University of Tripoli

Faculty of Engineering
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department

EE201 – Electrical Laboratory

Spring 2022

Report of the Experiment #2

The Oscilloscope and the Function
Generator

Name: Mohamed Mustafa Kamil

ID: 2180205565
Group: B (2)
Instructor: Eng. Zeyad Abd Al-Hamid
Pg. 01 Introduction

Introduction
In this experiment, we will use a function generator to generate signals and to
analyze those signals with an oscilloscope. We will learn how to use an oscilloscope
as well as measuring devices such as a Digital Multimeter, and we will learn about
basic waveforms (sine, square, and triangular waves) and components of waveforms
(amplitude, period, and frequency).

The Oscilloscope
An oscilloscope is a type of electronic test instrument that can graphically display
signal voltage changes, is an electronic measuring device which provides a two-
dimensional visual representation of a signal. Because the oscilloscope allows the
user to see the signal(s), their characteristics can be easily measured and observed.
The oscilloscope displays a graph of voltage (on the vertical axis) versus time (on the
horizontal axis). Most electrical circuits can be easily connected to the oscilloscope
typically with probes.

Figure 1: Analog oscilloscope

Pg. 02 Introduction

The oscilloscope displays and calculates the frequency and amplitude of an oscillating
signal on a graph, and displays the voltage and time for a given signal.

In the interface of the oscilloscope there are controls that surround the screen. Can
be used to adjust the scale of the graph (vertically and horizontally) allowing you to
zoom in and zoom out the signal. There are also trigger controls for you to stabilize
and display a repetitive waveform.

There are two basic types of oscilloscopes (analog and digital). The main difference is
that the analog oscilloscope uses a continuous variable voltage and uses an electronic
beam to set the input voltage directly on the screen while the digital oscilloscope
samples the input signal with an analog to digital converter and that reading to the
screen.

The front panel of an oscilloscope is divided into three sections labeled Vertical,
Horizontal, and Trigger.

Controls Overview

- Two input where an oscilloscope probe (also called a coaxial cable), many
oscilloscopes are dual channel and can therefore display two signals at the
same time, allowing waveforms to be compared.

- Volts/div - this control change how many volts are represented by each
vertical increment of grid overlay on the screen.
Pg. 03 Introduction

- Time/div - this control lets you change how much time is represented by
each horizontal increment of the grid overlay on the screen. It allows you
to zoom in and out along the x axis.

- Vertical position/shifting - move up and down in the y direction.

- Horizontal position/shifting - move left and right, Change the horizontal

position will allow different parts of the signal to be displayed.

- Trigger level - this is a tool that allows you to stabilize your waveform on
the screen.

The Function Generator

A signal generator that produces different types of waveforms at the output. It has
the ability to produce waveforms such as sine wave, square wave, a triangular wave
etc. An adjustable frequency range is provided by the function generator which is in
the range of some Hz to several 100 KHz.

Figure 2: The Function Generator

Pg. 04 Introduction

This instrument not only varies the characteristics of the waveform but also has the
capability to add a dc offset to the signal. Connecting the Function Generator to an
Oscilloscope allows to see the signal.

Digital Multimeter
A digital multimeter is a test equipment used for voltage, current, resistance
measurement, and other electrical parameters as per requirement and displaying the
results in the mathematical digits form on readout. It is a type of multimeter which
functions digitally rather giving an analog output.

The basic principle behind digital multimeters is the Analog to digital converter
because without this we are not able to convert the analog output into digital form.

Figure 3: Digital Multimeter

Pg. 05 Lab Experiment

Lab Experiment
Equipment List
 Analog oscilloscope Model - HM303-6
 Function Generator
 Digital Multimeter
 Connection cables

Procedure
- Design a circuit (Virtually) and connect the oscilloscope and function generator
to the circuit (By simulation software).
- Adjust the amplitude and frequency from the function generator for each
signal.
- Choose the signal type that is to be generated, generate the signals :
 Sine wave signal (2 𝑉𝑝𝑝 , 0.5𝐾𝐻𝑧)
 Triangle wave signal (4 𝑉𝑝𝑝 , 1𝐾𝐻𝑧)
 Square wave signal (8 𝑉𝑝𝑝 , 2𝐾𝐻𝑧)
- Connect the output to the 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 1 of the oscilloscope, the signal must be
visible on the screen of the oscilloscope.
- Change voltage scale from 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡/𝑑𝑖𝑣 knob, and time scale from 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒/𝑑𝑖𝑣
knob.
- Make a table for results.

