
when fuel sulfur levels are above 0.1% (1000 other problems with filters at any temperature.
ppm). Generally, the same force that mixes the water into
the fuel will also mix dirt and rust from the bottom of
Moisture Content the tank with the water. The result is a dirty mixture of
fuel and water which can also fill the filters and stop
Problems with fuel filters can occur at any time. The fuel flow.
cause of the problem can be water in the fuel or
moisture in the fuel. At low temperatures, moisture Specific Gravity / API Gravity
causes special problems. There are three types of
moisture in fuel: dissolved moisture (moisture in The specific gravity of diesel fuel is the weight of a
solution), free and dispersed moisture in the fuel and fixed volume of fuel in comparison to the weight of
free and settled at the bottom of the tank. the same volume of water at the same temperature.
Most diesel fuels have some dissolved moisture. Just A higher specific gravity correlates into a heavier fuel.
as the moisture in air, the fuel can only contain a Heavier fuels have more energy or power per volume
specific maximum amount of moisture at any one for the engine to use.
temperature. The amount of moisture decreases as
the temperature is lowered. For example, a fuel could Note: The settings for the fuel mixture should not be
contain 100 ppm (100 mg/kg or 0.010 percent) of adjusted to compensate for a loss of power with fuels
water in solution at 18°C (65°F). This same fuel can that are lighter. The life of fuel system components
possibly hold only 30 ppm (30 mg/kg or 0.003 can be decreased with fuels that are very light
percent) at 4°C (40°F). because lubrication will be less effective as a result of
the lower viscosity. This issue is compounded if the
After the fuel has absorbed the maximum amount of fuel does not have sufficient lubricity. Refer to
water, the additional water will be free and dispersed. “Lubricity and Low Sulfur Fuel Diesel (LSD) and Ultra
Free and dispersed moisture is fine droplets of water Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) Fuel” in this Perkins Diesel
that is suspended in the fuel. Since the water is
heavier than the fuel, the water will slowly become Engines Fluids Recommendations Characteristics Of
free and settled at the bottom of the tank. In the Diesel Fuel section.
above example, when the fuel temperature was The API gravity of a fuel is also a measure of the
lowered from 18°C (65°F) to 4°C (40°F), 70 ppm
density of the fuel or the relationship of the weight to
(mg/kg) of water became free and dispersed in the
the volume. The scale for API gravity is inverse to the
fuel.
scale for specific gravity. The API gravity will become
The small drops of water cause a cloudy appearance higher as the fuel becomes lighter.
in the fuel. If the change in temperature is slow, the
small drops of water can settle to the bottom of the Lighter fuels will not produce the rated power. Lighter
tank. When the fuel temperature is lowered rapidly to fuels may also be a blend of ethanol or methanol with
freezing temperature, the moisture that comes out-of- diesel fuel. Blending alcohol or gasoline with diesel
solution changes to very fine particles of ice instead fuel will create an explosive atmosphere in the fuel
of small drops of water. tank. In addition, water condensation in the tank can
cause the alcohol to separate in the tank.
The particles of ice are lighter than the fuel, and the
particles of ice will not settle to the bottom of the tank.
When this type of moisture is mixed in the fuel, this
moisture will fill the fuel filters. The ice crystals will Mixing alcohol or gasoline with diesel fuel can
plug the fuel filters in the same way as wax plugs the produce an explosive mixture in the engine
fuel filters. crankcase or the fuel tank. Alcohol or gasoline
must not be used in order to dilute diesel fuel.
If a filter is plugged and fuel flow is stopped, perform Failure to follow this instruction may result in
the following procedure to determine the cause: death or personal injury.
1. Remove the fuel filters.
2. Cut the fuel filters open. NOTICE
Mixing alcohol or gasoline with diesel fuel may cause
3. Inspect the fuel filter before the filter warms. This damage to the engine. Perkins recommends against
inspection will show that the filter is filled with this practice. Water condensation in the fuel tank can
particles of either ice or wax. cause the alcohol to separate which could cause
damage to the engine.
M0113102-05 37
Maintenance Section
Fuel Recommendations

Heavier fuels tend to create more deposits from Biodiesel and blends of biodiesel have poor thermal
combustion. Deposits from combustion can cause stability and oxidation stability compared to
abnormal cylinder liner and ring wear. This problem is petroleum distillate diesel fuels. The use of these
most noticeable in smaller diesel engines that biodiesels and blends of biodiesel can accelerate the
operate at higher speeds. problems that are addressed in this Perkins Diesel
Engines Fluids Recommendations. Using biodiesel
blends above the maximum level approved for the
Gums and Resins engine is not recommended.
The gums and resins that occur in diesel fuel are the Thermal and oxidative degradation of diesel fuel can
result of dissolved oxidation products in the fuel that result in a darkening of fuel colour. Fuel color is not
do not evaporate easily. The products that are necessarily an indication of excessive degradation
dissolved in the fuel also do not burn cleanly. that will lead to the problems outlined in this Perkins
Excessive gum in the fuel will coat the inside of the Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations. But
fuel lines, pumps, and injectors. Excessive gum will darkened fuel color can be an indicator of
also interfere with the close tolerances of the moving degradation leading to concerns about the stability of
parts of the fuel systems. Gum and resin in the fuel darkened fuel. Thermal oxidation and oxidative
will also cause the filter to plug rapidly. Oxidation of stability tests should be run to confirm actual fuel
the fuel will occur and the formation of more gums degradation.
and resins will occur during fuel storage. The storage
time for fuel needs to be minimized to help reduce Testing the fuels for thermal and oxidating stability as
the formation of gums and resins. described in the “Perkins Specification for Distillate
Fuel for Nonroad Diesel Engines” table, in the
Note: Even when all fuel storage maintenance Distillate Diesel Fuel section, ensures that the fuel
practices that are relevant to your application are meets the minimum requirements for stability. Fuels
followed, Perkins recommends a maximum of 1 year that pass these tests offer the desired performance
from production for distillate diesel fuel storage, and and reduce the deposit formation.
a maximum of 6 months from production for biodiesel
and blended biodiesel storage. Storage life for i07939122
biodiesel and biodiesel blends that are greater than
B20 may be much shorter than 6 months. Fuel Recommendations
The Thermal Stability and
Oxidation Stability of Fuel NOTICE
These recommendations are subject to change with-
Diesel fuels can deteriorate rapidly for various out notice. Consult your local Perkins distributor for
reasons. When the fuel is stressed and stored for the most up-to-date recommendations.
long intervals, degradation and oxidation can occur.
Degradation and oxidation are complex chemical Diesel engines may burn a wide variety of fuels.
changes, which may include the formation of These fuels are divided into two general groups. The
peroxides. These changes lead to deposits or two groups are called the preferred fuels and the
sediment from certain hydrocarbons and traces of permissible fuels.
naturally occurring nitrogen and sulfur containing
compounds in the fuel. Fuel composition and The preferred fuels provide maximum engine
environmental factors influence the process. service life and performance. The preferred fuels
are distillate fuels. These fuels are commonly called
Diesel fuel is being used as a coolant for high- diesel fuel, furnace oil, gas oil, or kerosene. These
pressure fuel injection systems with high temperature fuels must meet the “Perkins Specification for
fuel wetted walls. This process can stress the fuel in Distillate Fuel for Nonroad Diesel Engines” listed in
the fuel system. The thermal stress and an increase table found in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
in recirculation fuel temperature is often responsible Recommendations, “Distillate Diesel Fuel” section.
for fuel degradation and the formation of gums,
resins, sediment, and deposits, which can cause fuel The permissible fuels are some crude oils, some
flow restriction through fuel filters and fuel injection blends of crude oil with distillate fuel, and some
systems. marine diesel fuel. These fuels are not suitable for
use in all engine applications. The acceptability of
When fuel is left in the application or engine fuel tank these fuels for use is determined on a case by case
for a long time, the fuel is exposed to oxygen. This basis. A complete fuel analysis is required. Consult
exposure leads to complex chemical reactions and your Perkins distributor for further information.
degradation of the fuel. As a result, sludge and Biodiesel fuel is permissible for use in Perkins
deposits are formed, which lead to poor performance, engines. Follow all the recommendations and
filter plugging, restriction of fuel lines, and deposits in guidelines given in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
the injector. Recommendations, “Biodiesel” section.
38 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Distillate Diesel Fuel

Note: Minimum cetane number of 40 is

NOTICE
Use of permissible fuels can result in higher mainte- recommended otherwise cold starting problems or
nance costs and reduced engine service life. light load misfire might occur. Since jet fuel
specifications do not mention cetane requirements, it
is recommended that a fuel sample is taken to
Note: Use of fuels that do not meet at least the determine the cetane number.
minimum performance recommendations and/or
requirements may lead to lower compartment Note: Fuels must have minimum viscosity of 1.4 cSt
performance and/or compartment failure. Problems/ delivered to the fuel injection pump. Cooling of the
failures that are caused by using fuels that do not fuel may be required to maintain 1.4 cSt or greater
meet the minimum recommended and/or required viscosity at the fuel injection pump. It is
performance level are not Perkins factory defects. recommended that the actual viscosity of the fuel is
The fuel supplier and customer are responsible. measured to determine if a fuel cooler is needed.
Refer to “Viscosity” section of this Perkins Diesel
Engines Fluids Recommendations.
Aviation Kerosene Fuels
Note: Rated power loss of up to 10 percent is
Following kerosene and jet fuel specifications are possible due to lower density and lower viscosity of
acceptable alternative fuels, and may be used on a
jet fuels compared to diesel fuels.
contingency base for emergency or continuous use,
where standard diesel fuel is not available and where The user must be aware of the following when using
legislation allows their use:
these fuels. Jet fuels are distilled at lower
temperatures than diesel fuel oils and hence will
• “MIL-DTL-83133 NATO F34 (JP-8)” have lower viscosity, density, and lubricating
properties. Jet fuels may cause reduced engine life
• “MIL-DTL-83133 NATO F35”
and performance:
• “MIL-DTL-5624 NATO F44 (JP-5)”
• Reduction in fuel pump life and injectors life due to
• “MIL-DTL-38219 (USAF) (JP7)” low lubricity and viscosity

• “NATO F63” • Loss in power (up to 10 percent) caused by low

density and viscosity
• “NATO XF63”
• Increased fuel consumption
• “ASTM D1655 JET A”
• Possible hot restart problems due to low viscosity
• “ASTM D1655 JET A1”
• Possible cold start problems due to low cetane
These fuels specifications may be used in engine number
models up to and including Tier 3/ Stage 3A engines
(or any engine models that are NOT equipped with • Possible light loads misfire due to low cetane
aftertreatment system). Jet fuels have not been number
released for EPA Tier 4 / EU Stage IIIb/IV/V and other
higher emissions regulations, engine models i09802293
equipped with aftertreatment system as it will affect
performance and could lead to the damage of the Distillate Diesel Fuel
aftertreatment system.

NOTICE
These fuels are only acceptable when used with ap- Perkins is not in the position to evaluate continuously
propriate lubricity additive and must meet minimum and monitor all the many worldwide distillate diesel
requirements of the “Perkins Specification for Distil- fuel specifications and the on-going revisions that are
late Fuel for Nonroad Diesel Engines” listed in table published by governments and technological
in Distillate Diesel Fuel section of this Perkins Diesel societies.
Engines Fluids Recommendations. The lubricity of
these fuels must not exceed wear scar diameter of The “Perkins Specification for Distillate Fuel for
0.46 mm (0.01811 inch) as per “ISO 12156-1” . Refer Nonroad Diesel Engines” listed in table 9 provides a
to the “Lubricity” section of this Perkins Diesel En- known, reliable baseline to judge the expected
gines Fluids Recommendations. performance of distillate diesel fuels that are derived
from conventional sources (crude oil, shale oil, oil
sands, and so on) when used in Perkins diesel
engines.
M0113102-05 39
Maintenance Section
Distillate Diesel Fuel

Using the Perkins distillate diesel fuel specification as

the baseline, it is much easier to determine any NOTICE
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) fuel 0.0015 percent
potential economic and/or performance trade-offs, (≤15 ppm (mg/kg)) sulfur is required by regulation for
and overall acceptability when using fuels of varying use in engines certified to nonroad Tier 4 standards
characteristics and quality levels.
(U.S. EPA Tier 4 certified) and that are equipped with
• When required, have the diesel fuel that is either is exhaust aftertreatment systems.
being used or is to be used, tested per the Perkins European ULSD ≤0.0010 percent (≤10ppm (mg/kg))
distillate diesel fuel specification. sulfur fuel is required by regulation for use in engines
certified to European nonroad Stage IIIB and newer
• Use the Perkins distillate diesel fuel specification standards and are equipped with exhaust aftertreat-
as a fuel quality baseline for comparison of ment systems.
distillate diesel fuel analysis results, and/or a
baseline for comparison of other distillate diesel Certain governments/localities and/or applications
fuel specifications. may require the use of ULSD fuel. Consult federal,
state, and local authorities for guidance on fuel re-
• Typical fuel characteristics can be obtained from quirements for your area.
the fuel supplier.
Typical aftertreatment systems include Diesel Partic-
Fuel parameters outside of the Perkins fuel ulate Filters (DPF), Diesel Oxidation Catalysts
specification limits have explainable consequences. (DOC), Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and/or
Lean NOx Traps (LNT). Other systems may apply.
• Some fuel parameters that are outside of the
specification limits can be compensated for (for Low sulfur diesel (LSD) fuel 0.05 percent (≤500 ppm
example, fuel can be cooled to address low (mg/kg) sulfur) is strongly recommended for use in
viscosity and soon). engines that are pre-Tier 4 models, while diesel fuel
with > 0.05 percent (500 ppm (mg/kg)) sulfur is ac-
• Some fuel parameters that are outside of ceptable for use in areas of the world where allowed
specification limits, may be improved with the use by law. Pre-Tier 4 engines that are equipped with a
of appropriate amounts of well-proven fuel Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) require the use of
additives. LSD fuel or ULSD fuel.

To help ensure optimum engine performance, a ULSD fuel or sulfur-free diesel fuels are applicable
complete fuel analysis should be obtained before for use in all engines regardless of the engine U. S.
engine operation. The fuel analysis should include all EPA Tier or EU Stage requirements.
the properties that are listed in the “Perkins Use appropriate lubricating oils that are compatible
Specification for Distillate Fuel for Nonroad Diesel with the engine certification and aftertreatment sys-
Engines” , table 9 . tem and with the fuel sulfur levels. Refer to “Diesel
Fuel Sulfur Impacts” in the Characteristics of Diesel
Note: The diesel fuel has to be bright and clear. The Fuel section and theLubricant Information of this Per-
diesel fuel cannot have any visually apparent kins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations.
sediment, suspended matter, or undissolved water.
Diesel Fuels that meet the specifications in table 9 Recommendations for Europe Stage V Certified
will help provide maximum engine service life and Nonroad Engines:
performance.
All the fuel recommendations and requirements for U
In North America, diesel fuels that are identified as S EPA Tier 4 Certified Nonroad Engines are
meeting the latest version of “ASTM D975” Grades applicable to the Europe Stage V type-approved
No. 1-D or No. 2-D (all listed sulfur levels) generally Nonroad Engines. Also, for the correct operation of
meet the “Perkins Specification for Distillate Fuel for the engine to maintain the gaseous and particulate
Nonroad Diesel Engines” table 9 requirements. pollutant emissions of the engine within the limits of
the type-approval, unless specified otherwise in the
In Europe, diesel fuels that are identified as meeting engine-specific Operation and Maintenance Manual,
the latest version of “European Standard EN590” EU Stage V regulations require the diesel fuels (also
generally meet the “Perkins Specification for Distillate called non-road gas oil) used in engines operated
Fuel for Nonroad Diesel Engines” table 9 within the European Union (EU) to have the
requirements. characteristics below:
“Perkins Specification for Distillate Fuel for Nonroad • The sulfur content should be ≤ 10 mg/kg (20 mg/
Diesel Engines” refers to diesel fuels that are distilled kg) at point of final distribution
from conventional sources (crude oil, shale oil, oil
sands, and so on). Diesel fuels from other sources • The Cetane number should be ≥ 45
could exhibit detrimental properties that are not
defined or controlled by this specification.
40 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Distillate Diesel Fuel

• The biodiesel (also called Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Refer to this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
(FAME)) content should be ≤ 7 percent volume/ Recommendations Characteristics Of Diesel Fuel
volume section for more pertinent information concerning fuel
lubricity, fuel oxidative stability, fuel sulfur, and
Follow all the local regulations and fluids aftertreatment devices. Also refer to the latest version
requirements in your area. Refer to your engine- of “ASTM D975” , the latest version of “EN 590”, the
specific Operation and Maintenance Manual, and specific engine Operation and Maintenance Manual,
refer to your aftertreatment device documentation, for and to aftertreatment device documentation for
further information. guidance.

Engine operating conditions play a key role in Note: Perkins strongly recommends the filtration of
determining the effect that fuel sulfur will have on distillate fuel and/or biodiesel/biodiesel blends
engine deposits and on engine wear. through a fuel filter with a rating of four microns
absolute or less. This filtration should be on the
Note: The removal of sulfur and other compounds in device that dispenses the fuel to the fuel tank for the
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) fuel decreases the engine, and also on the device that dispenses fuel
conductivity of ULSD and increases the ability of the from the bulk storage tank. Series filtration is
fuel to store static charge. Refineries may have recommended. Perkins recommends that the fuel
treated the fuel with a static dissipating additive. dispensed into the application tank meets “ISO 18/
However, there are many factors that can reduce the 16/13” cleanliness level.
effectiveness of the additive over time. Static charges
can build up in ULSD fuel while the fuel is flowing Note: The owner and the operator of the engine has
through fuel delivery systems. Static electricity the responsibility of using the correct fuel that is
discharge when combustible vapors are present recommended by the manufacturer and allowed by
could result in a fire or explosion. Therefore, ensuring the U.S. EPA and, as appropriate, other regulatory
that the entire system used to refuel your application agencies.
(fuel supply tank, transfer pump, transfer hose,
nozzle, and others) is properly grounded and bonded NOTICE
is important. Consult with your fuel or fuel system Operating with fuels that do not meet Perkins recom-
supplier to ensure that the delivery system is in mendations can cause the following effects: starting
compliance with fueling standards for proper difficulty, reduced fuel filter service life, poor combus-
grounding and bonding practices. tion, deposits in the fuel injectors, reduced service life
of the fuel system, deposits in the combustion cham-
ber and reduced service life of the engine.
NOTICE
Blending waste or used crankcase oil products in to
the fuel will raise the sulphur level of the fuel, result-
ing in the fuel exceeding the regulatory limits and NOTICE
may cause fouling of the fuel system and loss of The footnotes are a key part of the “Perkins Specifi-
performance. cation for Distillate Fuel for Nonroad Diesel Engines”
listed in table 9 . Ensure that all the footnotes are
Do not add new engine oil, waste engine oil, or any read and understood.
oil product to the fuel unless the engine is designed
and certified to burn diesel engine oil (for example
Perkins ORS designed for large engines). Perkins ex- For further guidance related to many of the fuel
perience has shown that adding oil products to Tier 4 characteristics that are listed, refer to “ Perkins
Specification for Distillate Fuel for Nonroad
engine fuels (U. S. EPA Tier 4 certified), to EURO Diesel Engines”” listed in table 9 .
Stage IIB and IV certified engine fuels, or to the fuels
of engines equipped with exhaust aftertreatment de- The values of the fuel viscosity given in table 9 are
vices, will generally cause the need for more frequent the values as the fuel is delivered to the fuel injection
ash service intervals and/or cause loss of pumps. For ease of comparison, fuels should also
performance. meet the minimum and maximum viscosity
requirements at 40° C (104° F) that are stated by the
ULSD and any other fuel used in Perkins engines use of either the “ASTM D445” test method or the
“ISO 3104” test method. If a fuel with a low viscosity
have to be properly formulated and addetized by the is used, cooling of the fuel may be required to
fuel supplier and have to meet the requirements as maintain 1.4 cSt or greater viscosity at the fuel
detailed in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
injection pump. Fuels with a high viscosity might
Recommendations. Fuels that are defined as “ASTM require fuel heaters to lower the viscosity to 4.5 cSt
D975” Grade No. 1-D S15 or “ASTM D975” Grade
No. 2-D S15 generally meets Perkins requirements or less at the fuel injection pump.
for ULSD.
M0113102-05 41
Maintenance Section
Distillate Diesel Fuel

Table 9
Perkins Specification for Distillate Fuel for Nonroad Diesel Engines

Specifications Requirements ASTM Test ISO Test

Aromatics 35% volume, maximum “D1319” “ISO 5186”

Ash 0.01% maximum (weight) “D482” “ISO 6245”

3
800 kg/m minimum
Density at 15° C (59° F)(1)(2) “D4052”, “D287” “ISO 3675”, “ISO 12185”
860 kg/m3 maximum

40 minimum (DI engines)(3)

Cetane Number “D613” “ISO 5165”
40minimum (PC engines)

Cetane Index 40, minimum “D976” “ISO 4264”

Flash Point legal limit “D93” “ISO 2719”

Carbon Residue on 10% distilla-

tion residue - Ramsbottom, % 0.30% mass, maximum “D524” “ISO 10370”
mass
Oxidation Stability 25 g/m3, maximum “D2274” “ISO 12205”

Minimum of 80% reflectance after

Thermal Stability aging for 180 minutes at 150° C “D6468”, “D3241” No equivalent test
(302° F)

Copper Strip Corrosion

(Control temperature 50° C No. 3 maximum “D130” “ISO 2160”
(122° F) minimum)

10%, Record

90% at 360° C (680° F) maximum

Distillation, vol recovered (4) “D86” “ISO 3405”

90% at 350° C (662° F) maximum

(4)

0.52 mm (0.0205 inch) maximum

Lubricity (HFRR Wear Scar) “D6079”/“D7688” “ISO 12156–1.3”
at 60° C (140° F)

6°C (10°F) minimum below ambi-

Pour Point “D97”
ent temperature

The cloud point must not exceed

Cloud Point the lowest expected ambient “D2500” “ISO 3015”
temperature.

