CHAPTER I

Introduction

Floods are climatological phenomena influenced by the

geology, geomorphology, relief, soil, and vegetation condition
(EU 2004). It is also one of the major natural hazards that can
bring great property damage to the nation. Flooding may occur as
an overflow of water from different bodies of water such as a
river, lake, or ocean, in which the water overtops or breaks
levees, resulting in some of that water escaping its usual
boundaries, or it may occur due to an accumulation of rainwater
on saturated ground in an area flood (WHITE, 1975). It can result
economic losses to homes and personal property, to crops,
business facilities and stock, utilities and transportation are
major manifestation of flood losses. (NSF 1980)

Floods are not always caused by heavy rainfall. They can

result from other phenomena, particularly in coastal areas where
inundation can be caused by a storm surge associated with a
tropical cyclone, a tsunami or a high tide coinciding with higher
than normal river levels (Geoscience Australia). In the case of
river flooding, extreme climate conditions lead to important
concentration of rainwater that flows over the landscape and
concentrate in the river channels. The concentration of water in
riverbeds leads to the overflow of rivers that spread over the
floodplain inundating areas that are not generally occupied by
water.

Floods really bring a major problem throughout the world. It

is viewed as the most destructive of all naturally triggered
disasters. This is indicated by reported flood losses that exceed
one third of the estimated total cost associated with all
disaster events triggered by natural hazards. Additionally, flood
events account for two thirds of the global population affected
by all naturally triggered disaster events (UNDP, 2004).

According to Wikipedia Encyclopedia, the primary effects

of flooding include loss of life, damage to buildings and other
structures, including bridges, sewerage systems, roadways, and
canals. It also damage homes and businesses if they are in the
natural flood plains of rivers. Floods also frequently damage
power transmission and sometimes power generation, which then has
knock-on effects caused by the loss of power. This includes loss
of drinking water treatment and water supply, which may result in
loss of drinking water or severe water contamination. It may also
cause the loss of sewage disposal facilities. Lack of clean water
combined with human sewage in the flood waters raises the risk of
waterborne diseases, which can include typhoid, giardia,
cryptosporidium, cholera and many other diseases depending upon
the location of the flood. Damage to roads and transport
infrastructure may make it difficult to mobilize aid to those
affected or to provide emergency health treatment. Flood waters
typically inundate farm land, making the land unworkable and
preventing crops from being planted or harvested, which can lead
to shortages of food both for humans and farm animals. Entire
harvests for a country can be lost in extreme flood
circumstances. Some tree species may not survive prolonged
flooding of their root systems. Economic hardship due to a
temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding costs, or food shortages
leading to price increases is a common after-effect of severe
flooding.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A number of studies and related literature about this study were
analyzed and evaluated by the researchers for the basis of
comparison in this study. The following literature review also
serve as the background of the study. The following related
literature and studies contributed to the context of this study.
In addition, previous research is also discussed below.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Flood occurrences are increasing in many regions of the

world (Drogue et al., 2004). Land immediately surrounding South
African rivers is often perceived to be ideal for agricultural,
industrial and residential development as it is typically flat
and fertile with a close water supply (Twigg, 2004). It is
estimated that more than 100 000 people in South Africa reside
beside rivers below the water-level reached during the river’s
previous flooding event, the majority of whom live in unplanned
settlements. The frequency of flooding within the Western Cape
and KwaZulu Natal provinces highlights the exposure of these
populations to recurrent flood events. Within these areas a
maximum of 28 and 36 flood events repectively have been recorded
from 1800 – 1995 (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry,
2006). Events such as these have resulted in costly losses for
the Western Cape specifically with damage costs related to
flooding exceeding R2102 million in 2003 (DiMP, 2003) and R602
million in 2006 (Department of Local Government and Housing
Western Cape Province, 2006).

In this context, many areas within the Western Cape have

experienced more than one of the severe flood events over the
past four years. As a result, large investments have been made
from personal to governmental levels to repair and re-repair
flooding damage (DiMP, 2005). Such strategies, of covering flood
losses and restoring flood victims to their previous state of
being, are clearly unsustainable (du Plessis, 2002). This is
particularly apparent in situations where there is evidence of
poor infrastructural development planning and investment.
However, inadequately planned infrastructure is not the only
factor that increases losses associated with flooding events.
Post-flooding assessments in the Western Cape (DiMP 2003, 2005)
have revealed that flood risk is also significantly exacerbated
by the lack of co-ordinated river management and poor
communication between relevant institutions.

