COMPUTER HARDWARE and STORAGE DEVICE

Week 2
Topic 2: Computer Hardware and Storage Devices
Computer Hardware and Storage Devices
2.1: Input devices

2.2: Output Devices

2.3: Input/put devices issues

2.4: Cache memory

2.5 Primary main storage

2.6 Secondary backing storage

2.7 Data Representation (The Number System Series 1 & 2)

Computer Hardware
Computer Hardware
•Hardware refers to the physical, tangible
computer equipment and devices, which
provide support for major functions
such as input, processing (internal
storage, computation and control),
output, secondary storage (for data and
programs), and communication.
Components inside the CPU Box
• The Motherboard – also called
the system board is the main
base of the computer hardware
system. All parts, components,
and devices connect to the
motherboard. The motherboard
is also the host of the CPU, the
memory, and all the other
essential elements of the
computer. All other components
are usually connected to it by
data cable.
Components inside the CPU Box
• The Central Processing Unit
(CPU) is the brain of the
computer and it is inside the
CPU box placed on a special slot
on the motherboard.
• The CPU is contained inside a
small chip called the
microprocessor.
• The CPU processes all the basic
and complex instruction given to
it.
Components inside the CPU Box
• Memory – is where data and
programs are placed for
execution by the CPU.
• Memory is also directly
connected to the
motherboard through a slot
also called a socket.
• There are three kinds of
memory
Components inside the CPU Box
• RAM (Random Access Memory) is also
called the main memory. Data and
programs are places here when the CPU
is processing. Information in RAM is lost
when power is turned off.
• ROM (Read Only Memory) stores
important programs. An example is a
program to start the computer. ROM
information cannot be changed even
when power is turned off.
• CEMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide
Semiconductor) stores the date,
calendar, and current time of the
computer. It is powered by batteries so
that even when the computer is turned
off, information inside remains.
Components inside the CPU Box
• Internal Storage – is where
data is kept for future use.
• This storage retains
information even when
power is tuned off. The
common internal storage is
the hard disk but solid-state
drives high storage without
moving parts is now
available.
Components inside the CPU Box
• Power Supply – is the metal box
usually found in a corner of the
CPU box.
• The power supply is visible from
the back of many systems because
it contains the power cord,
receptacle, and cooling fan.
• The CPU, motherboard, Hard disk
and other component inside the
CPU box get their power source
from the power supply.
 Components inside the CPU Box
• Video cards – also known as the Graphic
accelerator card or simply graphics card is
computer components whose main
function is to generate video and image to
the monitor.
• Video cards are installed to improve the
quality and speed in which the image is
displayed.
• Some video cards have functions such as
TV turner for cable or antenna based TV
viewing, video capture for video cameras,
and connecting several monitors to one
CPU
Computer Peripherals and Storage Devices
•Peripheral is the Physical equipment which
includes the Input devices and output
devices.
•Computer components are different devices
with different tasks. These components are
also called peripherals.
•All together they are called a COMPUTER
HARDWARE SYSTEM
INPUT DEVICES
Are devices used for entering data or instructions to the
central processing unit. Are classified according to the
method they use to enter data.

KEYING DEVICES
Are devices used to enter data into the computer using
a set of Keys eg Keyboard, key-to- storage and keypad.
THE KEYBOARD
KEYBOARD
• Keyboard (similar to a typewriter) is the main input device of a computer .
• It contains three types of keys-- alphanumeric keys, special keys and function keys.

1. Alphanumeric keys are used to type all alphabets, numbers and special symbols like
$, %, @, A etc.

2. Special keys such as <Shift>, <Ctrl>, <Alt>, <Home>, <Scroll Lock> etc. are used
for special functions.

3. Function keys such as <Fl>, <F2>, <F3> etc. are used to give special commands
depending upon the software used e.g.F5 reloads a page of an internet browser. The
function of each and every key can be well understood only after working on a
PC. When any key is pressed, an electronic signal is produced. This signal
is detected by a keyboard encoder that sends a binary code corresponding
to the key pressed to the CPU.

