Hepatobiliary

HEPATOBILIARY
SYSTEM
Resoco, Marites F.
HEPATOBILIARY
SYSTEM
• a complex network of organs, ducts, and tissues involved
in bile production, storage, and secretion, a digestive fluid
that helps break down fats in the small intestine
• the system includes the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and

associated blood vessels and nerves
LIVER
• the largest organ in the system

• plays a central role in bile production and metabolism, as
well as many other essential functions in the body, such as
detoxification, nutrient storage, and synthesis of proteins
and hormones
GALLBLADDER
• a small sac-like organ located under the liver

• stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver,
releasing it into the small intestine as needed
BILE DUCTS
• a series of tubes that connect the liver and gallbladder to

the small intestine
• transport bile and other digestive juices to aid in the
digestion and absorption of nutrients
HEPATIC AND
BILIARY
DISORDERS
HEPATIC AND
BILIARY DISORDERS
refer to a group of conditions that affect the
liver, gallbladder, or bile ducts, and can
result in a range of symptoms and
complications
CIRRHOSIS
• a condition that refers to scarring of the liver,
which can lead to liver dysfunction and failure
• this scarring is typically a result of long-term liver
damage
Causes:
The most common cause of cirrhosis is chronic
alcohol abuse, but it can also be caused by other
factors such as viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver
disease, and autoimmune disorders.
CIRRHOSIS
Symptoms:
• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the
eyes)
• Abdominal pain and swelling
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Itchy skin
• Bruising easily
• Confusion or difficulty thinking clearly
CIRRHOSIS
Diagnosis and Treatment
• Blood tests measure liver function and blood

clotting
• Liver biopsies involve removing a small piece of
the tumor to test it in the lab
• Imaging tests such as ultrasounds, nuclear scans,
and cholangiograms give us a picture of what is
happening inside the body
CIRRHOSIS
Managing symptoms and slowing
their progression:
• Treating the problem that led to cirrhosis

• Cut down or stop drinking alcohol
• Lose weight
• Liver transplant
NURSING
INTERVENTIONS
Fluid and electrolyte management: Monitor fluid and
electrolyte levels, provide IV fluids as needed, and administer
electrolyte replacements as necessary.
Nutrition management: Encourage a low-sodium diet to reduce
fluid retention, and a high-protein diet to promote healing.
Medication management: Administer medication as prescribed,
including diuretics to reduce fluid retention and antibiotics to
prevent infections.
Monitoring: Monitor vital signs, intake and output, and assess
for signs of bleeding or infection.
NURSING
INTERVENTIONS
Hygiene: Teach and assist the patient with proper hygiene
practices to reduce the risk of infection.
Education: Provide education on the importance of follow-up
appointments, medication compliance, and dietary management.
Psychological support: Offer emotional support to the patient
and their family, as cirrhosis can be a chronic condition that can
affect quality of life.
Screening and prevention: Encourage the patient to undergo
regular screening for viral hepatitis and to receive vaccinations
for hepatitis A and B, if not already immune.
CHOLELITHIASIS
also known as gallstones
refers to the formation of solid deposits within the
gallbladder or bile ducts
these stones can cause a range of symptoms and
complications
Causes:
The exact cause of cholelithiasis is not always known,
but it may be due to a combination of genetic,
environmental, and lifestyle factors. Risk factors
include obesity, rapid weight loss, a high-fat diet, and
certain medical conditions such as diabetes and liver
disease.
CHOLELITHIASIS
Symptoms:
• Abdominal pain, typically in the upper right

quadrant or in the center of the abdomen
• Indigestion and bloating
eyes)
• Clay-colored stools
• Fever and chills (if an infection develops)
NURSING
INTERVENTIONS
Pain management: Administer pain medication as prescribed by
the physician to relieve pain.
Nutrition management: Encourage a low-fat, high-fiber diet to
promote bowel regularity and reduce the risk of complications.
Medication management: Administer medication as prescribed,
including anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics, if an infection
develops.
Monitoring: Monitor vital signs, intake and output, and assess
for signs of complications such as infection or pancreatitis.
NURSING
INTERVENTIONS
Hygiene: Teach and assist the patient with proper hygiene
practices to reduce the risk of infection.
Preoperative care: Prepare the patient for surgery, if needed, and
provide education on pre- and post-operative care.
Psychological support: Offer emotional support to the patient
and their family, as cholelithiasis can be a painful and stressful
condition.
CHOLECYSTITIS
is a condition that occurs when the gallbladder
becomes inflamed, typically due to the presence of
gallstones or an infection
most common causes:

• gallstones, which can block the bile ducts and
cause inflammation
• infections, injury to the gallbladder, or tumors
CHOLECYSTITIS
Symptoms:
• Pain in the upper right abdomen or in the center

of the abdomen that may radiate to the back or
right shoulder blade
• Fever
• Loss of appetite
eyes)
• Abdominal bloating and gas
NURSING
INTERVENTIONS
Pain management: Administer pain medication as prescribed by
the physician to relieve pain.
Nausea and vomiting management: Administer antiemetic
medications as prescribed to control nausea and vomiting.
Monitoring: Monitor vital signs, intake, and output, and assess
for signs of dehydration.
Dietary management: Encourage a low-fat diet and avoid foods
that can trigger symptoms.
Hydration: Encourage adequate fluid intake to prevent
dehydration.
NURSING
INTERVENTIONS
Positioning: Encourage the patient to rest in a semi-Fowler’s
position to help with breathing, and reduce pain.
Wound care: Monitor and assess the surgical incision site if
applicable for signs of infection or other complications.
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING!

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HEPATOBILIARY

• the system includes the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and

• the largest organ in the system

• a small sac-like organ located under the liver

• a series of tubes that connect the liver and gallbladder to

• Blood tests measure liver function and blood

• Treating the problem that led to cirrhosis

• Abdominal pain, typically in the upper right

most common causes:

• Pain in the upper right abdomen or in the center

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