Enabling legal and policy processes to strengthen flood risk

management within the Western Cape as well as other South African
provinces does exist; they are, however, unfortunately, poorly
integrated. For instance, the National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998)
requires the formation of Catchment Management Agencies (CMA),
composed of catchment stakeholder representatives and relevant
government officials. Similarly, the National Disaster Management
Framework requires that “all national, provincial and municipal
organs of state must, according to their functional area of
jurisdiction” prioritise the protection of, among others,
“communities in areas exposed to extreme weather or other natural
and technological hazards”. (National Disaster Management
Framework, Section 3.2.4). Despite this, the CMAs do not consider
flood risk management as part of their mandate. Until now, this
has discouraged the integration of flood risk management with
sustainable catchment management planning
LOCAL LITERATURE

Floods are really one of the most devastating natural

disasters. After the flood events brought about by typhoons
Ondoy and Pepeng in September and October 2009, respectively,
that caused severe damage in Metro Manila and surrounding areas,
the World Bank has provided a technical grant in the amount of
$1.5 million under the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and
Recovery Trust Fund of the Australian Agency for International
Development (AusAID). A flood risk assessment study for the
entire Metro Manila and surrounding basin area was undertaken
from February 2011 to February 2012, to prepare a comprehensive
flood risk management plan for the same and to determine a set of
priority structural measures, which will still undergo individual
feasibility studies and detailed design prior to implementation,
including nonstructural measures that will provide sustainable
flood management up to a designated safety level and serve as the
roadmap/vision of the government until 2035 (23 years from now).
The study area covers the entire Metro Manila and the surrounding
areas, particularly, provinces of Rizal, Laguna, and parts of
Bulacan, with a total area of 4,354 sq. km or 435,400 hectares,
which is seven times the size of Metro Manila and two-thirds that
of Singapore. It also encompasses the Pasig-Marikina River Basin,
Malabon-Tullahan, Meycauayan, South Parañaque-Las Piñas, and the
Laguna Lake Basins, including drainage basins. Administration
Areas in and around the study area include 16 cities and one
municipality in the National Capital Region (NCR), 63
cities/municipalities in the CALABARZON area and eight
cities/municipalities in Bulacan with a population of 20,433,722
in and around the Study Area and estimated population of
17,147,658 in the study area.
 Guiding principles for master plan development: Adopt the
principles of integrated water resources management and river
basin approach. Develop a safe society with resiliency to floods
through: Structural measures for the river basins and waterways
Structural measures for the Laguna lakeshore, and Improvement of
the urban drainage system, Improvement of the Flood Information
and Warning System (FIWS), Establish an integrated and consistent
flood risk management (FRM) institutional system, Strengthen
community-based flood risk management—land use and solid waste,
Utilization of runoff waters as water resources, etc.
Reforestation and watershed management

Three major flooding occurrences: Huge volume of water

coming from Sierra Madre. Drainage capacity constraints in core
area of Metro Manila. Low-lying communities around Manila Bay and
Laguna Lake. In order to reduce the peak discharge of inflow
equivalent to 3,600 m3/s under a 100-year return period from
flowing downstream, a dam is proposed to be constructed in the
upstream portion of Upper-Upper Marikina River in Rodriguez,
Rizal (Montalban) so that only 900 m3/s discharge of outflow will
go down. To further reduce the peak discharge of 900 m3/s from
flowing down the Upper-Upper Marikina River, the area between the
Tumana Bridge and the San Mateo Bridge, and the area upstream of
the San Mateo Bridge, with a combined total length of 4.0 km and
maximum width of 1.5 km will be utilized as a natural retarding
basin by constructing small dikes beside natural levees alongside
river area management and flood plain management. In addition to
the above, river improvements such as a combination of dike/river
wall construction and excavation, dredging/excavation only, or
river wall construction only will be carried out at different
locations, as applicable, along the Pasig and Marikina Rivers and
adjacent areas including river area management and flood plain
management when needed, to ensure that the target safety level
for mitigation measures will be achieved. For the other river
basins, except Laguna Lake Basin, river improvements combined
with river area management and flood plain management were
recommended to ensure that the target safety level for mitigation
measures for each will be achieved. An estimated 1.6 million
people will directly benefit from the mitigating structural
measures for the Pasig-Marikina River Basin and adjacent areas
and around P43 billion will be saved from direct damages due to
floods.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

RESEARCH PARADIGM

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Terms used in this study were defined operationally and

technically to enable the reader to fully understand the study.