There are many types of keyboards but 101 keys keyboard is the most popular one.
How the keys are organized
The keys on your keyboard can be divided into several groups based on function:

• Typing (alphanumeric) keys. These keys include the same letter, number,
punctuation, and symbol keys found on a traditional typewriter
• Special (Control) keys. These keys are used alone or in combination with
other keys to perform certain actions. The most frequently used control keys
are CTRL, ALT, the Windows key, and ESC.
• Function keys. The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They are
labelled as F1, F2, F3, and so on, up to F12. The functionality of these keys
differs from program to program.
• Cursor Movement (Navigation) keys. These keys are used for moving around
in documents or WebPages and editing text. They include the arrow keys,
HOME, END, PAGE UP, PAGE DOWN, DELETE, and INSERT and ARROW KEYS.
• Numeric keypad. The numeric keypad is handy for entering numbers quickly.
The keys are grouped together in a block like a conventional calculator or
adding machine
POINTING DEVICES
Are devices that enter data and instructions into the computer using a
pointer that appears on the screen. The items to be entered are selected by
either pointing to or clicking on them e.g mice, joystick, touch sensitive
screen, trackballs
THE MOUSE
• A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer
screen. Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit
like an actual mouse. It's small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a
long wire that resembles a tail and the connector which can either be PS/2 or
USB. Some newer mice are wireless.
• A mouse usually has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button)
and a secondary button. Many mice also have a wheel between the two
buttons, which allows you to scroll smoothly through screens of information.
• When you move the mouse with your hand, a pointer on your screen moves in
the same direction. (The pointer's appearance might change depending on
where it's positioned on your screen.) When you want to select an item, you
point to the item and then click (press and release) the primary button.
Pointing and clicking with your mouse is the main way to interact with your
computer. There are several types of mice: Mechanical mouse, optical mouse,
optical-mechanical mouse and laser mouse.
Basic parts
A mouse typically has two buttons: a primary button (usually the left button) and
a secondary button (usually the right button). The primary button is the one you
will use most often. Most mice also include a scroll wheel between the buttons to
help you scroll through documents and WebPages more easily. On some mice, the
scroll wheel can be pressed to act as a third button. Advanced mice might have
additional buttons that can perform other functions.
Holding and moving the mouse
Place your mouse beside your keyboard on a clean, smooth surface, such as a mouse pad. Hold the
mouse gently with your index finger resting on the primary button and you thumb resting on the
side. To move the mouse, slide it slowly in any direction. Don't twist it—keep the front of the mouse
aimed away from you. As you move the mouse, a pointer (see picture) on your screen moves in the
same direction. If you run out of room to move your mouse on your desk or mouse pad, just pick up
the mouse and bring it back closer to you.
Pointing to an object often reveals a descriptive message about it. The pointer can change depending on what you're pointing at.
For example, when you point to a link in your web browser, the pointer changes from an arrow to a hand with a pointing finger .
Most mouse actions combine pointing with pressing one of the mouse buttons. There are four basic ways to use your mouse
buttons: clicking, double-clicking, right-clicking, and dragging.

Clicking (single-clicking)
• To click an item, point to the item on the screen, and then press and release the primary button (usually the left button).
• Clicking is most often used to select (mark) an item or open a menu. This is sometimes called single-clicking or left-clicking.

Double-clicking
• To double-click an item, point to the item on the screen, and then click twice quickly. If the two clicks are spaced too far apart,
they might be interpreted as two individual clicks rather than as one double-click.
• Double-clicking is most often used to open items on your desktop. For example, you can start a program or open a folder by
double-clicking its icon on the desktop.

