MODULE 2

LESSON 6. EARTHQUAKE LOAD

ANALYSIS: INTRODUCTION TO
NSCP 2015 SPECIFICATION –
DESIGN BASIS

LESSON 7. EARTHQUAKE LOAD

ANALYSIS: CRITERIA ANALYSIS

Prepared by:
Engr. Victor Czar A. Austria
Faculty, CE Department
College of Engineering, Architecture and
Technology
Palawan State University
This module has the following sections and corresponding icons:

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 OVERVIEW

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
❖ This course deals with the fundamentals and basic concepts of seismic
design as well as the minimum standards for the analysis, design, and
construction of earthquake resistive structures. The course covers the
introduction to seismology and seismic analysis of buildings and structures,
effects of earthquake on bearing capacity, procedure for the design of
earthquake resistant structures, calculation of seismic forces, and dynamic
analysis of structures. It also deals with the determination of loads of
structures due to motions, methods of analysis for lateral forces,
approximate dynamic analysis, time history analysis, concepts of mass,
damping, stiffness of structures, design for inelastic behavior and retrofitting
of existing building. Critical building configurations and appropriate methods
of analysis are also given emphasis. Applications and specifications as
applied to vertical and horizontal structures are also given importance. A
thorough knowledge and proficiency in Structural Theory is imperative.

COURSE OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module, students will be able to:
❖ Design a structure considering lateral loads in accordance with National
Structural Code of the Philippines.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of this module, the students will be able to:
❖ Analyze Design Basis on Earthquake Loads in accordance with NSCP
2015.
❖ Discuss Design Criteria for Earthquake Design.
❖ Calculate Minimum design loads on building design.
❖ Discuss basic components of lateral forces.
❖ Define Lateral Forces Procedures for Building Structures.
❖ Analyze Building Structure for Seismic Design and Analysis.
❖ Explain Static Lateral Force Procedures.
❖ Calculate the P-Delta Effect by design level seismic forces and elastic
displacements.
❖ Analyze Frames Subjected to Lateral Loads
❖ Calculate Lateral Forces using Portal Method.

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PROGRAM OUTCOMES:
❖ An ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, physical sciences,
engineering sciences to the practice of civil engineering.
❖ An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and
interpret data.
❖ An ability to design, build, improve, and install systems or processes which
meet desired needs within realistic constraints.
❖ An ability to recognize, formulate, and solve civil engineering problems.
❖ An understanding of the effects and impact of civil engineering projects on
nature and society, and of the civil engineers’ social and ethical
responsibilities.
❖ Specialized engineering knowledge in each applicable field, and the ability
to apply such knowledge to provide solutions to actual problems.
❖ An ability to effectively communicate orally and in writing using the English
language.
❖ An ability to engage in life-long learning and an acceptance of the need to
keep current of the development in the specific field of specialization.

TIME FRAME:

❖ This module can be covered in nine weeks.

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 LESSON 6. EARTHQUAKE LOAD ANALYSIS: INTRODUCTION TO
NSCP 2015 SPECIFICATION – DESIGN BASIS

Section 208: Earthquake Loads

208.1 General
208.1.1 Purpose
The purpose of the succeeding earthquake provisions is promarily to design
seismic-resistant structures to safeguard against major structural damage that
may lead to loss of life and property. These provisions are not intended to assure
zero-damage to structures nor maintain their functionality after severe earthquake.

208.1.2 Minimum Seismic Design

Structures and portions thereof shall, as minimum, be designed and
constructed to resist the effects of seismic ground motions as provided in this
section.

208.1.3 Seismic and Wind Design

When the code-prescribed wind design produces greater effects, wind
design shall govern, but detailing requirements and limitations prescribed in this
section and referenced sections shall be made to govern.

208.2 Definitions
Refer to NSCP 2015 Section 202.

208.3 Symblols and Notations

Refer to NSCP 2015 Section 208.3 page 2-184.