Contingency plan – program that will help reduce material damage

and consequent business interruption in a flood event. These

plans define the response measures at various stages of the

potential flooding event as well issues such as response team

composition, hierarchy, communication flow, etc.

Flood - it is an overflow of water that submerges land which is

normally dry. Flood is define as a covering by water of land not

normally covered by water in the sense of "flowing water".

Impact - Measure of the tangible and intangible effects

(consequences) of one thing's or entity's action

or influence upon another. A high force or shock, over a short

time period.

Mitigation - is the effort to reduce loss of life and property by

lessening the impact of disasters. The elimination or reduction

of the frequency, magnitude, or severity of exposure to risks, or

minimization of the potential impact of a threat or warning.

Statement of the Problem

This study generally aims to determine the awareness of the

flood prone and affected cities and municipalities in Nueva Ecija

on the flood related programs implemented by the provincial

government of Nueva Ecija.

 Specifically, this study sought to answer the following

questions:

1. How may the profile of the respondents be described in terms

of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Gender;

1.3 Civil Status;

1.4 Livelihood Patterns of the respondents as to:

1.4.1 Sources of income

1.4.2 Annual family income; and

1.4.3 Area of residency?

2. How may the respondents’ knowledge on flood related programs

be described in terms of flood hazard information as to:

2.1 Major Flood that affect the municipality;

2.2 Sources of water which cause flooding;

2.3 Percentage of affected area; and

2.4 Characteristics of the affected area as to:

2.4.1 Predominant Ownership Type

2.4.2 Predominant Land Use

2.4.3 Predominant Structural Type

2.4.4 Critical facilities or historic structure

affected?
 3. What is the level of awareness of the respondents in the

municipalities in terms of:

3.1 Land Use Planning and potential for flood mitigation;

3.2 Flood Mitigation Capabilities; and

3.3 Emergency Response?

4. What are the agencies where the municipality received

technical/financial assistance for flood mitigation?

5. What is the level of impact of flood in terms of:

5.1 Agriculture;

5.2 Poultry and livestock;

5.3 Property and Assets;

5.4 Education;

5.5 Water supply;

5.6 Health;

5.7 Sanitation;

5.8 Food; and

5.9 Transportation?

6. Is there a relationship between the respondents’ demographic

profile and their awareness in:

6.1 Land Use Planning and potential for flood mitigation;

6.2 Flood Mitigation Capabilities; and

6.3 Emergency Response.

7. Is there a significant difference between the municipalities

on the impact of flood in terms of:

 5.1 Agriculture;

5.2 Poultry and livestock;

5.3 Property and Assets;

5.4 Education;

5.5 Water supply;

5.6 Health;

5.7 Sanitation;

5.8 Food;

5.9 Transportation.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of the study will serve as a guide and deep

understanding to the following:

Students: that their level of awareness about the effects of

flood will developed in order for them to actively practice their
knowledge.

School: it will provide deeper understanding about the

effectiveness of flood mitigation.

Community: that people may be aware about impacts of flood

especially those who live in flood prone areas.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

 This study is focused on how the mitigation program of 6
Municipality implements to the province of Nueva Ecija including
Cabanatuan City, San Antonio, Zaragoza, Cabio, Aliaga and
Peneranda.

The respondents of this study were the officials of the

PDRRMC on the said Municipality. A survey questionnaire serves as
the main instrument of the study. It is use to clarify vague
answers; and analysis was likewise employed to answer the
specific questions raised in the proposal. This study is
conducted during the second semester of school year 2015-2016.
 Chapter II

Research Methodology

This chapter discusses the method that would be used in

conducting this study. It includes research design, respondent of

the study, locale of the study, material and instrument, data

collection, and data analysis.

Research Design

This study used the descriptive method of research of

research specifically descriptive-comparative. Descriptive

research is the fact-finding with adequate interpretation. The

descriptive method is something more and beyond just data

gathering; the latter is not reflective thinking nor research.

The true meaning of the data collected should be reported from

the point of view of the objectives and the basic assumption of

the project under way. This follows logically after careful

classification of data. Facts obtained may be accurate

expressions of central tendency, or deviation, or of correlation;

but the report is not the research unless discussion of those

data is not carried up to the level of adequate interpretation.