Right-clicking
• To right-click an item, point to the item on the screen, and then press and release the secondary button (usually the right button).
• Right-clicking an item usually displays a list of things you can do with the item. For example, when you right-click the Recycle Bin
on your desktop, Windows displays a menu allowing you to open it, empty it, delete it, or see its properties. If you are unsure of
what to do with something, right-click it.
SCANNING DEVICES
Are devices that capture an object or a document directly from the
source. They are classified according to the technology used to capture
data e.g. Scanners and Document readers.
Type of Scanner
• Hand-held Scanner – As Hand-
held scanner usually has
scanning width of approximately
four inches and is useful for
copying small images such as
signature, barcode, logos, and
small photographs.
• Ex. Barcode reader, credit card
reader and digitizing tablet.
Type of Scanner
•Flatbed Scanner – To
scan single sheets of
paper and pages from
a book, pictures, and
other resources.
•This is also used in
scanning large.
 Others devices
• Digital Camera- is a camera that stores the
pictures and videos it takes in electronic
format instead of film.
• Web Camera – is a hardware camera
connected to a computer that allows
anyone connected to the internet to view
either still pictures or motion video of a
user or another object.
• Microphone – allows computer users to
input audio into their computers.
• A Joystick – allows an individual to move an
object in a game such as navigating a ship
simulator.
• Gamepad – is used for playing video games
of many types, including sports, first-person
shooters, role-playing, and others.
Central Processing Unit
The central processing unit or CPU
is the brain of the computer.
It is stored inside the CPU Box
together with the other
components such as:
• Motherboard
• Memory card
• Power supply
• Sound card, video card, LAN card.
What Does the CPU Do?
• The CPU executes a step-by-step instruction in the memory called
program.
• The CPU has two basic components; The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
and the Control Unit. These two components work together to do the
computer processing.
The ALU does arithmetic and logical operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division. The Logical function, on the
other hand, compares whether a data is greater, less, or equal to
another, and then certain action occurs.
The CONTROL Unit function just like a traffic cop that directs the
sequence of operations that the CPU follows. It determines what
numbers to add and what data to compare in the ALU.
• The CPU is also known as the microprocessor.
CPU Machine/Instruction Cycle
• Fetch – is the process of getting a
program instruction from data
memory.
• Decode – is the process of translating
these instructions or data that the
CPU can understand and execute
upon.
• Execute – is the process of carrying
out the command. It is either
arithmetic or logical.
• Storing – is the process of writing the
result to memory. This memory is in
the CPU it self and they are called
registers. This memory is not RAM or
HARD DISK.
CPU Registers
 Special memory units, called registers, are used to
hold information on a temporary basis as the
instructions are interpreted and executed by the
CPU
 Registers are part of the CPU (not main memory)
of a computer
 The length of a register, sometimes called its word
size, equals the number of bits it can store
 With all other parameters being the same, a CPU
with 32-bit registers can process data twice larger
than one with 16-bit registers
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Cache Memory
 It is commonly used for minimizing the memory-
processor speed mismatch.
 It is an extremely fast, small memory between CPU
and main memory whose access time is closer to the
processing speed of the CPU.
 It is used to temporarily store very active data and
instructions during processing.

• Cache is pronounced as “cash”

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OUTPUT Devices
The output devices allow the user to see the result of the data that has been processed.
OUTPUT Devices
The output devices allow the user to see the result of the data that has been processed.

Monitor – it is a video screen that

displays information

• CRT – Cathode Ray Tube

• LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
 OUTPUT Devices
The output devices allow the user to see the result of the data that has been processed.

Printer – receives output from the

computer and print it on paper, such as:
• Dot-matrix – creates character by
striking pins against ink ribbons.
• Inject or Bubble Jet printer – Uses ink
to print
• Laser Jet – Uses Toner and Laser.
• Plotter Printer – uses a pen, pencil
marker, or another writing tool to
make a design.
• Thermal printer – a printer in which
small heated pins form characters on
heat-sensitive paper.
OUTPUT Devices
The output devices allow the user to see the result of the data that has been processed.

• Speakers – the speaker is an

output device that will allow
you to hear the sound
generated by your computer.
• Data Projector – an output
device that can take the
display of a computer screen
and project a large version of
it onto flat surface.
Input / Output Devices
The input-output peripherals are computer peripherals that function as input and output devices they provide input data as well
as output.
Input / Output Devices
The input-output peripherals are computer peripherals that function as input and output devices they provide input data as well
as output.

