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    HMT HT1 Lab Manual

    Uploaded by

    Iyan Mehmood

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd

    HMT HT1 Lab Manual

    Uploaded by

    Iyan Mehmood
    19 views16 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF or read online from Scribd

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf
    19 views16 pages

    HMT HT1 Lab Manual

    Uploaded by

    Iyan Mehmood

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf
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    HT1_ HEAT CONDUCTION APPARATUS EXPERIMENT A OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT: ‘To investigate Foutier's Law for the linear conduction of heat along a simple bar. EQUIPMENT SET-UP: Temperature measurement points at 10 mm rs Brass sample 30mm long Cor 1. When assembling the sample between the heater and the cooler take care to match the shallow shoulders in the Conducting compound nylon housings. . at interfaces 2 Ensure that {he fel eiiperatire=s 4 sane measurement points are aligned along the longitudinal axis of the unit. SUMMARY OF THEORY: bo If a plane wall of thickness (Ax).and area (A) T+aT ak supports a temperature difference (AT) then the p heat transfer rate per unit time (Q) by conduction an through the wall is found to be: 4 Qe AAT T dx k If the material of the wall is homogeneous and has a thermal conductivity (k) then: egiggracire -Al- shoul iéd that heat flow 3S positive in the ection of temperature fall. oe ‘sow i a Tt should be'noted thal it the dire f | and allow sufficient time p i tion for the heater power contro! Select an intermediate POSEN, crioved before recording Me temperate Ee fora steady state condition (0 ower reading of the wattmeter (Q), | This, nine sensor points, 206 ated for other input powers UP the maximum setting 0! READINGS TO BE TAKEN: rocedure shoul ra i .d to achieve steady state the control. After each change, sufficient time must be allowet ly § conditions. RESULTS: Tail Warmneter]T, |7]Ta]T4|T5["6|"7]F8]79] Pol — a °c Joc foc foc J°c [°C °C ec Joc | temperature profile NoMa <. along the length of the vad note how is vis |) core will result in a set of straight lines B having approximately at the same slope dT Cc dx L | a tne c Alter dach cijnje, ilThis'slope may: be used. to determine the thermal » 1 t conductivity of brass: 2 f | RFQ a 5 A dt & Appropriate multiplication factors should be r a : introduced to convert the result to normally joa || accepted, units for thermal conductivity. . ie. W/mK The result obtained should be comy i of published data. pared to typical values for brass contained in tables Students should comment upon the effec ae 5 ct of average tem] thermal conductivity ~ k increases with T for brass. Flow dees the face y yao ee shape oF the temperature profile? 0 es the factor influence the Note: It is often necessary to evaluate th \¢ heat floy i steady e.g. through th ww through a y eg, through the wall of a furnace that is being heated oy ten, he flow is Rot distribution through the solid and hon ae co neces ind the, oe eeatie equipment set-up already described, its 4 profile vaiatigg using either a heat |S 2.simple matter to unsteady state conduction, \g Or cooling cycle thu; ADL wf HT1 HEAT CONDUCTION APPARATUS EXPERIMENT: OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT: To study the conduction of heat along a compo: transfer coefficient. site bar and evaluate the overall heat EQUIPMENT SET-UP: Temperature measurement ints at 10. mm ers. Cooler tiiteh =| Heater power, control Temperature selector Note: switch Core: Stainless fen 30 mm long When assembling the sample between the heater and the cooler take care to match the shallow shoulders in the nylon housings. 25mm dia, = Keonduéting ) HT1 HEAT CONDUCTION APPARATUS EXPERIMENT E OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT: See 1 conduction between adjacent slabs of material. surface contact on thermal EQUIPMENT SET-UP: £5 Tmperture, menu cooler clamp ° 7 ° i ae acest S| ie 1 wate “oN switch | Heater ae ~~ power” contol mmparaturepelector ” Tas JECT OF EXmieMEN Notes: Core: 1, When assembling the sample between the heater and the cooler, take care to match the shallow shoulders in the nylon housing Temperature (1! Vighimetor 1 fn Conducting compound 2 Ensure that the temperature measurement points are aligned inthis interface along the longitudinal axis of cnly the unit. SUMMARY OF THEORY: rae When two surfaces are in contact, paths of thermal conduction exist only across those points where actual physical contact occurs on the microscopic scale and the degree of thermal contact depends on the respective surface finishes. Air tapped’ in the*gaps between each surface acts as a thermal insulator resulting in a temperature step in the conduction path. This can be reduced by the use of conducting compound which fills the air spaces and provides improved. thermal contact. -B- READINGS TO BE TAKEN: Setup the equipment as shown with conducting compound over one interface only. The other interface should be clean and dry and traces of compound removed with acetone or an equivalent solvent. Set the heater power control to maximum and allow sufficient e conduction to be achieved before recording the time for a steady stat : : temperature (T) at all nine sensor points and the input power reading on the wattmeter Q): RESULTS: wattmeter|T | | 13} | ™5| 1s [7 % Qwatts | | °C ele}lec}ec}fec}{ ec] c spINGS TO BE TAKEN: a Graphs should be care! section of the a eee showing the temperature distribution along each temperature drop will be et extrapolated to the various interfaces. A marked with conducting compound will! 