208.4 Basis for Design

208.4.1 General
The procedures and the limitations for the design of the structures shall be
determined considering seismic zoning, site characteristicss, occupancy,
configuration, structural system and height in accordance with this section.
Structures shall be designed with adequate strength to withstand the lateral
displacements induced by the Design Basis Ground Motion, considering the
inelastic response of the structure and inherent redundancy, over-strength and
ductility of the lateral force-resisting system.

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 Flow Chart

208.4.2 Occupancy Category

For purpose of earthquake-resistant design, each structure shall be placed
in one of the categories listed in Table 103-1. Table 208-1 assigns Importance
Factor, I and Ip, and structural observation requirements for each category.

Table 103-1 Occupancy Category

OCCUPANCY
OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTION OF STRUCTURE
CATEGORY

• Occupancies having surgery and emergency

treatment areas.
• Fire and Police Stations
• Garages, Shelters for emergency Vehicles, and
emergency aircraft
• Structures and Shelters in Emergency
Preparedness Centers
• Aviation Control Towers
• Structures and Equipment in Communication
I – Essential Centers and other facilities required for
Facilities emergency response
• Facilities for standby power-generating
equipment for Category I structures
• Tanks or other structures containing housing or
supporting water or other fire suppression
material or equipment required for the protection
of Category I, II, and III structures
• Public School Buildings
• Hospitals, and
• Designated Evacuation Centers

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 • Occupancies and structures housing or
supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or
II – Hazardous substances
Facilities • Non-building structures storing, supporting or
containing quantities of toxic or explosive
substances

• Single Story School Buildings

• Buildings with an assembly room with an
occupant capacity of 1,000 or more
• Educational buildings such as museums, libraries,
auditorium with a capacity of 300 or more
students,
• Buildings used for college or adult education with
a capacity of 500 or more students
III-Special • Institutional Buildings with 50 or more students
Occupancy • Mental hospitals, sanitariums, jails, prison and
Structures other buildings where personal liberties of
inmates are similarly restrained
• All structures with an occupancy of 5,000 or more
persons
• Structures and equipment in power-generating
stations, and other public utility facilities not
included in Category I or II and required for
continued operation

IV- Standard • All Structures housing occupancies or having

Occupancy functions not listed in Category I, II, or III and
Structures Category V.

V – Miscellaneous • Private garages, carports, sheds and fences

Structures over 1.5m high

Table 208-1 Seismic Importance Factor

SEISMIC SEISMIC
IMPORTANCE IMPORTANCE
OCCUPANCY CATEGORY1
FACTOR, I FACTOR, Ip

I. Essential Facilities3 1.50 1.50

II. Hazardous Facilities 1.25 1.50

III. Special Occupancy Structures4 1.00 1.00

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 IV. Standard Occupancy Structures 4 1.00 1.00

V. Miscellaneous Structures 1.00 1.00

1
See Table 103-1 for occupancy category listing
2
The limitation of Ip for panel connections in section 208.8.2.3 shall be 1.0 for the
entire connector
3
Structural observation requirements are given in section 107.9
4
For anchorage of machinery and equipment required for life-safety systems, the
value of Ip shall be taken as 1.5.

208.4.3 Site Geological and Soil Characteristics

Each site shall be assigned a soil profile type based on properly
subtantiated geotechnical data using site categorization procedure set forth in
Section 208.4.3.1.1 and Table 208-2

208.4.3.1 Soil Profile Type

➢ Soil profile types SA, SB, SC, SD, and SE are defined in table 208-2.
➢ Type SF is defined as soils requiring site specific evaluation as follows:
➢ Soil vulnerable to potential failure or collapse under seismic loading, such
as liquefiable soils, quick and highly sensitive clays, and collapsible weakly
cemented soils
➢ Peats and/or highly organic clays, where the thickness of peat or highly
organic clay exceeds 3.0m
➢ Very high plasticity clays with plasticity index, PI>75, where the depth of
clay exceeds 7.5m
➢ Very thick soft/medium stiff clay, where the depth of clay exceeds 35m.

