PREVALENCE AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN

OF Enterococcus spp., ON LASU CAMPUS ENVIRONMENT

BY

ADEYEYE, QUADRI ADEWALE

200561028

DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY, OJO, LAGOS

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT

OF THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc., HONS.)

DEGREE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY,

FACULTY OF SCIENCE, LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY, OJO,

LAGOS

SEPTEMBER, 2024
 CERTIFICATION

I certify that this project report titled “PREVALENCE AND ANTIBIOTIC

SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF Enterococcus spp., ON LASU

CAMPUS ENVIRONMENT” is a record of an original review done by ADEYEYE,

QUADRI ADEWALE (Matriculation Number: 200561028) under the supervision, in

the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Lagos State University, Ojo.

______________________ ______________________
PROF. D.D. MORO DATE
SUPERVISOR

______________________ ______________________
DR. ANJORIN A. A. DATE
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

i
 DEDICATION

This project report is dedicated to ALMIGHTY GOD for strength and sustenance

which has helped me to this stage of my academic pursuit, my parents and siblings for

their support towards my academics.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

My immense gratitude goes to God, the creator of the universe, for his unconditional

love, faithfulness, his sustenance and the good health that he bestowed upon my life.

Special gratitude goes to my supervisor, PROF. D. D MORO, for being a role model

to me and for his kind support, corrections, input and interest in raising young leaders,

from which I have immensely benefited.

Most importantly I appreciate my parents Mr. and Mrs. Adeyeye and my siblings, for

incessantly being supportive spiritually, financially and morally.

To all the lecturers in my department, I say a very big thank you for impacting so

much knowledge; no amount paid can reward your efforts.

To my amiable friends and colleagues in the department, I say a very big thank you

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

CERTIFICATION i

DEDICATION ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv-v

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIGURES vii

ABSTRACT viii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY …...………………………………………. 1-3

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW …………………………………………………4-29

1.2.1 Nomenclature of Enterococci ……………………………………… 4-5

1.2.2 Enterococcal Infections in Animals and Humans …………………. 6-9

1.2.3 Mode of Transmission ……………………………………………… 9

1.2.4 Epidemiology of Enterococcus species …………………………….. 10-11

1.2.5 Virulence Genes/Factors Associated with Enterococci …………….. 11-16

1.2.6 Pathogenesis of Enterococci ………………………………………… 16-18

1.2.7 Treatment of Enterococcal Infection ………………………………… 18-21

1.2.8 Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococci …………………………….. 22-29

1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM ……………………………………………... 30

1,4 JUSTIFICATIONS OF STUDY ……………………………………………. 30

1.5 AIM OF RESEARCH STUDY ……………………………………………… 30

1.6 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH STUDY …………………. 30

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUTDY ……………………………………………… 31

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CHAPTER TWO: MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 MEDIA AND REAGENTS …………………………………………………. 32

2.2 METHODS ………………………………………………………………….. 32-33

2.2.1 Study Design …………………………………………………………… 32

2.2.2 Sample Collection and Processing ……………………………………... 32

2.2.3 Aseptic Techniques …………………………………………………… 32-33

2.3 MEDIA PREPARATION …………………………………………………… 33

2.3.1 Isolation and Identification of Enterococci ……………………………. 33

2.4 BIOCHEMICAL TESTS ……………………………………………………. 34

2.4.1 Analytical Profile Index (API) ………………………………………… 34

2.4.2 The Test Kits …………………………………………………………… 34-35

2.4.3 Methods ………………………………………………………………… 35-36

2.5 GRAM STAINING …………………………………………………………... 36-37

2.6 ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING .…………………………. 37- 38

2.6.1 Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) detection …………………. 38

CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS

3.1 CHARACTERIZATION AND IDENTIFICATION ………………………….. 39-46

3.2 DISCUSSION ………………………………………………………………….. 47-54

CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION

4.1 RECOMMENDATION ………………………………………………………… 55-56

REFERENCE …………………………………………………………………… 57-72

APPENDIX ……………………………………………………………………… 73-76

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Colonial morphology and gram staining of the presumed bacterial isolates … 41

Table 3.2: Biochemical characteristics of the confirmed bacterial isolates using API 20E test

kit. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 42

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 3.1: Percentage (%) occurrence of confirmed bacterial isolates ……………….. 43

FIGURE 3.2: Percentage (%) of antibiotic susceptibility in bacterial isolates …………… 44

FIGURE 3.3: Growth on Bile-Esculin agar ………………………………………………. 45

FIGURE 3.4: Antibiotic susceptibility test on Enterococcus fecalis …………………….. 46

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 ABSTRACT

This study investigates the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Enterococcus

spp. within the Lagos State University (LASU) campus environment. Enterococcus spp.,

often associated with nosocomial infections, has emerged as a significant concern due to its

ability to acquire antibiotic resistance. The research aimed to determine the distribution of

Enterococcus spp. in various environmental settings on the campus and assess their

susceptibility to a range of antibiotics commonly used in clinical practice. Environmental

sample (water) was systematically collected and analyzed for the presence of Enterococcus

spp. using selective culture techniques and biochemical identification methods (API 20E

test). To evaluate antibiotic susceptibility, isolated strains were tested against a panel of

antibiotics, including vancomycin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and others. The susceptibility

patterns were determined using standard disk diffusion methods and interpreted according to

established guidelines. The results revealed a variable prevalence of Enterococcus fecalis

(36%), Enterococcus faecium (14%), Streptococcus agalactiae (29%), Staphylococcus

aureus (21%). across different environmental sites, with some areas exhibiting higher

concentrations. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed diverse resistance profiles, with

notable resistance to commonly used antibiotics. These findings highlight the need for

ongoing surveillance and the implementation of effective infection control measures to

mitigate the spread of resistant Enterococcus spp. on campus. This study provides valuable

insights into the environmental prevalence and resistance patterns of Enterococcus spp. in a

university setting, underscoring the importance of monitoring antimicrobial resistance in non-

clinical environments to better inform public health strategies and preventive measures.

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