'VEdsacross the clean interface ‘whereas the interface exhibit only a very minor temperature drop. EXPERIMENT F OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT: To investigate the influence of thermal insulation upon the conduction of heat between adjacent metals. EQUIPMENT SET-U Temperatura measurement points at 10. mm cfs. Cooler —— reer Te femperature (7) Wattmater {_@ = pee “ON switeh Hei ce Temperature selector awiteh Paper or Cork disc FOUIPMENT. SET-UP. Notes: Core: [2:01 HEATER § COOLER 1. Ensure insulating discs are concentric with metal bar. 2, Do not use conducting “compound =. with |S instilating diss. = = SUMMARY OF THEORY: Materials such as paper and cork have very low thermal conductivity which means that only a small amount of heat will pass through the material even though a.high” temperature difference may exist across its two faces. Such materials are known as__ thermal insulators and are practically utilised in situations where it is required to reduce heat losses from a hot body to the atmosphere. Insulating mater insuiatin F-1 READINGS TO BE TAKEN: aper disc before clamping it between thickness of the P* ximately 10-15 watts and Using a micrometer measure the input power to approximal the heater and cooler faces- Control the ations ‘whilst ensuring that T, does not allow sufficient tine to reach St=B4Y °°, sensor points and the input power exceed 150°C. Record the temperature whole procedure using the cork dse reading on the wattmeter (Q) before repealing: in place of the paper. RESULTS: ‘Paper disc thickness = _™m_ 7 oe ° Plots of the temperature profile in the heater and cooler should be extrapolated to the Wattmeter |T; | T2|T3|T7|T3 |79 interfaces so as to determine the temperature Qwatts_ feclecleclec|ecl:c’| gradient across the insulating disc. The results may be used to determine the thermal 2 | conductivity of paper and cork: b) Cork disc thickness Wattmeter|T; [T|T3|T7|T|T | | _ Q Qwatts [Pc}eclec |*c]°c ec AL 4T | insulator Note: If the maximum temperature is allowed to rise above 100°C, a thermostat will disconnect power to heater giving inaccurate results. i tt con Appropriate multiplication factors sh i all ‘i ‘ould be introduced to convert th sult to reed accepted units for thermal conductivity i.e. W/m K. ae ‘The results obtained should be i Ir abies of pabished date o mPated to typical values for paper and cork contained Students should comm: i ‘ent upon the influence which insulators have upon the conduction of heat between the heater and eer Suggest practical w ir ating oa do these materials inhibit conduction? -F2- e GENERAL SAFETY RULES 1 Follow Relevant Instructions jefore attempting to install, commission or operate equipment, all relevant suppliers/manufacturers instructions and local regulations should be understood and implemented. It is irresponsible and dangerous to misuse equipment or ignore instructions, regulations or warnings. Do not exceed specified maximum operating conditions (e.g. temperature, pressure, speed etc.) Installation Use lifting tackle where possible to install heavy equipment. Where 2 lifting is necessary beware of strained backs and crushed toes. Get help from an assistant if necessary. Wear safety shoes where appropriate. Pee reee care should be exercised to avoid damage to the equipment during handling and unpacking. When using slings to lift equipment, bisiiré that't "5 are attached to structural framework and do not foul adjacent pipework, glassware etc. When using fork lift trucks, position the forks beneath structural framework ensuring that the forks Be not foul adjacent pipework, glassware etc. Damage may go unseen during commissioning creating a potential hazard to subsequent operators. Where special foundations are required follow the instructions ovided and do not improvise. Locate heavy equipment at low level. fiipment involving inflammable or corrosive liquids should be sited in sTontainment area or bund with a capacity 50% greater than the maximum equipment contents. Eneure that all services are compatible with the equipment and that indepenideit idolators are always provided and labelled. Use reliable connections in all instances, do not improvise. Ensure that all equipment is reliably earthed and connected to an J-supply.'atthe correct voltage. The electrical supply must ssiporate"an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) or ‘Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB) to protect the operator from severe tlectric shock in the event of misuse or accident. Sotential hazards should always be the first consideration when deciding on’ Suitable location for equipment. Leave sufficient space between equipment and between walls and equipment. Commissioning: * Equipment invaivine 19) : Ensure that equipment is commissioned and checked by a competent member of staff before permitting students to operate it. Operation Bi that students are fully aware of the potential hazards when insure tha’ operating equipment ‘ etent member of staff at all vised by a comp: . Sem al ane nao In ome ded. e equi] ment sunatten< . poe or Saedents to derive their own experimental procedures they are com] etent to do so. ; : ae oe can sult from touching apparently stationary equipment ‘When using a stroboscope t *freeze’ rotary motion. Maintenance Badly maintained equipment is a potential hazard. Ensure that a ‘competent member of staff is responsible for organising maintenance and fepairs on a planned basis. i Do not permit faulty equipment to be operated. Ensure that repairs are cartied out competently and checked before students are permitted to = operate the equipment. Using Electricity Re least tite’ eachmonth, check that ELCB's (RCCB's) are operating wirectly by pressing the TEST button. The circuit breaker must trip when the button is pressed (failure to trip means that the operator is not protected and a repair must be effected by a competent electrician before the equipment or electrical supply is used). Electricity is the commonest cause of accidents in the laboratory. Ensure that all members of staff and students respect it. Encure’that-the electrical supply has been disconnected from the équipmient before attempting repairs or adjustments. Ie Water‘and electricity are not compatible and can cause serious injury if they come into contact. Never operate portable electric appliances adjacent to equipment involving water unless some form of constraint or barrier is incorporated to prevent accidental contact. Always disconnect equipment from the electrical supply when not inuse. Avoiding fires or explosic ‘At leaut once cach monte é ‘Ensure that the laboratory is provided with adequate fire extinguishers appropriate to the potential hazards. Where inflammable liquids are used, smoking must be forbidden. Notices should be displayed to enforce this. Beware since fine powders or dust can spontaneously ignite under certain conditions. Empty vessels having contained inflammable liquids can contain vay eal BaMer aes lode if ignited. ue iinable liquids should be stored outside the in Accordance’ with local regulations. 10 erage tanks on equipment should not be overfilled. All spillages should be immediately cleaned. up, ‘carefully disposing of any When eT cloths etc. Beware of slippery floors. : lab liquids giving off inflammable vapours are handled in the aboratory, the area should be ventilated by an ex-proof extraction By Yents.on the equipment should be connected to the extraction system: Students should not be allowed to prepare mixtures for analysis or other purpose without competent supervision. Handling poisons, corrosive or toxic materials Certain liquids essential to the operation of equipment, for example mercury, are poisonous or can give off poisonous vapours. Wear appropriate protective clothing when handling such substaness, Clean up any spillage immediately and ventilate areas thoroughly using extraction equipment. Beware of slippery floors. Do not allow food to be brought into or consumed in the laboratory. Never use chemical beakers as drinking vessels. Where poisonous vapours are involved, smoking must be forbidden. Notices should be displayed to enforce this. Poisons and.very toxic materials must be kept in a locked cupboard or vescnand checked regularly. Use of such substances should be supervised. When diluting concentrated acids and alkalis, the acid or alkali should te added slowly to water while stirring. The reverse should never be attempted. Avoiding cuts and burns Inekeury, ats pene Take, careewhen handling sharp edged components. Do. not exert iertue force on glass or fragile items. Hot surfaces carinot in most cases be totally shielded and can produce votre bums even when not ‘visibly hot. Use common sense and think which parts of the equipment are likely to be hot. Eye protection ‘Gogeles austibe.wom whenever there is a risk to the eyes. Risk may SOB from powders, liquid splashes, vapours or splinters. Beware of Gubris from fast moving air streams. Alkaline solutions are particularly dangerous to the eyes. Parr look directly at a strong source of ight such as a laser or Xenon arc lamp. Ensure that equipment using such a source is positioned so that passers-by cannot accidentally view the source or reflected ray. Facilities for eye irrigation should always be available. fake care wren fendi fe Ear protectors must be worn when operating noisy equipment. Clothing be worn in the laboratory. Loose garments can . ing should Suitable clothing show! rings on fingers cause serious injury if caught in rotating machinery. Ties, should be removed in these situations. ‘Additional protective clothing should be available for all members of staff and students as appropriate. Guards and safety devices Guards and safety devices are installed on equipment to protect the operator. The equipment must not be operated with such devices et 1011 Safety valves, cut-outs or other safety devices will have been set to protect the equipment. Interference with these devices may create a potential hazard. It is not possible to guard the operator against all contingencies. Use common sense at all times when in the laboratory. Before starting a rotating machine, make sure staff are aware how to stop it in an emergency. Eristit@'that'speed'control devices are always set at zero before starting dquipticent! protect Ou 1 First aid If an accident does occur in the laboratory it is essential that first aid equipment is available and that the supervisor knows how touseit. + A notice giving details of a proficient first-aider should be prominent! displayéd. ly ‘So! SHodAist*- oP tHe "antidotes for'thé chemicals used in a particular laboratory should be prominently displayed. di>piayen. 5)

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