(5)
“D5453”, “D2622”, “D129”
Sulfur by weight “ISO 20846”, “ISO 20884”
(based on the sulfer level)

Kinematic Viscosity at 40° C

1.4 mm2/s (cSt) minimum and 4.5
(104° F) for fuel delivered to the “D445” “ISO 3104”
mm2/s (cSt) maximum
fuel injection pump

Contaminants

Solids 10 mg/l “D6217” “ISO 12662”

Sediment 0.05% maximum (weight) “D473” No Equivalent Test

Water/Sediment 0.05% maximum “D2709” “ISO 3734”

Water 0.02% maximum “D1744” “ISO 12937”

(continued)
42 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Distillate Diesel Fuel

(Table 9, contd)
Perkins Specification for Distillate Fuel for Nonroad Diesel Engines

Specifications Requirements ASTM Test ISO Test

Cleanliness (6) “D7619” “ISO 4406”

Appearance Clear and Bright “D4176” No equivalent test

(1) The equivalent API gravity of 875.7 kg/m3 is 30 and for 801.3 kg/m3 is 45 (per “ASTM D287” test method temperature of 15.56° C (60° F)).
(2) The density range allowed included # 1 and # 2 diesel fuel grades. Fuel density varies depending on sulfur levels, where high sulfur fuels
have higher densities. Some unblended (neat) alternative fuels have lower densities than diesel fuel. This density is acceptable if the other
properties of the alternative fuel fall within this specification.
(3) For EU Stage 5 emission regulation minimum Cetane number is 45
(4) Distillation of 90% at 350° C (662° F) maximum is recommended for Tier 4 engines and preferred for all engines. Distillation of 90% at
350° C (662° F) is equivalent to 95% at 360° C (680° F). Distillation of 90% at 360° C (680° F) maximum is 360° C (680° F). Distillation of
90% at 360° C (680° F) maximum is acceptable for Pre-Tier 4 engines.
(5) Follow the federal, state, local, and other governing authorities for guidance concerning the fuel requirements in your area. Follow the engine
Operation and Maintenance Manual and the details provided in this Fuel section. ULSD 0.0015% (<15 ppm S) is required by law for Tier 4 en-
gines and engines with aftertreatment devices. ULSD and LSD 0.05% (≤500 ppm S) are strongly recommended for pre-Tier 4 engines. Die-
sel fuel with >0.05% (>500 ppm) sulfur is acceptable for use where allowed by law. Consult your Perkins distributor for guidance when sulfur
levels are above 0.1% (1000 ppm). Certain Perkins fuel systems and engine components can operate on fuel with a maximum sulfur content
of 3%. Refer to the specific engine Operation and Maintenance Manual and consult your Perkins distributor
(6) Recommended cleanliness level for fuel as dispensed into application or engine fuel tank is “ISO 18/16/13” or cleaner per “ISO 4406” or
“ASTM D7619”. Refer to the “Recommendations for Cleanliness of Fuels” in this section

There are many other diesel fuel specifications that Perkins Fuel Analysis
are published by governments and by technological
societies. Usually, those specifications do not review Testing the diesel fuel that goes into your engine is
all the requirements that are addressed in the an important tool in your equipment management
“Perkins Specification for Distillate Fuel for Nonroad toolkit. Diesel fuel testing can help identify production
Diesel Engines” listed in table 9 . To help ensure limiting issues such as rapid fuel filter plugging, hard
optimum engine performance, a complete fuel starting, white smoke, deposits, accelerated wear,
analysis should be obtained before engine operation. and low power. Diesel fuel testing can also provide
The fuel analysis should include all the properties extra benefits including helping to identify fuel saving
that are listed in the “Perkins Specification for steps, environmental regulation compliance in
Distillate Fuel for Nonroad Diesel Engines” listed in countries with higher fuel regulations, minimizing
table 9 . Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) regeneration and
maximizing the life of the DPF and Diesel Oxidation
NOTICE Catalyst (DOC). Some facilities with standby
To meet expected fuel system component life, 4 mi- generators may have requirements that fuel is tested
cron absolute or less secondary fuel filtration is re- regularly. Operations without requirements will
quired for all Perkins diesel engines that are benefit from knowing that the fuel in the standby
equipped with high-pressure fuel systems. Also, 4 mi- generators is going to provide the expected
cron absolute or less secondary fuel filtration is re- performance when needed.
quired for all Perkins diesel engines that are
equipped with electronic unit injected fuel systems. Fuel Analysis
For all other Perkins diesel engines (mostly older en-
gines with pump, line and nozzle or mechanical unit A Fuel Analysis program provides testing of the fuel
injector type fuel systems), the use of 10 micron ab- for the properties listed below. The actual analyses
solute or less secondary fuel filtration is strongly provided may vary depending on your requirements
recommended. and reasons for testing. Consult your local Perkins
distributor for complete information and assistance
about a Fuel Analysis program.
Note: All current Perkins diesel engines have Perkins
Advanced Efficiency fuel filters installed at the • Biodiesel content
manufacturing facility.
• Sulfur content
• Water contamination
Mixing alcohol or gasoline with diesel fuel can • Particle cleanliness level
produce an explosive mixture in the engine
crankcase or the fuel tank. Alcohol or gasoline • Microbial growth
must not be used in order to dilute diesel fuel.
Failure to follow this instruction may result in • Identification of elements that can increase
death or personal injury.
deposit formation
M0113102-05 43
Maintenance Section
Distillate Diesel Fuel

• Identification of fuel conditions that can indicate The International Maritime Organization (IMO)
contamination or adulteration regulates the fuel sulfur level for ocean going ships.
Current marine fuels at sea that are regulated by the
• Identification of fuel conditions that can indicate IMO can have sulfur levels up to 3.5 percent (35,000
increased abrasive wear, adhesive wear, or wear ppm) prior to the year 2020. As of January 1, 2020,
in the combustion chamber ships operating in international waters are required to
use fuels with sulfur levels below 0.5 percent (5000
• Identification of fuel characteristics that can ppm).
indicate low power
Furthermore, IMO designates certain areas as Sulfur
• Indication of fuel to perform in cold weather Emissions Control Areas (SECA). Ships operating
within SECA must operate on 1 percent (10,000
• Identification of fuel conditions that can increase ppm) sulfur fuel prior to the year 2015. After January
filter plugging 1, 2015ships operating within SECA must operate
with 0.1 percent (1000 ppm) sulfur fuels. IMO may
• Indication of fuel condition during storage change areas considered SECA. Review and follow
local and IMO requirements and local regulations for
• Indication of ability of fuel to perform at startup planned destinations. Refer to your engine Operation
and Maintenance Manual for appropriate marine
The results are reported and appropriate fuels for use in your engine.
recommendations are provided.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
A properly administered Fuel Analysis program can regulates the sulfur level of marine fuels in the US
reduce the repair costs and reduce the impact of waterways and shores. For vessels operating
down time. Fuel Analysis is a key component of this exclusively within US waters, Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel
program and can ensure that your fuel is stored in a (ULSD) is required by regulations unless local
clean environment, meets government requirements, exceptions exist. Vessels traveling internationally
and can meet the expected guidelines for under the US flag are required to operate on ULSD
performance in your engine. Consult your Perkins regardless of destination and location. Refer to the
distributor to determine your fuel testing needs and regulations in your area of operation. If your
establish a regular testing interval based on those destination does not have ULSD, but your engine can
needs. Consult the “Perkins Specification for operate on fuel other than ULSD, exemptions can be
Distillate Fuel for Nonroad Diesel Engines” listed in requested by contacting the EPA at the following
table 9 and the Contamination Controlsection of this address:
Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations for
related details on fuel recommendations including complianceinfo@epa.gov
cleanliness.
Refer to the engine Operation and Maintenance
Obtaining Fuel Samples Manual for fuels information for your engine.

Fuel sampling methods depend on the type of fuel Foreign flagged vessels operating in the US are
tank to be sampled. Storage tanks may have an required to follow IMO rules while sailing in US
automatic sampling valve at different levels. Storage waters designated as SECA. Always refer to the local
tanks without an automatic sampling valve require a regulations at ports of call to determine fuel
tank sampling device (commonly known as a “Bacon requirements as they are subject to change.
Bomb” or “Sample Thief” ). Fuel analysis sampling
kits can be obtained from your local Perkins
distributor. Size of fuel sample needed may be
dependent upon the list of tests required.

Diesel Fuels for Marine Engines

The information and guidelines given in this section
of the Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations apply to marine engines that use
diesel fuels. Follow these guidelines to reduce the
risk of engine downtime. Refer to your engine
Operation and Maintenance Manual for details
specific to your marine engine. Consult your Perkins
distributor for more information.
44 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Distillate Diesel Fuel

Note: ULSD is backwards compatible and can be Jet A is the standard fuel used by U.S. commercial
used in most engine technologies. Diesel fuels with > airlines when operating within the U.S. Jet A-1 is the
0.0015 percent (>15 ppm) sulfur can be used in standard fuel used by commercial airlines worldwide.
engines that do not have aftertreatment devices and Per “ASTM D1655, table 1 (Detailed Requirements of
where permitted by local regulations. Aviation Turbine Fuels)”, Jet A and Jet A-1 have
identical requirements except for freezing point. Jet A
has a freeze point requirement of −40 °C (−40 °F)
Heavy Fuel Oil, Residual Fuel, versus the Jet A-1 has a freeze point requirement of
Blended Fuel −47 °C (−52.6 °F), but the fuel purchaser and the
fuel supplier may agree on other freezing points.
Table 10
NOTICE
Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO), Residual fuel, or Blended fuel Alternative Distillate Fuels - Cold-Weather Applications
must NOT be used in Perkins diesel engines.
Blended fuel is residual fuel that has been diluted Specification Grade
with a lighter fuel (cutter stock) so that it will flow. “MIL-DTL-5624U” JP-5
Blended fuels are also referred to as heavy fuel oils.
Severe component wear and component failures will “MIL-DTL-83133F” JP-8
result if HFO type fuels are used in engines that are
“ASTM D1655-08a” Jet A, Jet A-1
configured to use distillate fuel.

These fuels are lighter than the No. 2 grades of fuel.

Fuels For Cold-Weather The cetane number of the fuels in table 10 must be at
least 40. If the viscosity is below 1.4mm2/s (cSt) at
Applications 40 °C (104 °F), use the fuel only in temperatures
below 0 °C (32 °F). Do not use any fuels with a
In extreme cold ambient conditions, you may choose viscosity of less than 1.2mm2/s (cSt) at 40 °C
to use the distillate fuels that are specified in table 10 (104 °F).
. However, the fuel that is selected must meet the
requirements that are specified in the “Perkins Note: Fuel cooling may be required to maintain the
Specification for Distillate Fuel for Nonroad Diesel minimum viscosity of 1.4mm2/s (cSt) at the fuel
Engines” listed in table 9 . These fuels are intended injection pump.
to be used in operating temperatures that are down
to −54 °C (−65 °F). Note: These fuels may not prove acceptable for all
applications.
Note: The fuels that are listed in table 10 may have
sulfur levels higher than the 15 ppm maximum sulfur These fuels specifications may be used in engine
allowed for ULSD. The sulfur levels for these fuels models up to and including Tier 3/ Stage 3A engines
may exceed 50 ppm maximum sulfur allowed in (or any engine models that are NOT equipped with
“EN590:2004”. These fuels may not be acceptable aftertreatment system). Jet fuels have not been
for use in areas that restrict maximum fuel sulfur released for EPA Tier 4 / EU Stage IIIb/IV/V and other
levels to 15 ppm maximum or to 50 ppm maximum. higher emissions regulations, engine models
equipped with aftertreatment system as it will affect
The jet fuels described in Table 10 are of lower performance and could lead to the damage of the
viscosity than “ASTM D975” Grade No. 2 diesel. To aftertreatment system.
meet the viscosity requirements given in table 9 ,
cooling of the fuel may be required to maintain 1.4 Aftermarket Fuel Additives
cSt or greater viscosity at the fuel injection pump.
Ensure that the lubricity of these fuels is per the There are many different types of fuel additives that
requirements given in table 9 . Consult the supplier are available to use. Perkins does not generally
for the recommended additives to maintain the recommend the use of fuel additives.
proper fuel lubricity.
The fuel specifications listed in this table allow and/or
recommend the use of fuel additives that have not
been tested by Perkins for use in Perkins fuel
systems. The use of these specifications allowed
and/or recommended fuel additives are at the risk of
the user.
M0113102-05 45
Maintenance Section
Distillate Diesel Fuel

In special circumstances, Perkins recognizes the Perkins Diesel Fuel System Cleaner is a proven high-
need for fuel additives. Fuel additives need to be performance detergent product specifically designed
used with caution. The additive may not be for cleaning deposits that form in the fuel system.
compatible with the fuel. Some additives may Deposits in the fuel system reduce system
precipitate. This action causes deposits in the fuel performance and can increase fuel consumption.
system. The deposits may cause seizure. Some Perkins Diesel Fuel System Cleaner addresses the
additives may plug fuel filters. Some additives may deposits formed due to the use of degraded diesel
be corrosive, and some additives may be harmful to fuel, poor quality diesel fuel, and diesel fuel
the elastomers in the fuel system. Some additives containing high quantities of high molecular weight
may damage emission control systems. Some compounds. Perkins Diesel Fuel System Cleaner
additives may raise fuel sulfur levels above the addresses deposits formed due to the use of
maximum allowed by the United States (U.S.) biodiesel, biodiesel blends, and biodiesel that does
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and/or, as not meet the appropriate quality specifications.
appropriate, other regulatory agencies. Consult your Continued use of Perkins Diesel Fuel System
fuel supplier for those circumstances when fuel Cleaner is proven to inhibit the growth of new
additives are required. Your fuel supplier can make deposits.
recommendations for additives to use and for the
proper level of treatment. Perkins Diesel Fuel System Cleaner can be added
directly to diesel fuel, biodiesel, or biodiesel blends.
Note: Metallic fuel additives can cause fuel system/ Perkins Diesel Fuel System Cleaner is a United
injector fouling and after treatment device fouling. States Environmental Protection Agency registered
Perkins discourages the use of metallic fuel additives fuel additive that can be used with Ultra Low Sulfur
in most applications. Metallic fuel additives should Diesel Fuel. In addition this cleaner is appropriate for
only be used in applications, where their use is use with other ultra low, low, and higher sulfur diesel
specifically recommended by Perkins. fuels around the world.
Perkins Diesel Fuel System Cleaner is a proven high-
Note: Diesel fuel additives or conditioners may not performance cleaner that is designed to perform the
improve markedly poor diesel fuel properties enough following:
to make them acceptable for use.
• Clean performance-robbing fuel system deposits
Note: For best results, your fuel supplier should treat
the fuel when additives are needed. • Restore fuel economy losses resulting from
injector deposits
Diesel Fuel Conditioner
• Restore power losses resulting from injector
Fuels that are per specifications detailed in this deposits
Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations
should not require the use of additives. In case a fuel • Eliminate visible black exhaust smoke resulting
conditioner is needed to improve certain fuel from injector deposits
properties, consult with your fuel supplier or with a
reputable provider. • Prevent the formation of new fuel-related deposits
For engines experiencing problems such as power
Perkins Diesel Fuel System loss, increased fuel consumption, or black smoke
Cleaner due to the presence of fuel-related deposits in fuel
injectors, a high-strength cleaning cycle is
Note: Perkins Diesel Fuel System Cleaner, part recommended. Add one 946 mL (32 oz) bottle of
number T400012, is the only fuel system cleaner Perkins Diesel Fuel System Cleaner per 250 L
(66 US gal) of fuel, which corresponds to a treat rate
available to the end user that is tested and approved of 0.4 percent by volume. Prior to refueling, pour
by Perkins for use in Perkins diesel engines. Perkins Diesel Fuel System Cleaner directly into the
fuel tank, then refill with fuel. The refilling process
should give satisfactory mixing of the cleaner. The
cleaner will begin to be effective immediately. Testing
has shown most deposits are cleaned and related
issues are resolved after 30 hours of operating the
engine on fuel with the cleaner. For maximum results,
continue to use at this treat rate for up to 80 hours.
46 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Distillate Diesel Fuel

To prevent the return of fuel-related deposits, Perkins Note: Perkins Diesel Fuel System Cleaner contains
Diesel Fuel System Cleaner, add the cleaner to the less than 15 ppm of sulfur and is acceptable for use
fuel as previously described, but at a 0.2 percent with ULSD fuel.
treat rate. In this case, one 0.946 L
(57.728 cubic inch) bottle will treat 500 L
(132 US gal) of fuel. Perkins Diesel Fuel System Renewable, Synthetic, and
Cleaner can be used on an on-going basis with no Biodiesel Liquid Fuels for Use in
adverse impact on engine or fuel system durability.
Diesel Engines
NOTICE
Use of Perkins Diesel Fuel System Cleaner does not The fuels covered in this section are derived from
lessen the responsibility of the engine owner and/or renewable resources (such as vegetable oils and
responsibility of the fuel supplier to follow all industry used cooking oils), from natural gas, carbon dioxide,
standard maintenance practices for fuel storage and or sources other than liquid petroleum. These fuels
for fuel handling. Refer to General Fuel Information are of lower carbon intensity, and have the potential
section in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recom- to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
mendations for additional information. Also, use of The fuels covered in this section are acceptable for
Perkins Diesel Fuel System Cleaner does not reduce
use in Perkins engines per the guidance and
the responsibility of the owner of the engine to use
appropriate diesel fuel. Refer to Fuel Recommenda- recommendations given. Applicable specifications,
tions section in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids blend levels, and guidance for these various fuels are
Recommendations for guidance. detailed in the relevant sections of this Special
Publication.

Perkins strongly recommends that Perkins Diesel

Fuel System Cleaneris used with biodiesel and
biodiesel blends. Perkins Diesel Fuel System
Cleaner is suitable for use with biodiesel/biodiesel
blends that meet Perkins biodiesel
recommendations and requirements. Not all fuel
cleaners are suitable for use with biodiesel/biodiesel
blends. Read and follow all applicable label usage
instructions. Also, refer to this Perkins Diesel Engines
Fluids Recommendations, Distillate Diesel Fuel
section and also refer to the Biodiesel section, which
includes Perkins biodiesel recommendations and
requirements.
When used as directed, Perkins Diesel Fuel System
Cleaner has proven to be compatible with non-road
Tier 4 U.S. EPA certified engines that are equipped
with aftertreatment devices.

Note: When used as directed, Perkins Diesel Fuel

System Cleaner will not raise fuel sulfur levels
measurably in the final fuel/additive blend. Follow all
applicable national, regional, and local laws,
mandates, and regulations concerning the use of
diesel fuel conditioners/additives.

NOTICE
When used as directed Perkins Diesel Fuel System
Cleaner will not raise fuel sulfur levels measurably in
the final fuel/additive blend. But, in the U.S., aftermar-
ket fuel additives (retail consumer level versus bulk
fuel additives used at the fuel supplier/distributor lev-
el) with more than 15 ppm sulfur are not allowed to
be used in applications where ULSD usage is man-
dated (15 ppm or less fuel sulfur).
M0113102-05 47
Maintenance Section
Distillate Diesel Fuel

Table 11
Renewable, Synthetic, and Biodiesel Fuels Applicable in Diesel Engines
Fuel Source Processing Chemistry Specification Application

Diesel Petroleum Refining Paraffins, olefins, ASTM D975, EN

aromatics 590, and so on.

Biodiesel(1) Vegetable oils, ani- Esterification Ester, oxygenated ASTM D6751 Various blend levels
mal fats, and used (B100), others
cooking oil
Renewable Fuel/ Hydrotreating Paraffin EN 15940, ASTM 100% or any blend
HVO(2) D975 level

E-Diesel/Synthetic Carbon dioxide, hy- Fischer Tropsch, Paraffin EN 15940, ASTM 100% or any blend
Diesel(2) drogen, other other D975, EN 590, level
others
Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Natural gas, syn- Fischer Tropsch, Paraffin EN 15940, ASTM 100% or any blend
(2) thetic gas, other other D975, EN 590, level
others
(1) Refer to this Special Publication, Biodiesel section.
(2) Refer to this Special Publication, Renewable and Synthetic Liquid Fuels section.

Renewable and Synthetic Liquid Fuels Note that synthetic and renewable fuels covered in
this section are different than biodiesel fuel. The
Renewable and synthetic liquid fuels covered in this latter is covered in a separate section in this Special
section are typically hydrocarbons (composed of Publication.
99% hydrogen and carbon) and that are known as a To be applicable in the engine, Perkins recommends
drop-in replacement for diesel fuel (refer to potential that renewable and synthetic fuels must be per the
impacts detailed in this section). These fuels must be latest version of any of the following specification:
per the specifications and characteristics described
below, and in all the relevant sections in this • “EN 15940”, which defines quality requirements
publication to be used in the engines, and to reduce
the risk of downtime. for Gas to Liquids (GTL), Biomass to Liquids (BTL)
and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO). This is the
Renewable fuels are derived from renewable preferred specification for renewable and synthetic
resources such as planted crops (soy, palm, fuels covered in this section.
rapeseed, and so on), used cooking oil, animal fat,
biomass, algae, and others. Renewable fuels reduce • “ASTM D975”, which is the specification for diesel
the carbon footprint of the fuels on a Life-Cycle fuel in the Unites States.
Analysis basis. Renewable fuels can be derived from
fats and oils through a hydrotreating process. These • Perkins Diesel Fuel Specification, except for
fuels are then called HVO (hydrotreated vegetable density. Renewable and synthetic fuels that are
oils) or Renewable Diesel. Biomass can be converted per the requirements listed above can be used as:
to renewable fuel through various processes and is
typically called BTL (Biomass-to-Liquid). • 100 percent (may be called RD100, HVO100,
GTL100 or other)
Synthetic fuels may be made from various non-
renewable resources such as natural gas (GTL: Gas- • Any blend level with diesel fuel
to-Liquid) through Fischer Tropsch process, or
through other pathways. Note: Biodiesel (FAME) can be blended with
renewable and synthetic fuels to the same equivalent
Note: "Synthetic" replaces the description blend level of standard diesel. Refer to the Biodiesel
"Alternative" used in previous editions of this section for acceptable levels of the specific product.
publication. The change more accurately covers the
various renewable and synthetic alternative fuels that Renewable and synthetic fuels are typically paraffinic
are currently in the market as well as those being hydrocarbons, which are a subset of diesel fuel
developed, and can be introduced into the market. composition. Hence these fuels, whether at 100% or
The general technical specifications and blended, can be used as a drop-in replacement for
recommendations in this document have not diesel fuel. Benefits of these fuels include:
changed.
• HVO (or RD) fuels are renewable and can reduce
the carbon footprint of the engine
• High cetane number
48 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Biodiesel

• Can be designed to provide low temperature Perkins is following the development of renewable
capability. Consult with your supplier to ensure and synthetic fuels, and is involved in the
that the fuel is per the ambient temperature of the development of appropriate specifications to ensure
application. successful application of these fuels in the engines.
Use of fuels of low carbon footprint supports Perkins
• Can reduce emissions of certain products of sustainability initiatives.
incomplete combustion, such as unburned
hydrocarbons (UHC), soot, and carbon monoxide i09933960
(CO). May reduce NOx emissions under certain
engine loads and cycles Biodiesel
Guidance and potential impacts for the use of
renewable and synthetic fuels that are per the
specifications detailed above:
NOTICE
These recommendations are subject to change with-
• No specific conversion process is needed when
out notice. Consult your local Perkins distributor for
these fuels are used for the first time of thereafter the most up-to-date recommendations.
• May reduce the power output of engines due to Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be made from
their low density. Up to 5% reduction may be vegetable oils, animal fat, and waste cooking oil.
noted at 100% soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and palm oil are typically
the primary vegetable oil sources. The raw oils or
• Compatible with aftertreatment technologies such animal fats are chemically processed (esterified) to
as DPF, DOC, and SCR, and can be used on form a fatty acid methyl ester (referred to as FAME).
engines that are per Tier 4, Stage V, and/or similar The esterified product (FAME) is biodiesel fuel that
advanced emissions regulations can be used in compression ignition engines. Without
the chemical processing referred to as esterification,
• Compatible with filters and engine oils used with the oils or fats are not suitable for use as fuel in
typical diesel fuels. No impact on maintenance compression ignition engines. The oil or fat must be
intervals is expected. In general, it is esterified and the water and contaminants removed.
recommended that oil drain intervals are based on
Fuel made of 100 percent FAME is referred to as
oil analysis. B100 biodiesel or neat biodiesel.
• Compatible with elastomeric materials and hoses Biodiesel can be blended with distillate diesel fuel.
use on most modern engines. Certain elastomers The blends can be used as fuel. The most commonly
used in older engines (such as engines available biodiesel blends are B5, which is 5 percent
manufactured prior to the early 1990s) may not be biodiesel and 95 percent distillate diesel fuel. Also,
compatible with the new synthetic fuels. Refer to B20, which is 20 percent biodiesel and 80 percent
your Perkins distributor for guidance. distillate diesel fuel. The percentages are volume-
based.
• Can be stored in the same tanks used for diesel
U.S. distillate diesel fuel specification “ASTM D975”
fuel, and are of similar aging life as diesel fuel.
includes up to B5 (5 percent) biodiesel. Any diesel
As with all fuels, renewable and synthetic fuels have fuel in the U.S. may contain up to B5 biodiesel fuel
to be managed to reduce contamination and water without labeling that indicates biodiesel content in the
ingress. Refer to the contamination control chapter of finished fuel.
this Special Publication. European distillate diesel fuel specification “EN 590”
includes up to B7 (7 percent) biodiesel and in some
regions up to B8 (8 percent) biodiesel. Any diesel fuel
in Europe may contain up to these blend levels of
biodiesel fuel without labeling that indicates biodiesel
content in the finished fuel.
Certain regions or countries around the world may
mandate blend levels up to B20 or higher. Refer to
the local regulations and mandates, and to local
biodiesel specifications for fuel quality.
Biodiesel fuel that meets Perkins and industry
recommended specifications. Refer to table 13 .
Biodiesel fuel that meets Perkins and industry
recommended specifications offers the following
advantages:
M0113102-05 49
Maintenance Section
Biodiesel

• Renewable fuel, nontoxic, and biodegradable

NOTICE
In North America, the use of biodiesel from “BQ-
• Reduces tailpipe Particulate Matter (PM), 9000” accredited producers and “BQ-9000” certified
Hydrocarbon (HC), and Carbon Monoxide (CO) marketers are required. Refer to the Biodiesel, “Rec-
emissions from most modern diesel engines ommendations for the Use of Biodiesel in Perkins
Nonroad Engines” section for details.
• High lubricity, hence reduces friction

• High cetane number

NOTICE
Biodiesel at B5 blend level has the same attributes as Failures that result from the use of any fuel are not
diesel fuel. At blend levels over B5, biodiesel has the Perkins factory defects.
following attributes that are different than diesel fuel
and require management:
• Energy density is lower than diesel fuel. At B100,
Recommendations for the Use of
biodiesel has about 8% lower energy density than Biodiesel in Perkins Nonroad
diesel fuel. At B20 or lower blend levels, the Engines
energy density difference from diesel fuel is not
significant. To be acceptable for blending, the biodiesel
constituent must meet the requirements that are
• Oxidation stability and storage stability are lower listed in table 15 , “Perkins Specification for Biodiesel
than diesel fuel. Fuel” , the latest edition of “ASTM D6751”, and/or the
latest edition of “EN14214”.
• Cold temperature operability is different than
diesel fuel. Cloud point, pour point, and cold filter Biodiesel blends of up to B5 must meet the
plugging point are typically higher than diesel fuel requirements for the distillate diesel fuel that are
listed in “Perkins Specification for Distillate Fuel for
• Materials compatibility is more restricted than Nonroad Diesel Engines” table, the latest edition of
diesel fuel. “ASTM D975”, and/or the latest edition of “EN 590”.

