AHL 3.

12 Vector Definitions
[248 marks]

The points A(5, −2, 5), B(5, 4, −1), C(−1, −2, −1) and D(7, −4, −3) are
the vertices of a right-pyramid.

1a. −−→ −−→ [2 marks]

Find the vectors AB and AC .

Markscheme
* This sample question was produced by experienced DP mathematics senior
examiners to aid teachers in preparing for external assessment in the new
MAA course. There may be minor differences in formatting compared to
formal exam papers.

−−→ ⎛
0 ⎞⎛ ⎛ 0 ⎞⎞
AB =⎜ 6 ⎟⎜= 6⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ A1
⎝ −6 ⎠⎝ ⎝ −1 ⎠⎠

−−→ ⎛
−6 ⎞⎛ ⎛ −1 ⎞⎞
AC =⎜ 0 ⎟⎜= 6⎜ 0 ⎟⎟ A1
⎝ −6 ⎠⎝ ⎝ −1 ⎠⎠
[2 marks]

ˆ
1b. Use a vector method to show that BÂC = 60°. [3 marks]

Markscheme
−−→ −−→
AB ⋅AC
attempts to use cos BÂC = ∣ −−→ ∣ ∣ −−→ ∣
(M1)
∣ AB ∣ ∣ AC ∣
∣ ∣∣ ∣

⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ −6 ⎞
⎜ 6 ⎟⋅⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
−6 −6
= A1
√72×√72
1
= 2 A1

so BÂC = 60° AG
[3 marks]
1c. Show that the Cartesian equation of the plane Π that contains the [3 marks]
triangle ABC is −x + y + z = −2.
 Markscheme
attempts to find a vector normal to Π M1
−−→ −−→ ⎛
−36 ⎞⎛ ⎛ −1 ⎞⎞
for example, AB × AC = ⎜ 36 ⎟⎜= 36⎜ 1 ⎟⎟ leading to A1
⎝ 36 ⎠⎝ ⎝ 1 ⎠⎠

⎛ −1 ⎞
a vector normal to Π is n = ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ 1 ⎠
EITHER
substitutes(5, −2, −5) (or (5, 4, −1) or (−1, −2, −1)) into
−x + y + z = d and attempts to find the value of d
for example, d = −5 − 2 + 5(= −2) M1
OR
attempts to use r ⋅ n = a ⋅ n M1
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞
for example, ⎜ y ⎟⋅⎜ 1 ⎟= ⎜ −2 ⎟⋅ ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝z⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
THEN
leading to the Cartesian equation of Π as −x + y + z = −2 AG
[3 marks]

The line L passes through the point D and is perpendicular to Π .

1d. Find a vector equation of the line L. [1 mark]

 Markscheme
⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞
r =⎜ −4 ⎟+λ⎜ 1 ⎟(λ ∈ R) A1
⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
[1 mark]

1e. Hence determine the minimum distance, dmin , from D to Π . [4 marks]

 Markscheme
substitutesx = 7 − λ, y = −4 + λ, z = −3 + λ into −x + y + z = −2 (M1)
−(7 − λ)+(−4 + λ)+(−3 + λ)= −2(3λ = 12)
λ = 4 A1
shows a correct calculation for finding dmin , for example, attempts to find
∣ ⎛ −1 ⎞∣
∣ ⎜ ⎟∣
∣4 1 ∣ M1
∣ ⎝ 1 ⎠∣
dmin = 4√3(= 6. 93) A1
[4 marks]

1f. Find the volume of right-pyramid ABCD. [4 marks]

Markscheme
let the area of triangle ABC be A
EITHER
∣−−→ −−→∣
attempts to find A = 12 ∣AB × AC ∣, for example M1
∣ ∣
∣⎛ −36 ⎞∣
A = 12 ∣∣⎜ 36 ⎟∣∣
∣⎝ 36 ⎠∣
OR
∣−−→∣∣−−→∣
attempts to find 12 ∣AB ∣∣AC ∣sin θ, for example M1
∣ ∣∣ ∣
1 √3 π √3
A= 2 × 6√2 × 6√2 × 2 (where sin 3
= 2 )
THEN
A = 18√3(= 31. 2) A1
uses V = 13 Ah where A is the area of triangle ABC and h = dmin M1
1
V = 3
× 18√3 × 4√3
= 72 A1
[4 marks]
 12
Consider the vectors a and b such that a =( ) and |b|= 15.
−5

2a. Find the possible range of values for |a + b| . [2 marks]

Markscheme
|a|= √122 + (−5)2 (= 13) (A1)

2 ≤|a + b|≤ 28 (accept min 2 and max 28) A1

Note: Award (A1)A0 for 2 and 28 seen with no indication that they are
the endpoints of an interval.

[2 marks]

= +
 Consider the vector p such that p = a + b.

2b. Given that |a + b| is a minimum, find p. [2 marks]

Markscheme
recognition that p or b is a negative multiple of a (M1)
12
p = −2â OR b = − 15
13
a(= − 15
13
( ))
−5
12 −1. 85
2
p = − 13 ( )(=( )) A1
−5 0. 769

[2 marks]
 =( ), where x, y ∈ R+ .
x
Consider the vector q such that q
y

2c. Find q such that |q| = |b| and q is perpendicular to a. [5 marks]

Markscheme
METHOD 1
12
q is perpendicular to ( )
−5
5
⇒ q is in the direction ( ) (M1)
12
5
q = k( ) (A1)
12

(|q|=)√(5k)2 + (12k)2 = 15 (M1)

15
k= 13
(A1)
75
)=(
5 5. 77
q= 15
13
( )(=( 180
13
)) A1
12 13. 8
13

METHOD 2
12
q is perpendicular to ( )
−5
attempt to set scalar product q. a = 0 OR product of gradients = −1
(M1)
12x − 5y = 0 (A1)
(|q|=)√x2 + y 2 = 15
attempt to solve simultaneously to find a quadratic in x or y (M1)
2
OR ( 12 )
2 5y
x2 + ( 125x ) = 15 2
+ y 2 = 152
75
)(=(
5. 77
q =( 13
)) A1A1
180 13. 8
13
75
Note: Award A1 independently for each value. Accept values given as x= 13
180
and y= 13
or equivalent.

[5 marks]

O
 Two airplanes, A and B, have position vectors with respect to an origin O given
respectively by

⎛ 19 ⎞ ⎛ −6 ⎞
rA =⎜ −1 ⎟+t⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠

⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
rB =⎜ 0 ⎟+t⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ 12 ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠
where t represents the time in minutes and 0 ≤ t ≤ 2. 5.
Entries in each column vector give the displacement east of O , the displacement
north of O and the distance above sea level, all measured in kilometres.

3a. Find the three-figure bearing on which airplane B is travelling. [2 marks]

 Markscheme
let ϕ be the required angle (bearing)

EITHER
ϕ = 90° − arctan 12 (= arctan 2) (M1)

Note: Award M1 for a labelled sketch.

OR
0 4
( )⋅( )
cos ϕ = 1 2
(= 0. 4472 … , = 1
) (M1)
√1×√20 √5
ϕ = arccos(0. 4472 …)

THEN
063° A1

Note: Do not accept 063. 6° or 63. 4° or 1. 10c .

