Experiment No 8

EXPERIMENT NO.
08
1 TO MEASURE LOSES IN CONSTANT CROSS-SECTION PIPE.
2 Objective
To investigate the head loss due to friction in the flow of water through a pipe and determine the
associated friction factor.
3 Introduction:
The total energy loss in a pipe system is the sum of the major and minor losses. Major losses are
associated with frictional energy loss that is caused by the viscous effects of the fluid and
roughness of the pipe wall. Major losses create a pressure drop along the pipe since the pressure
must work to overcome the frictional resistance. The Darcy-Welsbach equation is used for
determining the energy loss in pipe flow. In this equation, the friction factor, a dimensionless
quantity, is used to describe the friction loss in a pipe. In laminar flows, f is only a function of the
Reynolds number and is independent of the surface roughness of the pipe. In fully turbulent
flows, f depends on both the Reynolds number and relative roughness of the pipe wall.
4 Apparatus
 F1- 10 Hydraulics Bench
 F1- 18 Pipe Friction Apparatus
 A stopwatch
Figure 1:Pipe Apparatus Figure 2Stopwatch

5 Procedure
 Place the test rig on hydraulics bench and. with a spirit level, adjust the feet to ensure that
base plate is horizontal and, the manometers are vertical.
 Check with a demonstrator that the mercury manometer is correctly filled. Attach a
Hoffman clamp to each of the two manometer connecting tubes and close them off.
 For high flow rates, set the apparatus according to following procedure.
 Join the test rig inlet pipe to the bench flow connector with the pump turned off. Close
the bench gate valve, open the test rig flow control valve fully and start the pump.
 Now open the bench gate valve progressively and run the system until all air is purged.
Open the Hoffman clamps and purge any air from the two bleed points at the top of the
mercury manometer.
 For low flow rates, set the apparatus as follows.
 Attach a Hoffman clamp to each of the two manometer connecting tubes and close them
off. With the system fully purged of air; close the bench valve, stop the pump, close the
outflow valve and remove the Hoffman clamps from the water manometer connection.
 Disconnect the bench supply and hold it high to keep it liquid filled. Connect bench
supply to header tank, run pump and open bench valve.
 When outflow occurs from header tank snap connector, attach test section supply tube to
it; ensuring no air is trapped. When outflow occurs from the header tank overflow, fully
open the outflow control valve.
 Slowly open air vents at the top of water manometer and allow air to enter until
manometer level reach convenient height, then close air vent.
 Hand pump can also be used to raise air pressure to control manometer levels.
 Now for taking readings at high flow rates, apply Hoffman clamp to each of water
manometer connection tubes.
 Close the test rig flow control valve and take a zero flow rate reading from mercury
manometer. With the flow valve fully open, measure head loss from manometer.
 Determine flow rate by timed volume collection. Repeat this procedure for different flow
rates.
 When taking reading for low flow rates, repeat the same procedure but using water
manometer throughout.
6 Theory
The pressure difference (Pout-Pin) between two points in the pipe is due to the frictional resistance,
and the head loss h1 is directly proportional to the pressure difference.
The friction can be calculated from the Darcy-Welsbach equation:
2 ∆ hgd
f= 2
lv
where:
∆ h: head loss due to flow resistance
L: pipe length
D: pipe diameter
v: average velocity
g: gravitational acceleration
For laminar flow, the friction factor f is only a function of the Reynolds number (Re) and is
independent of the surface roughness of the pipe, i.e.:
64
f= ℜ
Where Reynolds number is given as,
ρdv
Re =
μ
For turbulent flow,
−0.25
f =0.316 ℜ
For transitional flow mean value theorm is used,
0 .3 f l +0 .7 f t
f trans=
2
7 Observations & Calculations:

μ=1.002×10^-3
f
No.of Change Flow f Reynolds theoretical(laminar f theoretical
obs in heads rate Velocity(m/s) experimental number ) (turbulent)
0.000005
1 0.161 4 0.7639 0.032479 2287.12 0.027982791 0.04569
0.000004
2 0.129 9 0.70028 0.030966 2096.64 0.030525031 0.046698
0.000004 2033.11803
0.023997
3 0.094 8 0.679061424 6 0.031478743 0.047059405
0.000004 1736.62165
4 0.078 1 0.580031633 0.027292386 6 0.036853162 0.048950911
8 Graph:
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
f 0.02
0.01
0
1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
Re
Turbulent Laminar
Figure 3:Graph
9 Possible errors:
 There can be an error in the apparatus.
 There can be errors in the reading that we take.
 There can be a mechanical error
10 Conclusions:
After performing the experiment, we conclude that sensitivity of instrumentation plays
significant role in obtaining correct results.
It was also observed that there is no roughness effect in friction factor for low relative roughness
nickel tubes. But for any rational conclusion in transition region behavior for low relative
roughness tubes more work is required.
It can be concluded from current work that constricted parameters are promising for
improvement of laminar region friction factor. But it requires to be investigated with more data
sets with varied shape and size to develop it.

Experiment No 8

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Experiment No 8

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Experiment No 8

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EXPERIMENT NO.

1 TO MEASURE LOSES IN CONSTANT CROSS-SECTION PIPE.

Figure 1:Pipe Apparatus Figure 2Stopwatch

7 Observations & Calculations:

You might also like