EFFECT OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF MORINGA OLIFERA LEAVE ON KIDNEY FUNCTION OF

SALMONELLA TYPHI EFFECTED ALBINO RAT.

BY

JOSHUA AMOS AGWALE

(2081800008)

RESEARCH PROJECT SUMMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

BIOCHEMISTRY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF LAFIA

NASARAWA, NIGERIA.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.SC. HONS)

DEGREE IN BIOCHEMISTRY

DECEMBER, 2023

DECLARATION

I Joshua Amos Agwale with the matric number: 2081800008, declare the work on this project entitled:
the effect of moringa extra on tyfoied fever coursing by salmonella typhin. Was carried out by me in the
department of biochemistry.
All the information derived from literature Review has been duly acknowledged in the text and I. The list
of references provided. No part of this project report work has been previously presented for another
degree of this or any other institution.

Sign.................................................... …………………………
Joshua Amos Agwale. Date

APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that this research project titled ‘EFFECT OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF MORINGA
OLIFERA LEAVE ON KIDNEY FUNCTION OF SALMONELLA TYPHI EFFECTED ALBINO RAT'was carried out
by Joshua Amos Agwale with matriculation number 2081800008 in the Department of Biochemistry,
Faculty of Science, Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria, under my supervision.

_______________________ ______________________

Mr. Jibril Liman Date

(Supervisors)

_______________________ _______________________

Ass. Prof. Abubakar Mohammad Date

(Head of Department)

_______________________ ______________________

Prof. Mathew Olaleke Aremu Date

(Dean, Faculty of Science)

_______________________ _______________________

Date

External Examiner

DEDICATION

Thi work is dedicated for most to Almighty God who sustain my life during the Study. It’s also
dedicated to my Father Mr Joshua Ajeh Agwale, my Mother Mrs. Elizabeth Joshua and my siblings.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to Acknowledge with gratitude and Appreciation to God Almighty for granting me the
strength and ability to undertake this research project.
My Profound Gratitude goes to my Supervisor Mr. Jibril Liman who took his time to go through this
research work, making necessary corrections and suggestion to make this research work a success.
My Gratitude also goes to my HOD of Biochemistry Dr Abubakar Mohammad,, and also the entire
staffs of the department for the time they took to deliver lectures and their support, both
academically and other wise.
Also want to appreciate my dearest parents my father Joshua Ajeh Agwale, My mother
Mrs. Elizabeth Joshua, My grandfather V.rev. Audu Agwale JP, my uncle Mr. Obadiah odenye

and my lovely siblings Celina, Rabecca, Lydia, Sapheratu, Mather, Gabriel, Henry, Daniel,

Polycarp, Jessica, and Cleaver Who assisted me financially, prayerfully, physically and

emotionally in achieving this work.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Declaration i
approval page ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vi
List of Figures. Ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction and Literature Review 2
1.1 Background of study. 2
1.1.1 Statement of the Problem 4
1.1.2 Justification 4
1.1.3 Aim of the Study 5
1.1.4 Objectives of the Study 5
1.2 Literature Review 6
1.2.1 TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION OF MORINGA 7

1.2.2 Geographical Source of moringa. 7

1.3 Antibacterial properties of Moringa oleifera:. 10

1.3.1 Effect of Moringa extracts on Salmonella typhi:. 12

1.3.2 Immunomodulatory effects of Moringa:. 13

1.3.3 Clinical studies:. 13

1.3.4 Salmonella as pathogen. 14

1.4 Prevalence of typhoid fever. 15

1.4.1 Pathogenicity. 16

1.4.2 Diagnosis and detection of typhoid fever. 16

1.4.3 Treatment. 17

1.5.0 The Kidney. 18

1.5.1 General descreption of kidney 18

1.5.2 Histology of kidney. 19

1.5.3 Kidney cells. 22

1.6.0 Hematology. 23

1.6.1 The Blood. 24

1.6.2 Components of the Blood. 25

1.6.2.1 Blood plasma 25

1.6.2.3 White Blood Cells 26

1.6.2.4 Platelets. 27

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD. 28

2.1.0 Study Site/Duration of the Research 28

2.1.1 Materials. 28

2.1.2 Drugs and reagent. 28

2.2.0 Sample Collection and Preparation 28

2.2.1 Extraction. 29

2.2.2 Percentage (%) yield of extract 29

2.2.3 Extract dosage. 29

2.2.4 Preparation of standard drug. 30

2.3.0 Experimental Animals. 30

2.3.1 Test bacteria 30

2.3.2 Experimental design. 31

2.3.3 Induction and confirmation of S. typhi infection. 31

2.3.4 In vitro antibiotics sensitivity test. 32

2.4.0 Collection of blood sample. 32

2.4.1 Biochemical analysis. 32

2.4.2 Hematological analysis. 33

2.4.3 Histological analysis. 33

2.4.4 Statistical analysis. 34

3.0 RESULTS. 34

CHAPTER FOUR 38
4.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 38

4.1 DISCUSSIONS 40

4.2 CONCLUSION 42
4.4 RECOMMENDATIONS 42
REFERENCES 44
ABSTRACT

Typhoid fever caused by the bacterial pathogen Salmonella Typhi continues to be a significant global
health concern, particularly in regions with inadequate water and sanitation systems. The increasing
prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains of S. Typhi poses further challenges in the effective
management and treatment of this infectious disease. Hence, there is an urgent need to explore
alternative treatment options.

abstract highlights the potential of utilizing Moringa extract as a novel therapeutic approach for treating
typhoid fever caused by Salmonella Typhi. Moringa, a medicinal plant known for its diverse biological
activities, possesses antimicrobial properties attributed to various bioactive compounds present in its
leaves, seeds, and roots. These compounds have demonstrated efficacy against a range of bacterial
pathogens, including Salmonella species.

The study was conducted to evaluate the anti-Salmonella activity of Moringa extract using laboratory
models. The extract was obtained through standardized methods, and its antimicrobial activity was
determined by performing in vitro assays, such as agar well diffusion and minimal inhibitory
concentration (MIC) testing. The results showed significant inhibition of Salmonella Typhi growth by the
Moringa extract at varying concentrations, with MIC values within a clinically relevant range.

Furthermore, the study investigated the potential mechanisms underlying the antimicrobial activity of
Moringa extract against Salmonella Typhi. It was found that the extract's bioactive compounds exhibited
bactericidal effects by damaging the bacterial cell membrane and interfering with vital cellular
processes.

Additionally, the safety and tolerability of Moringa extract were assessed through in vivo experiments
using animal models and preliminary clinical trials on human subjects. The extract exhibited minimal
toxicity and adverse effects, thus indicating its potential as a safe treatment option for typhoid fever.