Exp 2
Exp 2
Exp 2
Group : 03
ID : 1821010120
Hanoi, 2022
I. Abstract
Permeability (K) is a measure of the ability of a porous material ( often, a rock or an
unconsolidated material ) to allow fluids to pass through it. High permeability will allow fluids to
move rapidly.
We do the experiment to define the rate of capillary penetration into fibrous media ( i.e, the
wicking velocity of liquid into paper) to determine the effective permeability of the paper.
Relative permeability and capillary pressures are very important in crude oil extraction and
reservoir engineering.
The permeability of filter paper was determined by analyzing the rate of capillary penetration
into fibrous media using Darcy’s Law and the experiment has relative correction so we must
calculate some error for the measure.
II. Introduction
Permeability has many practical applications outside of geology, for example in chemical
engineering. Analyzing the rate of capillary penetration into fibrous media using Darcy’s Law to
determine the permeability of thin porous filter paper. Darcy’s Law is the good method to
determine the permeability of filter paper. In this experiment, we assume that the paper has an
isotropic pore distribution and that the fluid reservoir is infinite.
Relative permeability and capillary pressures are very important in crude oil extraction and
reservoir engineering. The fluid (oil, water) can be permeated through soild- porous media
(sand, ground,…). Thus, determining the permeability of the material is very important. In this
experiment, the permeability of What man #1 filter paper was found by the rate of capillary
penetration into fibrous media (that is the wicking velocity of liquid into filter paper) and
applying the equation of Darcy’s Law. There were 3 fluids (water, oleic acid, motor oil
SAE20W-50). Darcy Law is an equation that describes the flow of a fluid through a porous
medium. The equation is expressed as:
)( )
2
(
2 R 1 RO
R ln − + =βt
RO 2 2
4 Kγ cos (θ)
Where: β=
αμ
K is the permeability of filter paper.
Purpose
Measure the rate of capillary penetration into fibrous media (i.e. the wicking velocity of liquid
into paper ) to determine the effective permeability of the paper.
Relative permeability and capillary pressures are very important in crude oil extraction and
reservoir engineering.
Provide hands- on experience in determining relative permeabilities, data collection, modeling,
error analysis, and memo report writing.
1. Equation
−k ∇ P
Darcy’s law: U=
μ
Where: k is the permeability of paper (mm2)
μis dynamic viscosity of fluid (g.mm-1s-1)
∇ P is the pressure gradient
In a capillary tube shown above the pressure difference is given by:
2 γcosθ
Pliq =Pat m −
a
Governing Equation:
r( )
1 d dP
r dr dr
=0
Boundary Condition 1:
2 γcosθ
Pliq =Patm − at r = R(t)
a
Boundary Condition 2:
P=P atm at r = Ro
This differential equation can be solved to obtain the pressure as a function of radial
position.
Then we have the result:
[ ]
2
2 R 1 RO
R ln − + =β∗t
RO 2 2
4 kγcosθ
Where: β=
aμ
2. Experimental Methodology
Each group will be provided with a lab stand, some rulers, some small glass capillary tubes,
some fluids of various viscosity, and several pieces of Whatman #1 filter paper.
Make sure the fluid is wicked to the top of the tube. You can check this by touching a piece of
paper to the top of the tube. The fluid should wet the paper. If not, you need a shorter tube.
First, do a trial run without acquiring any data to get a feel for the procedure
Once you are ready, place the filter paper onto the stand and slowly lower the paper until it
contacts the tube or raise the tube until it contacts the filter paper. That moment when the fluid
first contacts the filter paper is t = 0 and is critical to measure accurately for fast wicking
fluids. Use a ruler to measure the radius of the wet region as a function of time.
As soon as you are comfortable with the procedure, perform three trial replicates with the
various fluids
When we did the experiment, we recorded the data of radius of circle in filter paper (mm)
and the corresponding time (second). Plotting the data, if the graph is linear, the slope of this
graph is β. So we can calculate the value of permeability by using excel program .