[2 marks]

3b. Show that airplane A travels at a greater speed than airplane B. [2 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
let |bA| be the speed of A and let |bB | be the speed of B
attempts to find the speed of one of A or B (M1)

|bA|= √(−6)2 + 22 + 42 or |bB |= √42 + 22 + (−2)2

Note: Award M0 for |bA|= √192 + (−1)2 + 12 and |bB |= √12 + 02 + 122 .

|bA|= 7. 48 … (= √56) (km min-1) and |bB |= 4. 89 … (= √24) (km min-

1) A1
|bA|>|bB | so A travels at a greater speed than B AG

METHOD 2
attempts to use speed = distance
time
| rA ( t2 ) −rA ( t1 ) | | rB ( t2 ) −rB ( t1 ) |
speedA = t2−t1
and speedB = t2−t1
(M1)

for example:
| rA ( 1 ) −rA ( 0 ) | | rB ( 1 ) −rB ( 0 ) |
speedA = 1 and speedB = 1

√ ( −6 ) 2+22+42 √42+22+22
speedA = 1 and speedB = 1

speedA = 7. 48 …(2√14) and speedB = 4. 89 …(√24) A1

speedA > speedB so A travels at a greater speed than B AG

[2 marks]
3c. Find the acute angle between the two airplanes’ lines of flight. Give your [4 marks]
answer in degrees.

Markscheme
attempts to use the angle between two direction vectors formula (M1)
( −6 ) ( 4 ) + ( 2 ) ( 2 ) + ( 4 ) ( −2 )
cos θ = (A1)
√ ( −6 ) 2+22+42√42+22+ ( −2 ) 2

cos θ = −0. 7637 … (= − 7 ) or

√84
θ = arccos(−0. 7637 …) (= 2. 4399 …)
attempts to find the acute angle 180° − θ using their value of θ (M1)
= 40. 2° A1

[4 marks]

P
 The two airplanes’ lines of flight cross at point P .

3d. Find the coordinates of P. [5 marks]

Markscheme
for example, sets rA (t1 )= rB (t2 ) and forms at least two equations (M1)
19 − 6t1 = 1 + 4t2
−1 + 2t1 = 2t2
1 + 4t1 = 12 − 2t2

Note: Award M0 for equations involving t only.

EITHER
attempts to solve the system of equations for one of t1 or t2 (M1)
3
t1 = 2 or t2 = 2 A1

OR
attempts to solve the system of equations for t1 and t2 (M1)
3
t1 = 2 or t2 = 2 A1

THEN
substitutes their t1 or t2 value into the corresponding rA or rB (M1)
P(7, 3, 9) A1

−−→ ⎛ ⎞
7
Note: Accept OP = ⎜ 3 ⎟. Accept 7 km east of O , 3 km north of O and 9 km
⎝9⎠
above sea level.

[5 marks]

P
3e. Determine the length of time between the first airplane arriving at P and [2 marks]
the second airplane arriving at P .

Markscheme
attempts to find the value of t1 − t2 (M1)
3
t1 − t2 = 2 − 2
0. 5 minutes (30 seconds) A1

[2 marks]

()
3f. LetD(t) represent the distance between airplane A and airplane B for [5 marks]
0 ≤ t ≤ 2. 5.
Find the minimum value of D(t).
Markscheme
EITHER
attempts to find rB − rA (M1)

⎛ −18 ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞
rB − rA =⎜ 1 ⎟+t⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ 11 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠
attempts to find their D(t) (M1)

D(t) = √(10t − 18)2 + 1 + (11 − 6t)2 A1

OR
attempts to find rA − rB (M1)

⎛ 18 ⎞ ⎛ −10 ⎞
rA − rB =⎜ −1 ⎟+t⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ −11 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
attempts to find their D(t) (M1)

D(t) = √(18 − 10t)2 + (−1)2 + (−11 + 6t)2 A1

Note: Award M0M0A0 for expressions using two different time parameters.

THEN
either attempts to find the local minimum point of D(t) or attempts to find the
value of t such that D'(t) = 0 (or equivalent) (M1)
123
t = 1. 8088 … (= 68
)
D(t) = 1. 01459 …
D(t) is 1. 01 (= ) (km)
√1190
minimum value of 34
A1

Note: Award M0 for attempts at the shortest distance between two lines.

[5 marks]

A(3, 0, 0), B(0, − 2, 0) C(1, 1, − 7)

 Three points A(3, 0, 0), B(0, − 2, 0) and C(1, 1, − 7) lie on the plane Π1 .

4a. −−→ −−→ [2 marks]

Find the vector AB and the vector AC .

Markscheme
−−→ −−→
AB or AC
attempts to find either (M1)

−−→ ⎛
−3 ⎞
−−→ ⎛
−2 ⎞
AB =⎜ −2 ⎟ and AC =⎜ 1 ⎟ A1
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −7 ⎠

[2 marks]
4b. Hence find the equation of Π 1 , expressing your answer in the form [5 marks]
ax + by + cz = d, where a, b, c, d ∈ Z.

Markscheme
METHOD 1
−−→ −−→
AB × AC
attempts to find (M1)

−−→ −−→ ⎛
14 ⎞
AB × AC =⎜ −21 ⎟ A1
⎝ −7 ⎠

EITHER
equation of plane is of the form 14x − 21y − 7z = d (2x − 3y − z = d)
(A1)
substitutes a valid point e.g (3, 0, 0) to obtain a value of d M1
d = 42 (d = 6)
OR
r⋅n= a⋅n
attempts to use (M1)

⎛ 14 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 14 ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 14 ⎞ ⎞
r ⋅⎜ −21 ⎟=⎜ 0 ⎟⋅⎜ −21 ⎟ ⎜r ⋅⎜ −21 ⎟= 42⎟ A1
⎝ −7 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −7 ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ −7 ⎠ ⎠

⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛3⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎞
r ⋅⎜ −3 ⎟=⎜ 0 ⎟⋅⎜ −3 ⎟ ⎜r ⋅⎜ −3 ⎟= 6⎟
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎠

THEN
14x − 21y − 7z = 42 (2x − 3y − z = 6) A1

METHOD 2

⎛ x ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ −2 ⎞
equation of plane is of the form ⎜ y ⎟= ⎜ 0 ⎟+s⎜ −2 ⎟+t⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ z ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −7 ⎠
A1
attempts to form equations for x, y, z in terms of their parameters
(M1)
x = 3 − 3s − 2t , y = −2s + t , z = −7t A1
eliminates at least one of their parameters (M1)
for example, 2x − 3y = 6 − 7t(⇒ 2x − 3y = 6 + z)
2x − 3y − z = 6 A1

[5 marks]

3 − +2 =2
 Plane Π2 has equation 3x − y + 2z = 2.

4c. The line

L is the intersection of Π1 and Π2 . Verify that the vector [2 marks]
⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
equation of L can be written as r = ⎜ −2 ⎟+λ⎜ 1 ⎟.
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠

Markscheme
METHOD 1

⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
substitutes r = ⎜ −2 ⎟+λ⎜ 1 ⎟ into their Π 1 and Π 2 (given) (M1)
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
Π1 : 2λ − 3(−2 + λ)−(−λ)= 6 and Π2 : 3λ − 3(−2 + λ)+2(−λ)= 2
A1

Note: Award (M1)A0 for correct verification using a specific value of λ.

⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
so the vector equation of L can be written as r = ⎜ −2 ⎟+λ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
AG

METHOD 2
EITHER

⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
attempts to find ⎜ −3 ⎟× ⎜ −1 ⎟ M1
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

⎛ −7 ⎞
 ⎛ −7 ⎞
=⎜ −7 ⎟
⎝ 7 ⎠

OR

⎛ 2 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ −3 ⎟⋅⎜ 1 ⎟=(2 − 3 + 1)= 0 and ⎜ −1 ⎟⋅⎜ 1 ⎟=(3 − 1 − 2)= 0
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
M1

THEN
substitutes (0, −2, 0) into Π1 and Π2
Π1 : 2(0)−3(−2)−(0)= 6 and Π2 : 3(0)−(−2)+2(0)= 2 A1

⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
so the vector equation of L can be written as r = ⎜ −2 ⎟+λ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
AG

METHOD 3
attempts to solve2x − 3y − z = 6 and 3x − y + 2z = 2 (M1)
for example, x = −λ, y = −2 − λ, z = λ A1

Note: Award A1 for substituting x = 0 (or y = −2 or z = 0) into Π 1 and Π2

and solving simultaneously. For example, solving −3y − z = 6 and
−y + 2z = 2 to obtain y = −2 and z = 0.
⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
so the vector equation of L can be written as r = ⎜ −2 ⎟+λ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠
AG

[2 marks]

2 −2 =3
 The plane Π 3 is given by 2x − 2z = 3. The line L and the plane Π3 intersect at
the point P.

4d. Show that at the point P, λ = 34 . [2 marks]

Markscheme
substitutes the equation of L into the equation of Π3 (M1)
2λ + 2λ = 3 ⇒ 4λ = 3 A1
3
λ= 4
AG

[2 marks]

4e. Hence find the coordinates of P. [1 mark]

Markscheme
P has coordinates ( 34 , − 54 , − 34 ) A1

[1 mark]

B(0, −2, 0)
 The point B(0, −2, 0) lies on L.

4f. Find the reflection of the point B in the plane Π 3 . [7 marks]

Markscheme
⎛ 2 ⎞
normal to Π 3 is n = ⎜ 0 ⎟ (A1)
⎝ −2 ⎠

Note: May be seen or used anywhere.

considers the line normal to Π 3 passing through B(0, −2, 0) (M1)
⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
r =⎜ −2 ⎟+μ⎜ 0 ⎟ A1
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠

EITHER
finding the point on the normal line that intersects Π 3
attempts to solve simultaneously with plane 2x − 2z = 3 (M1)
4μ + 4μ = 3
3
μ= 8
A1

point is ( 34 , − 2, − 34 )

OR

⎛⎛ 2μ ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
3

⎜
⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟⎟⋅⎜ 0 ⎟= 0
⎜ ⎜ 4 ⎟⎟
⎟
5
−2 − − (M1)
⎝
⎝ −2μ ⎠ ⎝− 3 ⎠⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠
4
3 3
4μ − 2 + 4μ − 2 =0
3
μ= 8
A1

OR
attempts to find the equation of the plane parallel to Π 3 containing
B' (x − z = 3) and solve simultaneously with L (M1)
2μ' + 2μ' = 3
3
μ' = 4
A1

THEN
so, another point on the reflected line is given by

⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
r =⎜ −2 ⎟+ 34 ⎜ 0 ⎟ (A1)
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠

⇒ B'( 32 , −2, − 32 ) A1

[7 marks]
4g. Hence find the vector equation of the line formed when L is reflected in [2 marks]
the plane Π 3 .
Markscheme
EITHER
attempts to find the direction vector of the reflected line using their P and B'
(M1)

−−→ ⎛ 4 3 ⎞
3

PB' =⎜
⎜
⎜− 4
⎟
⎟
⎟
⎝− 3 ⎠
4

OR
attempts to find their direction vector of the reflected line using a vector
approach (M1)

−−→ −→ −−→ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
PB' = PB + BB' = − 34 ⎜ 1 ⎟+ 32 ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠

THEN

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
3 3

r =⎜ ⎟+λ⎜
⎜ −2 ⎟ ⎟
2
⎜
⎜− 4 ⎟
⎟ (or equivalent)
3
A1
⎝− 3 ⎠ ⎝− 3 ⎠
2 4

⎛x⎞
Note: Award A0 for either 'r = ' or '⎜ y ⎟= ' not stated. Award A0 for 'L' = '
⎝z⎠

[2 marks]

A B (1, 1, 2) (9, , − 6)
 Points A and B have coordinates (1, 1, 2) and (9, m, − 6) respectively.

5a. −−→ [2 marks]

Express AB in terms of m.

Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
−−→
valid approach to find AB (M1)
−−→ −−→
eg OB − OA , A − B

−−→ ⎛
8 ⎞
AB =⎜ m − 1 ⎟ A1 N2
⎝ −8 ⎠
[2 marks]

⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
 ⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
The line L, which passes through B, has equation r = ⎜ −19 ⎟+s⎜ 4 ⎟.
⎝ 24 ⎠ ⎝ −5 ⎠

5b. Find the value of m . [5 marks]

Markscheme
valid approach (M1)

⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
eg L =⎜ m ⎟ , ⎜ m ⎟=⎜ −19 ⎟+s⎜ 4 ⎟
⎝ −6 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠ ⎝ 24 ⎠ ⎝ −5 ⎠
one correct equation (A1)
eg −3 + 2s = 9, − 6 = 24 − 5s
correct value for s A1
eg s=6
substituting their s value into their expression/equation to find m (M1)
eg −19 + 6 × 4
m=5 A1 N3
[5 marks]

2 1
5c. Consider a unit vector u, such that u = pi − 23 j + 13 k, where p > 0. [8 marks]
−−→
Point C is such that BC = 9u.
Find the coordinates of C.
Markscheme
valid approach (M1)

−−→ ⎛
9p ⎞
−−→ ⎛
x− 9⎞
eg BC =⎜ −6 ⎟, C = 9u + B , BC =⎜ y − 5 ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝z+6⎠
correct working to find C (A1)

−−→ ⎛
9p + 9 ⎞ ⎛ p ⎞ ⎛ 9 ⎞
OC =⎜ −1 ⎟, C = 9⎜
⎜− 3 ⎟
⎟+⎜ 5 ⎟, y = −1 and z = −3
2
eg
⎝ −3 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠
3
correct approach to find |u| (seen anywhere) A1

p2 + (− 23 ) + ( 13 ) , √p2 +
2 2 4 1
eg 9
+ 9

recognizing unit vector has magnitude of 1 (M1)

|u|= 1 , √p2 + (− 23 ) + ( 13 ) = 1 , p2 +
2 2 5
eg 9
=1
correct working (A1)
4
eg p2 = 9
, p = ± 23
2
p= 3
A1
substituting their value of p (M1)
eg
⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 9 ⎞
2
⎛x− 9⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ 9 ⎞
⎜ y − 5 ⎟=⎜ −6 ⎟, C =⎜ −6 ⎟+⎜ 5 ⎟, C = 9⎜
⎜
⎜ 3
− 2 ⎟
⎟+⎜
⎟ 5 ⎟, x − 9 = 6
⎝z+6⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠
3

⎛ 15 ⎞
C(15, − 1, − 3) (accept ⎜ −1 ⎟) A1 N4
⎝ −3 ⎠

Note: The marks for finding p are independent of the first two marks.
For example, it is possible to award marks such as (M0)(A0)A1(M1)(A1)A1
(M0)A0 or (M0)(A0)A1(M1)(A0)A0 (M1)A0 .