• A higher tendency to dissolve and absorb water Certain regions or countries may have their own
than diesel fuel. diesel fuel and B100 specifications. Fuels used in
these regions must follow the required specifications.
• Metal content is higher than diesel fuel. Biodiesel
Biodiesel blends of B6 to B20 must meet the
can contain certain materials naturally or due to requirements listed in the latest edition of “ASTM
processing (phosphorus, sodium, calcium, D7467”, “EN 16709” (B6 to B20) and must be of an
potassium, and magnesium). The maximum levels API gravity of 30-45.
of these materials are controlled by the
appropriate specifications. Where mandated, biodiesel blends of B30 must meet
the regional requirements and/or “EN 16709” – Table
• Contaminants content due to incomplete 12 specification for B30 blends.
esterification or purifying process can be present.
These contaminants may include glycerides, The distillate diesel fuel acceptable for blending with
mono and di esters, sterol glucosides, and others. biodiesel should be as listed in the “Perkins
Specification for Distillate Fuel for Nonroad Diesel
Engines” table in the Distillate Diesel Fuel section of
• Higher propensity for microbial growth due to the
this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
biodegradable nature of biodiesel and to the Recommendations, the latest edition of “ASTM
tendency of higher water absorption. D975”, and/or the latest edition of “EN 590”. No. 1-D
and No. 2-D are examples of fuels that are
Meeting specifications as detailed in this section is acceptable for creating biodiesel fuel. Refer to Fuel
paramount for biodiesel fuel used in engines, to avoid Recommendations section in this Perkins Diesel
performance issues and engine downtime. Engines Fluids Recommendations for details.
Refer to guidelines detailed in this section and to For Tier 4 applications in the U.S., the diesel fuel
table 13 and table 15 for the biodiesel fuel portion of the final blend must meet the requirements
requirements and specifications. of S15 fuels (15 ppm sulfur) designations in the latest
edition of “ASTM D975” specification. For Stage IIIB
Note: The user of the engine has the responsibility of and later applications in EU, the diesel fuel portion of
using the correct fuel that is recommended by the the final blend must meet the requirements for sulfur
manufacturer. The fuel must be allowed by the U.S. free (10 ppm sulfur) designation in the latest edition
EPA and other appropriate regulatory agencies. of “EN 590”. The final blend must have maximum of
15 ppm sulfur.
50 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Biodiesel

In North America, obtain biodiesel from BQ-9000

accredited producers and BQ-9000 certified
marketers. Look for the BQ-9000 biodiesel quality
accreditation program certification logo that is
available to distributors that meet the requirements of
BQ-9000. In other areas of the world, the use of
biodiesel that is BQ-9000 accredited and certified, or
that is accredited and certified by a comparable
biodiesel quality body to meet similar biodiesel
quality control standards, is required. For more
information on the BQ-9000 program, go to:

http://www.BQ-9000.org
Table 12
Recommendations for Biodiesel Fuel Application in Perkins Nonroad Engines(1)

Engine Models Model Specific Biodiesel Acceptable Blend Levels

Engine models, Tier 4 / EU Stage IIIB/IV /

China NR4 or later Emissions Regulation, Up to B20
Perkins engine models: 1300 Series1600 with aftertreatment devices.
Series, 4000 Series, and 5000 Series
Engine models without aftertreatment
Up to B20(2)
devices.
1700 Series, 2200 Series, 2300 Series, 2400
Series, 2500 Series, and 2800 Series engine
Up to B20(3)
models, EU Stage V Emissions Regulations
with aftertreatment devices.(1)

Engine models, Tier 4 / EU Stage IIIB/IV /

Perkins engine models: 1500 Series, 1700
China NR4 or later Emissions Regulation, Up to B20
Series, 2200 Series, 2300 Series, 2400 Ser-
with aftertreatment devices.
ies, 2500 Series, and 2800 Series
Up to B100 (for use of blend levels higher
than B20, ensure that fuel meets the required
Engine models without aftertreatment
specification (4), consult with your Perkins
devices.
distributor or Perkins Engines Company Lim-
ited for further guidance.

Perkins engine models: 100 Series, 500 Ser-

ies, 700 Series, 900 Series (3cyl), 1000 Ser-
ies, New 1000 Series, 3.152 Series, 4.108
Series, 4.154 Series, 4.165 Series, 4.203 All engine models Up to B7(5)
Series, 4.236 Series, 4.318 Series, 6.247
Series, 6.354 Series, V8.540 Series, and
V8.640 Series
400C Series, 800C Series, 1103A Series,
1104A Series,1100C Series engine models:
Tier 2 / EU Stage II / China NR2 or earlier Up to B7 (5)
Emissions Regulation, without aftertreatment
devices.
Perkins 400 Series through 1100 Series (Me- 400A Series, 400D Series, 400F Series,
chanical Pump Line Nozzle (PLN) Fuel 800D Series, 1106A Series, 1100D Series
System) engine models Tier 3 / EU Stage IIIA / China Up to B20 (2)
NR3 or later Emissions Regulation, without
aftertreatment devices
400J Series <19kW engine models, Stage V
Emissions Regulations, without aftertreat- Up to B20(3)
ment devices (1)

(continued)
M0113102-05 51
Maintenance Section
Biodiesel

(Table 12, contd)

1100D-E Series, 1200A-E Series, 1200D-E
Series engine models, Tier 3 / EU Stage IIIA
Up to B20 (2)
/ China NR3 or later Emissions Regulations,
without aftertreatment devices

Perkins engine models: 400 Series through 400F-E Series, 854 Series, 1200E, 1200F
1200 Series High-Pressure Common-Rail engine series models, Tier 4 / EU Stage IIIB/
Up to B20
(HPCR) Fuel System IV / China NR4 or later Emissions Regula-
tions, with aftertreatment devices

400J-E Series, 904J-E Series, and 1200J-E

Series engine models, Stage V Emissions Up to B20 (3)
Regulations, with aftertreatment devices(1)

1104D-E engines, models NH, and NJ with

engine serial numbers up to N———— Up to B7 (5)
U022407S
Perkins engines models: 1104D-E, 1106C-E,
1106C-E and 1106D-E models PK, and PJ
and 1106D-E, models NH, NJ, PK, and PJ
with engine serial numbers up to N———— Up to B7 (5)
with a High-Pressure Common-Rail (HPCR)
U013752S
Fuel System
1104D-E engines, models NH, and NJ with
engine serial numbers from N———— Up to B20 (2)
U022408S
(1) EU Regulations require the biodiesel blends used in Stage V engines operated within the European Union (EU) to contain no more than B8
(8 percent v/v FAME) unless specified otherwise in the engine-specific Operation and Maintenance Manual. B8 can be used where B7 is
specified.
(2) Up to B35 where mandated can be used in these engines.
(3) Maximum Biodiesel blend, for which Stage V Type-Approval has been obtained.
(4) More frequent monitoring of the fuel and engine oil is required to reduce the risk of engine deterioration. Refer to Table 14
(5) Use of Biodiesel blends above 7%, may cause premature wear of the fuel pump and damage to the low-pressure fuel system components as
both may contain material incompatible with higher Biodiesel blends.

Table 13
Biodiesel Fuel Recommendations for Perkins Nonroad Engines

Fuel Specification (1) Detail

Perkins Distillate Diesel Fuel Specification or A blend of 5 percent by volume of B100 and
B5 (2)
“ASTM D975” or “EN590” 95 percent by volume of diesel fuel.

“ASTM D7467” or “EN16709” and “API gravity A blend of 20 percent by volume of B100 and
B20
30-45” 80 percent by volume of diesel fuel.

A blend of 30 percent by volume of B100 and

B30 “EN16709” and “API gravity 30-45”
70 percent by volume of diesel fuel.

Neat biodiesel fuel (100 percent) used for

Perkins Distillate Diesel Fuel Specification (3) or
B100 blending with diesel fuel to get the desired
“ASTM D6751” or “EN14214”
blend level.
Diesel fuel used for blending with biodiesel
Distillate Diesel Fuel Perkins Distillate Diesel Fuel Specification, (4)
fuel to get the desired blend level.
(1) Some regions or countries may have their own fuel specifications. Follow the local requirements and regulations and use the fuel of highest
quality.
(2) The same specifications also apply to B7 and B8, which are common blend levels in some regions.
(3) Refer to table 15 Perkins Specification for Neat (B100) Biodiesel Blending Fuel section of this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations.
(4) Refer to table 9, Perkins Specification for Distillate Fuel for Off-Highway Diesel Engines of this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations.

Note: Do not change any engine settings when using Two methods can be used for determining the
biodiesel fuel. When the use of biodiesel fuel is volume percent biodiesel in a biodiesel blend:
planned, simply convert to this fuel. Follow the
guidelines, recommendations, and quality
specifications given in this section to avoid any
performance issues or downtime.
52 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Biodiesel

• “ASTM D7371” - “Test Method for Determination of To reduce any potential impact of biodiesel fuel
Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in dilution on crankcase oil, the use of oil analysis is
Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy strongly recommended when up to B20 (20
(FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)” percent) and lower biodiesel blends are used,
and required when using biodiesel/biodiesel
• “EN 14078” - “Liquid Petroleum Products - blends that are B20 or above. When requesting oil
Determination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) analysis, be sure to note the level of biodiesel being
in middle distillates -Infrared spectroscopy used (B5, B20, and so on).
method”
For applications running biodiesel or biodiesel
Use of Biodiesel fuel in Engines
blends, if fuel treatments are needed, consult with with Aftertreatment Emissions
your fuel supplier or with a reputable provider.
Control Systems
Impact of Biodiesel on Engine Oil Biodiesel fuels as defined in the current ASTM
specifications, may contain phosphorous, alkali and
Biodiesel fuel has higher density and lower volatility alkaline metals (sodium, potassium, calcium, and
than diesel fuels. As a result, during engine magnesium) due to processing techniques or due to
operation, biodiesel fuel that dilutes the crankcase oil the natural contents of the biodiesel feedstock. When
may not evaporate as effectively as diesel fuels. For present in biodiesel, these metals form ash upon
this reason, fuel dilution of crankcase oils may be combustion in the engine. The ash accumulates in
higher when biodiesel, in particular when higher the aftertreatment systems such as Diesel Particulate
blends of biodiesel are used. Filters (DPF), DOC or other systems. The ash can
affect the life and performance of aftertreatment
Also, biodiesel contains oxygen molecules. These emissions control devices and may cause the need
oxygen molecules cannot be differentiated from oil for more frequent ash service intervals. For these
oxidation when using current oil analysis techniques. reasons, biodiesel fuels that contain ash forming
As a result, biodiesel fuel dilution of the crankcase oil metals, even at the concentration levels defined in
can appear to be higher oxidation of the oil. the current specifications, are limited to B20 blend
levels in the engines with aftertreatment devices.
When using biodiesel fuel and higher fuel dilution
and/or apparent oil oxidation are detected in the Local and regional regulations may also restrict the
crankcase engine oil, consider all the other blend levels allowed in engines of certain emissions
characteristics of the used oil. If these characteristics, levels.
such as wear metals, soot, viscosity or others, are
per Perkins guidelines and have not reached EU Stage V regulations REQUIRE the biodiesel
condemnation limits, then the oil drain intervals blends used in engines operated within the European
should not be impacted. Union (EU) to be ≤ 8 percent volume/volume unless
specified otherwise in the engine Operation and
Maintenance Manual.
M0113102-05 53
Maintenance Section
Biodiesel

Note: Certain Perkins engines that are certified per Refer to the “Perkins Diesel Fuel System Cleaner”
EU Stage V can use up to B20 biodiesel blends. topic in the Distillate Diesel Fuel section of this
Refer to your engine Operation and Maintenance Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations for
Manual and to table 12 . additional information. Consult your Perkins
distributor for availability of Perkins Diesel Fuel
System Cleaner. In case a fuel conditioner is needed
Biodiesel Fuel Stability to improve certain fuel properties, consult with your
fuel supplier or with a reputable provider.
Biodiesel fuels key difference from diesel fuel is the
ester chemical group (contains two oxygen atoms) in
every biodiesel molecule. Biodiesel may also have Biodiesel Fuel Storage
double bonds (unsaturation) in the carbon chain that
can vary based on the feedstock. Due to the ester Storage tanks used for storing diesel fuel are
chemical group and the unsaturation, the oxidation appropriate for storing biodiesel fuels. Fuel storage
stability of biodiesel fuels is typically lower than that tanks need to be cleaned thoroughly before
of diesel fuel. The oxidation stability of biodiesel and converting to biodiesel/biodiesel blends. Conversion
biodiesel blends is controlled in ASTM specifications, to biodiesel/biodiesel blends can loosen fuel system
“D6751” for B100 and “D5467” for B20. Biodiesel and fuel storage tank deposits. Loosened deposits
fuels that do not conform to these specifications can result in filter plugging with the loosened deposits.
oxidize quickly during use due to the high For this reason, the change intervals of bulk tank
temperature and pressure conditions in the engine or continuous filtration unit, dispensing point filters, and
during storage and handling practices. Oxidized onboard engine filters should be shortened for an
biodiesel forms acids, gums, high viscosity and extended period to allow for this cleaning effect.
deposits, which can plug filters, form deposits, Once the systems are cleaned, the typical filter
particularly in the fuel injector, and reduce the service intervals can be resumed.
performance of fuel systems. Biodiesel fuels
meeting or exceeding the oxidation stability Biodiesel fuel is hygroscopic, which implies that
limits is critical to avoid poor performance and biodiesel tends to absorb and dissolve water at a
downtime of engines. higher concentration than diesel. All precautions and
measures must be taken to ensure that storage tanks
To avoid the issues associated with oxidized are protected from water ingress. Follow all the
biodiesel fuel, always purchase fuels that conform to contamination control measures provided in the
or exceed specifications. Refer to “Perkins Contamination Control, “Contamination Control
Specification for Distillate Fuel for Nonroad Diesel Recommendations for Fuels” section of this Perkins
Engines” table , and the “Recommendations for Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations.
Biodiesel Fuel Application in Perkins Nonroad Biodiesel storage duration is shorter than diesel due
Engines” table in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
to the chemical nature of biodiesel. Storage duration
Recommendations. Also, follow all the guidelines for
depends on the blend level. Blends up to B20 or B35
appropriate storage and handling of this fuel such as
(where mandated) can be stored up to 8 months.
avoiding excessive heat and sunlight during storage,
Testing of biodiesel at 4 months and monthly
exposure to oxygen (air), contact with metals such as
thereafter is recommended. Tests should include
copper, lead, tin, zinc, and others. The use of oxidation stability, acid number, viscosity, and
antioxidants can improve the oxidation stability of sediments. Refer to table 14 and related guidelines
biodiesel fuel. The antioxidants are most effective for details.
when added to new fuels. Consult with your fuel
supplier to ensure the quality of the fuel and refer to Note: If switching from biodiesel to distillate fuel, it is
the details given in this section for guidance.
recommended to change all fuel filters to avoid filter
Perkins Diesel Fuel System Cleaner (Part number plugging. Failure to do so can create low fuel
T400012). Perkins , used as needed or on an on- pressure.
going basis, is most effective at cleaning and
preventing the formation of fuel-related deposits. Guidelines
Information provided in this table refers to biodiesel
and biodiesel blends that fully comply with the
appropriate specifications as described in the
Biodiesel section of this Perkins Diesel Engines
Fluids Recommendations and to handling and
maintenance procedures that follow recommended
guidelines.
54 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Biodiesel

Table 14
Guidelines and Potential Impacts Associated with the Use of Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends(1)

Paragraph
Risks B8-B20 B21-B35 B36-B100
reference
1 Reduction of oil change interval No risk Not noted in Perkins engines Medium

2 Fuel filters compatibility No risk Not noted in Perkins engines Medium risk

Loosening of fuel systems deposits

3 More than ULSD Medium High
upon conversion to biodiesel

≤4 microns absolute, ≤4 microns absolute, ≤4 microns absolute,

4 Bulk filtration of biodiesel
required required required

Detectable loss of 5-8

5 Energy content of biodiesel Minor loss of 1-2 percent Minor loss of 1-2 percent
percent

Not noted in Perkins en-

Not noted in Perkins en- Not noted in Perkins engines
6 Elastomers compatibility gines with required
gines with required material with required material
material

7 Hose compatibility Low risk of softening Softening may occur Softening is likely

Gelling at increasing Tem-

Low ambient temperature issues for Gelling can start higher than Gelling at increasing
8 perature of −2° C to 18°C
both storage and operation 0° C (32° F) temperatures
(28° F to 64° F)

Not noted in Perkins

9 Oxidation stability-Injector deposits Not noted in Perkins engines Increasing risk
engines

Oxidation stability - Duration of storage 8 months - start testing at 4 8 months - start testing at 4 4 months - start testing at
10 (2) months (2) months (2) 2months (2) (3)

Use in engines with limited operational

11 Unacceptable (4) (5) Unacceptable (4) (5) Unacceptable
time
Increasing. Testing required Increasing. Testing required High. Testing required -
12 Microbial contamination and growth
- treat at trace levels - treat at trace levels treat at trace levels

13 Need for water removal Increasing Increasing / High (6) High (6)

14 Metal incompatibility High High High

Glycerides, total, free, mono, and di (if

15 High High High
not per specification)
(1) Information provided in this Table refers to biodiesel and biodiesel blends that fully comply with the appropriate specifications as described in
this section and per following recommended maintenance procedures.
(2) Testing of biodiesel or biodiesel blend during storage is strongly recommended at the indicated storage duration and on a monthly basis
thereafter. Tests should include oxidation, acid number, viscosity, and sediments. Antioxidants are allowed to improve stability. Consult with
your fuel supplier for more information.
(3) B100 should be stored at temperatures of 3°C to 6°C (5°F to 10°F)above the cloud point.
(4) Biodiesel blends of B5 (B7) or higher are NOT recommended for use in Standby Genset installations due to the low operational hours and ex-
pected long-term storage of the fuel refer to Biodiesel Fuel Storage section.
(5) If B20 or B35 is used in engines of limited operational time, it is recommended that a stabilizer additive is added at the beginning of the stor-
age period. Refer to your fuel supplier. Follow all storage recommendations.
(6) 4000 Series and 5000 Series engines require additional water separation.

The following are details of the Risks and Guidelines 1. When using biodiesel fuel, dilution of oil by the fuel
listed in table 14 . Refer to the paragraph reference may increase, as detailed in this section. Use Oil
numbers: Sample Analysis to monitor the condition of the
engine oil. Oil Sample Analysis will also help
determine the oil change interval that is optimum.
Use of Oil Sample Analysis is strongly
recommended for up to B20 biodiesel blends and
required for biodiesel blends greater than B20.
M0113102-05 55
Maintenance Section
Biodiesel

2. Confirm with the filter manufacturer that the fuel b. Note various 1100 Series 4-cylinder engines
filter/filters to be used are compatible with use a fuel injection pump with B7 capability only
biodiesel. Fuel water separators are preferred and require an upgraded seal kit to operate on
when biodiesel is used. biodiesel blends higher than B7.

