CRIMINALISTICS

FORENSIC POLYGRAPHY Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

Polygraphy – Is scientific methods of
detecting deception done with the
aid of a polygraph instrument.
Is the act of deceiving or
misleading usually
accompanied by lying.

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

Polygraph – is a scientific instrument
capable of recording simultaneously
changes in blood pressure, pulse
rate, respiration and skin resistance
as indicative of emotional
disturbance especially of a lying
subject when being questioned.
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
He devised the systolic
blood pressure
deception test in 1915.

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

William Marston
Dr. Larson developed
and utilized the
continuous method of
concurrently registering
changes in pulse rate,
blood pressure, and
respiration
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

John Larson
He was the originator of
the Keeler polygraph
technique.

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

Leonarde Keeler
 Early Method of Detecting
Deception
Trial by Combat – A method to settle accusations
in the absence of witnesses or a confession, in
which two parties in dispute fought in single
combat.

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

 Early Method of Detecting
Deception
Trial by Ordeal – A judicial practiced by which
the guilt or innocence of the accused is
determined by subjecting them to an
unpleasant, usually dangerous experience

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

 Early Method of Detecting
Deception
Red Hot Iron Ordeal – The
accused will be required
to touch his tongue to an
extremely hot metal nine
(9) times. Once his
tongue is burned, he will
be adjudged guilty.
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Early Method of Detecting
Deception
Ordeal by Water
Boiling Water – Consisted of
lifting stone out of the boiling
water with hand inserted as
deep as the wrist.
Cold Water – Usual mode of
trial for witchcraft.

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

 Early Method of Detecting
Deception
Ordeal of Balance – A
scale of balanced is
used. The person will step
out of the scale and
listen to a judge to
deliver his exhortation on
the balance and get
back in.
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Early Method of Detecting
Deception
Ordeal of Rice Chewing – a method of detecting
deception whereby an accused will be required to
take concentrated rice If the accused failed to
swallow even a single grain of concentrated rice
he/she will be adjudged guilty.
Red Water Ordeal – The accused is made to fast for
twelve hours, take a cap of rice and drink a dark
colored water.
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Early Method of Detecting
Deception
Trial by Sacred Ass – The
suspect is told to pull the tail
of the donkey. When the
suspect comes out with a
dirty hand, he is not guilty as
he is not afraid to pull the
donkeys tail because he did
not commit any wrong.
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Early Method of Detecting
Deception
Hypnotism – I a means of
bringing on an artificial sleep
the participant. This is more
accurately described as a
state of reduce
consciousness while on is
awake and will respond to
suggestions made by
the hypnotist.
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Early Method of Detecting
Deception
Administration of Truth Serum and
Narco-Analysis – In this method a person was
administered a dosage of drugs until was in
his/her unconscious.
Intoxication

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

 Early Method of Detecting
Deception
Word Association Test – In this test the
examinee is presented with group of words
sufficiently separated in time to allow the
examinee to utter his first though by each
word.
Psychological Stress Evaluator

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

 Confession and Admission
Confession is a specific type of admission
which refers only to acknowledgement of guilt
(Riano, Evidence: The Bar Lecture s. 2013)

Admission defined as the statement of facts by

the accused in criminal case which do not
directly involved the acknowledgement of
guilt in the commission of the crime for which
he is charged (Criminal Investigation by Maglinao 2007)
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. It is a type of lie perceived or
intended not to harm but told in
order to avoid distress or
embarrassment.
A. White Lie
B. Red Lie
C. Fabricated Lie
D. Lie of Omission
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
Symptoms of Lying
• Thru Facial Expression
• Thru Postural Reaction
• Deviation of responses to the polygraph
test

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

Symptoms of Lying
• Thru Facial Expression
✔ Blushing, pailing or profuse sweating of
forehead;
✔ Dilation of the eyes, protrusion of the eyeballs;
✔ Twitching of the lips
✔ Excessive winking of the eyes
✔ A peculiar monotone of the voice
✔ A force laugh
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
Symptoms of Lying
• Thru Postural Reaction
✔ Fidgeting, taping or drumming of fingers;
✔ Swinging of legs over another;
✔ Unecessary movement of hands and feet;
✔ Failure to look the inquirer
✔ Swearing to God

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

 Stages in the Conduct of
the Polygraph Test
I. Preliminary Preparation
II. Pre-test Interview
III. Actual Test/In Test
IV. Post Test Interview and Interrogation

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

 Preliminary Preparation
All information gathered by the investigator
will be copied furnished to the polygraph
examiner. As a rule no polygraph test can
be conducted if there is insufficient
amount of data gathered.

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

 Pre-Test Interview
An interview conducted by the
polygraph examiner designed to
prepare or condition the subject for
the actual test. It usually last for about
20 – 30 minutes.

