1. What is stress in the context of elastic materials?

• A. Deflection per unit length

• B. Force per unit area

• C. Internal distortion

• D. Permanent deformation

• Answer: B

2. How is strain defined in the context of elastic materials?

• A. Force per unit area

• B. Deflection per unit length

• C. Permanent deformation

• D. Internal distribution of the load

• Answer: B

3. In orthodontics, archwires and springs can be considered as:

• A. Springs only

• B. Beams supported on one end

• C. Beams supported on both ends

• D. Both A and B

• Answer: D

4. What does the yield strength represent on a stress–strain diagram?

• A. Proportional limit

• B. Intersection with a parallel line offset at 0.1% strain

• C. Maximum load the material can resist

• D. The ultimate tensile strength

• Answer: B

5. What is the most conservative measure of the elastic limit of a material?

• A. Proportional limit

• B. Yield strength

• C. Ultimate tensile strength

• D. Hooke's law

• Answer: A

6. What is the relationship between strength, stiffness, and range in orthodontic materials?
• A. Strength = Stiffness + Range

• B. Strength = Stiffness - Range

• C. Strength = Stiffness × Range

• D. Strength = Range / Stiffness

 • Answer: C

7. What unit is used to measure stiffness in the context of orthodontic materials?

• A. Newton

• B. Pascal

• C. Millimeter

• D. Megapascal

• Answer: B

8. What does range refer to in orthodontics?

• A. Energy storage capacity

• B. Distance a wire will bend elastically before permanent deformation

• C. Permanent deformation capacity

• D. Area under the stress–strain curve

• Answer: B

9. What is resilience in the context of orthodontic materials?

• A. Distance before permanent deformation occurs

• B. Energy storage capacity up to the proportional limit

• C. Maximum load the material can resist

• D. Amount of permanent deformation a wire can withstand

• Answer: B

10. What is formability in the context of orthodontic materials?

• A. Distance a wire will bend elastically before permanent deformation

• B. Energy storage capacity

• C. Permanent deformation capacity

• D. Amount of permanent deformation a wire can withstand

• Answer: C

11. Which of the following is NOT a property of an ideal wire material for orthodontic purposes?
• A. High strength

• B. Low stiffness

• C. Low formability

• D. High range

• Answer: C

12. What is an additional requirement for orthodontic wire materials besides strength, stiffness, range, and
formability?
• A. Transparency

• B. Weldability or solderability
 • C. Brittle nature

• D. Expensive cost

• Answer: B

13. In the United States, orthodontic appliance dimensions are specified in:
• A. Centimeters

• B. Mils

• C. Millimeters

• D. Inches

• Answer: B

14. How can orthodontic appliance dimensions be converted from mils to millimeters?
• A. Multiply by 4 and move the decimal point one place to the right

• B. Divide by 4 and move the decimal point one place to the right

• C. Multiply by 4 and move the decimal point one place to the left

• D. Divide by 4 and move the decimal point one place to the left

• Answer: D

15. What is the SI unit for measuring strength?

• A. Newton

• B. Megapascal

• C. Pascal

• D. Millimeter

• Answer: B

16. What are the three major properties of beam materials in orthodontics?
• A. Strength, hardness, and flexibility

• B. Strength, stiffness, and range

• C. Resilience, stiffness, and formability

• D. Range, formability, and stiffness

• Answer: B

17. What is the intersection point on a stress–strain curve used to determine the yield strength?
• A. Proportional limit

• B. Ultimate tensile strength

• C. Yield point

• D. Failure point

• Answer: C

18. What is the ultimate tensile strength?

• A. The maximum load the material can resist
 • B. The point at which any permanent deformation is first observed

• C. The intersection of the stress–strain curve with a parallel line offset at 0.1% strain

• D. The maximum force the wire can deliver after some permanent deformation

• Answer: A

19. What does the modulus of elasticity (E) represent on a stress–strain diagram?
• A. Resilience

• B. Stiffness and springiness

• C. Formability

• D. Range

• Answer: B

20. What is Hooke's law related to in the context of orthodontic materials?

• A. Ultimate tensile strength

• B. Yield strength

• C. Proportional limit

• D. Springback properties

• Answer: C

21. Why is the yield strength considered a practical indicator in orthodontic materials?
• A. It represents the ultimate tensile strength

• B. It is the point at which any permanent deformation is first observed

• C. It is easy to determine clinically

• D. It measures the distance a wire will bend elastically

• Answer: C

22. What is the practical significance of the proportional limit in orthodontic materials?
• A. It determines the ultimate tensile strength

• B. It represents the ultimate load the material can resist

• C. It indicates the highest point where stress and strain still have a linear relationship

• D. It measures the distance a wire will bend before permanent deformation

• Answer: C

23. What is the measurement unit for stiffness in orthodontic materials?

• A. Megapascal

• B. Millimeter

• C. Newton

• D. Pascal

• Answer: A
24. How is stiffness related to the force–deflection curve in orthodontic materials?
• A. More horizontal slope indicates greater stiffness

• B. More vertical slope indicates greater stiffness

• C. The slope is unrelated to stiffness

• D. Stiffness is measured along the x-axis

• Answer: B

25. What is the significance of the failure point in orthodontic materials?

• A. It represents the ultimate tensile strength

• B. It is the point at which any permanent deformation is first observed

• C. It is the intersection of the stress–strain curve with a parallel line offset at 0.1% strain

• D. It indicates the point at which the wire breaks

• Answer: D

26. What does the term "springback" refer to in orthodontic materials?

• A. Distance before permanent deformation occurs

• B. The energy storage capacity up to the proportional limit

• C. The distance along the x-axis to the point of permanent deformation

• D. Clinically useful return to the original shape after deflection beyond the yield point

• Answer: D

27. Why are resilience and formability illustrated on a stress–strain diagram?

• A. To determine the ultimate tensile strength

• B. To measure stiffness

• C. To define the energy storage capacity and permanent deformation capacity

• D. To indicate the yield strength

• Answer: C

28. What does the term "resilience" represent in orthodontic materials?

• A. The amount of permanent deformation a wire can withstand

• B. The energy storage capacity up to the proportional limit

• C. The intersection of the stress–strain curve with a parallel line offset at 0.1% strain

• D. The distance before permanent deformation occurs

• Answer: B

29. What is the ideal relationship between strength, stiffness, and range in orthodontic materials?
• A. Strength = Stiffness - Range

• B. Strength = Range / Stiffness

• C. Strength = Stiffness × Range

• D. Strength = Stiffness + Range

 • Answer: C

30. Why is weldability or solderability considered an important property for orthodontic wire materials?
• A. It determines the ultimate tensile strength

• B. It allows attachment of hooks or stops to the wire

• C. It measures the distance a wire will bend before permanent deformation

• D. It is related to the yield strength

• Answer: B