[8 marks]
 ⎛ −2 ⎞ ⎛6⎞
The points A and B have position vectors ⎜ 4 ⎟ and ⎜ 8 ⎟ respectively.
⎝ −4 ⎠ ⎝0⎠

⎛ −1 ⎞
Point C has position vector ⎜ k ⎟. Let O be the origin.
⎝ 0 ⎠

Find, in terms of k,

6a. −−→ −−→ [2 marks]

OA ∙ OC .

Markscheme
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
correct substitution into either OA ∙ OC or into OB ∙ OC (in (ii)) (A1)

eg −2 × (−1) + 4 × k, 6 × (−1) + 8 × k
correct expression A1 N1
eg 2 + 4k, 4k + 2
[2 marks]

−−→ −−→
6b. −
−→ −−→ [1 mark]
OB ∙ OC .

Markscheme
correct expression A1 N1
eg 8k − 6, −6 + 8k
[1 mark]

ˆ ˆ
6c. Given that AÔC = BÔC, show that k = 7. [8 marks]
Markscheme
finding magnitudes (seen anywhere) A1A1

eg √(−2)2 + (4)2 + (−4)2 (= 6), √(6)2 + (8)2 + 02 (= 10)

correct substitution of their values into formula for angle AOC (A1)
2+4k
eg cos θ = ∣−−→∣
√(−2)2+(4)2+(−4)2∣OC ∣
∣ ∣
correct substitution of their values into formula for angle BOC (A1)
8k−6
eg cos θ = ∣−−→∣
√(6)2+(8)2+02∣OC ∣
∣ ∣

recognizing that cos AÔC = cos BÔC (seen anywhere) (M1)

2+4k 8k−6 2+4k 8k−6
eg
∣−−→∣
= ∣−−→∣
,
6√ 1+k2
= 10√ 1+k2
∣OC ∣√(−2)2+(4)2+(−4)2 ∣OC ∣√6 +(8) +0
2 2 2
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
correct working (without radicals) (A2)
eg 10 (2 + 4k) = 6 (8k − 6), 11k2 − 79k + 14 = 0
correct working clearly leading to the required answer A1
2
eg 20 + 36 = 48k − 40k, 56 = 8k, k = 7 and k = 11 ,
(k − 7) (11k − 2) = 0
k=7 AG N0
[8 marks]

AOC
6d. Calculate the area of triangle AOC. [6 marks]
Markscheme
−−→
finding magnitude of OC (seen anywhere) A1

eg √(−1)2 + 72 + 02 , √50
valid attempt to find cos θ (M1)
2+28 56−6
eg cos θ = 2
, cos θ = ,
6√(−1) +72+02 10√(−1)2+72+02
2 2
(√26) = 62 + (√50) − 2 (6) √50 cos θ
finding cos θ A1

eg cos θ = 5
(= 1
)
√50 √2
valid approach to find sin θ (seen anywhere) (M1)

eg θ= π
4
, sin θ = cos θ, sin θ = √1 − 25
50
, sin θ = √1 − cos2 θ,
√2
sin θ = 2

correct substitution of their values into 12 ab sin C (A1)

eg 1
2 × 6 × √50 × √1 − 25
50
, 12 × 6 × √50 × 5
√50
area is 15 A1 N3
[6 marks]
 Consider the lines L1 and L2 with respective equations
L1 : y = − 23 x + 9 and L2 : y = 25 x − 19
5
.

7a. Find the point of intersection of L 1 and L2 . [2 marks]

Markscheme
valid approach (M1)
eg L1 = L2 , x = 12, y = 1
(12, 1) (exact) A1 N2
[2 marks]

A third line, L3 , has gradient − 34 .

7b. Write down a direction vector for L 3 . [1 mark]

 Markscheme
−4 −4
( ) (or any multiple of ( )) A1 N1
3 3
[1 mark]

7c. L3 passes through the intersection of L1 and L2 . [2 marks]

Write down a vector equation for L 3 .

Markscheme
any correct equation in the form r = a + tb (accept any parameter for t)
where
−4
a is a position vector for a point on L1 , and b is a scalar multiple of ( )
3
A2 N2
12 −4
eg r=( ) + t( )
1 3
Note: Award A1 for the form a + tb, A1 for the form L = a + tb, A0 for the
form r = b + ta.
[2 marks]

⎛0⎞ ⎛0 ⎞
 ⎛0⎞ ⎛0 ⎞
Consider the vectors a = ⎜ 3 ⎟ and b = ⎜ 6 ⎟.
⎝p⎠ ⎝ 18 ⎠
Find the value of p for which a and b are

8a. parallel. [2 marks]

Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
valid approach (M1)
eg b = 2a, a = kb, cos θ = 1, a•b = −|a||b|, 2p = 18
p=9 A1 N2
[2 marks]
8b. perpendicular. [4 marks]

Markscheme
evidence of scalar product (M1)
eg a•b, (0)(0) + (3)(6) + p(18)
recognizing a•b = 0 (seen anywhere) (M1)
correct working (A1)
eg 18 + 18p = 0, 18p = −18 (A1)
p = −1 A1 N3
[4 marks]

P P
 Two distinct lines, l1 and l2 , intersect at a point P . In addition to P , four distinct
points are marked out on l1 and three distinct points on l2 . A mathematician
decides to join some of these eight points to form polygons.

9a. Find how many sets of four points can be selected which can form the [2 marks]
vertices of a quadrilateral.

Markscheme
appreciation that two points distinct from P need to be chosen from each line
M1
4C × 3 C2
2
=18 A1
[2 marks]
9b. Find how many sets of three points can be selected which can form the [4 marks]
vertices of a triangle.
Markscheme
EITHER
consider cases for triangles including P or triangles not including P M1
3 × 4 + 4 × 3 C2 + 3 × 4 C2 (A1)(A1)
Note: Award A1 for 1st term, A1 for 2nd & 3rd term.
OR
consider total number of ways to select 3 points and subtract those with 3
points on the same line M1
8C − 5 C3 − 4 C3 (A1)(A1)
3
Note: Award A1 for 1st term, A1 for 2nd & 3rd term.
56−10−4
THEN
= 42 A1
[4 marks]

⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
 ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
The line l1 has vector equation r1 = ⎜ 0 ⎟ + λ ⎜ 2 ⎟, λ ∈ R and the line l2 has
⎝1⎠ ⎝1⎠

⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎛5⎞
vector equation r2 = ⎜ 0 ⎟ + μ ⎜ 6 ⎟, μ ∈ R.
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2⎠
The point P has coordinates (4, 6, 4).

9c. Verify that P is the point of intersection of the two lines. [3 marks]
 Markscheme
METHOD 1
substitution of (4, 6, 4) into both equations (M1)
λ = 3 and μ = 1 A1A1
(4, 6, 4) AG
METHOD 2
attempting to solve two of the three parametric equations M1
λ = 3 and μ = 1 A1
check both of the above give (4, 6, 4) M1AG
Note: If they have shown the curve intersects for all three coordinates they
only need to check (4,6,4) with one of "λ" or "μ".
[3 marks]

The point A has coordinates (3, 4, 3) and lies on l1 .

9d. Write down the value of λ corresponding to the point A. [1 mark]

Markscheme
λ=2 A1
[1 mark]

B
 The point B has coordinates (−1, 0, 2) and lies on l2 .

9e. −−→ −→ [2 marks]

Write down PA and PB .