Note: Perkins fuel filters and Perkins fuel water 7. Nitrile hoses typically used in some fuel transfer
separators are compatible with biodiesel fuel. lines are not compatible with biodiesel. Hoses
exposed to biodiesel and biodiesel blends may
3. Conversion to biodiesel can loosen fuel tanks and soften and may show some beading of fluid on the
fuel system deposits. During the conversion period outside of the hose. Monitor the condition of the
fuel filter change intervals should be shortened to hoses and confirm with the hose manufacturer that
allow for this cleaning effect. Once the deposits the hoses are compatible with the biodiesel blend
are removed, convert back to the regular filter used. If necessary, replace with hoses of
service intervals. Filter change interval of 50 hours compatible materials. Consult with Perkins
or less should be used during initial conversion to distributors for appropriate hose materials.
B20 or B35 biodiesel blends. After Conversion the
filter change interval should be half the stated fuel 8. Biodiesel fuels may gel or freeze at low
system service interval if no fuel sampling process temperatures due to the nature of this fuel. Ensure
is in place, as stated in the Operation and that the biodiesel pour point is appropriate for the
Maintenance Manual. climate of the application. In general the risk of low
temperature gelling of biodiesel increases with the
4. Filter biodiesel and biodiesel blends through a fuel increase of blend levels and may depend on the
filter with a rating of 4 microns absolute or less. biodiesel feedstock (soy, used cooking oil, animal
Filters should be on the device that dispenses the fats, and others). If the pour point of the biodiesel
fuel from the bulk storage tank to the fuel tank for is not appropriate for the climate of the application,
the engine. Bulk filtration with fuel water the fuel can gel and plug filters, hoses and transfer
separators is recommended. Series filtration is lines. At low ambient temperatures, biodiesel fuel
recommended. may need to be stored in a heated building or a
5. Neat biodiesel (B100) typically provides less heated storage tank. Consult your biodiesel
energy per gallon compared to diesel fuels. The supplier for assistance in the blending and
energy content of B100 is 5 percent to 8 percent attaining of the proper cloud point for the fuel.
lower than No. 2 diesel fuel. The energy content of Refer to “Modifying the Cloud Point” in the General
B20 is 1 percent to 2 percent lower than No. 2 Fuel Information section of this Perkins Diesel
diesel fuel, which is not significant. Do not attempt Engines Fluids Recommendations.
to change the engine rating to compensate for the Note: The performance of cold flow improvers may
power loss. Any adjustments to the engine in be less effective in biodiesel fuel compared to diesel
service may result in violation of emissions fuel. Consult the fuel supplier for appropriate cold
regulations such as the U.S. EPA anti-tampering flow improvers if needed.
provisions. Also, if any tempering with the engine
ratings occurs, problems may occur when the 9. Biodiesel oxidation stability is in general lower than
engine is converted back to 100 percent distillate that of diesel fuel, as detailed earlier in this
diesel fuel. section. The use of biodiesel fuels that are not per
specifications can accelerate fuel oxidation in the
6. Compatibility of the elastomers with biodiesel is fuel system. Also, engines with an electronic fuel
being monitored. Prolonged exposure of certain system operate at higher temperatures and
elastomers, hoses, seals, and gaskets to B20 or pressures can also accelerate fuel oxidation.
greater blends may cause some degradation and Oxidized fuel can form deposits in fuel injection
softening of these materials. The condition of systems and in fuel systems in general. Always
gaskets, seals, and hoses should be monitored use biodiesel fuel that meets or exceeds the
regularly. The risk of degradation increases with stability limits defined in biodiesel specifications as
the increase of biodiesel blend level. given in this section to avoid fuel oxidation and
a. In general, Perkins engines built early to mid- degradation. The use of appropriate antioxidants
2000s use Viton seals and Viton O-rings in the can enhance oxidation stability of biodiesel. Refer
fuel system. Viton is compatible with biodiesel to “Biodiesel Fuel Stability” section of this Perkins
and degradation upon exposure to this fuel is Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations for
not expected. details and guidelines.
56 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Biodiesel

10. Due to the chemical nature of biodiesel fuel, added as soon as possible after the fuel is
biodiesel can age and degrade during long-term produced.
storage. Fuel aging and fuel oxidation upon long-
b. For standby generator sets and emergency
term storage may cause the formation of gels,
vehicles that use biodiesel, sample the fuel in
acids and/or deposits. For these reasons,
the engine tank monthly. Test the fuel for acid
biodiesel should be used within a limited time from
number (“EN 14104”), oxidation stability (“EN
production. To ensure appropriate storage
15751” commonly known as the Rancimant
duration, testing of the stored biodiesel is
test), and Water/Sediment (“ISO 12937”). If the
recommended. Tests should include oxidation,
test results show that the fuel is degraded and
acid number, viscosity, and sediments. Tests
not in specification (provided in table 15 in this
should be conducted periodically to ensure that
Biodiesel section), drain the tank, and flush the
biodiesel is per specification. Antioxidants are
engine by running with high-quality fuel.
recommended to improve stability of biodiesel and
increase the storage time limits. In case a fuel Repeat the process until the system is clean.
conditioner is needed to improve certain fuel Refill with high-quality fuel following the
properties, consult with your fuel supplier or with a recommendations provided in the Fuel
reputable provider. Information for Diesel Engines section. For
standby generator sets and emergency
a. B20 biodiesel blend can generally be stored up
vehicles that use biodiesel, use fuel with
to 8 months. Testing of B20 blends is
oxidation stability 10 hours or more per “EN
recommended at 4 months of storage and on a
14112” test method.
monthly basis thereafter to ensure that the fuel
has not degraded. 12. Biodiesel is prone to microbial contamination and
growth due to the chemical nature. Microbial
b. B100 biodiesel can generally be stored up to 4
contamination and growth can cause corrosion in
months. Testing of B100 is recommended at 2
the fuel system and premature plugging of the fuel
months of storage and every two weeks
filter. Consult your supplier of fuel and additive for
thereafter to ensure that the fuel has not
assistance in selecting appropriate anti-microbial
degraded. The use of appropriate additives is
additives. Use anti-microbial additives at the first
required if B100 is stored for more than 4
sign of detection. The cleaning process will be
months. Consult your fuel supplier for more
more effective if the biocide is used before
information.
extensive growth of microorganisms.
c. B100 should be stored at temperatures of
13. Biodiesel can absorb and dissolve more water
3° to 6°C (5° to 11°F) above the cloud point.
than diesel due to the chemical nature. Care must
Other storage conditions such as avoiding
be taken to prevent water from contaminating the
direct sunlight or heat should be followed.
fuel and to remove water from fuel tanks. Water
11. Due to limited oxidation stability and other accelerates microbial contamination and growth.
potential issues, engines with limited operational Water can also cause system corrosion.
time (such as seasonal use including farm
14. Biodiesel is not compatible with some metals.
machinery or standby power generation) should
Biodiesel, in particular at blends higher than B20,
either not use biodiesel/biodiesel blends or, while
will oxidize and form sediments upon long-term
accepting some risk, limit biodiesel to a maximum
contact with lead, zinc, tin, copper, and copper
of B5. Examples of applications that should limit
alloys such as brass and bronze. These materials
the use of biodiesel are the following: Standby
are typically not used in the fuels systems. Consult
Generator sets and certain emergency vehicles.
your Perkins distributor for more information.
For more information, refer to the “Seasonal
Operation” section. 15. During the esterification and cleaning process in
the biodiesel production, glycerol and unreacted
a. A high-performance antioxidant is
oils (mon, diglycerides, and triglycerides) may
recommended for standby generator sets and
remain in the biodiesel. If these undesirable
emergency vehicles using biodiesel/biodiesel
components are above the allowed specification
blends. The antioxidant should be added when
levels, this can cause issues such as filter
the engine is fueled or as early as possible
plugging and injector deposits. It is critical that the
when the fuel is delivered and stored.
biodiesel fuel is per the recommended
Preferably, the conditioner or additive should be
specifications.
M0113102-05 57
Maintenance Section
Biodiesel

Note: The use of biodiesel at a B2 level improves the • For standby generator sets and emergency
lubricity of the final blend by an estimated 66 percent. vehicles that use biodiesel, sample the fuel in the
Increasing the blend level higher than B2 does not engine tank monthly. Test the fuel for acid number
improve the lubricity any further. and oxidation stability. If the test results show that
the fuel is degraded and not in specification
Note: Use of biodiesel that is per or preferably (provided in table 15 in this Biodiesel section),
exceeds the specifications can avoid the issues listed drain the tank, and flush the engine by running
above and reduce the risks listed above. with high-quality fuel. Repeat the process until the
system is clean. Refill with high-quality fuel
Seasonal Operation following the recommendations provided in the
Fuel Recommendations section. For standby
Seasonally operated engines should have the fuel generator sets and emergency vehicles that use
systems, including fuel tanks, flushed with biodiesel, use fuel with oxidation stability of 10
conventional diesel fuel before prolonged shutdown hours or more per “EN14214” test method.
periods. Applications that should seasonally flush the
fuel system include school buses (U.S.) and farm Consult your Perkins distributor for the availability of
machinery. Perkins Diesel Fuel System Cleaner. In case a fuel
conditioner is needed to improve certain fuel
Perform the following process before shutting down properties, consult with your fuel supplier or a
the engine for prolonged periods: reputable provider.
1. Operate the engine until the fuel level in the tank is
low.
Biodiesel Specification
2. Refill the fuel tank with high-quality conventional Biodiesel fuel used that is used for blending must
distillate diesel fuel. meet the requirements in the following table, the
requirements of ASTM “D5761” and/or “EN14214”.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 a minimum of two times
before the engine is shut down for prolonged The final blend of biodiesel as used in the engine
periods. must meet the requirements that are stated in table
15 in this Biodiesel section.
If distillate fuel is not available to operate the engine B100 intended for blending into diesel fuel that is
as described above, while accepting some risk, limit expected to give satisfactory vehicle performance at
biodiesel to a maximum of B5. The use of biodiesel fuel temperatures at or below −12° C (10.4° F) shall
fuel of high oxidation stability can reduce the risks
associated with prolonged storage. Follow the comply with a cold soak filterability limit of 200
recommendations provided in this section and the seconds maximum. Passing “ASTM D6751” 200
guidelines given below to reduce the risk: seconds Cold Soak Filterability test limit does not
guarantee cold performance for all biodiesel blends
• Addition of a high-performance antioxidant at all possible fuel temperatures, but biodiesel that
stabilizer is recommended prior to engine fails this Cold Soak Filterability test requirement will
shutdown for prolonged periods. The conditioner produce biodiesel blends that will likely plug fuel
filters when fuel temperatures are below −12° C
should be added when the engine is fueled. (10.4° F).
Preferably, the antioxidant stabilizer should be
added to the fuel as soon as possible after the fuel
production.

• Addition of Perkins Diesel Fuel System Cleaner

(Part number T400012), is recommended when
the engine is first operated after the prolonged
shutdown period and preferably for a total of two
tanks of fuel. Follow the recommendations
provided in the “Perkins Diesel Fuel System
Cleaner” section in this Perkins Diesel Engines
Fluids Recommendations.
Table 15
Perkins Specification for Neat (B100) Biodiesel Blending Fuel

Property Test Method Specific Properties of Fuel

(continued)
58 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Biodiesel

(Table 15, contd)

United States International Units Limits
3
Density at 15°C “ASTM D1298” “ISO 3675” g/cm 0.86-0.90

Viscosity at 40°C “ASTM D445” “ISO 3104” mm2/s (cSt) 1.9-6.0

Flash Point “ASTM D93” “ISO 3679” °C 93 minimum

Pour Point 6° C (43° F) minimum

- Summer “ASTM D97” “ISO 3016” °C below ambient
- Winter temperature

Cloud Point “ASTM D2500” °C Report

Sulphur Content (1) “ASTM D5453” “ISO 20846” “ISO 20884” Percent weight 0.0015 maximum (2)

Distillation
“ASTM D86” “ISO 3924” °C 360
90 percent Evaporation

Cetane Number “ASTM D613” “ISO 5165” Percent evaporation 45 minimum

Sulfated Ash “ASTM D874” or “ISO 3987” or “ISO 6245” percent weight 0.02 maximum

Water/Sediment Content “ASTM D2709” “ISO 12937” percent volume 0.05 maximum

Water “ASTM D1796” “ISO 12937” percent m/m

Copper Corrosion, 3
“ASTM D130” “ISO 2160” No. 1
hours at 50° C (122° F)

“EN 14112” or “EN “EN 14112” or “EN

Oxidation Stability hours 3 minimum
15751” 15751”
Carbon Residue, Rams-
“ASTM D524” “EN 10370” percent m/m 0.3 maximum
bottom on 10% bottoms

Carbon Residue Conrad-

“ASTM D4530” “EN 10370” percent weight 0.5 maximum
son (CCR)

“ASTM D7371” or
Esterification “EN 14103” percent volume 97.5 minimum
“"ASTM D7806"”

Total Acid Number “ASTM D664” “EN 14104” mg KOH/g 0.5 maximum

Methanol Content “EN 14110” “EN 14110” percent weight 0.2 maximum

Monoglycerides “ASTM D6584” “EN 14105” percent weight 0.8 maximum

Diglycerides “ASTM D6584” “EN 14105” percent weight 0.2 maximum

Triglycerides “ASTM D6584” “EN 14105” percent weight 0.2 maximum

Free Glycerin “ASTM D6584” “EN 14105” percent weight 0.02 maximum

Total Glycerin “ASTM D6584” “EN 14105” percent weight 0.240 maximum

Phosphorus Content “ASTM D4951” “EN 14107” percent weight 0.001

Calcium and Magnesium ppm

“EN 14538” “EN 14538” 5 maximum
combined
Sodium and Potassium ppm
“EN 14538” “EN 14538” 5 maximum
combined
Cold Soak Filterability “ASTM D7501” – seconds 360 maximum

Cleanliness “ASTM D7619” “ISO 4406” – (3)

Total contamination “"EN 12662"” “EN 14104” mg / kg 24 maximum

Appearance “"ASTM D4176"” Clear and Bright

(continued)
M0113102-05 59
Maintenance Section
Biodiesel

(Table 15, contd)

(1) Methods for testing S are based on the sulphur content in diesel fuel used for blending. Consult with the fuel supplier and ensure that the cor-
rect method has been used.
(2) Sulphur levels have to be per local regulations. Higher S levels may be used where allowed.
(3) Recommended cleanliness level for fuel as dispensed into application or engine fuel tank is “ISO 18/16/13” or cleaner per “ISO 4406” or
“ASTM D7619”. Refer to the “Contamination Control” section in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations.

Note: Fuels that meet the most current revision level

of “ASTM D6751” or “EN 14214” may be used for
blending with an acceptable distillate fuel. The
conditions, recommendations, and limits that are
noted in this Biodiesel section apply.

Pyrolysis Fuels
A particular family of renewable/alternative fuels,
known as pyrolysis fuels, are typically NOT suitable
for use in in modern diesel engines. Pyrolysis fuels
can be obtained from various resources including
wood, used tires, plastic, and so on. Pyrolysis fuels in
their raw form do not meet all the requirements in
Perkins Specification for Distillate Fuel for Nonroad
Diesel Engines, “ASTM D975” and/or “EN
590”specifications. These fuels have to be upgraded,
to produce a hydrocarbon product that meets all
requirements defined in these specifications.
Upgrading can include fractionation to remove
volatiles, hydro-desulfurization, hydrotreating, and so
on.
Where the pyrolysis fuel is obtained from wood,
experience has shown that the liquid obtained
contains high oxygen content (>10 percent), has high
acidity (pH of approximately 1) and does not meet
distillation, lubricity, and cetane requirements. Use of
this fuel is likely to lead to severe impairment and
wear in the fuel system. Suitable upgrading would
likely involve, at a minimum, hydro-deoxygenation,
fractionation, and other hydrotreating.
Where the pyrolysis fuel is obtained from used tires,
our experience has been that the distillation and
sulfur requirements are not met. Use of this fuel is
likely to lead to impaired function of the fuel and
aftertreatment systems. Suitable upgrading would
likely involve, at a minimum, fractionation and
desulfurization.
Where the pyrolysis fuel is obtained from waste
plastic, our experience has been that the distillation,
lubricity, and cetane requirements are not met. Use
of this fuel is likely to lead to impaired function of the
fuel system. Suitable upgrading would likely involve,
at a minimum, fractionation and other hydrotreating.
Upgraded pyrolysis fuels that meet Perkins Diesel
Fuel specification ( Perkins Specification for Distillate
Fuel for Nonroad Diesel Engines table), “ASTM
D975” and/or “EN 590” specifications can be
considered for use in Perkins diesel engines. Refer to
this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations for guidelines and requirements
for fuels acceptable in Perkins engines. Refer to your
Perkins distributor for further information.
60 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Cooling System Specifications

Cooling System NOTICE

Commercial products that make generic claims of
Specifications meeting Perkins requirements without listing the spe-
cific Perkins recommendations and requirements that
i07956419
are met, may not provide acceptable performance.
Commercial products may cause reduced engine
and/or application fluid compartment life. Refer to this
General Coolant Information Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations for
Perkins fluids recommendations and requirements.
Refer to product-specific Operation and Maintenance
Manual for Perkins fluids recommendations and
requirements.

The cooling system operates under pressure

which is controlled by the radiator pressure cap. NOTICE
Removing the cap while the system is hot may al- Never add coolant to an overheated engine. Engine
low the escape of hot coolant and steam, causing damage could result. Allow the engine to cool first.
serious burns.
Before you remove the radiator cap, allow the
system to cool. Use a thick cloth and turn the ra- NOTICE
diator cap slowly to the first stop to allow pres- If the engine is to be stored in, or shipped to an area
sure to escape before fully removing the cap. with below freezing temperatures, the cooling system
must be either protected to the lowest outside tem-
Avoid contact with coolant. perature or drained completely in order to prevent
damage caused by freezing coolant.

NOTICE
Every attempt is made to provide accurate, up-to- NOTICE
date information. By the use of this document, you Frequently check the specific gravity of the coolant
agree that Perkins Engines Company Limited is not for proper freeze protection or for anti-boil protection.
responsible for errors or omissions.
The information provided are the latest Clean the cooling system for the following reasons:
recommendations for the Perkins diesel engines that
are covered by this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids • Contamination of the cooling system
Recommendations. This information supersedes all
previous recommendations which have been • Overheating of the engine
published for the Perkins diesel engines that are • Foaming of the coolant
covered by this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations. Special fluids are required for
some engines and continued use of these special NOTICE
products will be necessary. Refer to the applicable Never operate an engine without water temperature
engine Operation and Maintenance Manual for more regulators in the cooling system. Water temperature
information. regulators help to maintain the engine coolant at the
proper operating temperature. Cooling system prob-
This publication is a supplement to the engine lems can develop without water temperature
Operation and Maintenance Manual. This publication regulators.
does not replace the engine-specific Operation and
Maintenance Manuals for the recommended If you operate the engine without the regulator, some
maintenance intervals. coolant bypasses the radiator. This may cause
overheating.
NOTICE
These recommendations are subject to change with-
out notice. Consult your nearest Perkins distributor Note: Refer to the specific engine Operation and
for the most up-to-date recommendations. Maintenance Manual, Maintenance Interval Schedule
for the correct interval for the replacement of the
thermostat.
Many engine failures are related to the cooling
system. The following problems are related to cooling
system failures:

• Overheating
M0113102-05 61
Maintenance Section
General Coolant Information

• Leakage of the water pump

NOTICE
All Perkins engines that are equipped with a Perkins
• Plugged radiators or heat exchangers
NOx Reduction System will require a minimum of 50
• Pitting of the cylinder liners percent glycol to help prevent cavitation damage and
boiling of the engine coolant. These engines include
These failures can be avoided with correct cooling Tier 4 / Stage IIIb / IV / V engines.
system maintenance. Cooling system maintenance is
as important as maintenance of the fuel system and Table 16
the lubrication system. Quality of the coolant is as Perkins Minimum Acceptable Water Requirements
important as the quality of the fuel and the lubricating
oil. Property Maximum Limit ASTM Test

Coolant is normally composed of three elements: Chloride (Cl) 40 mg/L “D4327”

• Water Sulfate (SO4) 100 mg/L “D4327”

Total Hardness 170 mg/L “D1126”

• Additives
“Federal Method
• Glycol Total Solids 340 mg/L
2540B”(1)

Technical information for each of the coolant Acidity pH of 5.5 to 9.0 “D1293”
elements is provided in this Perkins Diesel Engines (1) Total dissolved solids dried at 103° C (217° F) - 105° C
Fluids Recommendations. (221° F), “Standard Method for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater”, “American Public Health Association”, “www.
Water apha.org”, “www.aphabookstore.org”, (888) 320-APHA.

For a water analysis, consult one of the following

NOTICE sources:
Never use water alone as coolant. Water alone is cor-
rosive and does not provide any protection against • Local water utility company
boiling or freezing.
• Agricultural agent
In glycol-based coolants, Perkins strongly
recommends a minimum of 30 percent glycol in • Independent laboratory
diesel engine cooling systems, with a minimum of 50
percent glycol recommended. Use only glycol-based Periodic analysis of water that is used to add to the
coolants that meet one or more of the coolant coolant is recommended. Water quality can be
specifications that are defined as preferred or affected by various factors including malfunctioning
acceptable in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids purification equipment, earthquakes, and droughts.
Recommendations and that also comply with any
additional requirements that are stated in this Perkins Additives
Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations (that is,
chemical composition, the use of SCA, the use of Additives help to protect the metal surfaces of the
Extender). Refer to the Operation and Maintenance cooling system. A lack of coolant additives or
Manual for your engine for any exceptions. insufficient amounts of additives enable the following
conditions to occur:
Water in the water/glycol coolants is more effective
than glycol alone in transferring heat. • Corrosion
Distilled water or deionized water is
recommended for use in engine cooling systems. • Formation of mineral deposits

DO NOT use the following types of water in cooling • Rust

systems: Hard water, softened water that has been
conditioned with salt and sea water. • Scale

If distilled water or deionized water is not available, • Pitting and erosion from cavitation of the cylinder
use water with the properties that are listed in table liner
16 .
• Foaming of the coolant
Many additives are depleted during engine operation.
These additives must be replaced periodically.
62 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
General Coolant Information

Additives must be added at the correct concentration. Table 18

Over concentration of additives can cause the
inhibitors to drop out-of-solution. The deposits can Propylene Glycol Concentration
enable the following problems to occur:
Freeze Boil Protection (1)
Concentration
• Formation of gel compounds Protection
50 Percent −32° C (−26° F) 106° C (223° F)
• Reduction of heat transfer
(1) Boiling protection is increased with the use of a pressurized ra-
• Leakage of the water pump seal diator. A system with a 1 bar (14.5 psi) pressure cap at sea lev-
el, will increase the final boiling point of 50 percent coolant to
130° C (266° F)
• Plugging of radiators, coolers, and small passages
Propylene glycol coolant that is used in the cooling
Glycol systems for Perkins diesel engines must meet
“ASTM D6210”, “Fully Formulated Glycol-Based
Glycol in the coolant helps to provide protection Engine Coolant for Heavy-Duty Engines”. When
against the following conditions: propylene glycol coolant is used in heavy-duty diesel
engines, a regular addition of SCA is required for
• Boiling protection. Consult your Perkins distributor for
additional information.
• Freezing
Ethylene or propylene glycols used in cooling
• Water pump cavitation systems for Perkins diesel engines must meet
“ASTM E1177”, “Standard Specification for Engine
For optimum performance, Perkins recommends a Coolant Grade Glycol”.
50 percent by volume of glycol in the finished coolant
(also referred to as 1:1 mixture). Some commercially available coolants are based on
alternative fluids, such as 1, 3-propanediol (beta-
Note: Use a mixture that will provide protection propylene glycol, PDO), glycerin (glycerol), or
against the lowest ambient temperature. mixtures of these alternatives with ethylene/
propylene glycols. At the time of publication of this
Note: 100 percent pure glycol will freeze at a document no industry standard exists for coolants
temperature of −13 °C (8.6 °F). based on these chemicals. Until such standard/
specifications are published and evaluated, use
Most conventional antifreezes use ethylene glycol. of PDO, glycerine, or other alternative coolants
Propylene glycol may also be used. In a 1:1 mixture are not recommended in Perkins engines.
with distilled or deionized water, ethylene and
propylene glycol provide similar protection against To check the concentration of glycol in the coolant,
freezing and boiling. Refer to table 17 and refer to measure the specific gravity of the coolant.
table 18 .
Table 17 Embitterment
Ethylene Glycol Concentration Ethylene glycol is a toxic chemical with a naturally
sweet taste. To avoid accidental excessive ingestion
Freeze
Concentration Boil Protection(1) by humans or animals, coolants may contain
Protection
embittering agents that make the coolant taste bad.
50 Percent −37° C (−29° F) 106° C (223° F) All Perkins glycol containing coolants (Perkins
ELC) are embittered.
60 Percent −52° C (−62° F) 111° C (232° F)
(1) Boiling protection is increased with the use of a pressurized ra- Embittering agents have no beneficial or detrimental
diator. A system with a 1 bar (14.5 psi) pressure cap at sea lev- effect on coolant performance or characteristics.
el, will increase the final boiling point of 50 percent coolant to
130° C (266° F).
Coolant Terminology
Do not use propylene glycol in concentrations that
exceed 50 percent glycol because of the reduced • ELC Extended Life Coolant. A coolant that
heat transfer capability. Use ethylene glycol in relies on organic inhibitors for corrosion and
conditions that require further protection against cavitation protection. Also known as Organic Acid
boiling or freezing. Do not use ethylene glycol in Technology (OAT) coolant.
concentrations that exceed 60 percent glycol.
• ELI Extended Life Inhibitor
• SCA Supplement Coolant Additive,
concentrated inorganic inhibitor package
M0113102-05 63
Maintenance Section
Coolant Recommendations

• ASTM American Society for Testing and

NOTICE
Materials A commercial heavy-duty antifreeze that meets either
“ASTM D4985” or “ASTM D6210” specification re-
• Conventional Coolant a coolant that relies quires the SCA concentration to be checked at 500-
on inorganic inhibitors for corrosion and cavitation hour service intervals.
protection

• Hybrid Coolant a coolant in which the Perkins recommends a 50 percent volume (1:1)
corrosion and cavitation protection is based on a glycol and distilled or deionized water of the correct
mixture of organic and inorganic inhibitors. specification. This mixture will provide optimum
performance as a coolant/antifreeze. This ratio can
• Extender concentrated organic inhibitor be increased to 60 percent volume ethylene glycol to
package water if extra freezing protection is required.

i08132113
For applications not requiring freeze protection, the
following can be used:
Coolant Recommendations Preferred – Perkins ELI
(General Maintenance)
Acceptable – A commercial supplemental coolant
additive (SCA) that meets “ASTM D5752”
The following three glycol-based coolants are specifications.
recommended for use in Perkins diesel engines:
A mixture of SCA inhibitor and distilled or deionized
Preferred – Perkins ELC water is acceptable but will not provide the same
level of corrosion, boiling, and freezing protection as
Acceptable – A commercial heavy-duty antifreeze ELC or ELI. Perkins recommends a 6 percent to 8
that meets “ASTM D6210” specifications. Must be percent concentration of SCA in those cooling
replaced after 2 years. systems. Distilled water or deionized water is
preferred. Water which has the recommended
properties may be used.
Adequate – A commercial heavy-duty antifreeze that
meets “ASTM D4985” specifications. Must be
replaced after 1 year.