Result
Using the Virtual oscilloscope by simulation software, the waveforms has been drawn
and give the following Sketches:
Pg. 06 Lab Experiment

Figure 4: Sine waveform on oscilloscope Screen (𝟐𝑽𝒑𝒑 , 𝟎. 𝟓𝑲𝑯𝒛)

Figure 5: Triangle waveform on oscilloscope Screen (𝟒𝑽𝒑𝒑 , 𝟏𝑲𝑯𝒛)

Pg. 07 Lab Experiment

Figure 6: Square waveform on oscilloscope Screen (𝟖𝑽𝒑𝒑 , 𝟐𝑲𝑯𝒛)

 Sine wave signal (2 𝑉𝑝𝑝 , 0.5𝐾𝐻𝑧) was plotted by oscilloscope with scaling :
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒/𝑑𝑖𝑣 = 1 𝑚𝑠/𝐷𝑖𝑣, 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡/𝑑𝑖𝑣 = 2 𝑣/𝑑𝑖𝑣
 Triangle wave signal (4 𝑉𝑝𝑝 , 1𝐾𝐻𝑧) was plotted by oscilloscope with scaling :
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒/𝑑𝑖𝑣 = 0.5 𝑚𝑠/𝐷𝑖𝑣, 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡/𝑑𝑖𝑣 = 2 𝑣/𝑑𝑖𝑣
 Square wave signal (8 𝑉𝑝𝑝 ,2𝐾𝐻𝑧) was plotted by oscilloscope with scaling :
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒/𝑑𝑖𝑣 = 0.2 𝑚𝑠/𝐷𝑖𝑣, 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡/𝑑𝑖𝑣 = 10 𝑣/𝑑𝑖𝑣

We can find the Voltage (𝑉𝑝𝑝) and the frequency from previous data and from graph
of each waveform.
Pg. 08 Lab Experiment

SIGNAL TYPE VOLT/DIV DIV VOLTS P-P

SINE WAVE SIGNAL 2 𝑉/𝐷𝑖𝑣. 1 2𝑉
(𝟐 𝑽𝒑𝒑 , 𝟎. 𝟓𝑲𝑯𝒛)
TRIANGLE WAVE SIGNAL 2 𝑉/𝐷𝑖𝑣. 2 4𝑉
(𝟒 𝑽𝒑𝒑 , 𝟏𝑲𝑯𝒛)
SQUARE WAVE SIGNAL 10 𝑉/𝐷𝑖𝑣. 0.8 8𝑉
(𝟖 𝑽𝒑𝒑 , 𝟐𝑲𝑯𝒛)

Table 1: Calculating the P-P Voltage graphically

SIGNAL TYPE TIME/DIV DIV PERIOD FREQ.

(𝑻) (𝒇 = 𝟏/𝑻 )
SINE WAVE SIGNAL 1 𝑚𝑠/𝐷𝑖𝑣. 2 2 𝑚𝑠 0.5 𝑘𝐻𝑧
(𝟐 𝑽𝒑𝒑 , 𝟎. 𝟓𝑲𝑯𝒛)
TRIANGLE WAVE SIGNAL 0.5 𝑚𝑠/𝐷𝑖𝑣. 2 1 𝑚𝑠 1 𝑘𝐻𝑧
(𝟒 𝑽𝒑𝒑 , 𝟏𝑲𝑯𝒛)
SQUARE WAVE SIGNAL 0.2 𝑚𝑠/𝐷𝑖𝑣. 2.5 0.5 𝑚𝑠 2 𝑘𝐻𝑧
(𝟖 𝑽𝒑𝒑 , 𝟐𝑲𝑯𝒛)

Table 2: Calculating the Frequency graphically