Markscheme
−−→ ⎛
−1 ⎞
−→ ⎛
−5 ⎞
PA = ⎜ −2 ⎟ , PB = ⎜ −6 ⎟ A1A1
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠
Note: Award A1A0 if both are given as coordinates.
[2 marks]

C D
9f. Let C be the point on l1 with coordinates (1, 0, 1) and D be the point on [8 marks]
l2 with parameter μ = −2.
Find the area of the quadrilateral CDBA.

Markscheme
METHOD 1

∣−→ −−→∣
 ∣−→ −−→∣
area triangle ABP = 12 ∣PB × PA ∣ M1
∣ ∣

⎛ ∣⎛ −5 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞∣⎞ ∣⎛ 2 ⎞∣
⎜= 2 ∣ ⎜ −6 ⎟ × ⎜ −2 ⎟∣ ⎟ =
1∣
2 ∣ ⎜ −3 ⎟∣
∣ 1∣ ∣
⎝ ∣⎝ −2 ⎠ ⎝ −1 ⎠∣⎠ ∣⎝ 4 ⎠∣
A1

√29
= 2 A1
EITHER
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
PC = 3 PA , PD = 3 PB (M1)
area triangle PCD = 9× area triangle ABP (M1)A1
9√29
= 2 A1
OR
D has coordinates (−11, −12, −2) A1
∣⎛ −15 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞∣
1 ∣−−→ −−→∣
PCD = ∣ PD × PC ∣ = 2 ∣⎜ −18 ⎟ × ⎜ −6 ⎟∣∣
1∣

∣⎝ −6 ⎠ ⎝ −3 ⎠∣
area triangle 2∣ M1A1
∣

Note: A1 is for the correct vectors in the correct formula.

9√29
= 2 A1
THEN
9√29 √29
area of CDBA = 2 − 2
= 4√29 A1

METHOD 2
D has coordinates (−11, −12, −2) A1
∣−−→ −−→∣ ∣−−→ −−→∣
area = 12 ∣ CB × CA ∣ + 12 ∣BC × BD ∣ M1
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
Note: Award M1 for use of correct formula on appropriate non-overlapping
triangles.
Note: Different triangles or vectors could be used.

−−→ ⎛
−2 ⎞
−−→ ⎛ ⎞
2
CB = ⎜ 0 ⎟ , CA = ⎜ 4 ⎟ A1
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝2⎠

⎛ −4 ⎞
 −−→ −−→ ⎛
−4 ⎞
CB × CA = ⎜ 6 ⎟ A1
⎝ −8 ⎠

−−→ ⎛
2 ⎞
−−→ ⎛
−10 ⎞
BC = ⎜ 0 ⎟ , BD = ⎜ −12 ⎟ A1
⎝ −1 ⎠ ⎝ −4 ⎠

−−→ −−→ ⎛
−12 ⎞
BC × BD = ⎜ 18 ⎟ A1
⎝ −24 ⎠

−−→ ⎛ ⎞ −−→ ⎛ ⎞
14 4
Note: Other vectors which might be used are DA = ⎜ 16 ⎟ , BA = ⎜ 4 ⎟,
⎝5 ⎠ ⎝1⎠

−−→ ⎛ ⎞
12
DC = ⎜ 12 ⎟.
⎝3 ⎠
Note: Previous A1A1A1A1 are all dependent on the first M1.
valid attempt to find a value of 12 |a × b| M1
Note: M1 independent of triangle chosen.
1 1
area = 2 × 2 × √29 + 2 × 6 × √29
= 4√29 A1
Note: accept 12 √116 + 12 √1044 or equivalent.

[8 marks]

Three points in three-dimensional space have coordinates A(0, 0, 2), B(0, 2, 0) and
C(3, 1, 0).

10a. −−→ [1 mark]

Find the vector AB .
 Markscheme
−−→ ⎛
0 ⎞
AB = ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ −2 ⎠
A1

Note: Accept row vectors or equivalent.

[1 mark]

10b. −−→ [1 mark]

Find the vector AC .

Markscheme
−−→ ⎛
3 ⎞
AC = ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ −2 ⎠
A1

Note: Accept row vectors or equivalent.

[1 mark]
10c. Hence or otherwise, find the area of the triangle ABC. [4 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
−−→ −−→
attempt at vector product using AB and AC . (M1)
±(2i + 6j +6k) A1
∣−−→ −−→∣
attempt to use area = 12 ∣AB × AC ∣ M1
∣ ∣
(= √19)
√76
= 2 A1

METHOD 2
−−→ −−→ ∣−−→∣ ∣−−→∣
attempt to use AB ∙ AC = ∣AB ∣ ∣AC ∣ cos θ M1
∣ ∣∣ ∣

⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ 1 ⎟ = √02 + 22 + (−2) √32 + 12 + (−2) cos θ
2 2

⎝ −2 ⎠ ⎝ −2 ⎠

6 = √8√14 cos θ A1
6 6
cos θ = =
√8√14 √112
∣−−→ −−→∣
attempt to use area = 12 ∣AB × AC ∣ sin θ M1
∣ ∣

= 12 √8√14√1 − 36
112 (= 12 √8√14√ 112
76
)

(= √19)
√76
= 2 A1

[4 marks]
 Consider the points A(−3, 4, 2) and B(8, −1, 5).

11a. −−→ [2 marks]

Find AB .

Markscheme
Note: There may be slight differences in answers, depending on which
combination of unrounded values and previous correct 3 sf values the
candidates carry through in subsequent parts. Accept answers that are
consistent with their working.
valid approach (M1)

⎛ 8 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞
eg B − A, AO + OB, ⎜ −1 ⎟ − ⎜ 4 ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

−−→ ⎛
11 ⎞
AB = ⎜ −5 ⎟ A1 N2
⎝ 3 ⎠
[2 marks]

∣−−→∣
11b. ∣−−→∣ [2 marks]
Find ∣AB ∣.
∣ ∣

Markscheme
Note: There may be slight differences in answers, depending on which
combination of unrounded values and previous correct 3 sf values the
candidates carry through in subsequent parts. Accept answers that are
consistent with their working.
correct substitution into formula (A1)

eg √112 + (−5) + 32
2

12.4498
∣−−→∣
∣AB ∣ = √155 (exact), 12.4 A1 N2
∣ ∣
[2 marks]

⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
 ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
A line L has vector equation r = ⎜ 0 ⎟ + t ⎜ −2 ⎟. The point C (5, y, 1) lies on
⎝ −5 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
line L.