Data must be subjected to the thinking process in terms of

ordered reasoning. (Calderon 2007)

The Respondents

In this study, the respondents were chosen trough simple.

There 27 officials of local government units in selected six

municipalities in Nueva Ecija. The results were computed using

Slovin’s formula with a 5% margin of error.

Table 1
Distribution Of Respondents In Every Municipality

FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

San Antonio 4 14.81%

Cabanatuan City 9 33.33%

Zaragoza 3 11. 11%

Penaranda 4 14.81%

Aliaga 4 14.81%

Cabiao 3 11. 11%

Total 27 100.00%

Table 1 show that the largest number of official came from

the city of Cabanatuan followed by municipality of Penaranda, San

Antonio and Aliaga. Same table also shows that the least number

of respondents of official came from municipality of Cabiao and

Zaragoza.

The respondents are local government unit’s personnel

officials who were persistent in implementing programs and

activities aiming to lessen the impact of flood to lives and

properties of people in each municipality. This includes the head

and member of municipal planning and disaster risk reduction

council and the department of agriculture.

The same population in this study is composed of 27 officials

from six municipalities which are: San Antonio, Cabanatuan City,

Zaragoza, Penaranda, Aliaga and Cabiao.

Statistical Treatment

The data gathered was processed using the following

statistical tools: frequency and Percentage; Weighted mean and

Weighted frequency.

Percentage

F
P= x 100%
N

Where:

P= Percentage

F= Frequency

N= Total number of respondents

100 is the constant multiplier

 Weighted mean was also used to describe the degree of the

respondent’s responses in the questionnaire. The formula for the

extraction of weighted mean is as follows:

a. Weighted Mean (WM)

total Weighted Frequency ( TWF )

WM=
total number of the respondents(N )

Where:

WM= Weighted Mean

F= Frequency

WF= Weighted Frequency

On the other hand, the formula for Weighted Frequency is as

follows:

b. Weighted Frequency

WF= WxF

Where:

Wf= Weighted Frequency

W= Degree of response

F= Frequency
 Chi-square test was used to determine the correlation

of the respondent’s profile and their awareness on the flood

related programs of the provincial government.

The degree of responses of the respondents to the

rating scale is categorized as follows:

Part I: Impact of Flood

5- Severely Affected

4- Affected

3- Moderately Affected

2- Minimally Affected

1- Not Affected

Part II: Awareness on Flood Related Programs

5- Very Aware

4- Aware

3- Moderately Aware

2- Unaware

1- Very Unaware

Verbal Description
 To describe the result of awareness of people on flood

related programs including the land use planning and potential

for flood mitigation, flood mitigation capabilities and emergency

reponse the numerical response and verbal descriptions described

below was used in this study.

Range of Responses Verbal Interpretation

4.20 - 5.00 Very Aware

3.40 - 4.19 Aware

2.60 - 3.39 Moderately Aware

1.80 - 2.59 Unaware

1.00 - 1.79 Very Unaware

To describe the result of impact of flood in agriculture,

property and assets, education, livestock, health, food, water

supply, sanitation and transportation, the numerical responses

and verbal descriptions, given below was used to utilized the

study.

Range of Responses Verbal Interpretation

4.20 - 5.00 Severely Affected

3.40 - 4.19 Affected

2.60 - 3.39 Moderately Affected

1.80 - 2.59 Minimally Affected

 1.00 - 1.79 Not Affected

Data Collection

The researcher employed the following steps in gathering

data:

The researchers first identified the locale and respondents,

second the researchers sought for the approval of the

administration of each selected municipalities in Nueva Ecija to

administer the questionnaires of the study. After the approval,

the questionnaires were distributed to the some official. Also

the questionnaire provides to be answered by the respondents. The

answers were tallied, analysed and interpreted.

Also, the documentary evidences of the researcher’s survey

were used to match the result for validity and relevance.

Data Analysis

The data were collected and computed using weighted mean

and percentage. The formula are:

f
P= --- x 100
n

Where p- percentage

f- frequency
 n- total number of respondents

Research Locale

Nueva ecija is the largest province and the biggest rice

procedure of central luzon and phillipines, thus, often referred

to as the ‘’rice bowl of the philippines.’’

nueva ecija is a landlocked province in the philippines

located in the central luzon region. Its capital is the city of

palayan.nueva ecija boarders, from the south clockwise, bulacan,

pampanga, tarlac, pangasinan, nueva vizcaya and aurora.