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

 Pre-Test Interview
• Consent to undergo polygraph test;
• Appraisal of constitutional right;
• Taking the personal data of the
subject;
• Determining the suitability of the
subject
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Pre-Test Interview
• The subject must be in good sleep for at
least 5 hour prior to the test.
• The subject must not be sexually and
physically abused.
• Not hungry
• Refrain from taking any drugs or alcohol
for at least 12 hour prior to the test
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Pre-Test Interview
• Subject shall not be suffering from any
temporary illness
• Female subject must be free from
menstrual cycle
• The subject must refrain from smoking at
least 2 hours prior to the test

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

 Actual Test
The examiner should proceed to attached
those polygraph instrument to the subject
and those question must be answerable for
Yes or No only.

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

 Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
Pneumograph Cardiosphymography
 Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
Galvanograph Kymograph
 Post Test
• If the subject indicates deception the
examiner will then proceed to conduct short
interrogation. The purpose of which is to obtain
confession.
• However if the polygraph indicates the subject
is innocent or truthful interview should be
conducted

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

Limitation of Polygraph Test
• It is an aid and not a substitute or replacement for
investigation
• polygraph machine is not a lie detector machine
but it diagnose responses
• It is accurate if the examiner is competent
• A test will not be given without voluntary consent of
the subject. No indication will be given to any
person in any report that a person will considered as
guilty if he refuse to take the exam.
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
Limitation of Polygraph Test
• No examination can be conducted on unfit subject
• No attempt to use polygraph for mental or physical
evaluation of any person

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

 Strong Relevant – directly proving
Test Questions the guilt of the subject, questions
with intense and specific relation to
thepertaining
Irrelevant – questions crime or problem
to the being
basic
background of the considered.
subject and are generally
not related to the case
WeakinRelevant
issue but are designed
– questions that
to obtain or established theproving
indirectly individual norms
the guilt of
of the
the subject. subject, focus on partial
involvement
Relevant – the primary of key questions asked by
the examiner Guilty
in order to resolve
Knowledge specifictosubject
– designed probe
matter. whether the subject possesses information
regarding the identity of the offender or
the facts of the case under question.
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Test Questions
Irrelevant – questionsEvidence
pertainingConnecting Question –
to the basic
test question in which the
background of the subject and are generally
examinee is asked about a
not related to the case in issue but are designed
particular piece of physical
to obtain or established the individual
evidence that wouldnorms of
incriminate
the subject. the guilty person. It could be
items
Relevant – the primary of left
keyatquestions
the crime asked
scene by
by
the perpetrator or stolen
the examiner in order to resolve specific subject
property.
matter.
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Test Questions
Control Questions – They are unrelated to the
matter under investigation but are of similar in
nature. This question is by the used of time bar.

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

 Type of Test
General Questions – Consist of series of relevant,
irrelevant control questions in a planned order.
Peak of Tension Test – Consist of only one
relevant and a series of irrelevant questions,
series of question in which only one has any
bearing upon the matter under investigation.
Card test – The subject is presented with seven
(7) previously numbered cards face down.
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Type of Test
Guilt Complex Test – Used primarily for overly
responsive subjects. A totally fictitious incident
but a similar nature to the matter being
investigated and make him believe it is real.
Silent Answer test – Subject is instructed not to
give any verbal answer, the subject will only
answer in his mind.
S.K.Y Question
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Type of Test
Directed Lie Test – This test tries to detect lying by
comparing physiological responses when the
subject s told to deliberately lie to responses
when they tell the truth.

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

Rules in Formulating Test Questions
• Questions must be simple and direct
• They must not involve legal terminologies
• They must be as simple and as short as possible
• Answerable by Yes or No
• They must refer to one offense only
• Their meaning must be clear and they must be
phrased in a language that the subject can easily
understand.
• They must not contain inference to ones religion,
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

race or belief.
Chart Markings
Polygraph Chart – A continuous graph
where detected physiological response is
recorded.
Polygram – Polygraph chart tracing
obtained form subject. Consist of
polygraph chart, and tracing of a subject
from specific stimuli
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
Chart Markings
Primary Markings
X – it indicates the start of the test.
I – is a stimulus mark.
+ - a positive sign which indicates that the subject
answers the question with “yes”.
– a negative sign indicating that the subject answers
the stimulus with “no”.
XX – indicates the end of test.
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Chart Markings
Secondary Markings

M – Movement SZ – Sneeze
T – Talking LGH – Laugh
DB – Deep Breath ISN – Inside Noise
C – Cough OSN – Outside Noise
SW – Swallow WRQ – Will Repeat Question
SNF – Sniff
Y – Yawn
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Chart Interpretations

Process of reading or deciphering the

meaning of the recorded
psycho-physiological response of the
subject as recorded by the polygraph

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

 Chart Interpretations
Deception Indicated (DI) – the physiological data are
stable and interpretable, and the evaluation criteria
used by the examiner led him to conclude that the
examinee is not wholly truthful to the relevant issue.
No Deception Indicated (NDI) – Signifies that the
polygraph test recordings are stable and interpretable
and the evaluation criteria used by the examiner led
him to conclude that the examinee was truthful to the
relevant issue.

Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez

 Chart Interpretations
Result Errors;
False Negative – refers to the failure to detect the
presence of a particular event or item. in
polygraphy refers to the incorrect decision that
deception was not practiced by the examinee.
False Positive – Is the false detection of something
that is not actually present. In polygraphy it is the
incorrect decision that deception was practiced by
the examinee.
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
Reason for Inadmissibility of Polygraph
Examination as Evidence
• Polygraph examination is not yet standard as
to the qualification of the polygraph
examiner
• Polygraph examination is not yet standard as
testing procedure
• Polygraph is not yet standardized as to
instrumentation
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
POST LECTURE
QUESTION
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. It is the application of sciences
such as physics, chemistry, medicine,
and other biological sciences in the
crime detection and investigation.
A. Jurisprudence
B. Criminalistic
C. Crime Detection
D. Investigation
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. A drug used in truth serum as a
means of detecting deception (CLE
1999)
A. Sodium Amytal
B. Sodium Pentothal
C. Hyoscine Hydrobromide
D. EDTA
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. In order to be suitable in polygraph
test, a subject shall refrain from taking
any drugs for how many hours prior to
the test? (CLE 1999)
A. 2 hours
B. 5 hours
C. 12 hours
D. 1 hour
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. Short horizontal notch in a
Upward blood pressure
cardio-tracing located
representat the
heart beat
middle of the diastolic stem (CLE
2001) Downward blood pressure
A. Systolic represent heart rest