11c. Find the value of y. [3 marks]

 Markscheme
Note: There may be slight differences in answers, depending on which
combination of unrounded values and previous correct 3 sf values the
candidates carry through in subsequent parts. Accept answers that are
consistent with their working.
valid approach to find t (M1)

⎛5⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
eg ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟ + t ⎜ −2 ⎟, 5 = 2 + t, 1 = −5 + 2t
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ −5 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
t = 3 (seen anywhere) (A1)
attempt to substitute their parameter into the vector equation (M1)

⎛5⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
eg ⎜ y ⎟ = ⎜ 0 ⎟ + 3 ⎜ −2 ⎟, 3 ⋅ (−2)
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ −5 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
y = −6 A1 N2
[3 marks]

−−→ ⎛
11d. 8 ⎞ [2 marks]
Show that AC = ⎜ −10 ⎟.
⎝ −1 ⎠
Markscheme
Note: There may be slight differences in answers, depending on which
combination of unrounded values and previous correct 3 sf values the
candidates carry through in subsequent parts. Accept answers that are
consistent with their working.
correct approach A1

⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ −3 ⎞
eg ⎜ −6 ⎟ − ⎜ 4 ⎟, AO + OC, c − a
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

−−→ ⎛
8 ⎞
AC = ⎜ −10 ⎟ AG N0
⎝ −1 ⎠
Note: Do not award A1 in part (ii) unless answer in part (i) is correct and does
not result from working backwards.
[2 marks]

−−→ −−→
11e. −−→ −−→ [5 marks]
Find the angle between AB and AC .
 Markscheme
Note: There may be slight differences in answers, depending on which
combination of unrounded values and previous correct 3 sf values the
candidates carry through in subsequent parts. Accept answers that are
consistent with their working.
finding scalar product and magnitude (A1)(A1)
scalar product = 11 × 8 + −5 × −10 + 3 × −1 (=135)
−−−→
|AC| = √82 + (−10)2 + (−1)2 (= √165, 12.8452)
evidence of substitution into formula (M1)
−−→ −−→
11×8+−5×−10+3×−1 AB ∙AC
eg cosθ = , cosθ =
∣ →∣
−−
√155×√82+(−10)2+(−1)2
∣AB ∣×√82+(−10)2+(−1)2
∣ ∣
correct substitution (A1)
11×8+−5×−10+3×−1 135
eg cos θ = , cos θ = 159.921…
,
2 2 2
√155×√8 +(−10) +(−1)

cos θ = 0.844162 …
0.565795, 32.4177°

A^ = 0.566, 32.4° A1 N3
[5 marks]

11f. Find the area of triangle ABC. [2 marks]

 Markscheme
Note: There may be slight differences in answers, depending on which
combination of unrounded values and previous correct 3 sf values the
candidates carry through in subsequent parts. Accept answers that are
consistent with their working.
correct substitution into area formula (A1)
eg 12 × √155 × √165 × sin (0.566 …), 12 × √155 × 165 × sin (32.4)
42.8660
area = 42.9 A1 N2
[2 marks]

Point A has coordinates (−4, −12, 1) and point B has coordinates (2, −4, −4).

12a.
⎛ 6 ⎞ [1 mark]
→ =
Show that AB
⎝ −5 ⎠
8
 Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
correct approach A1

⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞
→ + OB,
eg AO → B − A , −4 − −12
⎝ −4 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠

⎛ 6 ⎞
→ =
AB
⎝ −5 ⎠
8 AG N0

[1 mark]

The line L passes through A and B.

12b. Find a vector equation for L. [2 marks]

Markscheme
any correct equation in the form r = a + tb (any parameter for t) A2 N2

⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
⎝ −4 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ −5 ⎠
where a is −4 or −12 and b is a scalar multiple of 8

⎛ −4 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
eg r =
⎝ 1 ⎠
−12 + t
⎝ −5 ⎠
8 , (x, y, z) = (2, −4, −4) + t (6, 8, −5) , r

⎛ −4 + 6t ⎞
= −12 + 8t
⎝ 1 − 5t ⎠
Note: Award A1 for the form a + tb, A1 for the form L = a + tb, A0 for the
form r = b + ta.
[2 marks]
12c. Point C (k , 12 , −k) is on L. Show that k = 14. [4 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1 (solving for t)
valid approach (M1)

⎛ k ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ k ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
⎝ −k ⎠ ⎝ −4 ⎠
12 = −4 + t
⎝ −5 ⎠ ⎝ −k ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
8 , 12 = −12 + t
⎝ −5 ⎠
eg 8

one correct equation A1

eg −4 + 8t = 12, −12 + 8t = 12
correct value for t (A1)
eg t = 2 or 3
correct substitution A1
eg 2 + 6(2), −4 + 6(3), −[1 + 3(−5)]
k = 14 AG N0
METHOD 2 (solving simultaneously)
valid approach (M1)

⎛ k ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ k ⎞ ⎛ −4 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
⎝ −k ⎠ ⎝ −4 ⎠
12 = −4 + t
⎝ −5 ⎠ ⎝ −k ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
8 , 12 = −12 + t
⎝ −5 ⎠
eg 8

two correct equations in A1

eg k = −4 + 6t, −k = 1 −5t
EITHER (eliminating k)
correct value for t (A1)
eg t = 2 or 3
correct substitution A1
eg 2 + 6(2), −4 + 6(3)
OR (eliminating t)
correct equation(s) (A1)

eg 5k + 20 = 30t and −6k − 6 = 30t, −k = 1 − 5( k 6 )

+4

correct working clearly leading to k = 14 A1

eg −k + 14 = 0, −6k = 6 −5k − 20, 5k = −20 + 6(1 + k)
THEN
k = 14 AG N0
[4 marks]
12d. Find → ∙ AB
OB → . [2 marks]

Markscheme
correct substitution into scalar product A1
eg (2)(6) − (4)(8) − (4)(−5), 12 − 32 + 20
→ ∙ AB
OB → = 0 A1 N0
[2 marks]

12e. Write down the value of angle OBA. [1 mark]

Markscheme
∧
3π
OBA = π
2, 90∘ (accept 2 , 270∘ ) A1 N1
[1 marks]
12f. Point D is also on L and has coordinates (8, 4, −9). [6 marks]
Find the area of triangle OCD.

Markscheme
METHOD 1 ( 12 × height × CD)
recognizing that OB is altitude of triangle with base CD (seen anywhere) M1

eg 12 × ∣∣OB
→ ∣∣ × ∣∣CD
→ ∣∣ , OB⊥CD, sketch showing right angle at B

⎛ −6 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
 ⎛ −6 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
→ = −8 or DC
CD → =
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ −5 ⎠
8 (seen anywhere) (A1)

correct magnitudes (seen anywhere) (A1)(A1)

→ ∣∣ = √(2)2 + (−4)2 + (−4)2 = (√36)

∣∣OB

→ ∣∣ = √(−6)2 + (−8)2 + (5)2 = (√125)

∣∣CD

correct substitution into 12 bh A1

eg 12 × 6 × √125

area = 3√125, 15√5 A1 N3

METHOD 2 (subtracting triangles)
recognizing that OB is altitude of either ΔOBD or ΔOBC(seen anywhere) M1

eg 12 × ∣∣OB
→ ∣∣ × ∣∣BD
→ ∣∣ , OB⊥BC, sketch of triangle showing right angle at B

BD
→ or DB
one correct vector → or CB
→ or BC → (seen anywhere) (A1)

⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎛ −12 ⎞
eg BD
→ = → = −16
⎝ −5 ⎠
8 , CB
⎝ 10 ⎠

→ ∣∣ = √(2)2 + (−4)2 + (−4)2 = (√36) (seen anywhere) (A1)

∣∣OB

one correct magnitude of a base (seen anywhere) (A1)

→ ∣∣ = √(6)2 + (8)2 + (5)2 = (√125) , ∣∣BC

∣∣BD → ∣∣ = √144 + 256 + 100 = (√500)

correct working A1
eg
1 1 1 1
2 × 6 × √500 − 2 × 6 × 5√5, 2 × 6 × √500 × sin90 − 2 × 6 × 5√5 × sin90
area = 3√125, 15√5 A1 N3
METHOD 3 (using 12 ab sin C with ΔOCD)
two correct side lengths (seen anywhere) (A1)(A1)