• Modem (Modulator-Demodulator) is
a communication device that allows
the computer to receive and send
data and information from one
comp0uter to another.
• The transmission of information may
occur over telephone lines, cables
(also used for cable TV), satellite, and
other media.
• DSL modems are common devices for
home and school internet connection
Input / Output Devices
The input-output peripherals are computer peripherals that function as input and output devices they provide input data as well
as output.

• A touch screen is a display that

can sense the incidence and
position of touch within the
screen area.
• The modern application includes
the table PC, iPhone, Android
Phones, and iPod touch.
• The screen in both applications
is used as input for data and
command as well as output to
display the information.
Input / Output Devices
The input-output peripherals are computer peripherals that function as input and output devices they provide input data as well
as output.

• The headset – is a device

that has a microphone
and a headphone.
• The microphone is a
means to input voice and
the headphone serves as
a speaker to listen to the
voice or music
COMPUTER STORAGE
Computer storage is a means to hold and store data,
programs, and information for present and future use. All
computer have the same sort of storage to function
properly.
• Storage that loses its contents when power is off is called
VOLATILE Storage and the one that retains its contents is
called non – VOLATILE Storage.
• The term memory refers to RAM and the term storage is
used to refer to non-volatile storage devices such as hard
disks, flash drives, memory cards, diskette CDs, AND DVDs.
COMPUTER STORAGE
• Floppy Disk – is a small capacity magnetic storage device inside
a plastic case accessible by a floppy disk drive. Capacity 2.44MB
• Optical Disk – Optical media or optical discs are storage media
that use laser technology to store data into a circular plastic or
metallic disc.
• Hard Disk – all desktop computer hardware uses the hard disk
as the main storage inside the CPU Box. It is directly connected
to the motherboard by a data cable. 500GB or 1TB
• External Hard Disk – External Hard disks with enclosure and
made of plastic or aluminum. The popular size is either 3.5
inches, used for desktop computer.
• Flash Drive – is a flash memory storage device with USB
connector with a capacity of 512 MB to 64 GB
• Memory Cards – memory cards or flash memory cards a type of
storage media that is most commonly used in digital cameras,
digital cam recorders, handheld computers, MP3 players, PDAs,
cell phones, game consoles, and printers.
Data Representation
The Computer Number System Series 1 & 2

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 Computer Language
• We use computer to process the data and get the
desired output.
• The data input can be in the form of alphabets, digits,
symbols, audio, video, magnetic cards, finger prints, etc.
Since computer can only understand 0 and 1, the data
must be represented in the computer in 0s and 1s.
• This lesson is to introduce you to the data
representation in the computer or COMPUTER NUMBER
SYSTEMS
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The Computer Number Systems (Series 1)
• Binary Number Systems – binary number system is used in
the design and implementation of computer’s hardware
and software. Binary method of notation uses two
numbers only, the 0 and 1.
• The number 1 can be interpreted as logical true, yes, or on
or simply a representation of the presence of current or
signal. While 0 can be interpreted as logical false, no, off
or a representation of the absence of current or signal.
• The 0 and 1 are called bits, the short term for binary
digits.
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Binary System
• Binary is a base 2 number system while the decimal is
a base 10 number system. The base 2 number
system is what all computers and data
communications used to communicate and process
data.
• Binary numbers are the key to understanding how
router works and how packets get from one
workstation (host) to another on a Transport Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Network.
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Decimal Number System
•A decimal number can be expressed as the
sum of each digit times a power of ten in
expanded notation. With decimal fraction,
this can be expressed also in expanded
notation. However, the values at the right
side of the decimal point are the negative
power of ten.
•See Examples:
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Examples:
1. 7642 = 7 x 103 + 6 x 102 + 4 x 101 + 2 x 100
= 7 x 1000 + 6 x 100 + 4 x 10 + 2 x 1
= 7000 + 600 + 40 + 2
= 7642
2. 28.36 = 2 x 101 + 8 x 100 + 3 x 10-1 + 6 x 10-2
= 2 x 10 + 8 x 1 + 3 /10 + 6/100
= 20 + 8 + .30 + 0.06
= 28.36