NOTICE
The Perkins engines, where equipped with NOx re-
duction system must be operated with a 50 percent
glycol concentration. This concentration allows the
NOx reduction system to operate correctly with the
high gas temperatures seen during operation.

NOTICE
Do not use a commercial coolant/antifreeze that
only meets the ASTM D3306 specification. This
type of coolant/antifreeze is made for light auto-
motive applications.

NOTICE
A commercial heavy-duty antifreeze that meets
“ASTM D4985” specification requires a treatment
with an SCA at the initial fill. Read the label or the in-
structions that are provided by the manufacturer of
the product.
64 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
General Maintenance

Table 19
Recommendations for Finished Coolants Service Life for use in Perkins engines
Coolant Type Recommendations Product Service Hours (1)(2) Required Maintenance (3)

6000 Service Hours or 3

Perkins ELC -
Years
Preferred
6000 Service Hours or 3
Perkins ELI (4) -
Years
“ASTM D6210” and Organic Additive
Perkins ELC, Per- Technology (OAT) based on a combi-
kins ELI, or Com- nation of a monocarboxylic acid and
mercial Long-life a dicarboxylic acid.
coolant that
meets “ASTM Phosphate, borate, and silicate free. Add Extender at 3000 serv-
6000 Service Hours or 6
D6210” Minimum requirements ice hours or one half of
Years (6)
Tolyltriazole: minimum typical con- service life(6)
centration of 900 ppm

Nitrite (5) (as NO2): minimum typical

concentration of 500 ppm in new
coolants.
Commercial Heavy-Duty Antifreeze
that meets “ASTM D6210” specifica-
tions and the following:
Acceptable
Minimum requirements for Nitrite(5) (as NO2) concentration: Min- 3000 Service Hours or 2 SCA at maintenance
fully formulated Heavy- imum of 1200ppm and maximum of Years intervals
Duty Commercial coolants 2400ppm.

Silicate concentration: Minimum of

100ppm and Maximum of 275ppm.

Conventional A Commercial Heavy-Duty Antifreeze

Coolants and that meets “ASTM D4985” specifica-
Commercial Ex- tions and the following:
Adequate
tended Life Cool- SCA at initial fill and SCA at
Minimum requirements for
ants that do NOT Nitrite(5) (as NO2) concentration: Min- 3000 Service Hours or 1 maintenance intervals per
fully formulated Heavy-
meet the Perkins imum of 1200ppm and maximum of Year manufacturer
Duty Commercial coolants
minimum 2400ppm. recommendations
requiring SCA pre-charge
requirements
Silicate concentration: Minimum of
100ppm and Maximum of 275ppm.

A commercial Supplemental Coolant

Additive (SCA)(4) that meets “ASTM
D5752” specifications and water hav-
Acceptable - Minimum re- SCA at maintenance inter-
ing Nitrite(5) (as NO2) concentration: 3000 Service Hours or 1
quirements for SCA and vals per manufacturer
(4) (7)
Minimum of 1200ppm and maximum Year
water recommendations
of 2400ppm.
Silicate concentration: Minimum of
100ppm and Maximum of 275ppm.
(1) New Coolants at 50 volume percent diluted. Coolants that are prediluted at the coolant manufacturer must be diluted with water that meets
“Reagent 4” “ASTM D1193” requirements.
(2) Use the interval that occurs first. Flush the cooling system at this point. These service lives can only be met if regular coolant sampling, analy-
sis, and proper maintenance are carried out, with the engine in normal service.
(3) For appropriate maintenance procedures, refer to the details given in this section. For applications that allow the use of Perkins ELI in water,
a minimum of 7.5 percent of Perkins ELI is recommended. For applications that allow the use of SCA and water, a minimum of 6 percent to a
maximum of 8 percent concentration of SCA are recommended.
(4) Water-based coolants are not allowed for use in machines that have NOx reduction aftertreatment devices, where the minimum glycol con-
centration is 50 percent, in engines that have ATAAC where the minimum glycol concentration is 30 percent.
(5) Nitrite concentration is required for cavitation protection in wet sleeve liner engines (typically in Perkins engines >7.2 L); Nitrite free coolant
formulation can be used in none wet sleeve liner engines (typically inPerkins engines <7.2 L).

(continued)
M0113102-05 65
Maintenance Section
General Maintenance

(Table 19, contd)

(6) For Commercial Long-Life Coolant (LLC) that meets the Perkins minimum specification, the recommended service hours and required main-
tenance should be confirmed with the coolant manufacturer/supplier and should be maintained through regular coolant sampling and
analysis.
(7) There are currently no industry standards to define the quality of water-based conventional coolants. To control the quality of SCA and water
coolants, the commercial SCA additive package should meet the requirements of “ASTM D6210” and/or “ASTM D4985” when this package
is used in a glycol-based coolant. Do not use a commercial SCA additive package that only meets the ASTM D3306 or equivalent specifica-
tion when used in a glycol-based coolant.

When referring to the Service Life in table 19 , use Read the label or the instructions that are provided by
the interval that occurs first. These coolant change the manufacturer of the commercial heavy-duty
intervals are only achievable with annual Level 2 coolant/antifreeze.
coolant sampling analysis.
When adding SCA at initial fill to a coolant/antifreeze
Refer to the engine Operation and Maintenance that only meets “ASTM D4985” specification, the
Manual for the correct interval for replacement of the user, and the coolant manufacturer must ensure that
cooling system water temperature regulator. the SCA is compatible with the antifreeze/coolant.
The addition must be based on the recommendations
Extended life coolants require the one time provided by the coolant manufacturer and SCA
maintenance addition of an extender at coolant manufacturer. One of the test methods required to be
service mid-life. For commercial coolants, do NOT used to help ensure SCA compatibility with the
use an extender with a coolant unless the extender antifreeze/coolant concentrate is “ASTM D5828-97”.
has been approved by the coolant manufacturer for Follow the test procedure using the antifreeze/
use with the coolant. The coolant manufacturer is coolant of interest to compare the SCA of interest
responsible for ensuring the compatibility and with the reference SCA. The ratio of insoluble for
acceptable performance of the coolant. Failure to SCA to reference SCA must be < 1. Total insoluble
follow these recommendations can result in should not exceed 4 mL (0.136 oz) for a 6% SCA
shortened cooling system component life. mixture. The SCA manufacturer is responsible for
ensuring the SCA is compatible with water meeting
Conventional coolants require the maintenance the “Perkins Minimum Acceptable Water Quality
addition of SCA throughout the expected life. For Requirements” as found in “Perkins Diesel Engines
commercial coolants, do NOT use an SCA unless Fluids Recommendations”, and is found in “ASTM
approved by the coolant supplier for use with the D6210”, Table X1.1.
coolant. The coolant manufacturer is responsible to
ensure compatibility and acceptable performance. The coolant manufacturer and the SCA manufacturer
are responsible to ensure that the products will not
“ASTM D4985” and “ASTM D6210” require coolants cause cooling system harm.
that are properly dosed with SCA and that are in a
properly maintained cooling system in normal service Perkins ELC can be recycled into conventional
to be suitable for use for a maximum of 1 year coolants.
(“ASTM D4985”) and 2 years (“ASTM D6210”). The
In stationary engine applications that do not require
suitability for use requirement is the direct
protection from boiling or freezing, except as noted in
responsibility of the coolant manufacturer and
Table 19 , Perkins ELI in water or SCA and water are
SCA manufacturer. Consult with the coolant and/or acceptable. Perkins recommends a minimum of
SCA manufacturer concerning the suitability of the 7.5 percent concentration of Perkins ELI in those
products for use in a given application. cooling systems using Perkins ELI. Perkins
A commercial heavy-duty coolant/antifreeze that only recommends a minimum of 6 percent to a
meets “ASTM D4985”, WILL require a treatment with maximum of 8 percent concentration of SCA in
a SCA at the initial fill and has to fulfill all the those cooling systems using SCA and water.
requirements listed in the “Technical Requirements Distilled water or deionized water is preferred in
for Commercial Extended Life Coolants” table. The those systems. If distilled or deionized water is not
user and the coolant manufacturer are responsible available, use water that meets or exceeds the
for ensuring the SCA is compatible. Compatibility is minimum acceptable water requirements that are
based on the recommendations provided by the listed in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
coolant manufacturer and SCA manufacturer. For Recommendations, “General Coolant Information”
example, an extended life coolant that meets the section.
“ASTM D4985” technical specification may not be After the addition of water and proper mixing, the
compatible with a SCA designed for use with concentration of Perkins ELI can be determined
conventional coolants. The coolant manufacturer is using a suitable refractometer. The concentration of a
responsible to provide sources of compatible SCAs. sample of in-use Perkins ELI taken from the cooling
The coolant manufacturer and SCA manufacturer are system can also be determined using a suitable
responsible to demonstrate a positive influence on
reducing cavitation corrosion in an operating diesel refractometer
engine.
66 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Extended Life Coolant

Note: Air pockets can form in the cooling system if

NOTICE
All Perkins engines that are equipped with a NOx Re- the cooling system is filled at a rate that is greater
duction System require a minimum of 50 percent gly- than 20 L (5.3 US gal) per minute. The maximum
col to help prevent cavitation damage of the cooler recommended cooling system fill rate for some
and boiling of the engine coolant. These engines in- smaller engine models will be less. Refer to the
clude Tier 4 engines. engine Operation and Maintenance Manual for
exceptions.
After you drain the cooling system and refill the
NOTICE
Do not use a commercial coolant/antifreeze that cooling system, operate the engine. Operate the
only meets the ASTM “D3306” or equivalent spec- engine without the filler cap until the coolant level
ification. This type of coolant/antifreeze is made stabilizes. Ensure that the coolant is maintained to
for light-duty automotive applications. Use only the correct level.
the recommended coolant/antifreeze.
i08031136

Perkins recommends a 50 volume percent glycol and

water that meets or exceeds the minimum acceptable
Extended Life Coolant
water requirements that are listed in this Perkins
Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations, “General
Coolant Information” section. This mixture will Extended Life Coolant (ELC)
provide optimum heavy-duty performance as a
coolant/antifreeze.
Perkins provides ELC for use in the following
Maintain a concentration level of nitrites in the applications:
cooling system that is between 1200 ppm (70grains/
US gal) and 2400 ppm (140 grains/US gal). Coolant • Heavy-duty diesel engines
sample analysis is the preferred method to check
SCA concentration. Alternatively, nitrite levels can be • Automotive applications
tested with suitable nitrite level test strips.
Frequently check the concentration of glycol in NOTICE
Perkins 1300 Series engines are supplied with a
glycol-based coolant to ensure adequate protection
coolant filter/coolant canister. The canister contains a
against boiling or freezing. Perkins recommends the SCA described as a complete chemical protection
use of a refractometer for checking the glycol package containing phosphate, molybdate, and ni-
concentration. Do not use a hydrometer. trates to prevent corrosion and liner pitting/cavitation.
Maintain the correct concentrations of glycol and Perkins ELC is NOT recommended for use in the Per-
additives in the coolant. Lowering the concentration kins 1300 Series engines.
of glycol or additives will lower the ability of the
coolant to protect the system from pitting, from
cavitation, from erosion, and from deposits. The anti-corrosion package for ELC is different from
anti-corrosion package for other coolants. ELC has
Do not top off the cooling system with water unless been formulated with the correct amounts of
there is a specific need to adjust the water/glycol additives. Superior corrosion protection is provided
ratio. Compatible 50/50 (water/glycol) coolant is for all metals that are in engine cooling systems. ELC
typically used and recommended when cooling is an ethylene glycol base coolant. However, ELC
system top off is required. contains organic corrosion inhibitors and antifoam
agents with low amounts of nitrite. Perkins ELC has
Clean the cooling system for the following reasons: been formulated with the correct amount of these
additives to provide superior corrosion protection for
• Contamination of the cooling system all metals in engine cooling systems.
• Overheating of the engine ELC is available in a premixed cooling solution with
distilled water. ELC is a 50 percent by volume of
• Foaming of the coolant glycol mixture. The premixed ELC provides freeze
protection to −37 °C (−34 °F). The premixed ELC is
• Changing from conventional heavy-duty coolant/ recommended for the initial fill of the cooling system.
antifreeze to PerkinsELC or a commercial long-life The premixed ELC is also recommended for topping
coolant that meets the Perkins Technical off the cooling system.
specification requirements.
Containers of several sizes are available. Consult
your Perkins distributor for the part numbers.
M0113102-05 67
Maintenance Section
Extended Life Coolant

Note: Perkins ELC can be used in most diesel OEM

engines. Perkins ELC meets the performance
requirements of “ASTM D6210” for heavy-duty low
silicate antifreeze/coolants. Perkins ELC also meets
the performance requirements of “ASTM D3306” for
automotive applications.

Commercial Extended Life Coolant

NOTICE
The engine should use the correct specification of flu-
ids. Failure to use the correct specification of fluids
could affect your warranty.

To use a commercial extended life coolant in Perkins

diesel engine cooling systems at the published
service intervals, select a commercial extended life
coolant that meets all the requirements given in table
20 in this “Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations”.
Table 20
Technical Requirements for Commercial Extended Life Coolants
Specifications “ASTM D6210”

Organic Additive Technology (OAT) based on a combination of a

monocarboxylic acid and a dicarboxylic acid

Additional Requirements Phosphate, borate, and silicate free

Minimum typical Tolyltriazole level of 900 ppm for new coolants

Minimum typical nitrite level of 500 ppm in new coolants"

One time addition of an extender at the mid-life of the coolant to main-

Maintenance (1)
tain the coolant nitrite level between 300 - 600 ppm
(1) Nitrite concentration is required for cavitation protection in wet sleeve liner engines (typically in Perkins engines >7.2 L), Nitrite free coolant
formulation can be used in none wet sleeve liner engines (typically in Perkins engines <7.2 L).

Note: The Perkins specification describes the Note: Coolants must be tested against the Perkins
minimum requirements for extended life coolants. technical specification requirements. Coolants that
only claim to meet the performance requirements of
Use an extender that is recommended by the Perkins the Perkins technical specification requirements, may
technical specification requirements and coolant not meet all the minimum requirements.
supplier at mid-life of the coolant.
To be marketed as a product that meets Perkins
Commercial coolants that do not meet the minimum technical specification requirements, all Perkins
requirements defined in this “Perkins Diesel Engines technical specification requirements must be met.
Fluids Recommendations” are not allowed for use in Requirements include, but are not limited to the
Perkins engines.
following:
Commercial extended life coolant used in Perkins
engines must meet all requirements given in table 20 • Physical and Chemical Properties
. If the ELC does meet the requirements, the service
interval listed in this “Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids • Compatibility Characteristics
Recommendations” may not be used. Follow the
maintenance guidelines for the coolant from the • Bench Testing
supplier of the commercial extended life coolant.
Follow the Perkins guidelines for the quality of water • Field Testing
and the specified coolant change interval. The field test includes the use of the following
requirements:

• Radiator types
68 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Extended Life Coolant Cooling System Maintenance

• Minimum field test duration

NOTICE
Do not use a conventional coolant to top-off a cooling
• Minimum number of diesel engines
system that is filled with Extended Life Coolant
• Perkins diesel engine models of the required (ELC).
minimum power rating Do not use standard Supplemental Coolant Additive
(SCA).
i07956632
Do not use ELC in systems with standard SCA / SCA
Extended Life Coolant Cooling filters. When switching from conventional coolant to
ELC in a system equipped with SCA filter, remove the
System Maintenance filter from the system to prevent ELC contamination
and filter corrosion and leaks.

Correct Additions to the Extended ELC Cooling System Cleaning

Life Coolant (ELC)
Note: If the cooling system is already using ELC,
cleaning agents are not required at the specified
NOTICE coolant change interval. Cleaning agents are only
Use only Perkins products or commercial products
that meet the requirements covered in this publication required if the system has been contaminated by the
for pre-mixed or concentrated coolants. addition of some other type of coolant or by cooling
system damage.
Do NOT use conventional SCA with Perkins ELC.
Mixing Perkins ELC with conventional coolants and/ Distilled or deionized water is the only cleaning agent
or conventional SCA reduces the Perkins ELC serv- that is required when ELC is drained from the cooling
ice life. system.
Do NOT mix brands or types of coolant. Do NOT mix Before the cooling system is filled, the cabin heater
brands or types of SCA and/or brands or types of ex- control (if equipped) must be set to the HOT position.
tenders. Different brands or types may use different Refer to the OEM to set the cabin heater control.
additive packages to meet the cooling system re- After the cooling system is drained and the cooling
quirements. Different brands or types may not be system is refilled, operate the engine until the coolant
compatible. level reaches the normal operating temperature and
until the coolant level stabilizes. As needed, add the
Failure to follow the recommendations can reduce coolant mixture to fill the system to the specified
cooling system component life, unless appropriate level.
corrective action is performed.
To maintain the correct balance between the Recycling Perkins ELC
antifreeze and the additives, you must maintain the
recommended concentration of ELC. Lowering the Perkins ELC can be recycled into conventional
proportion of antifreeze lowers the proportion of coolants. The drained coolant mixture can be distilled
additive. Lowering the ability of the coolant to protect to remove the ethylene glycol and the water. The
the system will form pitting, from cavitation, from ethylene glycol and the water can be reused. The
erosion, and from deposits. distilled material does not contain the additives that
are classified as Perkins ELC. Consult your Perkins
distributor for more information. Recycled coolants
should meet the most current revision level of “ASTM
D6210”.

Changing to Perkins ELC

To change from heavy-duty antifreeze to the Perkins
ELC, perform the following steps:
M0113102-05 69
Maintenance Section
Extended Life Coolant Cooling System Maintenance

9. Fill the cooling system with the Perkins Premixed

NOTICE
Care must be taken to ensure that all fluids are con- ELC.
tained during performance of inspection, mainte-
nance, testing, adjusting and the repair of the ELC Cooling System
product. Be prepared to collect the fluid with suitable
containers before opening any compartment or disas- Contamination
sembling any component containing fluids.
Dispose of all fluids according to local regulations NOTICE
Mixing ELC with other products reduces the effective-
and mandates.
ness of the ELC and shortens the ELC service life.
Failure to follow these recommendations can result in
shortened cooling system component life.
1. Drain the coolant into a suitable container.
2. Dispose of the coolant according to local Do not mix types and specifications of coolant.
regulations. Do not mix types and specifications of SCAs.
3. Flush the system with distilled or deionized water
to remove any debris.
ELC cooling systems can withstand contamination to
4. Use an appropriate cleaner to clean the system. a maximum of 10 percent of conventional heavy-duty
Follow the instruction on the label. antifreeze or SCA. If the contamination exceeds 10
percent of the total system capacity, perform ONE of
5. Drain the cleaner into a suitable container. Flush the following procedures:
the cooling system with distilled or deionized
water. • Drain the cooling system into a suitable container.
Dispose of the coolant according to local
6. Fill the cooling system with distilled or deionized regulations. Flush the system with a 5 to 10
water and operate the engine until the engine is percent solution of Perkins ELC. Fill the system
warmed to 49° to 66°C (120° to 150°F). with the Perkins ELC.

NOTICE • Drain a portion of the cooling system into a

Incorrect or incomplete flushing of the cooling system suitable container according to local regulations.
can result in damage to copper and other metal Then, fill the cooling system with premixed ELC.
components. This procedure should lower the contamination to
less than 10 percent.
To avoid damage to the cooling system, make sure
that the cooling system is completely flushed with dis-
tilled or deionized water. Continue to flush the system
until all signs of the cleaning agent are gone.
Most commercial cooling system cleaning agents are
corrosive and their use is not recommended by Per-
kins. If these agents have to be used to remove
heavy deposits, then the cleaning agents should not
be left in the system any longer then recommended
by the agent manufacturer and engine temperature
should not exceed 30 oC. The system must be thor-
oughly flushed with distilled or deionized water after
use of these cleaning agents.

7. Drain the cooling system into a suitable container

and flush the cooling system with distilled or
deionized water.