Table 208-2 Soil Profile Type

SHEAR Undrained
SOIL PROFILE SPT, N
SOIL WAVE Shear
NAME/GENERIC (blows/300
PROFILE VELOCITY, Strength
DESCRIPTION mm)
TYPE Vs (m/s) Sv (kPa)

SA Hard Rock > 1500

SB Rock 760 to 1500
Very Dense Soil
SC 360 to 760 > 50 > 100
and Soft Rock

SD Stiff Soil Profile 180 to 360 15 to 50 50 to 100

SE1 Soft Soil Profile < 180 < 15 < 50

SF Soil requiring site-specific evaluation. See section 208.4.3.1

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 1
Soil Profile Type S also includes any soil profile with more than 3.0 m of soft
E

clay defined as a soil with plasticity index, PI>20, W ≥ 40% and Su < 24 kPa.
MC

The plasticity index, PI, and moisture content, W shall be determined in

MC,

accordance with approved national standards.

208.4.4 Site Seismic Hazard Characteristics

Seismic hazard characteristics for the site shall be established on the
seismic zone and proximity of the site to active seismic sources, site soil profile
characteristics and structure’s importance factor.

208.4.4.1 Seismic Zone

The Philippine archipelago is divided into two seismic zones only. Zone 2
covers the provinces of Palawan (Except Busuanga), Sulu and Tawi-Tawi while
the rest of the country is under Seismix Zone 4. Each structure shall be assgned
a seismic zone factor Z, in accordance with Table 208-3.

Figure 6.1. Seismic Zones in the Philippines

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 Table 208-3 Seismic Zone Factor
Zone 2 4

Z 0.20 0.40

208.4.4.2 Seismic Source Type

Table 208-4 defines the types of seismic sources. The location and type of
seismic sources to be used for design shall be established based on approved
geological data; Figure 208-2A. Type A sources shall be determined from Figure
208-2B, 2C, 2D, 2E or the most recent mapping of active faults by the Philippine
Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHILVOLCS).

Table 208-4 Seismic Source Types

Seismic Source
Definition
Seismic Seismic Source Description
Source Type Max. Magnitude
Moment, M
Faults that are capable of producing
A large magnitude events and that 7.0 ≤ M ≤ 8.4
have a high rate of seismic activity

B All faults other than types A and C 6.5 ≤ M < 7.0

Faults that are not capable of

producing large magnitude
C M < 6.5
earthquakes and that have a
relatively low rate of seismic activity

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Figure 208-2A Distribution of Actice Faults and Trenches in the Philippines
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 2.4.4.3 Seismic Zone 4 Near-Source Factor
In the Seismic Zone 4, each site shall be assigned near-source factors in
accordance with Table 208-5 and 208-6 based on the Seismic Type as set forth
in Section 208.4.4.2.
For high rise structures and essential facilities within 2.0km of a major fault, a site
specific seismic elastic design response spectrum is recommended to be
obtained for the specific area.

TABLE 208-5 NEAR SOURCE FACTOR NA

Seismic Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source1
Source
Type ≤ 2 km ≤ 5 km ≥ 10 km
A 1.5 1.2 1.0
B 1.3 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0 1.0

TABLE 208-6 NEAR SOURCE FACTOR Nv

Seismic Closest Distance to Known Seismic Source2
Source
Type ≤ 2 km ≤ 5 km 10 km ≥ 15 km

A 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.0

B 1.6 1.2 1.0 1.0

C 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Notes for Tables 208-5 and 208-6:

➢ The Near-Source Factor may be based on the linear interpolation of values for
distances other than those shown in the table
➢ The closest distance to seismic source shall be taken as the minimum distance
between the site and the area described by the vertical projection of the source on
the surface (i.e. surface projection of the fault plane). The surface projection need
not include portions of the source at depths of 10km or greater. The largest value
of the near-source factor considering all sources shall be used for design.