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Binary to Decimal Number Conversion
• Binary numbers can be converted into decimal number using an
expanded notation in base 2 instead of base 10 (in the case of
decimal numbers).
• Examples:
1. 102 = 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 2. 1102
=2+0 3. 11112
= 210

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Decimal to Binary Number Conversion
• Decimal numbers can be converted into binary numbers by
dividing it by 2. the remainders are considered as its binary
equivalent by reading it upward or the last remainder is the first to
be read. You have to neglect the numbers after the decimal point
in the quotient.
Divide Quotient Remainder
1. 1410 = 14/2 7 0
= 7/2 3 1
= 3/2 1 1
= ½ 0 1
= 11102
2. 910
3. 12010

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The Computer Number System (series 2)
•The octal Number System has eight basic
digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5, and 7. it is a base 8
number system. The octal number system is
used to conserve memory storage location
of the computer system by grouping the
binary digits into three. Meaning, 3 bits is
equivalent to 1 octal number
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Decimal to Octal Number Conversion
•To convert decimal number into octal number,
first we divide the decimal number by 8. then we
have to take note the remainder after each
computation of division operation
•The computation process will stop when the
quotient becomes 0. again we have to read the
remainders in upward direction or the last
number is to be read first.
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Computation Decimal to Octal
Examples:
Divide Quotient Remainder
1.) 1010 =10/8 1 2
=1/8 0 1
=128
2.)13610
3.)149010

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 Octal to Decimal Number Conversion
To convert octal number to decimal number, we have to multiply
each octal number by its positional value. Then we sum up all
the resulting products.
Examples:
1. 148 = 1x81 + 4x80
= 8+4
= 1210
2. 2308 =
3. 68 =

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Octal to Binary Number Conversion
Using the given table below, we can convert octal number to its equivalent binary
number. Each octal number must be converted one at a time by its equivalent
binary number.

Octal Binary
0 000
1 001
2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111

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Octal to Binary Number Conversion
Examples:
1.) 368 =
3= 0112
6= 1102
= 0111102
2.) 1428 =
3.)75.038 =

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Other Solution………….
We can solve this octal to binary conversion by using the
following technique:
4 2 1 The Octal Equivalent
1 1 1 The Binary Equivalent

For example, we want to convert an octal number 7 to binary

number equivalent. Obviously, we have the answer: 111. now if
you try to analyze the process, you could notice that we can
easily get the answer by adding the octal number equivalent at
the top of each binary number (4+2+1).

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Binary to Octal Number Conversion
We just simply reverse the procedure when we
convert the binary number into octal number.
You could notice that every octal number has
three equivalent binary digits(bits). That’s why
we group the bits in three during the conversion
process. We will and zeroes to complete the
group when incomplete groupings occur.

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Other Solution…….
We can solve this binary to octal conversion by using the following
technique.
4 2 1 The Octal Equivalent
1 1 1 The Binary Equivalent
For example, to convert the binary number to its equivalent octal
number we simply group them into three bits: 4 2 1 / 4 2 1
111/101
By summing up all the octal numbers equivalent at the top of each
respective binary 1 we can get the right answer:
758 (4 + 2 + 1 / 4 + 1).

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Another example:
Another example; to convert the binary number 100110000 to
its equivalent octal number, we group them again into three bits:
421/421/421
100/110/000
Now summing up all the octal numbers at the top of each
respective binary 1, we will arrive to the answer: 4608 (4+0+0 /
4+2+0/0+0+0). We simply didn’t include in our summation any
octal number equivalent at the top of each respective binary 0.

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Examples:
1. 1110001012 =
1112 = 7
0002 = 0
1012 = 5
= 7058
2. 110.1112
3. 1002

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