Note: The cooling system cleaner must be

thoroughly flushed from the cooling system. Cooling
system cleaner that is left in the system will
contaminate the coolant. The cleaner may also
corrode the cooling system.

8. Repeat Steps6 and 7 until the system is

completely clean.
70 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Extended Life Inhibitor (ELI)

• Maintain the system as a conventional Heavy- • Requires little maintenance compared to

Duty Coolant. Treat the system with an SCA. conventional SCA mixed with water.
Change the coolant at the interval that is
recommended for the conventional Heavy-Duty In engine applications that do not require freeze
Coolant. protection,Perkins ELI can replace SCA/Water
coolant
i08026895 Additional information is available from your Perkins
distributor. Refer to table 21 for information about
Extended Life Inhibitor (ELI) Perkins ELI.

NOTICE
Do NOT use commercial SCA/ELI with Perkins ELI.
Mixing Perkins ELI with commercial coolants and/or
commercial SCA reduces the Perkins ELI service life.
Do NOT mix brands or types of coolant. Do NOT mix
brands or types of SCA and/or brands or types of in-
hibitors. Different brands or types may use different
additive packages to meet the cooling system re-
quirements. Different brands or types may not be
compatible.
Failure to follow the recommendations can reduce
cooling system component life, unless appropriate
corrective action is performed.

NOTICE
Perkins 1300 Series engines are supplied with a
coolant filter/coolant canister. The canister contains a
SCA described as a complete chemical protection
package containing phosphate, molybdate, and ni-
trates to prevent corrosion and liner pitting/cavitation.
Perkins ELI is NOT recommended for use in the Per-
kins 1300 Series engines.
Perkins Extended Life Inhibitor (ELI) is water-based
coolant that does not contain glycol. Perkins ELI is for
applications that do not require freeze protection.
Exceptions are listed here. Failure to follow these
recommendations can or will result in failures.
Perkins ELI is a corrosion inhibitor concentrate that is
mixed to approximately 7.5 % by volume with water.
Perkins ELI has the following characteristics:

• Based on the same organic additive technology

that is used in Perkins Extended Life Coolant
(ELC)

• Does not contain glycol. Designed for use in

applications that do not require freeze protection.

• Provides superior corrosion and cavitation

protection compared to SCA mixed with water.
• Provides an extended drain interval of up to 3
years or 6,000 hours. The drain interval may be
longer as determined by using coolant sample
analysis program.
M0113102-05 71
Maintenance Section
Commercial Heavy-Duty Coolant/Antifreeze and SCA (Supplemental Coolant Additive)

Table 21
Part Number Container Size Volume of Finished Coolant Produced
T402623 1.0 L (1.06 qt) 13.3 L (3.5 US gal)

Mixing Perkins ELI Analysis and interpretation of Perkins ELI coolant

sample analysis results is similar to the analysis and
The recommended water for mixing with Perkins ELI interpretation of Perkins ELC. There will be no glycol
concentrate is distilled or deionized water. Water and glycol oxidation products, which do not apply to
must meet requirements of ASTM 1193, “Type IV Perkins ELI.
Reagent Water Specification”. If distilled or deionized
water is not available, water should meet the “Perkins The concentration of a sample of in-use Perkins ELI
Minimum Acceptable Water Requirements” table in taken from the cooling system can also be
“General Coolant Information” section in this Perkins determined using a suitable Refractometer.
Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations.
Note: Clean water is the only flushing agent that is
To ensure a correct concentration, the preferred required when Perkins ELI is drained from a properly
method is to mix Perkins ELI concentrate with water. maintained cooling system.
Then, add the mixed coolant to the engine cooling
system. Add the correct amount of water and Perkins
ELI into a clean container and mix thoroughly by Mixing Perkins ELI and Perkins
manual stirring or mechanical agitation. ELC
If the preferred method cannot be performed, a Since Perkins ELI and Perkins ELC are based on the
Perkins ELI mixture can be made by adding Perkins same corrosion inhibitor technology, Perkins ELI can
ELI concentrate directly into engine cooling system. be mixed with Perkins ELC. Mixing may be desired
Add good quality water until the dilution level is when only low level of freeze protection is required.
approximately 7.5%. Adequate mixing is attained by Consult your local Perkins distributor to ensure
operating the engine for at least 30 minutes. correct mixing of the products to provide adequate
freeze protection and corrosion protection.
Appropriate mixing rates for available ELI container
sizes are provided in table 21 .
i07959967
After the addition of water and proper mixing, the
concentration of Perkins ELI can be determined Commercial Heavy-Duty
using a suitable Refractometer.
Coolant/Antifreeze and SCA
Changing to Perkins ELI (Supplemental Coolant
For cooling systems previously running Perkins ELC Additive)
or an extended life coolant that meets Perkins
technical specification requirements, drain the
cooling system and flush with water. Then refill the
cooling system with a mixture of 7.5% Perkins ELI in NOTICE
water that meets the “Perkins Minimum Acceptable The engine should use the correct specification of flu-
Water Requirements” table in “General Coolant ids. Failure to use the correct specification of fluids
Information”section in this Perkins Diesel Engines could affect your warranty.
Fluids Recommendations.
For cooling systems previously running a NOTICE
conventional heavy-duty coolant or a water/SCA Do NOT mix brands or types of SCA. Do NOT mix
mixture, follow the steps listed in this Perkins Diesel SCAs and commercial extenders.
Engines Fluids Recommendations, “Changing to
Perkins ELC”. Then refill the cooling system with a Failure to follow the recommendations can result in
mixture of 7.5% Perkins ELI in water that meets the shortened cooling system component life.
“Perkins Minimum Acceptable Water Requirements”
table in “General Coolant Information” section in this
Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations.

Perkins ELI Maintenance

Maintenance of Perkins ELI is similar to Perkins ELC.
A coolant sample should be submitted for “Level 2
Coolant Analysis” after the first 500 hours of
operation and then annually thereafter.
72 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Commercial Heavy-Duty Coolant/Antifreeze and SCA (Supplemental Coolant Additive)

The SCA manufacturer is responsible for ensuring

NOTICE the SCA is compatible with water meeting the
Use Only Approved SCAs. Conventional coolants
require the maintenance addition of SCA throughout “Perkins Minimum Acceptable Water Requirements”
their expected life. Do NOT use an SCA with a cool- as found in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
ant unless specifically approved by the coolant sup- Recommendations, and “ASTM D6210-08, Table
X1.1”. The coolant manufacturer and the SCA
plier for use with their coolant. It is the responsibility manufacturer are responsible to ensure that the
of the coolant manufacturer to ensure compatibility products will not cause cooling system harm.
and acceptable performance.
Do not mix brands or types of coolants with different
Failure to follow the recommendations can result in brands or types of SCA or extender.
shortened cooling system component life.
If using non Perkins coolants, refer to the coolant
manufacturer for information on a compatible SCA.
NOTICE
Perkins 1300 Series engines are supplied with a Treat the compatible commercial coolant with 3 to 6
coolant filter/coolant canister. The canister contains a percent SCA by volume. Maintain a 3 to 6 percent
SCA described as a complete chemical protection concentration level of SCA in the cooling system. For
package containing phosphate, molybdate, and ni- more information, refer to this Perkins Diesel Engines
trates to prevent corrosion and liner pitting/cavitation. Fluids Recommendations, “Coolant
The coolant or antifreeze specified must be compati- Recommendations (General Maintenance)” article.
ble with this SCA system. An Ethylene or Propylene
Heavy-Duty commercial coolant is required and only
coolant that meets the “ASTM D4985””specification is
acceptable.
The canister and coolant should be changed
together.
Perkins ELC / Perkins ELI is NOT recommended for
use in the Perkins 1300 Series engines.
Follow the maintenance information provided in the
Coolant Recommendations (General Maintenance)
section in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations.
Select a commercial diesel engine antifreeze coolant
that meets all the requirements given in Table 22 .
The table contains the requirements for coolant to
meet the published service intervals.
The provided requirements are applicable to finished
coolants and not for the concentrates. When
concentrated coolant/antifreeze is mixed, Perkins
recommends mixing the concentrate with distilled
water or with deionized water. If distilled water or
deionized water is not available, water which has the
required properties may be used. For the water
properties, refer to this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations, “General Coolant Information”
article.
Coolant/antifreezes for heavy-duty applications that
meet “ASTM D6210” do not require treatment with
SCA at the initial fill. Use the recommended 1:1 or
higher concentration with recommended water.
Treatment with SCA is required on a maintenance
basis.
Coolant/antifreezes for heavy-duty applications that
meet “ASTM D4985” do not require treatment with
SCA at the initial fill. Use the recommended 1:1 or
higher concentration with recommended water.
Treatment with SCA is required on a maintenance
basis.
M0113102-05 73
Maintenance Section
Commercial Heavy-Duty Coolant/Antifreeze and SCA (Supplemental Coolant Additive)

Table 22
Technical Requirements for Commercial Diesel Engine Antifreeze Coolants
Specifications “ASTM D6210”

Silicate: Minimum 100 ppm to maximum 275 ppm

Additional Requirements Nitrites(1): maintained at 1200ppm minimum to 2400 ppm maximum
SCA at 3 to 6 percent

Add compatible SCA at maintenance intervals

Maintenance
Clean and flush the cooling system at drain intervals
(1) Nitrite concentration is required for cavitation protection in wet sleeve liner engines (typically in Perkins engines >7.2 liters), Nitrite free cool-
ant formulation can be used in none wet sleeve liner engines (typically in Perkins engines <7.2 liters)

Commercial Heavy-Duty Additions of SCA are based on the results of the test.
SCA that is liquid may be needed at 500-hour
Antifreeze/Coolant (“ASTM intervals.
D4985”and “ASTM D6210”) and
SCA Adding SCA to Heavy-Duty Coolant
(“ASTM D4985”) at the Initial Fill
NOTICE
Commercial Heavy-Duty Coolant which contains Use the equation that is in Table 23 to determine the
Amines as part of the corrosion protection system amount of SCA that is required when the cooling
must not be used. system is initially filled.
Coolants that conform to “ASTM D4985” and do not
conform to “ASTM D6210” will require addition of
NOTICE SCA at initial fill.
Never operate an engine without water temperature Table 23
regulators in the cooling system. Water temperature
regulators help to maintain the engine coolant at the Equation For Adding The SCA To The Heavy-Duty Coolant At
correct operating temperature. Cooling system prob- The Initial Fill
lems can develop without water temperature V × 0.07 = X
regulators.
V is the total volume of the cooling system.
Check the antifreeze (glycol concentration) to ensure
adequate protection against boiling or freezing. X is the amount of SCA that is required.
Perkins recommends the use of a refractometer for
checking the glycol concentration. Do not use a Table 24 is an example for using the equation that is
hydrometer. in Table 23 .
Table 24
NOTICE
Do not mix types and specifications of coolant. Example Of The Equation For Adding The SCA To The Heavy-
Duty Coolant At The Initial Fill
Do not mix types and specifications of SCAs.
Total Volume of the Multiplication Amount of SCA
Do not mix SCAs and Extenders. Cooling System (V) Factor that is Required
(X)
Only use SCAs or Extender approved by coolant
manufacturer and are compatible with the coolant 15 L (4 US gal) × 0.07 1.05 L (35.5 oz)
type used.
Adding SCA to Commercial Heavy-
Perkins engine cooling systems should be tested at
500-hour intervals for the concentration of SCA. Duty Coolant (“ASTM D4985”and
“ASTM D6210”) for Maintenance
Heavy-duty antifreezes of all types REQUIRE
periodic additions of SCA.
Test the antifreeze periodically for the concentration
of SCA. For the interval, refer to the Operation and
Maintenance Manual, “Maintenance Interval
Schedule” (Maintenance Section). Cooling System
Supplemental Coolant Additive (SCA) Test/Add.
74 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Commercial Heavy-Duty Coolant/Antifreeze and SCA (Supplemental Coolant Additive)

Additions of SCA are based on the results of the test. Standard Cooling System Cleaners are designed to
The size of the cooling system determines the clean the cooling system of harmful scale and
amount of SCA that is needed. corrosion without removing the engine from service.
Some commercial cooling system cleaners can be
Use the equation that is in Table 25 to determine the Standard type and Quick Flush type, both types can
amount of SCA that is required, if necessary: be used in all Perkins engine cooling systems.
Table 25 Consult your Perkins distributor for further guidance.
Equation for Adding the SCA to the Commercial Heavy-Duty
Coolant for Maintenance Note: These cleaners must not be used in systems
that have been neglected or that have heavy scale
V × 0.023 = X buildup. These systems require a stronger
V is the total volume of the cooling system. commercial solvent that is available from local
distributors.
X is the amount of SCA that is required.
Prior to performing a cleaning of the cooling system,
take a 1.0 L (1.0 qt) sample of coolant from the
Table 26 is an example for using the equation that is engine while in operation into a clear container. Take
in Table 25 . the sample shortly after start-up while the coolant is
Table 26 not yet hot. The coolant should be adequately mixed
Example of the Equation for Adding the SCA to the Commer- by the water pump. Allow the sample to sit for 2
cial Heavy-Duty Coolant for Maintenance hours. If a visible oil layer is present, most
commercial cooling system cleaners or the Standard
Total Volume of the Multiplication Amount of SCA or Quick Flush type will be fully effective. First, drain
Cooling System (V) Factor that is Required the coolant and then perform the procedure given
(X) below (using nonfoaming dish detergent).
15 L (4 US gal) × 0.023 0.35 L (11.7 oz)
Procedure for Cleaning an Oil
Contaminated Cooling System
Cleaning the System of Heavy-Duty
Coolant/Antifreeze 1. Drain the cooling system.

Before SCA can be effective, the cooling system 2. Fill the cooling system with acceptable water.
must be free from rust, scale, and other deposits.
Preventive cleaning helps avoid downtime caused by Note: Refer to the “Perkins Minimum Acceptable
expensive out-of-service cleaning required for Water Quality Requirements” in this “Perkins Diesel
extremely dirty and neglected cooling systems. Engines Fluids Recommendations”.

Suitable commercial Cooling System Cleaners, 3. Start the engine and run the engine until the
should be able to: thermostat opens.
• Dissolves or depresses mineral scales, corrosion 4. Add a non-foaming detergent containing
products, light oil contaminations, and sludges tripolypentasodium phosphate (TSP) to equal
approximately 2-3% cooling system capacity.
• Cleans the cooling system after used coolant is
drained or before the cooling system is filled with Note: Pre-dissolve the detergent in approximately
new coolant 19 L (5.0 US gal) of acceptable quality water. Add
this mixture directly to the cooling system and top off
• Cleans the cooling system whenever the coolant the cooling system with water.
is contaminated or whenever the coolant is
foaming 5. Run the engine for at least 30 minutes. Stop the
engine.
• Reduces downtime and cleaning costs
6. Remove a small sample of the detergent solution
• Helps avoid costly repairs from pitting and other from the cooling system and then drain the cooling
internal problems caused by improper cooling system. Allow the sample solution to sit for at least
system maintenance
30 minutes and check for signs of a visible oil layer
• Can be used with glycol-based antifreeze on top. If oil is still present, repeat steps 2 to 6.

• For the recommended service interval, refer to the Note: Corrosion of the metal can occur if the
Operation and Maintenance Manual, detergent solution is left in the cooling system for
“Maintenance Interval Schedule” for your engine. longer than 1 hour.
M0113102-05 75
Maintenance Section
Water/SCA (Supplemental Coolant Additive)

7. Flush the cooling system, if there is no visible oil • Foaming of the coolant
layer in the solution. Fill the cooling system with
acceptable quality water. Run the engine for 20 If Commercial SCA is used, select a fully formulated
commercial SCA. The commercial SCA must provide
minutes and then drain the water. a minimum of 1200mg/L or 1200 ppm
8. Perform the cleaning procedure using a suitable (70 grains/US gal) and a maximum of 2400 mg/L or
2400 ppm (140 grains/US gal) of nitrites in the final
commercial cooling system cleaner, if more
coolant mixture.
removal of scale, rust, and inhibitor deposits from
the previous coolant is needed. The quality of the water is an important factor in this
type of cooling system. Distilled water or deionized
9. If further cleaning is not needed, refill the cooling water is recommended for use in cooling systems. If
system with new coolant. distilled water or deionized water is not available, use
water that meets or exceeds the minimum
requirements that are listed in the “Perkins Minimum
Recycling Perkins Heavy-Duty Acceptable Water Requirements” table for
Coolant/Antifreeze recommended water properties in this Perkins Diesel
Engines Fluids Recommendations, “General Coolant
Perkins Heavy-Duty Coolant/Antifreeze can be Information”.
recycled. The drained coolant mixture can be distilled
to separate the ethylene glycol and water. The A cooling system that uses a mixture of SCA and
ethylene glycol and the water can be reused. The water only needs more SCA. The SCA concentration
distilled material does not contain the additives that in a cooling system that uses SCA and water should
are classified as either Perkins ELC or Perkins be 6 to 8 percent by volume.
Heavy-Duty Coolant/Antifreeze. Consult your Perkins
distributor for more information. Maintain the SCA in the same way as you would
maintain a cooling system that uses heavy-duty
When recycled coolants are used, use only coolants coolant/antifreeze. Adjust the maintenance for the
that have been recycled from extended life, heavy- amount of SCA that has been added.
duty, or automotive coolants. Use coolants that were
originally manufactured from virgin ethylene or Adding the SCA to Water at the
propylene glycol.
Initial Fill
Recycled coolants should meet the latest revision of
“ASTM D6210”. Use the equation that is in this Perkins Diesel
Engines Fluids Recommendations, “Adding SCA to
i08033304 Heavy-Duty Coolant (ASTM D4985) at the Initial Fill”
to determine the amount of SCA that is required at
Water/SCA (Supplemental the initial fill. This equation is for a mixture of only
SCA and water.
Coolant Additive)
Adding the SCA to Water for
Commercial SCA can be added to water of the
Maintenance
recommended quality to form a Water/SCA finished For the recommended service interval, refer to the
coolant. SCA/Water finished coolant is glycol free. Operation and Maintenance Manual, “Maintenance
SCA/Water finished coolant is for engine applications Interval Schedule” for your engine.
that do not require freeze protection.
Commercial SCA test kits are available to test the
NOTICE concentration of SCA or a coolant sample can be
Never use water alone as a coolant. Water alone is sent for analysis, consult your Perkins Distributor for
corrosive at engine operating temperatures. In addi- more information. See this Perkins Diesel Engines
tion, water alone does not provide adequate protec- Fluids Recommendations, “Coolant Analysis”.
tion against boiling or freezing.
Additions of SCA are based on the results of the
coolant analysis. The size of the cooling system
In engine cooling systems that use water alone, determines the amount of SCA that is required.
Perkins recommends the use of SCA. SCA helps to
prevent the following conditions from occurring: Use the equation that is in this Perkins Diesel
Engines Fluids Recommendations, “Adding SCA to
• Corrosion Commercial Heavy-Duty Coolant (ASTM D4985 and
ASTM D6210) for Maintenance” to determine the
• Formation of mineral deposits amount of SCA that is required for maintenance, if
necessary.
• Cavitation erosion of the cylinder liner
76 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Coolant Analysis

Note: Specific engine applications may require The Level 2 Coolant Analysis should be performed if
maintenance practices to be periodically evaluated to a problem is suspected or identified.
maintain the engine cooling system properly. Table 27

i08033416
Recommended Interval
Type of
Coolant Analysis Level 1 Level 2
Coolant
Commercial Heavy-
Duty Coolant/Anti-
Testing the engine coolant is important to ensure that freeze and SCA Every 250 hours Yearly
the engine is protected from internal cavitation and (Supplemental Cool-
corrosion. The analysis also tests the ability of the ant Additive)
coolant to protect the engine from boiling and
freezing. Coolant analysis is the best way to monitor Perkins ELC
the condition of your coolant and your cooling system and Commercial Ex- Optional or every Yearly or every 500
and is based on periodic samples. Consult your local tended Life Coolant 500 hours hours
(1)
Perkins distributor for information and assistance
about a Coolant Analysis program. (1) Commercial Extended Life Coolant that meets the Perkins
technical specification requirements
NOTICE
Do not use the same vacuum sampling pump for ex- Note: Check the SCA (Supplemental Coolant
tracting oil samples that is used for extracting coolant Additive) of the conventional coolant at every oil
samples. change or at every 250 hours. Perform this check at
the interval that occurs first.
A small residue of either type sample may remain in
the pump and may cause a false positive analysis for Refer to your engine/machine Operation and
the sample being taken. Maintenance Manual for recommendations specific
to your engine/machine.
Always use a separate pump for oil sampling and a
separate pump for coolant sampling.
Coolant Analysis (Level 1)
Failure to do so may cause a false analysis which
could lead to customer and dealer concerns. A coolant analysis (Level 1) is a test of the properties
of the coolant.
The following properties of the coolant are tested:
New Systems, Refilled Systems,
and Converted Systems • Glycol concentration for freeze protection and boil
protection
Perform a Coolant analysis (Level 2) at the following
maintenance intervals. • Ability to protect from erosion and corrosion

• Initial 500 service hours • pH

• Every Year or every 2000 hours, whichever comes • Conductivity

first • Visual analysis
Perform this analysis at the interval that occurs first
for new systems, for refilled systems, or for converted • Odor analysis
systems that use Perkins ELC (Extended Life The results are reported, and appropriate
Coolant). This 500 service hours check will also recommendations are made.
check for any residual cleaner that may have
contaminated the system.
Coolant Analysis (Level 2)
Recommended Interval for Coolant A coolant analysis (Level 2) is a comprehensive
Analysis chemical evaluation of the coolant. This analysis is
also a check of the overall condition of the cooling
Table 27 contains the recommended sampling system.
interval for all coolants that meet EC-1 (Engine
Coolant specification - 1). These figures are also the The coolant analysis (Level 2) has the following
recommended sampling interval for all conventional features:
heavy-duty coolant/antifreeze.
• Full coolant analysis (Level 1)
M0113102-05 77
Maintenance Section
Coolant Analysis

• Identification of metal corrosion and of

contaminants

• Identification of buildup of the impurities that

cause corrosion
• Identification of buildup of the impurities that
cause scaling
• Determination of the possibility of electrolysis
within the cooling system of the engine
The results are reported, and appropriate
recommendations are made.
For more information on coolant analysis, consult
your Perkins distributor.
78 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Exhaust Aftertreatment Fluids Specifications

Exhaust Aftertreatment In North America, commercial DEF that is API

approved and meets all the requirements defined in
Fluids Specifications “ISO 22241-1” may be used in Perkins engines that
are equipped with SCR systems.

i07967074 Outside of North America, commercial DEF that

meets all requirements defined in “ISO 22241-1” may
be used in Perkins engines that are equipped with
Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) SCR systems.
(For Use in SCR-equipped The supplier should provide documentation to prove
engines) that the DEF is compliant with the requirements of
“ISO 22241-1”.