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208.4.4.4 Seismic Response Coefficients
Each structure shall be assigned seismic response coefficient, Ca, in
accordance with Table 208-7 and seismic coefficient, Cv, in accordance of Table
208-8.

TABLE 208-7 SEISMIC RESPONSE COEFFICIENT, CA

Seismic Zone, Z
Soil Profile Type
Z = 0.2 Z = 0.4

Sa 0.16 0.32Na

Sb 0.20 0.40Na

Sc 0.24 0.40Na

Sd 0.28 0.44Na

Se 0.34 0.44Na

Sf See Footnote 1 of table 208-8

TABLE 208-8 SEISMIC COEFFICIENT, CV

Seismic Zone, Z
Soil Profile Type
Z = 0.2 Z = 0.4

Sa 0.16 0.32Na

Sb 0.20 0.40Na

Sc 0.32 0.56Na
Sd 0.40 0.64Na
Se 0.64 0.96Na
Sf See Footnote 1 of table 208-8

➢ Site specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis

shall be performed to determined seismic coefficients

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 LESSON 7. EARTHQUAKE LOAD ANALYSIS:
CRITERIA ANALYSIS

208.4.5 Configuration Requirements

208.4.5.1 Regular Structures

Regular Structures have no significant physical discontinuities in plan
or vertical configuration or in their lateral-force-resisting systems such as the
irregular features described in section 208.4.5.2.
208.4.5.2 Irregular Structures
Irregular Structures have significant physical discontinuities in configuration
or in their lateral-force-resisting systems. Irregular features include, but are not
limited to, those described in tables 208-9 and 208-10. All structures in occupancy
categories 4 and 5 in seismic zone 2 need to be evaluated only for vertical
irregularities of type 5 (table 208-9) and horizontal irregularities of type 1 (table
208-10)
Structures having any of the features listed in table 208-9 shall be
designated as if having a vertical irregularity.
Structures having any of the features listed in table 208-10 shall be
designated as having a plan irregularity.

TABLE 208-9 VERTICAL STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES

Reference
Irregularity Type and Definitions
Section

1. Stiffness Irregularity – Soft

Storey
A soft storey is one in which
the lateral stiffness is less than 208.4.8.3
70% of that in the storey above Item 2
or less than 80 percent of the
average stiffness of the three
stories above.

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2. Weight (Mass) Irregularity
Mass Irregularity shall be
considered to exist where the
effective mass of any storey is 208.4.8.3
more than 150% of the Item 2
effective mass of an adjacent
storey. A roof that is lighter
than the floor below need not
be considered

3. Vertical Geometric Irregularity

Vertical Geometric Irregularity
shall be considered to exist
where the horizontal
dimension of the lateral-force- 208.4.8.3
resisting system in any storey Item 2
is more than 130% of that in an
adjacent storey. One-storey
penthouses need not to be
considered

4. In-Plane Discontinuity In
Vertical Lateral-Force-Resisting
Element Irregularity
208.5.8.
An in-plane offset of the
1.5.1
lateral-load-resisting elements
greater than the length of
those elements

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5. Discontinuity In Capacity-Weak
Storey Irregularity
A weak storey is one in which
the storey strength is less than
80% of that in the storey
208.4.9.1
above. The storey strength is
the total strength of all seismic-
resisting elements sharing the
storey for the direction under
consideration.

TABLE 208-10 HORIZONTAL STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES

Reference
Irregularity Type and Definitions
Section

1. Torsional Irregularity – To Be
Considered When
Diaphragms Are Not Flexible
Torsional irregularity shall be
considered to exist when the
maximum storey drift, 208.7.2.7
computed including accidental Item 6
torsion, at one end of the
structure transverse to an axis
is more than 1.2 times the
average of the storey drifts of
the two ends of the structure

2. Re-Entrant Corner Irregularity

Plan configurations of a
structure and its lateral-force-
resisting system contain re-
208.7.2.7
entrant corners, where both
Item 6 and
projections of the structure
7
beyond a re-entrant corner are
greater than 15% of the plan
dimension of the structure in
the given direction

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 3. Diaphragm Discontinuity
Irregularity
Diaphragms with abrupt
discontinuities or variations in
stiffness, including those
having cutout or open areas 208.7.2.7
greater than 50% of the gross Item 6
enclosed area of the
diaphragm, or changes in
effective diaphragm stiffness
of more than 50% from one
storey to the next.