→ ∣∣ = √(8)2 + (4)2 + (−9)2 = (√161) , ∣∣CD

∣∣OD → ∣∣ = √(−6)2 + (−8)2 + (5)2 = (

√ ( )
 → ∣∣ = √(14)2 + (12)2 + (−14)2 = (√536)
∣∣OC

attempt to find cosine ratio (seen anywhere) M1

536−286
eg , OD∙DC
|OD ||D C|
−2√161√125
correct working for sine ratio A1
(125)2
eg 161×125 + sin2 D = 1
correct substitution into 12 ab sin C A1
6
eg 0.5 × √161 × √125 ×
√161

area = 3√125, 15√5 A1 N3

[6 marks]

The points A, B, C and D have position vectors a, b, c and d, relative to the origin
O.
→
It is given that AB → .
= DC

13a. Explain why ABCD is a parallelogram. [1 mark]

Markscheme
a pair of opposite sides have equal length and are parallel R1
hence ABCD is a parallelogram AG
[1 mark]
13b. Using vector algebra, show that AD
→ → .
= BC [3 marks]

Markscheme
attempt to rewrite the given information in vector form M1
b−a=c−d A1
rearranging d − a = c − b M1
hence → = BC
AD → AG
Note: Candidates may correctly answer part i) by answering part ii) correctly
and then deducing there
are two pairs of parallel sides.
[3 marks]
 → ,
The position vectors OA → , OC
OB → and OD
→ are given by
a = i + 2j − 3k
b = 3i − j + pk
c = qi + j + 2k
d = −i + rj − 2k
where p , q and r are constants.

13c. Show that p = 1, q = 1 and r = 4. [5 marks]

 Markscheme
EITHER
→
use of AB →
= DC (M1)

⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛q + 1⎞
⎜ −3 ⎟ = ⎜ 1 − r ⎟
⎝p + 3⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
A1A1

OR
→
use of AD→
= BC (M1)

⎛ −2 ⎞ ⎛ q − 3 ⎞
r−2 = ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝2 − p⎠
A1A1

THEN
attempt to compare coefficients of i, j, and k in their equation or statement to
that effect M1
clear demonstration that the given values satisfy their equation A1
p = 1, q = 1, r = 4 AG
[5 marks]

13d. Find the area of the parallelogram ABCD. [4 marks]

 Markscheme
→
attempt at computing AB → (or equivalent)
× AD M1

⎛ −11 ⎞
⎝ −2 ⎠
−10 A1

area = ∣∣AB → ∣∣ (= √225)

→ × AD (M1)

= 15 A1
[4 marks]

The point where the diagonals of ABCD intersect is denoted by M.

13e. Find the vector equation of the straight line passing through M and [4 marks]
normal to the plane Π containing ABCD.
 Markscheme
→
valid attempt to find OM = ( 12 (a + c)) (M1)

⎛ ⎞
1
⎜ ⎟
3
⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎜ 1 ⎟
2 A1

⎝− ⎠
2
the equation is

⎛ ⎞
1
⎜
3
⎟ ⎛ 11 ⎞
r=⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟ + t 10 or equivalent
⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎝2 ⎠
2 M1A1

⎝− ⎠
2
Note: Award maximum M1A0 if 'r = …' (or equivalent) is not seen.
[4 marks]

13f. Find the Cartesian equation of Π. [3 marks]

 Markscheme
attempt to obtain the equation of the plane in the form ax + by + cz = d
M1
11x + 10y + 2z = 25 A1A1
Note: A1 for right hand side, A1 for left hand side.
[3 marks]

The plane Π cuts the x, y and z axes at X , Y and Z respectively.

13g. Find the coordinates of X, Y and Z. [2 marks]

Markscheme
putting two coordinates equal to zero (M1)
X ( 25
11 , 0, 0) , Y (0,
5
2, 0) , Z (0, 0, 25
2 ) A1
[2 marks]
13h. Find YZ. [2 marks]

Markscheme
YZ = √( 52 ) + ( 25
2 2
2 ) M1

= √ 325
2 (= 2 )
5√104 5√26
4
= A1

[4 marks]

Two submarines A and B have their routes planned so that their positions at time t
hours, 0 ≤ t < 20 , would be defined by the position vectors rA
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ −0.5 ⎞
=
⎝ −1 ⎠
+t
⎝ −0.15 ⎠
and rB =
⎝ −2 ⎠
3.2 + t
⎝ 0.1 ⎠
4 1 1.2 relative to a fixed

point on the surface of the ocean (all lengths are in kilometres).

14a. Show that the two submarines would collide at a point P and write down [4 marks]
the coordinates of P.
 Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
rA = rB (M1)
2 − t = − 0.5t ⇒ t = 4 A1
checking t = 4 satisfies 4 + t = 3.2 + 1.2t and − 1 − 0.15t = − 2 + 0.1t R1
P(−2, 8, −1.6) A1
Note: Do not award final A1 if answer given as column vector.
[4 marks]

To avoid the collision submarine B adjusts its velocity so that its position vector is
now given by

⎛ 0 ⎞ ⎛ −0.45 ⎞
rB =
⎝ −2 ⎠
3.2 + t
⎝ 0.09 ⎠
1.08 .

14b. Show that submarine B travels in the same direction as originally [1 mark]
planned.

Markscheme
⎛ −0.5 ⎞ ⎛ −0.45 ⎞
0.9 ×
⎝ 0.1 ⎠ ⎝ 0.09 ⎠
1.2 = 1.08 A1

Note: Accept use of cross product equalling zero.

hence in the same direction AG
[1 mark]
14c. Find the value of t when submarine B passes through P. [2 marks]

Markscheme
⎛ −0.45t ⎞ ⎛ −2 ⎞

⎝ −2 + 0.09t ⎠ ⎝ −1.6 ⎠
3.2 + 1.08t = 8 M1

Note: The M1 can be awarded for any one of the resultant equations.
40
⇒t= 9
= 4.44 … A1
[2 marks]
14d. Find an expression for the distance between the two submarines in [5 marks]
terms of t.

Markscheme
⎛ 2 − t ⎞ ⎛ −0.45t ⎞

⎝ −1 − 0.15t ⎠ ⎝ −2 + 0.09t ⎠
rA − rB = 4+t − 3.2 + 1.08t (M1)(A1)

⎛ 2 − 0.55t ⎞
= 0.8 − 0.08t (A1)
⎝ 1 − 0.24t ⎠
Note: Accept rA − rB.

distance D = √(2 − 0.55t)2 + (0.8 − 0.08t)2 + (1 − 0.24t)2 M1A1

(= √8.64 − 2.688t + 0.317t2 )

[5 marks]
14e. Find the value of t when the two submarines are closest together. [2 marks]

Markscheme
minimum when ddD = 0 (M1)
t
t = 3.83 A1
[2 marks]

14f. Find the distance between the two submarines at this time. [1 mark]

Markscheme
0.511 (km) A1
[1 mark]

−−→ −−→
 −−→ −−→
In the following diagram, OA = a, OB = b. C is the midpoint of [OA] and
−−→ 1 −→
OF = 6 FB .

15a. −−→ [1 mark]

Find, in terms of a and b OF .

Markscheme
−−→ 1
OF = 7 b A1
[1 mark]

15b. −−→ [2 marks]

Find, in terms of a and b AF .
 Markscheme
−−→ −−→ −−→
AF = OF − OA (M1)
= 17 b – a A1
[2 marks]

−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→

It is given also that AD = λAF and CD = μCB , where λ, μ ∈ R.