NOTICE
General Information The engine should use the correct specification of flu-
ids. Failure to use the correct specification of fluids
Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) is a liquid that is injected could affect your warranty.
into the exhaust system of engines equipped with
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems. SCR
reduces emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in diesel NOTICE
engine exhaust. Do not use agriculture grade urea solutions. Do
not use any fluids that do not meet “ISO 22241-1” Re-
Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) is available in many quirements in SCR emissions reduction systems.
brands, including those brands that carry the AdBlue Use of these fluids can result in numerous problems
or API certification. DEF is also generically referred including damage to SCR equipment and a reduction
to as urea. in NOx conversion efficiency.
In engines equipped with SCR emissions reduction
system, DEF is injected in controlled amounts into DEF is a solution of solid urea that is dissolved in
the engine exhaust stream. At the elevated exhaust deionized water to produce a final concentration of
temperature, urea in DEF is converted to ammonia. 32.5% urea. Most SCR systems are designed to
The ammonia chemically reacts with NOx in diesel operate only on DEF concentration of 32.5 percent.
exhaust in the presence of the SCR catalyst. The DEF solution of 32.5% urea has the lowest attainable
reaction converts NOx into harmless nitrogen (N2) freeze point of −11.5° C (11.3° F). DEF
gas and water vapor (H2O). concentrations that are higher or lower than 32.5%
have higher freeze points. DEF dosing systems and
Note: Follow all applicable industry standards and all “ISO 22241-1” specifications are designed for a
applicable governmental, environmental, safety solution that is approximately 32.5%.
guidelines, practices, regulations, and mandates.
Perkins offers refractometers that can be used to
Note: These general recommendations and measure DEF concentration. Refer to Table 28 for
guidelines concerning maintenance and care of DEF the part number. Follow the instructions provided with
the instruments.
and DEF storage systems are not intended to be all
Table 28
inclusive. Discuss proper DEF safety, health,
handling, and maintenance practices with your DEF Perkins DEF Refractometers
supplier. Use of these general recommendations and Analog, specific to DEF, and
guidelines does not lessen the responsibility of the Refractometer
T400195 requires a multi-step test
engine owner and/or DEF supplier to follow all Part Numbers
procedure
industry standard practices for DEF storage and for
DEF handling.
DEF Guidelines
DEF Recommendations for SCR
DEF solution is typically colorless and clear. Changes
Aftertreatment Systems to color or clarity are indicators of quality issues.
Quality of DEF can degrade when stored and
For use in Perkins engines, DEF must meet all the handled inappropriately or if DEF is not protected
requirements defined by the “ISO 22241-1” standard. from contamination. Details are provided below.
The caps of DEF tanks are typically blue as If quality issues are suspected, testing of DEF should
recommended by the “ISO 22241-4” Standard. Fill focus on urea percentage, alkalinity as NH3 and
DEF, only in clearly marked DEF tanks that have the biuret content. DEF that does not pass all these tests
blue cap. or that is no longer clear are not to be used.
M0113102-05 79
Maintenance Section
For Use in SCR-equipped engines

Note: Perkins strongly recommends that customers Bulk storage

purchase the pre-mixed DEF urea solution from a
reputable supplier. The DEF must satisfy all the Follow all local regulations covering bulk storage
specifications of quality given in this chapter of this tanks. Follow proper tank construction guidelines.
Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids Recommendations. Tank volume typically should be 110% of planned
Urea solutions that are not made of urea and water of capacity. Appropriately vent indoor tanks. Plan for
the appropriate quality and cleanliness may damage control of overflow of the tank. Heat tanks that
the SCR system. Poor or questionable quality DEF dispense DEF in cold climates.
can lead to additional repair and maintenance costs Bulk tank breathers should be fitted with filtration to
to the customer. Perkins warranties do not cover keep airborne debris from entering the tank.
failures caused by or related to the use of out of Desiccant breathers are not be used because water
specification urea solutions in Tier 4 Stage IIIB MLIT will be absorbed, which potentially can alter DEF
Step 4 products equipped with SCR systems. concentration.

Materials compatibility Handling

DEF is corrosive. Due to the corrosion caused, DEF Follow all local regulations covering transport and
must be stored in tanks constructed of approved handling. DEF transport temperature is
materials. Recommended storage materials: recommended to be −5° C (23° F) to 25° C (77° F).
All transfer equipment and intermediate containers
Stainless Steels: should be used exclusively for DEF. Containers are
not be reused for any other fluids. Ensure that
• 304 (S30400) transfer equipment is made from DEF-compatible
materials. Recommended materials for hoses and
• 304L (S30403) other non-metallic transfer equipment include:
• 316 (S31600) • Nitrile Rubber (NBR)
• 316L (S31603) • Fluoroelastomer (FKM)
Alloys and metals: • Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer(EPDM)
• Chromium Nickel (CrNi) The condition of hoses and other nonmetallic items
that are used with DEF should be monitored for signs
• Chromium Nickel Molybdenum (CrNiMo) of degradation. DEF leaks are easily recognizable by
white urea crystals that accumulate at the site of the
• Titanium leak. Solid urea can be corrosive to galvanized or
unalloyed steel, aluminum, copper, and brass. Leaks
Non-metallic materials: should be repaired immediately to avoid damage to
surrounding hardware.
• Polyethylene

• Polypropylene Cleanliness
• Polyisobutylene Contaminants can degrade the quality and life of
DEF. The recommended DEF cleanliness target as
• Teflon (PFA) dispensed into the machine or engine fill tank is ISO
18/16/13. Refer to the Contamination Control section
• Polyfluoroethylene (PFE) in this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids
Recommendations.
• Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
Filtering DEF is recommended when dispensed into
• Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) the DEF tank to achieve the recommended
cleanliness targets. DEF filters should be compatible
Materials NOT compatible with DEF solutions include with DEF and should be used exclusively with DEF.
aluminum, copper, copper alloys, magnesium, zinc, Check with the filter supplier to confirm compatibility
nickel coatings, silver, and carbon steel and solders with DEF before using. Mesh type filters using
containing any of the above. Unexpected reactions compatible metals, such as stainless steel, can be
may occur if DEF solutions come in contact with any used. Paper (cellulose) media and some synthetic
non-compatible material or unknown materials. filter media are not recommended because of
degradation during use. The filter size must be
appropriate for the DEF pump design, flow rate,
expected pressures, and required filter life. Refer to
table 29 below for filtration requirements for Perkins
engines.
80 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
For Use in SCR-equipped engines

Care should be taken when filling DEF tanks or

containers from bulk tanks to avoid cross
contamination of the fluid with Hydro-carbons from
oils, if contamination is suspected test the fluid before
decanting in to the DEF tank using test strips from a
suitable supplier or DEF supplier. The test strips
should be able to detect fuel or oil contamination
greater than 10ppm.
Care should be taken when dispensing DEF. Spills
should be cleaned immediately. Machine or engine
surfaces should be wiped clean and rinsed with
water. Caution should be used when dispensing DEF
near an engine that has recently been running.

Note: Spilling DEF onto hot components may cause

the release of ammonia vapors. Do not breathe
ammonia vapors. Do not clean up any spills with
bleach.
Table 29
DEF Filtration Requirements For Bulk Tanks in Specific Applications

DEF System Filter Requirements Filter location

Recommended: ≤ 5 microns (µm), Beta val-
Prior to the Inlet to DEF Tank / Pump Elec-
All Perkins engines ue ≥ 1000 Required: ≤ 10 microns (µm), Beta
tronic Tank Unit (PETU)
value ≥ 1000

Stability DEF/Urea Solution Recommendations for

Marine Engines
Note: Do not store DEF in direct sunlight.
The US has adopted/approved NOx Emissions
DEF fluid is stable when stored and handled properly. Control Area (ECA) regulations. Per ECAs, vessels
The quality of DEF rapidly degrades when stored at that are 2016 and later models, or vessels that are
high temperatures. The ideal storage temperature for modified to 2016 models, are required to meet Tier III
DEF is between −9° C (15.8° F) and 25° C (77° F). NOx standards. These engines may require the use
DEF that is stored above 35° C (95° F) for longer of Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) and other urea
than 1 month must be tested before use. Testing solutions for engines equipped with Selective
should evaluate Urea Percentage, Alkalinity as NH3 Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems.
and Biuret content.
The crystallization temperature of 40 percent urea
The length of storage of DEF is listed in the following solution is 0° C (32° F). If urea solution ambient
table: temperatures are routinely below 5° C (41° F) and
Table 30 supplemental heat is not applied to urea storage,
Storage Temperature Expected DEF Life then 32.5 percent solution should be used and
maintained at a temperature above −10° C (14° F).
Below 25° C (77° F) 18 months Urea solutions should be maintained above the
specified freezing temperature. Consult the urea
25° C (77° F) to 30° C (86° F) 12 months supplier and follow the guidelines provided in this
30° C (86° F) to 35° C (95° F) 6 months
article for handling and recommendations.

Above 35° C (95° F) test quality before use

Refer to “ISO 22241” document series for more

information about DEF quality control.

Note: Dispose of all fluids according to applicable

regulations and mandates.
M0113102-05 81
Maintenance Section
For Use in SCR-equipped engines

Vessels that are traveling internationally and have

on/off NOx controls that allow the vessels to meet
ECA regulations must enable NOx controls prior to
entering the ECA. For US flagged vessels, the SCR
must be activated and deactivated automatically
based on input from the Global Positioning System.
For US flagged vessels, on/off NOx controls are
allowed on engines > 30 liters/cylinder and are not
allowed on engines < 30 liters/cylinder unless
installed on a vessel with propulsion engines >30
liters/cylinder. Otherwise the NOx control systems on
Category 1 and 2 engines must always be on.
Foreign destinations should be reviewed for supply of
ULSD fuel and DEF prior to departure. Exemptions
for ULSD or DEF use due to fluid unavailability per
“40 CFR part 1042.650(a)” by US flagged vessels
operating outside of US waters may be requested
from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
The EPA can be contacted at the following address:
complianceinfo@epa.gov
When used in marine engines, DEF of 32.5 percent
urea concentration must meet all the guidelines and
quality recommendations given in this section.
When used in marine engines, urea solution of 40
percent urea concentration must follow all the DEF
guidelines and quality recommendations given in this
section and must meet the characteristics listed in
Table 31 for 40 percent concentration. The supplier
should provide documentation to prove that the urea
solution is compliant with the characteristics
published in Table 31 .
Refer to your engine Operation and Maintenance
Manual to determine the concentration of urea
solution allowed in your engine.

NOTICE
The engine should use the correct specification of flu-
ids. Failure to use the correct specification of fluids
could affect your warranty.

General Characteristics of DEF

For detailed information on the requirements and
characteristics of DEF, refer “ISO 22241”. For a quick
reference, typical characteristics of DEF are given in
Table 31 .
Table 31
Characteristics for Urea Solutions
Property Unit of measure DEF 32.5 percent Urea Solution 40 percent(1)

Urea content Percent 32.5 percent (2) 40 percent (3)

Alkalinity as NH3 Percent 0.2 0.2

Density at 20° C (68° F) g/L 1.087 - 1.093 (4) 1.108 - 1.114 (5)

Refractive Index at 25° C (77° F) g/L 1.381 - 1.384 (6) 1.394-1.397 (7)

(continued)
82 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
For Use in SCR-equipped engines

(Table 31, contd)

Characteristics for Urea Solutions
Biuret Percent 0.3 max
Aldehydes mg/kg 5 max

Insoluble Matter mg/kg 20 max

Aluminum mg/kg 0.5 max

Calcium mg/kg 0.5 max

Chromium mg/kg 0.2 max

Copper mg/kg 0.2 max

Iron mg/kg 0.5 max

Magnesium mg/kg 0.5 max

Nickel mg/kg 0.2 max

Phosphate (PO4) mg/kg 0.5 max

Potassium mg/kg 0.5 max

Sodium mg/kg 0.5 max

Zinc mg/kg 0.2 max

(1) For use in marine engines only
(2) Acceptable range is 31.8 - 33.2 percent
(3) Acceptable range is 39-41 percent
(4) Target value is 1.090 g/L
(5) Target value is 1.112
(6) Target value is 1.382
(7) Target value is 1.3956
M0113102-05 83
Maintenance Section
Contamination Control

Contamination Control Controlling contamination is especially important for

current machine systems. Current machine systems
such as hydraulic systems and fuel injection systems
i07979128 are designed with close tolerances and operate at
high pressures for enhanced performance. These
Contamination Control design improvements emphasize the importance of
higher performing fluids, enhanced fluid filtration, and
greatly improved fluid cleanliness levels.

Defining Contamination Measuring Cleanliness

Contamination is defined as the presence of Fluid cleanliness can be measured by taking fluid
unwanted foreign substances in fluid systems or fluid samples from various machine compartments. Your
wetted parts. Contamination alters the properties of Perkins distributor can analyze the samples. Particle
fluids, causes damage of fluid systems, and prevents contaminants are typically measured by particle
systems and components from attaining the desired counters. Chemical contaminants can be measured
reliability and durability. Contamination is the primary by specific analysis techniques such as oxidation,
cause of fluid system failures. water, or soot tests. Some chemical contaminants,
such as water in fuel, can interfere with the particle
Contaminants include a wide variety of unwanted counters and can be counted as particles. Refer to
substances including but not limited to the following: your Perkins distributor for more information.
• Foreign and abrasive substances such as wear The number of particles in fluids is expressed in “ISO
particles, fibers, dirt, and dust (International Organization for Standardization)”
ratings. “ISO 4406” Standard, classifies fluid
• Chemical substances such as products of cleanliness by the number and size of particles in 1
combustion that are suspended in the fluids mL of fluid. “ISO 4406” Standard measures particle
size in µm (microns) and reports the resulting count
• Cross contamination of water, coolant, oil, and fuel in three code ranges X, Y & Z. The three code range
defines the size and distribution of particles in 1 mL
• Biological micro-organisms such as algae or fungi of fluid:
• Physical/chemical contaminants such as products • The first code range, X represents the number of
of oxidation and heat particles equal to or larger than 4 µm per milliliter
of fluid.
Some contaminants are generated within the fluid
system due to the normal operation of the system. • The second code range, Y represents the number
Contaminants may be drawn into the system from the
of particles equal to or larger than 6 µm per
outside environment or contaminated fill fluids or
improper maintenance and repair practices. milliliter of fluid.

Particle contaminants are visible to the naked eye if • The third code range, Z represents the number of
the particles are approximately 40 µm (microns) and particles equal to or larger than 14 µm per milliliter
larger while smaller particles are not visible. Particle of fluid.
contaminants can cause damage even if the particles
are not visible to the naked eye. The critical particle An example of an “ISO 4406” particle count is 18/16/
size for wear particles in a modern diesel engine fuel 13. Perkins “ISO” cleanliness recommendations are
expressed as two or three codes, depending on the
system is 4 µm.
engine type. The three code range follows “ISO
Contaminants of all types can be controlled by 4406” definitions and is used for liquid fuels such as
following contamination control practices and using diesel and gasoline. The two code system, example
appropriate filtration. Refer to your Operation and “ISO -/16/13”, is used for certain lubricant systems. In
Maintenance Manual and to your local Perkins the two code system, the first number is the number
distributor dealer for recommendations. of particles equal to or larger than 4 µm per milliliter
of fluid. This number is not required and may be
represented by a dash (-). The second number (Y)
and the third number (Z) follow “ISO 4406”
definitions. Perkins reports the Y and Z codes for
lubricating oils to keep consistency with older data
and reports.
An example of the particle size and distribution of the
“ISO 4406” codes are given in Table 32 .
84 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Contamination Control

Table 32
Number of particles in 1 mL of fluid
ISO 4406 Code
4µm and up 6µm and up 14µm and up
“ISO 18/16/13” 1300 - 2500 320 - 640 40 - 80
“ISO 21/19/17” 10000 - 20000 2500 - 5000 80 - 160

Note: Several factors affect the results of particle Table 33

counts. The factors include the cleanliness of the Perkins Recommended Fluid Cleanliness Targets(1)
equipment used to obtain the sample, sample
techniques, the cleanliness, and type of sample Perkins Recom- Fill oils(2)(3) ISO -/16/13
container, particle counter accuracy (calibration, mended Cleanli-
ness Targets for Dispensed fuels ISO 18/16/13
maintenance, and process), and the environment
where the sample is procured. Samples should be Fluids Dispensed
into Machine or En- Dispensed DEF ISO 18/16/13
taken at representative locations in the fluid
gine Fill tanks
circulation system or the fluid distribution system
when possible. The sample should be protected Hydraulic systems
adequately from contamination during transport to (Implement & ISO -/18/15
the lab for analysis. Perkins Recom- Steering)
mended Machine
In addition, particle counters may count water Roll-off Cleanliness Electronic
ISO -/18/15
droplets and air bubbles as particulate Targets Transmissions
contamination. Mechanical
ISO -/21/17
Transmissions
Note: American Society for Testing and (1) The fluids should meet or exceed the cleanliness requirements
Measurement has developed “ASTM D7619” of the listed ISO levels.
“Standard Test Method for Sizing and Counting (2) For engine oils optical particle counters may not be effective.
Particles in Light and Middle Distillate Fuels, by Instead filter the oil prior to dispensing into the engine tank, use
Automatic Particle Counter”. This test procedure was engine oil filters of 12 micron absolute efficiency and ensure
developed in 2010 to count and measure the size of that the oil temperature is 20° C (68° F) or higher. Refer to the
details given in this section.
dispersed dirt particles, water droplets, and other (3) For transmission, gear, differential and axle oils, additives and
particles in 1-D and 2-D diesel fuels when the the viscosity of the oil may interfere with particle counting. An
specified particle counter is used. “ASTM D7619” is alternative is to use adequate filtration to ensure clean oils prior
also applicable to biodiesel fuels. to filling in the machine compartment.

The “fill” fluids cleanliness target is not a fluid

Cleanliness Standards for Machine “delivery” target. The level of cleanliness for delivered
Systems fluids is not specified by Perkins. Customers can
work with the distributors or carriers to determine the
cleanliness level of delivered fluids. However, a more
Perkins recommends that machine systems be effective and economic means to achieve the fill
maintained at the factory defined fluid cleanliness cleanliness targets is to filter the fluids prior to filling
targets. into machine tanks as compared with specifying
delivery fluid cleanliness level. Follow the guidelines
Perkins has established minimum fluid cleanliness provided in this Contamination Control section.
targets for fuels and fill oils and for machine roll-off.
Fluids filled into the machine or engine fill tanks are Although older technology machines may not be able
recommended to be at the target levels provided in to maintain the recommended cleanliness targets of
Table 33 or cleaner. Cleanliness targets for advanced models, the same contamination control
applicable machine component systems are referred intervention measures such as filtration and
to as “Roll-off”. Roll-off is defined as the cleanliness subsequent service procedures should be used on all
specification of the fluid that is to be obtained before Perkins products.
the machine returns to work after maintenance and
or system invasion repair. When the system fill fluids The viscosity and additives of powertrain oils
and Roll-off are maintained at or cleaner than the including transmission, gear, differential, and axle oils
“ISO” cleanliness targets, contamination-related can interfere with particle counting. An alternative
effects will be reduced. option is to filter the oils using adequate filtration to
ensure clean oils prior to filling in the machine
compartments.
M0113102-05 85
Maintenance Section
Contamination Control

Note: Particle counting of new multi-viscosity engine • Use only coolants that are recommended by
oils may not be effective to assess their cleanliness Perkins for your machine. Follow the
level. Optical particle counters cannot distinguish recommended maintenance procedure for the
between particulate contaminants and additives. cooling system in the Operation and Maintenance
Instead, filter the new engine oils as described below. Manual for your machine.
Additionally do not use optical particle count for the
evaluation of used engine oils because soot levels • Maintain the engine air filters and air intake
render oil too dark for optical particle counters. Soot system to avoid unwanted contaminant
levels in used engine oils should be evaluated by ingression.
suitable fluid analysis service - Oil Analysis.
• Follow contamination control practices for the
When filtering engine oil before dispensing into the shop area, component/machine disassembly
engine tank or when engine oil kidney looping areas, parts, shop tools, test setups, test areas,
filtration is done, follow these recommendations: storage areas, and waste collection areas, Keep
components clean during inspection, assembly,
• Use engine oil filters of 12 microns absolute testing, and filling machines with clean fluids.
efficiency. Perkins Ultra High Efficiency Lube filter Good practices will enhance component life and
is recommended. Consult your Perkins distributor reduce downtime associated with contaminants.
for the most current part number. Your Perkins distributor can provide details on
suitable contamination processes and practices.
• Ensure that the temperature of engine oil is 20° C
(68° F) or higher. • Follow contamination control practices for the
workplace and for the worksite. Maintaining clean
Consult your Perkins distributor for information and oil fill fluids saves time and effort and ensures that
solutions to your oil and fuel analysis needs.
fill fluids are at the correct cleanliness levels.
General Contamination Control • Use properly designed and maintained bulk
Recommendations or Practices storage fluids tanks.

Maintaining a low contamination level can reduce • Protect the fluids storage tanks from dirt and water
down time and can control the maintenance cost of entry by using 4 µm or less absolute efficiency
the machine. The productive life, the reliability of breathers with the ability to remove water.
components, and fluid systems is often increased as
a result of proper contamination control practices. • Keep the areas around the tanks filler necks clean
of debris and water.
The following are general guidelines for controlling
contaminants. • Drain the storage tanks from water and sediments
frequently. The draining schedule depends on use
• Refer to the Recommendations for Fuel Systems of proper inlet and outlet filters, the use of 4 µm
in this manual for recommended fuel cleanliness breathers with the ability to remove water, and
levels and guidelines. following recommended contamination control
practices. Based on the contamination control
• Refer to the machine Operation and Maintenance program followed, and/or on the fuel supplier
Manual for the required maintenance for all recommendations, the storage tank draining
machine compartments. schedule may be as frequent as daily until no
water is present, and then can be extended to
• When you add oil to a machine, use adequate longer periods.
filtration to clean the oil to meet the targets
provided in Table 33 . • Install and maintain a properly designed and
grounded filtration system. Filtration should
• Perform scheduled fluid sampling - oil analysis for include at the entry and at the dispensing point.
contamination to maintain the recommended ISO Continuous bulk filtration may be required to
cleanliness level of fill and machine fluids. Refer to ensure that dispensed oils meet the cleanliness
fluid sampling - Oil Analysis section in this manual. target.
The particle count analysis can be performed by
your Perkins distributor. Particle count can be
conducted during the scheduled fluid sampling -
Oil Analysis for the compartment. Extra oil
samples are not required for the particle count
sampling.
86 M0113102-05
Maintenance Section
Contamination Control

• Cover, protect, and ensure cleanliness of all • Ensure that you use Perkins Advanced Efficiency
connection hoses, fittings, and dispensing Fuel Filters. Change your fuel filters per
nozzles. recommended service requirements or as needed.