4. Out-Of-Plane Offsets
Irregularity 208.5.8.5.1,
Discontinuities in lateral force 208.7.2.7
path, such as out-of-plane Item 6
offsets of the vertical elements

5. Non-Parallel Systems
Irregularity
The vertical lateral-load-
resisting elements are not
208.7.1
parallel to or symmetric about
the major orthogonal axes of
the lateral force-resisting
systems

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208.4.6 Structural System
Structural systems shall be classified as one of the types listed in Table 208-
11 and define in this section.

208.4.6.1 Bearing Wall System

A structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space frame.
Bearing walls or bracing systems provide support for all or most gravity loads.
Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames.

208.4.6.2 Building Frame System

A structural system with essentially complete space frame providing support
for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provoded by shear walls or braced
frame.

208.4.6.3 Moment-Resisting Frame System

A structural system with essentially complete space frame providing support
for gravity loads. Moment-resisting frames provide resistance to lateral load
primarily by flexural action of the members.

208.4.6.4-208.4.6.7 Please refer to NSCP 2015 Section 208 – Earthquake Loads

208.4.7 Height Limits

Height limits for various structural systems in Seismic Zone 4 are given in table
208-11.

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TABLE 208-11A EARTHQUAKE-FORCE RESISTING
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OF CONCRETE

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TABLE 208-11B EARTHQUAKE-FORCE RESISTING
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OF STEEL

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TABLE 208-11C EARTHQUAKE-FORCE RESISTING
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OF MASONRY

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TABLE 208-11D EARTHQUAKE-FORCE RESISTING
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OF WOOD

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PRACTICE PROBLEMS

❖ Practice problem will be uploaded on the schedule of the lesson.

ASSESSMENT

❖ Assessment for this module will be scheduled by the instructor.

SUPPLEMENTARY KNOWLEDGE

❖ Supplmentary knowledge will be uploaded on the schedule of the lesson.

ANSWER KEY

❖ Answer key for this module will be provided after the lesson.

REFERENCES

❖ Agrawal, P. and Shrikhande, M. (2006), "Earthquake resistant design of

structures”, Prentice Hall of India, Inc.
❖ Chopra, A.K. (2007), “Dynamics of structures: Theory and application to
earthquake engineering”, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall of India.
❖ Chowdhary, I. and Dasgupta, S.P. (2009). “Dynamics of structure and
foundation – A unified approach : 2 Applications”, CRC Press, Balkema.
❖ Clough, R. W. and Penzien, J. (1993). “Dynamics of structures”, McGraw
Hill, Inc., New York.
❖ Datta, T. K. (2010). “Seismic analysis of structures”, John Wiley & Sons
(Asia) Pte Ltd. Singapore.
❖ Hart, G. C. and Wong, K. (2000). “Structural dynamics for structural
engineers”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
❖ Kramer, S. L. (1996), “Geotechnical earthquake engineering”, Prentice Hall,
2007, ISBN 81-317-0718-0.
❖ Lay, T. and Wallace, T.C.,(1995) “Modern global seismology”, Academic
press, 1995, ISBN 0-12-732870-X.
❖ Naeim, F. and Kelly, J. M. (1999), “Design of seismic isolated structures:
From theory to practice”, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, USA.
❖ Reiter L., (1989), “Earthquake hazard analysis: Issues and insights”,
Columbia University Press.
❖ Wolf, J.P. (1985). “Dynamic soil-structure interaction”, Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
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