1. Data
Water
Error
Radiu
Radiu Radiu Mean (*) of R2[ln(R/
Time s Trial
s Trial s Tria Radiu Mean R0-1/2)]
(s) 1
2 3 s Trial Radiu +R02/2
(mm)
s
0.00 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.00 0.000
30.00 7.00 7.50 7.50 7.33 0.17 107.911
60.00 9.50 10.00 10.00 9.83 0.17 222.249
90.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 0.00 359.565
120.0
14.00 14.50 14.00 14.17 0.17 534.372
0
150.0
15.00 16.00 15.50 15.50 0.29 661.268
0
180.0
16.50 17.00 17.00 16.83 0.17 803.278
0
210.0 17.50 18.00 18.00 17.83 0.17 919.883
0
240.0
18.50 19.00 19.00 18.83 0.17 1045.271
0
270.0
19.50 20.00 19.80 19.77 0.15 1170.320
0
300.0
20.50 21.00 20.50 20.67 0.17 1298.319
0
330.0
21.50 22.00 21.80 21.77 0.15 1464.755
0
360.0
22.00 22.00 22.50 22.17 0.17 1528.026
0
390.0
23.00 23.50 23.00 23.17 0.17 1692.667
0
420.0
24.00 24.00 23.80 23.93 0.07 1825.191
0
450.0
24.50 25.00 24.80 24.77 0.15 1975.488
0
480.0
25.00 25.50 25.30 25.27 0.15 2068.809
0
510.0
25.30 25.70 25.50 25.50 0.12 2113.170
0
Oleic acid
Error(*
Radiu Radiu Radiu Mean ) of R2[ln(R/R0-
s Trial s Trial s Trial Radiu mean 1/2)]+R02/2
Time 1 2 3 s Trial radius
(S) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) trial
0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.60 0.00
60 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.47 0.05 15.2505234
120 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.53 0.05 31.4646097
180 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.03 0.05 41.3968123
240 5.5 5.6 5.5 5.53 0.05 52.8920570
300 6.0 6.2 6.1 6.10 0.07 67.8692466
360 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.53 0.05 80.7572570
420 7.0 7.1 7.0 7.03 0.05 97.2103721
480 7.5 7.5 7.6 7.53 0.05 115.3940197
540 7.8 7.7 7.8 7.77 0.05 124.4817047
600 8.0 8.1 8.0 8.03 0.05 135.3425651
660 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.27 0.05 145.2649967
720 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.57 0.05 158.6025134
780 8.9 8.8 8.9 8.87 0.05 172.5985786
840 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.07 0.05 182.2982177
900 9.3 9.2 9.2 9.23 0.04 190.6082274
960 9.5 9.4 9.4 9.43 0.04 200.8541254
1020 9.7 9.6 9.6 9.63 0.04 211.4004265
1080 9.9 9.8 9.8 9.83 0.04 222.2488091
1140 10.1 10.0 10.0 10.03 0.04 233.4009172
1200 10.3 10.2 10.4 10.30 0.08 248.7456363
1260.0
0 10.50 10.40 10.60 10.50 0.08 260.6126471
1320 10.7 10.6 10.8 10.70 0.08 272.7886316
1380 10.8 10.7 10.9 10.80 0.08 278.9929618
1440 10.9 10.9 11 10.93 0.05 287.3864676
1500 11 10.9 11.1 11.00 0.08 291.6352285
1560 11.2 11.1 11.3 11.20 0.08 304.5901906
1620 11.4 11.3 11.5 11.40 0.08 317.8592897
1680 11.6 11.5 11.7 11.60 0.08 331.4439419
1740 11.8 11.7 11.9 11.80 0.08 345.3455386
1800 12 11.9 12.1 12.00 0.08 359.5654474
1860 12.1 11.9 12.2 12.07 0.12 364.3763861
1920 12.2 12.1 12.3 12.20 0.08 374.1050129
Motor oil
Error(*)
Mean
Radius Radius Radius of mean R2[ln(R/R0-
Time Radiu
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 radius 1/2)]+R02/2
s Trial
trial
Tube
radius,
Contact Fraction
Interfacial Viscosity μ a The values
angle θ Cosθ Ϭβ error of
tension γ (g/s2) (g/mm.s) (mm) of Beta (β)
(Degree) Beta
± 0.02
mm
Water 71200000 8.90E-03 0.60 65 0.423 12.931437 0.159065 1.230067
Oleic
32800000 2.76E-02 0.60 10 0.985 0.189957 0.001906 1.003565
acid
Motor
31000000 1.65E-01 0.60 4 0.998 0.025293 0.000364 1.439632
Oil
3. Graph
2500
2000 f(x) = 4.31066617040696 x + 0.254714870852695
R² = 0.998092560676413
1500
1000
500
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (s)
Oleic acid: Time vs R^2[ln(R/R0-1/2)]+Ro2/2
400
R2[ln(R/R0-1/2)]+Ro2/2
350 f(x) = 0.189957195107959 x + 15.5918568372561
R² = 0.996987672531345
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 500 1000Time (s) 1500 2000 2500
Time vs R^2[ln(R/R0-1/2)]+Ro2/2
90
80
f(x) = 0.0248462246357323 x − 6.6116134484383
R2[ln(R/R0-1/2)]+Ro2/2
70
R² = 0.991392012415246
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Time (s)
I have successfully completed the experiment “Radial Capillary Penetration Into Fibrous
Media", the following conclusions can be drawn:
- Darcy’s Law is the good method to determine the permeability of filter paper. The
advantages of this method are easy to do experiment
- However, the experiment results did not have the expected values. The way to measure
time, radius of the osmotic fluid, the central position of the filter paper of students may
cause the errors in the results
- Calculating the permeability in this experiment, we have:
o Permeability of Water:
k w =¿5.74*10-10 ± 2.03846*10-11 (mm)