• Drain your water separators daily per the

Contamination Control Operation and Maintenance Manual of your
Recommendations for Fuels machine.
Fuels of “ISO 18/16/13” cleanliness level or cleaner • Drain your fuel tanks of sediment and water per
as dispensed into the engine or machine fuel tank the Operation and Maintenance Manual of your
should be used. Reduce power loss, failures, and machine or sooner as fuel condition indicates.
related down time of engines will result. This
cleanliness level is important for new fuel system • Install and maintain a properly designed bulk filter
designs such as Common Rail injection systems and / coalescer filtration system. Continuous bulk
unit injection systems. Injection system designs filtration systems may be required to ensure that
utilize higher fuel pressures and tight clearances dispensed fuel meets the cleanliness target.
between moving parts to meet required stringent
emissions regulations. Peak injection pressures in Consult your Perkins distributor for availability of
current fuel injection systems may exceed 200 MPa bulk filtration products.
(29000 psi). Clearances in these systems are less
than 5 µm. As a result, particle contaminants as small • Centrifugal filters may need to be used as a pre-
as 4 µm can cause scoring and scratching of internal filter with fuel that is severely contaminated with
pump and injector surfaces and of injector nozzles. gross amounts of water and/or large particulate
contaminants. Centrifugal filters can effectively
Water in the fuel causes cavitation, corrosion of fuel remove large contaminants, but may not be able
system parts, and provides an environment where to remove the small abrasive particles required to
microbial growth in the fuel can flourish. Other achieve the recommended “ISO” cleanliness level.
sources of fuel contamination are soaps, gels, or Bulk filter / coalescers are necessary as a final
other compounds that may result from undesirable filter to achieve the recommended cleanliness
chemical interactions in the fuels, particularly in Ultra level.
Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD). Gels and other
compounds can also form in biodiesel fuel at low • Install desiccant type breathers of 4 µm or less
temperatures or if biodiesel is stored for extended absolute efficiency with the ability to remove water
periods. The best indication of microbial on bulk storage tanks.
contamination, fuel additives, or cold temperature gel
is rapid filter plugging of bulk fuel filters or machine • Follow proper practices of fuel transportation.
fuel filters. Filtration from the storage tank to the machine
To reduce downtime due to contamination, follow promotes the delivery of clean fuel to machine
these fuel maintenance guidelines. Also, follow the tank. Fuel filtration can be installed at each
General Contamination Control Recommendations or transport stage to keep the fuel clean.
Practices given above in this section:
• Cover, protect, and ensure cleanliness of all
• Use high-quality fuels per recommended and connection hoses, fittings, and dispensing
required specifications (refer to the Distillate nozzles.
Diesel Fuel section in this Perkins Diesel Engines
Fluids Recommendations)
NOTICE
• Fill machine fuel tanks with fuels of “ISO 18/16/13” To meet expected fuel system component life, 4 mi-
cron(c) absolute or less secondary fuel filtration is re-
cleanliness level or cleaner, in particular for quired for all Perkins diesel engines that are
engines with common rail and unit injection equipped with common-rail fuel systems. Also, 4 mi-
systems. When you refuel the machine, filter the cron(c) absolute or less secondary fuel filtration is re-
fuel through a 4 µm absolute filter (Beta 4 = 75 up quired for all Perkins diesel engines that are
to 200) to reach the recommended cleanliness equipped with unit injected fuel systems. For all other
level. This filtration should be on the device that Perkins diesel engines (mostly older engines with
dispenses the fuel to the engine or machine fuel pump, line and nozzle type fuel systems), the use of
tank. In addition, filtration at the dispensing point 4 micron (c) absolute or less secondary fuel filtration
should remove water to ensure that fuel is is strongly recommended.
dispensed at 500 ppm water or less.

• Perkins recommends the use of bulk fuel filter / Note: All current Perkins diesel engines are factory
coalescer units which clean the fuel of both equipped with Perkins Advanced Efficiency 4 micron
particulate contamination and water in a single (c) absolute fuel filters.
pass.
M0113102-05 87
Maintenance Section
Contamination Control

Consult your local Perkins distributor for additional

information on Perkins designed and produced
filtration products.
88 M0113102-05
Reference Information Section
Reference Materials

Reference Information • “ASTM D97 Standard Test Method for Pour Point
of Petroleum Products”
Section • “ASTM D129 Standard Test Method for Sulfur in
Petroleum Products (General High-Pressure
Decomposition Device Method)”
Reference Materials
• “ASTM D130 Standard Test Method for
i08132108 Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum
Products by Copper Strip Test”
Reference Material • “ASTM D287 Standard Test Method for API
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Petroleum
Products (Hydrometer Method)”
Note: The information that is contained in the listed
publications is subject to change without notice. • “ASTM D445 Standard Test Method for Kinematic
Consult your local Perkins distributor for the most Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and
current recommendations. Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)”

Note: Refer to this Perkins Diesel Engines Fluids • “ASTM D473 Standard Test Method for Sediment
Recommendations, the respective product data in Crude Oils and Fuel Oils by the Extraction
sheet, and to the appropriate Operation and Method”
Maintenance Manual for product application
recommendations. • “ASTM D482 Standard Test Method for Ash from
Petroleum Products”
Lubricant • “ASTM D524 Standard Test Method for
Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum
• “ASTM D2896 Standard Test Method for Base Products”
Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric
Perchloric Acid Titration” • “ASTM D613 Standard Test Method for Cetane
Number of Diesel Fuel Oil”
• “ASTM D4485 Standard Specification for
Performance of Active API Service Category • “ASTM D664 Standard Test Method for Acid
Engine Oils” Number of Petroleum Products by Potentiometric
Titration”
• “ASTM D4739 Standard Test Method for Base
Number Determination by Potentiometric • “ASTM D874 Standard Test Method for Sulfated
Hydrochloric Acid Titration” Ash from Lubricating Oils and Additives”
• “ASTM D6681 Standard Test Method for • “ASTM D975 Standard Specification for Diesel
Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single- Fuel Oils” (includes requirements for B5 and lower
Cylinder Diesel Engine—Caterpillar 1P Test biodiesel blends)
Procedure”
• “ASTM D976 Standard Test Method for Calculated
• “ASTM D8047 Standard Test Method for Cetane Index of Distillate Fuels”
Evaluation of Engine Oil Aeration Resistance in a
Caterpillar C13 Direct-Injected Turbocharged • “ASTM D1298 Standard Test Method for Density,
Automotive Diesel Engine” Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude
Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
• “ASTM D8048 Standard Test Method for Hydrometer Method”
Evaluation of Diesel Engine Oils in T-13 Diesel
Engine” • “ASTM D1319 Standard Test Method for
Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products
Fuel by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption”

ASTMs • “ASTM D1655 Standard Specification for Aviation

Turbine Fuels”
• “ASTM D86 Standard Test Method for Distillation
of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure” • “ASTM D1744 Standard Test Method for
Determination of Water in Liquid Petroleum
• “ASTM D93 Standard Test Methods for Flash Products”
Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester”
M0113102-05 89
Reference Information Section
Reference Material

• “ASTM D1796 Standard Test Method for Water • “ASTM D5772 Test Method for Cloud Point of
and Sediment in Fuel Oils by the Centrifuge Petroleum Products (Linear Cooling Rate
Method (Laboratory Procedure)” Method)”

• “ASTM D2274 Standard Test Method for Oxidation • “ASTM D5773 Test Method for Cloud Point of
Stability of Distillate Fuel Oil (Accelerated Petroleum Products (Constant Cooling Rate
Method)” Method)”

• “ASTM D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of • “ASTM D6079 High Frequency Reciprocating Rig
Petroleum Products” (HFRR)”

• “ASTM D2622 Standard Test Method for Sulfur in • “ASTM D6217 Standard Test Method for
Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X- Particulate Contamination in Middle Distillate
ray Fluorescence Spectrometry” Fuels by Laboratory Filtration”

• “ASTM D2624 Test Methods for Electrical • “ASTM D6371 Test Method for Cold Filter
Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels” Plugging Point of Diesel and Heating Fuels”

• “ASTM D2709 Standard Test Method for Water • “ASTM D6468 Standard Test Method for High
and Sediment in Middle Distillate Fuels by Temperature Stability of Middle Distillate Fuels”
Centrifuge”
• “ASTM D6584 Standard Test Method for
• “ASTM D3241 Standard Test Method for Thermal Determination of Total Monoglycerides, Total
Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels” Diglycerides, Total Triglycerides, and Free and
Total Glycerin in B-100 Biodiesel Methyl Esters by
• “ASTM D4052 Standard Test Method for Density, Gas Chromatography”
Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by
Digital Density Meter” • “ASTM D6751 Standard Specification for
Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100) for Middle
• “ASTM D4176 Standard Test Method for Free Distillate Fuels”
Water and Particulate Contamination in Distillate
Fuels (Visual Inspection Procedures)” • “ASTM D7371 Test Method for Determination of
Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in
• “ASTM D4308 Test Method for Electrical Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy
Conductivity of Liquid Hydrocarbons by Precision (FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)””
Meter”
• “ASTM D7467 Standard Specification for Diesel
• “ASTM D4530 Standard Test Method for Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20)”
Determination of Carbon Residue (Micro Method)”
• “ASTM D7501 Standard Test Method for
• “ASTM D4539 Test Method for Filterability of Determination of Fuel Filter Blocking Potential of
Diesel Fuels by Low-Temperature Flow Test Biodiesel (B100) Blend Stock by Cold Soak
(LTFT)” Filtration Test (CSFT)”
• “ASTM D4951 Standard Test Method for • “ASTM D7619 Standard Test Method for Sizing
Determination of Additive Elements in Lubricating and Counting Particles in Light and Middle
Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Distillate Fuels, by Automatic Particle Counter1, 2”
Emission Spectrometry”
• “ASTM D7688 Standard Test Method for
• “ASTM D5453 Standard Test Method for Evaluating Lubricity of Diesel Fuels by the High-
Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) by Visual
Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Observation”
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet
Fluorescence” • “ASTM D7806 Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
• “ASTM D5761 Standard Practice for (FAME) Content of a Blend of Biodiesel and
Emulsification/Suspension of Multiphase Fluid Petroleum-Based Diesel Fuel Oil Using Mid-
Waste Materials” Infrared Spectroscopy”
• “ASTM D5771 Test Method for Cloud Point of ENs
Petroleum Products (Optical Detection Stepped
Cooling Method)”
90 M0113102-05
Reference Information Section
Reference Material

• “EN 590 Automotive fuels - Diesel - Requirements • “CEN/TS 15940 Automotive Fuels - Paraffinic
and test methods” (includes requirements for B5 Diesel Fuel From Synthesis Or Hydrotreatment -
and lower biodiesel blends) Requirements and Test Methods”

• “BS EN ISO 10370 Petroleum products. ISOs

Determination of carbon residue. Micro method.”
• “ISO 2160 Petroleum products — Corrosiveness
• “BS EN 12662 Liquid petroleum products. to copper — Copper strip test”
Determination of total contamination in middle
distillates, diesel fuels, and fatty acid methyl • “ISO 2719 Determination of flash point — Pensky-
esters.” Martens closed cup method”

• “EN 14078 Liquid petroleum products - • “ISO 3015 Petroleum and related products from
Determination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) natural or synthetic sources — Determination of
in middle distillates - Infrared spectroscopy cloud point”
method”
• “ISO 3016 Petroleum and Related Products from
• “BS EN 14103 Fat and oil derivatives. Fatty acid Natural or Synthetic Sources — Determination of
methyl esters (FAME). Determination of ester and Pour Point”
linolenic acid methyl ester contents.”
• “ISO 3104 Petroleum products — Transparent and
• “EN 14104 Fat and oil derivatives - Fatty Acid opaque liquids — Determination of kinematic
Methyl Esters (FAME) - Determination of Acid viscosity and calculation of dynamic viscosity”
Value”
• “ISO 3405 Petroleum and related products from
• “BS EN 14105 Fat and oil derivatives. Fatty acid natural or synthetic sources — Determination of
methyl esters (FAME). Determination of free and distillation characteristics at atmospheric
total glycerol and mono-, di-, triglyceride contents.” pressure”

• “BS EN 14107 Fat and oil derivatives. Fatty acid • “ISO 3675 Crude petroleum and liquid petroleum
methyl esters (FAME). Determination of products — Laboratory determination of density —
phosphorous content by inductively coupled Hydrometer method”
plasma (ICP) emission spectrometry.”
• “ISO 3679 Determination of flash no-flash and
• “BS EN 14110 Fat and oil derivatives. Fatty Acid flash point — Rapid equilibrium closed cup
Methyl Esters. Determination of methanol method”
content.”
• “ISO 3734 Petroleum products — Determination of
• “BS EN 14112 Fat and oil derivatives. Fatty Acid water and sediment in residual fuel oils —
Methyl Esters (FAME). Determination of oxidation Centrifuge method”
stability (accelerated oxidation test).”
• “ISO 3924 Petroleum products — Determination of
• “BS EN 14214 Automotive fuels - Fatty acid boiling range distribution — Gas chromatography
methyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines - method”
Requirements and test methods”
• “ISO 3987 Petroleum products — Determination of
• “BS EN 14538 Fat and oil derivatives. Fatty acid sulfated ash in lubricating oils and additives”
methyl ester (FAME). Determination of Ca, K, Mg,
and Na content by optical emission spectral • “ISO 4264 Petroleum products — Calculation of
analysis with inductively coupled plasma (ICP cetane index of middle-distillate fuels by the four
OES).” variable equation”

• “BS EN 15751 Automotive fuels. Fatty acid methyl • “ISO 4406 Hydraulic fluid power — Fluids —
ester (FAME) fuel and blends with diesel fuel. Method for coding the level of contamination by
Determination of oxidation stability by accelerated solid particles”
oxidation method.” • “ISO 5165 Petroleum products — Determination of
• “BS EN 16709 Automotive fuels. High FAME the ignition quality of diesel fuels — Cetane engine
diesel fuel (B20 and B30). Requirements and test method”
methods.” • “ISO 5186 Oxygen/fuel gas blowpipes (cutting
machine type) with cylindrical barrels — General
specifications and test methods”
M0113102-05 91
Reference Information Section
Reference Material

• “ISO 6245 Petroleum products — Determination of • “ASTM D5752 Standard Specification for
ash” Supplemental Coolant Additives (SCAs) for Use in
Precharging Coolants for Heavy-Duty Engines1,
• “ISO 12156 Diesel fuel — Assessment of lubricity 2”
using the high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR)
— Part 1: Test method” • “ASTM D5828 - 97 Standard Test Method for
Compatibility of Supplemental Coolant Additives
• “ISO 12185 Crude petroleum and petroleum (SCAs) and Engine Coolant Concentrates”
products — Determination of density — Oscillating
U-tube method” • “ASTM D6210 Standard Specification for Fully
Formulated Glycol Base Engine Coolant for
• “ISO 12205 Petroleum products — Determination Heavy-Duty Engines1, 2”
of the oxidation stability of middle-distillate fuels”
• “ASTM D7619 Standard Test Method for Sizing
• “ISO 12937 Petroleum products — Determination and Counting Particles in Light and Middle
of water — Coulometric Karl Fischer titration Distillate Fuels, by Automatic Particle Counter1, 2”
method”

• “ISO 20846 Petroleum products — Determination Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF)

of sulfur content of automotive fuels — Ultraviolet
fluorescence method” • “ISO 22241 Diesel engines — NOx reduction
agent AUS 32 — Part 1: Quality requirements”
• “ISO 20884 Petroleum products — Determination
of sulfur content of automotive fuels — Additional Reference Material
Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence
spectrometry” SAE J183, “Classification” This document can
normally be found in the SAE handbook.
MIL
SAE J313, “Diesel Fuels” This document can be
• “MIL-DTL-83133 Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Kerosene found in the SAE handbook. Also, this publication
Type, JP-8 (NATO F-34), NATO F-35, and JP-8 can be obtained from your local technological society,
+100 (NATO F-37)” from your local library, or from your local college.

• “MIL-DTL-5624 Military Specification: Turbine SAE J754, “Nomenclature” This document can
normally be found in the SAE handbook.
Fuel, Aviation, Grades JP-4, and JP-5”
Engine Manufacturers Association, “Engine Fluids
• “MIL PRF 38219 : C Turbine Fuel, Low Volatility, Data Book”
JP-7”
Engine Manufacturers Association
Miscellaneous Two North LaSalle Street, Suite 2200
• “Facts You Should Know About Renewable Fuels, Chicago, Illinois USA 60602
EMA (Engine Manufacturer Association)” http://www.truckandenginemanufacturers.org/
articles
• “EMA Technical Position on Use of Biodiesel For information on the American Petroleum Institute
Position Statement, EMA (Engine Manufacturer (API) engine oil categories, contact the API at:
Association)”
1220 L Street, NW
http://www.truckandenginemanufacturers.org/ Washington, DC USA 20005-4070
articles http://www.api.org

Coolant
• “ASTM D1193 Standard Specification for Reagent
Water”
• “ASTM D3306 Standard Specification for Glycol
Base Engine Coolant for Automobile and Light-
Duty Service”
• “ASTM D4985 Standard Specification for Low
Silicate Ethylene Glycol Base Engine Coolant for
Heavy-Duty Engines Requiring a Pre-Charge of
Supplemental Coolant Additive (SCA)”
92 M0113102-05
Index Section

Index
A Procedure for Cleaning an Oil Contaminated
Cooling System.......................................... 74
Aftermarket Oil Additives................................. 18
Recycling Perkins Heavy-Duty Coolant/
Antifreeze................................................... 75
B Contamination Control .................................... 83
Biodiesel .......................................................... 48 Cleanliness Standards for Machine
Biodiesel Fuel Stability ................................ 52 Systems ..................................................... 84
Biodiesel Fuel Storage ................................ 53 Contamination Control Recommendations for
Biodiesel Specification................................. 57 Fuels .......................................................... 86
Impact of Biodiesel on Engine Oil................ 52 Defining Contamination ............................... 83
Pyrolysis Fuels............................................. 59 General Contamination Control
Recommendations for the Use of Biodiesel in Recommendations or Practices................. 85
Perkins Nonroad Engines ......................... 49 Measuring Cleanliness ................................ 83
Seasonal Operation..................................... 57 Coolant Analysis.............................................. 76
Use of Biodiesel fuel in Engines with Coolant Analysis (Level 1)........................... 76
Aftertreatment Emissions Control Coolant Analysis (Level 2)........................... 76
Systems ..................................................... 52 New Systems, Refilled Systems, and
Converted Systems ................................... 76
Recommended Interval for Coolant
C
Analysis...................................................... 76
Characteristics of Diesel Fuel ......................... 30 Coolant Recommendations (General
Cetane Number ........................................... 30 Maintenance)................................................. 63
Cloud Point .................................................. 30 Cooling System Specifications........................ 60
Gums and Resins ........................................ 37
Lubricity and Low Sulfur Diesel (LSD) and D
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) Fuel ......... 32
Moisture Content ......................................... 36 Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) (For Use in
Pour Point .................................................... 31 SCR-equipped engines) ................................ 78
Specific Gravity / API Gravity ...................... 36 DEF Guidelines............................................ 78
The Thermal Stability and Oxidation Stability DEF Recommendations for SCR
of Fuel ........................................................ 37 Aftertreatment Systems ............................. 78
Viscosity....................................................... 30 General Information..................................... 78
Cold Weather Lubricants................................. 18 Distillate Diesel Fuel........................................ 38
Engine.......................................................... 18 Aftermarket Fuel Additives .......................... 44
Warmup Procedures for Engines that are Diesel Fuel Conditioner ............................... 45
used in Cold Weather (Generic) ................ 19 Diesel Fuels for Marine Engines.................. 43
Commercial Heavy-Duty Coolant/ Fuels For Cold-Weather Applications.......... 44
Antifreeze and SCA (Supplemental Heavy Fuel Oil, Residual Fuel, Blended
Coolant Additive) ........................................... 71 Fuel ............................................................ 44
Adding SCA to Commercial Heavy-Duty Perkins Diesel Fuel System Cleaner .......... 45
Coolant (“ASTM D4985”and “ASTM D6210”) Perkins Fuel Analysis ................................. 42
for Maintenance ......................................... 73 Renewable, Synthetic, and Biodiesel Liquid
Adding SCA to Heavy-Duty Coolant (“ASTM Fuels for Use in Diesel Engines................. 46
D4985”) at the Initial Fill ............................. 73
Cleaning the System of Heavy-Duty Coolant/ E
Antifreeze................................................... 74
Engine Oil .......................................................... 6
Commercial Heavy-Duty Antifreeze/
Commercial Engine Oil Recommendations .. 9
Coolant (“ASTM D4985”and “ASTM
Perkins Diesel Engine Oils ........................... 6
D6210”) and SCA ..................................... 73
M0113102-05 93
Index Section

Perkins Diesel Engine Oils I

Recommendations....................................... 7
Important Safety Information............................. 2
Recommendation for US EPA Tier 4 / EU
Stage IIIb/IV Certified Nonroad Engines ... 10
Severe applications ..................................... 14 L
The Current American Petroleum Institute Lubricant Information ........................................ 5
(API) Oil Categories ....................................11 Lubricant Specifications .................................... 5
Total Base Number (TBN) and Fuel Sulfur Lubricant Viscosities ....................................... 15
Levels for Direct Injection (DI) Diesel Lubricant Viscosity Recommendations for
Engines ...................................................... 13 Direct Injection (DI) and Precombustion
Exhaust Aftertreatment Fluids Chamber (PC) engines .............................. 16
Specifications ................................................ 78 Selecting the Viscosity................................. 15
Extended Life Coolant ..................................... 66
Commercial Extended Life Coolant............. 67
M
Extended Life Coolant (ELC)....................... 66
Extended Life Coolant Cooling System Maintenance Section......................................... 5
Maintenance .................................................. 68
Changing to Perkins ELC ........................... 68 O
Correct Additions to the Extended Life
Coolant (ELC) ............................................ 68 Oil Analysis...................................................... 20
ELC Cooling System Cleaning .................... 68 Determining Optimum Oil Change
ELC Cooling System Contamination ........... 69 Intervals ..................................................... 23
Recycling Perkins ELC ............................... 68 Perkins Oil Analysis ..................................... 20
Extended Life Inhibitor (ELI)............................ 70
Changing to Perkins ELI ............................. 71 R
Mixing Perkins ELI ...................................... 71 Re-refined Basestock Oils............................... 17
Mixing Perkins ELI and Perkins ELC.......... 71 Reference Information Section ....................... 88
Perkins ELI Maintenance............................ 71 Reference Material .......................................... 88
Additional Reference Material ..................... 91
F Coolant ........................................................ 91
Foreword ........................................................... 4 Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) ......................... 91
Fluids/Filters Recommendation..................... 4 Fuel .............................................................. 88
Fuel Information for Diesel Engines ................ 28 Lubricant ...................................................... 88
Starting Aids ................................................ 29 Reference Materials ........................................ 88
Fuel Recommendations .................................. 37
Aviation Kerosene Fuels.............................. 38 S
Fuel Specifications .......................................... 24 Synthetic Basestock Oils................................. 17

G T
General Coolant Information ........................... 60 Table of Contents .............................................. 3
Additives ...................................................... 61
Coolant Terminology.................................... 62
Glycol ........................................................... 62 W
Water ........................................................... 61 Water/SCA (Supplemental Coolant
General Fuel Information ................................ 24 Additive)......................................................... 75
Diesel Fuel and Injector Health ................ 25 Adding the SCA to Water at the Initial Fill.... 75
General Recommendations and Adding the SCA to Water for Maintenance.. 75
Contamination Control Guidelines for
Fuels .......................................................... 25
Product and Dealer Information
Note: For product identification plate locations, see the section “Product Identification Information” in the Operation
and Maintenance Manual.

Delivery Date:

Product Information
Model:

Product Identification Number:

Engine Serial Number:

Transmission Serial Number:

Generator Serial Number:

Attachment Serial Numbers:

Attachment Information:

Customer Equipment Number:

Dealer Equipment Number:

Dealer Information
Name: Branch:

Address:

Dealer Contact Phone Number Hours

Sales:

Parts:

Service:
M0113102
©2023 Perkins Engines Company Limited
All Rights Reserved

96 August 2023