15c. −−→ [2 marks]

Find an expression for OD in terms of a, b and λ;

Markscheme
−−→
OD = a +λ ( 17 b − a) (= (1 − λ)a + λ7 b) M1A1
[2 marks]

−−→
15d. −−→ [2 marks]
Find an expression for OD in terms of a, b and μ.

Markscheme
−−→ 1
OD = 2 a +μ (− 12 a + b) (= ( 12 − μ2 ) a + μb) M1A1
[2 marks]

1
15e. Show that μ 1 [4 marks]
= 13
, and find the value of λ.

Markscheme
equating coefficients: M1
λ 1−μ
7
= μ, 1 − λ = 2 A1
solving simultaneously: M1
7 1
λ= 13
, μ= 13
A1AG
[4 marks]

−−→
15f. −−→ [2 marks]
Deduce an expression for CD in terms of a and b only.

Markscheme
−−→ 1
−−→
CD = 13
CB
1
= 13
(b − 12 a) 1
(= − 26 a+ 1
13
b) M1A1
[2 marks]

ΔOAB = (area ΔCAD)

15g. Given that area ΔOAB = k(area ΔCAD), find the value of k. [5 marks]
Markscheme
METHOD 1
^
area ΔACD = 12 CD × AC × sin ACB (M1)
^
area ΔACB = 12 CB × AC × sin ACB (M1)
area ΔACD CD 1
ratio area ΔACB
= CB
= 13
A1
area ΔOAB 13
k= area ΔCAD
= area ΔCAB
× area ΔOAB (M1)
= 13 × 2 = 26 A1

METHOD 2
area ΔOAB = 12 |a × b| A1
∣−−→ −−→∣ ∣−−→ −−→∣
area ΔCAD = 12 ∣CA × CD ∣ or 12 ∣CA × AD ∣ M1
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
= 12 ∣ 12 a × (− 26
1
a+1
13
b)∣
1∣ 1 1 1 1 ∣
= 2 2 a × (− 26 a) + 2 a × 13 b (M1)
1 1 1 1
= 2 × 2 × 13 |a × b| (= 52 |a × b|) A1

area ΔOAB = k(area ΔCAD)

1 1
2 |a × b| = k 52 |a × b|
k = 26 A1
[5 marks]

⎛4⎞
 −−→ ⎛ ⎞
4
Let AB = ⎜ 1 ⎟.
⎝2⎠

16a. ∣−−→∣ [2 marks]

Find ∣AB ∣.
∣ ∣

Markscheme
* This question is from an exam for a previous syllabus, and may contain
minor differences in marking or structure.
correct substitution (A1)

eg√42 + 12 + 22
4.58257
∣−−→∣
∣AB ∣ = √21 (exact), 4.58 A1 N2
∣ ∣
[2 marks]

−−→ ⎛ ⎞
16b. 3 [4 marks]
Let AC = ⎜ 0 ⎟. Find BAC
^ .
⎝0⎠
 Markscheme
∣−−→∣
finding scalar product and ∣AC ∣ (A1)(A1)
∣ ∣
scalar product = (4 × 3) + (1 × 0) + (2 × 0)(= 12)
∣−−→∣ √ 2
∣AC ∣ = 3 + 0 + 0(= 3)
∣ ∣
substituting their values into cosine formula (M1)
^C=
eg cos BA
4×3+0+0
, 4 , cos θ = 0.873
√3 ×√21 √21
2

0.509739 (29.2059°)
^ = 0.510 (29.2°) A1 N2
BAC
[4 marks]

A line L1 passes through the points A(0, 1, 8) and B(3, 5, 2).

17a. −−→ [2 marks]

Find AB .

Markscheme
valid approach (M1)

⎛0⎞ ⎛3⎞
eg A − B, − 1 + 5
⎝8⎠ ⎝2⎠

−−→ ⎛ 3 ⎞
AB =
⎝ −6 ⎠
4 A1 N2

[2 marks]
17b. Hence, write down a vector equation for L1 . [2 marks]

Markscheme
any correct equation in the form r = a + tb (any parameter for t) A2 N2

⎛0⎞ ⎛3⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
⎝8⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠
where a is 1 or 5 , and b is a scalar multiple of 4

⎛0⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 + 3t ⎞
egr = ⎜ 1 ⎟ + t ⎜ 4 ⎟, r = ⎜ 5 + 4t ⎟, r = j + 8k + t(3i + 4j – 6k)
⎝8⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠ ⎝ 2 − 6t ⎠

Note: Award A1 for the form a + tb, A1 for the form L = a + tb, A0 for the
form r = b + ta.

[2 marks]

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛p⎞
17c. [3 marks]
A second line L2 , has equation r = ⎜ 13 ⎟ + s ⎜ 0 ⎟.
⎝ −14 ⎠ ⎝1⎠
Given that L1 and L2 are perpendicular, show that p = 2.

Markscheme
valid approach (M1)
ega ∙ b = 0
choosing correct direction vectors (may be seen in scalar product) A1

⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛p⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛p⎞
eg⎜ 4 ⎟ and ⎜ 0 ⎟ , ⎜ 4 ⎟ ∙ ⎜ 0 ⎟ = 0
⎝ −6 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ −6 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
correct working/equation A1
eg3p − 6 = 0
p=2 AG N0
[3 marks]

=2
 Given that L1 and L2 are perpendicular, show that p = 2.

17d. The lines L1 and L1 intersect at C(9, 13, z). Find z. [5 marks]

Markscheme
valid approach (M1)

⎛9 ⎞
egL1 = ⎜ 13 ⎟ , L1 = L2
⎝ z⎠
one correct equation (must be different parameters if both lines used) (A1)
eg3t = 9, 1 + 2s = 9, 5 + 4t = 13, 3t = 1 + 2s
one correct value A1
egt = 3, s = 4, t = 2
valid approach to substitute their t or s value (M1)
eg8 + 3(−6), − 14 + 4(1)
z = −10 A1 N3
[5 marks]
17e. Find a unit vector in the direction of L 2 . [2 marks]

Markscheme
∣∣d→∣∣ = √22 + 1 (= √5) (A1)

2⎞ ⎛ ⎛ ⎞⎞
2

⎛ ⎜ ⎜ ⎟⎟
√5

⎜ ⎟ ⎜
⎜ ⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟⎟
⎟⎟
1 0
⎜
accept
⎜ ⎟
0
⎝1⎠
A1 N2
√5 √5
⎝ ⎝ 1
⎠⎠
√5
[2 marks]

17f. Hence or otherwise, find one point on L 2 which is √5 units from C. [3 marks]
 Markscheme
METHOD 1 (using unit vector)
valid approach (M1)

⎛ 9 ⎞
eg⎜ 13 ⎟ ± √5d^
⎝ −10 ⎠
correct working (A1)

⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎛2⎞ ⎛ 9 ⎞ ⎛2⎞
eg⎜ 13 ⎟ + ⎜ 0 ⎟ , ⎜ 13 ⎟ − ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎝ −10 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ −10 ⎠ ⎝ 1 ⎠
one correct point A1 N2
eg(11, 13, − 9), (7, 13, − 11)
METHOD 2 (distance between points)
attempt to use distance between (1 + 2s, 13, − 14 + s) and (9, 13, − 10)
(M1)
eg(2s − 8)2 + 02 + (s − 4)2 = 5
solving 5s2 − 40s + 75 = 0 leading to s = 5 or s = 3 (A1)
one correct point A1 N2
eg(11, 13, − 9), (7, 13, − 11)
[3 marks]

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