B. Diastolic
C. Diastolic Notch
D. Norm Notch
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. Birth year of computerized
polygraph (CLE 2006)
A.1839
B.1945
C.1923
D.1992
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. Ink used in polygraph
machine (CLE 2009)
A.Indian Ink
B.Chinese Ink
C.Capillary Ink
D.Laway
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. This is the longest and the
third pen of the instrument.
A.Pneumograph
B.Galvanometer
C.Cardiosphygmograph
D.Kymograph
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. In order to form a sharpen
image by means of fast lens,
aperture must be (CLE 2009)
A.Larger f-stops
B.Smaller f-stop
C.Shallow DOF
D.Fine DOF
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. A chemical usually
accompanied by water in stop
bath (CLE 2012)
A.Acetic Acid
B.Borax
C.Sodium Hydroxide
D.Hydroquinone
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. It detects, measures, and
graphically displays the voice
modulations that we cannot hear.
(CLE 2017)
A. Psychological Stress Evaluator
B. Narcoanalysis
C. WAT
D. Polygraph Machine
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. Pedro was taking a snap shot and
expecting it to be sharp but an alteration
happened to the expected image because
it can be seen in two viewpoints. What is
that phenomenon? (CLE 2015)
A. Out of Focus
B. Coincidence
C. Parallax
D. Split image
Forensic Photography by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. It is an adjustable mechanism that
regulates the amount of light reaching
the film by varying the length of time,
and it is consider as the door of the
camera. (CLE 2017)
A. Lens
B. Focusing Ring
C. Shutter
D. Aperture
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. It is a response that there is no
deviation from the response of the
person which is as basis in evaluation
with specific response (CLE 2018)
A. Normal Pulse
B. Specific Pressure
C. Norms
D. Specific Norms
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. PINSP Cardo is examining a fingerprint
pattern having a two (2) delta and a core
with few spiral formations at the center but
no complete circuiting ridge is cut. What
type of pattern PINSP Cardo is examining?
A. Plain Whorl
B. Accidental Loop Whorl
C. Central Pocket Loop Whorl
D. Double Loop Whorl
Criminalistics (Personal Identification) by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
Q. Left hand middle finger of a
subject appear as radial loop with
a ridge count of three (3) ridges
intervening between left delta to
core. What symbol of such finger
in using NCIC or National Crime
Information Center?
A. 53
Criminalistics (Personal Identification) by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. It is said that the fingerprints of a
person will be carried from womb
to tomb What principle greatly,
described the phrase?
A. Principle of Variation
B. Principle of Constancy
C. Principle of Infallibility
D. All of these
Criminalistics (Personal Identification) by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. When a ridge bifurcates it sends
two ridges across the imaginary
line, how is it counted?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Six
Criminalistics (Personal Identification) by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. What is the fingerprint impression
taken individually by rolling each finger
from one side to other side and from
the tip to the end of the first joint?
A. Rolled Impression
B. Chance Impression
C. Plain Impression
D. A and B is correct
Criminalistics (Personal Identification) by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. What should be the ridge tracing
interpretation if the tracing ridge of the
whorl goes above the right delta and
there are three (3) or more intervening
ridges between the right delta and the
tracing ridge?
A. Outer Whorl
B. Inner Whorl
C. Meeting Whorl
D. Accidental Whorl
Criminalistics (Personal Identification) by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. In the final division, ridge counting of loop
is the usual process being done once it
appears in the little finger. If there is no loop
pattern in that finger, a whorl pattern shall be
ridge counted. How will you treat a Plain or
Central Pocket Loop for the purpose of
getting its final classification?
A. Treated as an Ulnar Loop
B. Getting the least ridge count
C. By getting the ridge count of the top loop
D. It represents a dash
Criminalistics (Personal Identification) by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. In choosing core in whorl type of
fingerprint pattern, there is some rule in
choosing and this are we have to
observed. This statement is not
absolutely correct?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Maybe
D. Sometimes
Criminalistics (Personal Identification) by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. Before the ridges may be
permanently destructed depth of
wound should be?
A. 0.4mm
B. 0.5mm
C. 1mm
D. More than 1mm
Criminalistics (Personal Identification) by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 st
Q. Who used the 1 successful
smokeless gunpowder in
shotgun?
A.Paul Vielle
B.Capt. E. Schultze
C.Alfred Nobel
D.Constantin Anklitzen
 Q. Gun powder produce by
Paul Vielle is introduce in? (DEC
2018 CLE)
A.Italy
B.France
C.Germany
D.Philippines
 Q. American type of primer
A.Berdan
B.Boxer
C.Bumper
D.Bomber
 Q. A type of cartridge in which the
diameter of the rim is equal to the
diameter of the body.
A. Rimmed
B. Semi-rimmed
C. Rebated
D. Rimless
 Q. A type of license issued to a
individual who has a maximum of
five (5) registered firearm.
A.Type 1
B.Type 2
C.Type 3
D.Type 4
 Q. The imaginary straight distance
between the muzzle point and the
target.
A. Distance
B. Keyhole Shot
C. Range
D. Gyroscopic Action
 Q. Instrument used to examine the inner
surface of the of the gun barrel in
determining the irregularities inside the
bore of the gun barrel.
A. Onoscope
B. Helixometer
C. Taper Guage
D. Caliper
 Q. In composition of oldest gun
powder how many percent of
charcoal is present?
A.75
B.15
C.10
D.5
 Q. Solution used to detect gun
powder residue in paraffin
cast.
A.EDTA
B.Cuprichydrochloric Acid
C.Diphenylamine
D.Diatom
 Q. Nitrocellulose, nitroglycerine,
nitroguanidine are the principal
ingredient of?
A. Single based propellant
B. Double based propellant
C. Triple based propellant
D. TNT
 Q. Firearm that has no ejector
mechanism. (CLE 2017)
A. Pistol
B. Revolver
C. Rifle
D. Shotgun
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. In the primary division, if the pattern
appearing in finger number eight (8) is
a loop, what is the numerical value of
that finger?
A. None
B. 8
C. 16
D. 2
Criminalistics (Personal Identification) by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. If all the fingers in the right hand
are whorl pattern while in the left
hand are all loop pattern, what will be
the primary classification?
A. 25/29
B. 24/28
C. 25/1
D. 32/32
Criminalistics (Personal Identification) by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. Second sub secondary classification is
place in? (CLE 2017)
A. Upper portion of the primary
B. At the extreme right of classification
formula
C. At the extreme left of classification
formula
D. Above or upper portion of sub
secondary
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. How many percent of
alcohol is needed to be
considered that a person is
intoxicated? (CLE 2016)
A.0.05%
B.0.15%
C.0.15%
D.1.05%
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. How many hours does the
stomach completely digest a
medium meal? (CLE 2000 CDI)
A.2-3 hours
B.3-4 hours
C.5-6 hours
D.1 hour
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. This is the state of the body in
which there is complete, persistent
and continuous cessation of the vital
functions of the brain, heart and lungs
which maintain life and health.
A. Cardio-respiratory Death
B. Somatic Death
C. Brain death
D. Molecular Death
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. Can rigor mortis determine
the time of death?
A.Yes
B.No
C.Never
D.Maybe
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
 Q. The following are characteristics
that may not easily be changed
as a point of identification except-
A. Mental Memory
B. Gait
C. Mannerism
D. Body Ornamentation
Forensic Polygraphy by Mr. Lorenzo Ramirez
THANKYOU!
And God said, “See, I have given you
every herb yields seed, which is on the
face of all the earth, and every tree
whose fruits yields seed; to you it shall be
for food.” –Genesis 1:29