The study was conducted in nueva ecija specially in the

following municipalities: San Antonio, Cabiao, Penaranda, Aliaga,

Zaragoza and Cabanatuan City.

San Antonio- is a first class municipality in the provine of

Nueva Ecija, Philippines. The present name of the town was given

in 1843 in honor of the Patron Saint, San Antonio Abad, by father

Leocadio Luis, the first priest of the town. San antonio was

previously called as the barrio of delinquente as old residents

claimed that the name delinquente originated by the sinking of a

casco (big/banca)fully loaded withpalay in pampanga river.

Cabiao- is a fisrt class municipality in the province of nueva

ecija, philippines because of its strategic location for

investment and business, the town of cabiao now is one of the

fastest frowing and booming municipality in the province.also in

the production of rice, as part of ‘’rice granary capital’’ of

the philippines, corn, and other products including vegetables, a

competitive and services in the province.

Penaranda- was once known for its high quality crop called ikmo,

a plant used by older filipinos as chewing substance. The area

was originally called Mapisong, and it was part of municipality

of Gapan. The area was organized into a municipality by jose

Maria Penaranda, Spanish engineer and subsequently named after

him.

Aliaga- is a second class municipality in the province of nueva

ecija, formerly it was called pulung bibit and maynilang munti

(little manila). It has a comparativeley cool and healthful

climate, and is pleasant situated about midway between the

pampanga grande and the pampanga chico rivers, and in large and

fertile valley of which the principal products are mostly

agricultural such as rice, tomato, eggplant and squash.

Zaragoza-is the third class municipality in the province of nueva

ecija, philippines.the town got its name from province of

zaragoza in aragon spain, out of colonial past.the main economic

resource of the people of zaragoza is mainly agricultural, mainly

rice producionl. Duck-raising is also notable industry.

Cabanatuan City-is a first class component city in the province

of nueva ecija. It is the most populous city in nueva ecija and

the 5th populous in central luzon.the city is popular for being

home to more than 30,000 tricycles, thus priding itself as the

‘’tricycle capital of the philippines’’.

Research Sites
 The study was conducted in the six municipalities in Nueva

Ecija namely San Antonio, Cabiao, Penaranda, Aliaga, Zaragoza and

Cabanatuan City.

Figure 2

This is the map of Nueva Ecija used in this study

Materials and Instrument

 The primary instrument used to conduct this study was a

questionnaire. Questionnaire is a research instrument consisting

of series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of

gathering information from the respondents. It is a paper pencil

approach where the respondents were asked to answer a set of

printed data question.

The draft questionnaire is composed of three (3) parts,

first part is the profile of the official, second part is

composed of questions regarding awareness of flood hazard

information and related programs. And the last part is comprised

of questions about effects of flood in agriculture, property and

assets, education, livestock, health, food, water supply,

sanitation and transportation.

Sampling Techniques and the Participants

This study covered seven municipalities in Nueva Ecija. The

respondents were stratified randomly to obtain an objective data

for the study. Stratified random sampling is a technique which

attempts to restrict the possible samples to those which are

‘less extreme’ by ensuring that all parts of the population are

represented in the sample in order to increase the efficiency

(that is to decrease the error in the estimation).

Chapter IV
 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

This chapter presents the summary of findings, the

corresponding conclusions, and recommendations derived in the

conduct of our study.

Summary of Findings

This research study is entitled ‘‘’ flood mitigation program

of the selected municipalities in nueva ecija’’.

The respondents of this study were composed of 27 official of

Local Government Units from six municipality along Nueva Ecija areas

such as Cabiao, Penaranda, Cabanatuan City, San Antonio, Zaragoza and

Aliaga. The number of sample was obtained through simple random

sampling using Slovin’s formula with 5% margin of error.

Descriptive research method was employed in determining the level

of awareness of the respondent about the effect of flood in each

selected municipalities their awareness on the flood related

programs of the provincial government.

Chi-square test was used to determine the correlation of

the respondent’s profile and their awareness on the flood

related programs of the provincial government.

The summary of finding focused on the respondents’ attitude

about impact of flood and its influence on their level of

awareness about flood related programs of the provincial

government, as well as the mitigation measures of the local

government units along the six selected municipalities.

Majority of the respondents are male, and most are

olds, married, and have annual monthly income of less than

25,000 per month from being a government employee. And Most of

them were located at mostly land area.