Week 12 Lesson 2

DATA COMMUNICATION
CSE 225/233
WEEK-12, LESSON-2
MULTIPLE ACCESS
Frame Exchange (Data and Control)
1. Before sending a frame, the source station senses the
medium by checking the energy level at the carrier
frequency.
a. The channel uses a persistence strategy with backoff
until the channel is idle.
b. After the station is found to be idle, the station waits
for a period of time called the DCF interframe space
(DIFS); then the station sends a control frame called the
request to send (RTS).
Data Communication Lecture Series, NRC, MAY2020 12.2

Frame Exchange (Data and Control)
2. After receiving the RTS and waiting a period of time called the
short interframe space (SIFS), the destination station sends a
control frame, called the clear to send (CTS), to the source station.
This control frame indicates that the destination station is ready to
receive data.
3. The source station sends data after waiting an amount of time

equal to SIFS.
4. The destination station, after waiting an amount of time equal to

SIFS, sends an acknowledgment to show that the frame has been
received. Acknowledgment is needed in this protocol because the
station does not have any means to check for the successful arrival
of its data at the destination. On the other hand, the lack of
collision in CSMA/CD is a kind of indication to the source that
data have arrived.

CSMA/CA and NAV

Network Allocation Vector (NAV)
How do other stations defer sending their data if one station
acquires access?
In other words, how is the collision avoidance aspect of this
protocol accomplished?
The key is a feature called NAV. When a station sends an RTS
frame, it includes the duration of time that it needs to occupy
the channel. The stations that are affected by this
transmission create a timer called a network allocation
vector (NAV) that shows how much time must pass before
these stations are allowed to check the channel for idleness.
Each time a station accesses the system and sends an RTS
frame, other stations start their NAV. In other words, each
station, before sensing the physical medium to see if it is idle,
first checks its NAV to see if it has expired.
CONTROLLED ACCESS
• In controlled access, the stations consult one another
to find which station has the right to send. A station
cannot send unless it has been authorized by other
stations. We discuss three popular controlled-access
methods.
• Topics discussed in this section:

Reservation
Polling
Token Passing

Reservation
In the reservation method, a station needs to make a
reservation before sending data. Time is divided into
intervals. In each interval, a reservation frame precedes
the data frames sent in that interval. If there are N
stations in the system, there are exactly N reservation
mini slots in the reservation frame. Each mini slot
belongs to a station. When a station needs to send a data
frame, it makes a reservation in its own mini slot. The
stations that have made reservations can send their data
frames after the reservation frame. Figure in the next
slide will explain the concept.

Reservation Access Method

Polling
Polling works with topologies in which one device is
designated as a primary station and the other devices are
secondary stations. All data exchanges must be made
through the primary device even when the ultimate
destination is a secondary device. The primary device
controls the link; the secondary devices follow its
instructions. It is up to the primary device to determine
which device is allowed to use the channel at a given
time.
The primary device, therefore, is always the initiator of a
session. This method uses poll and select functions to
prevent collisions. However, the drawback is if the
primary station fails, the system goes down.

Select Function
The select function is used whenever the primary device has something
to send. Primary device always controls the link. If the primary is neither
sending nor receiving data, it knows the link is available. If it has
something to send, the primary device sends it. What it does not know,
however, is whether the target device is prepared to receive. So the
primary must alert the secondary to the upcoming transmission and wait
for an acknowledgment of the secondary’s ready status. Before sending
data, the primary creates and transmits a select (SEL) frame, one field of
which includes the address of the intended secondary.

Poll Function
The poll function is used by the primary device to solicit
transmissions from the secondary devices. When the primary is
ready to receive data, it must ask (poll) each device in turn if it has
anything to send. When the first secondary is approached, it
responds either with a NAK frame if it has nothing to send or with
data (in the form of a data frame) if it does. If the response is
negative (a NAK frame), then the primary polls the next secondary
in the same manner until it finds one with data to send. When the
response is positive (a data frame), the primary reads the frame
and returns an acknowledgment (ACK frame), verifying its
receipt.

Token Passing
In the token-passing method, the stations in a network are
organized in a logical ring. In other words, for each station, there
is a predecessor and a successor. The predecessor is the station
which is logically before the station in the ring; the successor is
the station which is after the station in the ring. The current station
is the one that is accessing the channel now. The right to this
access has been passed from the predecessor to the current station.
The right will be passed to the successor when the current station
has no more data to send.

Logical ring and physical topology in token-passing access method

Data Communication Lecture Series, NRC, MAY2020

Week 12 Lesson 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Week 12 Lesson 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Week 12 Lesson 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DATA COMMUNICATION

Data Communication Lecture Series, NRC, MAY2020 12.2

3. The source station sends data after waiting an amount of time

4. The destination station, after waiting an amount of time equal to

Data Communication Lecture Series, NRC, MAY2020 12.3

Data Communication Lecture Series, NRC, MAY2020 12.4

• Topics discussed in this section:

Data Communication Lecture Series, NRC, MAY2020 12.6

Data Communication Lecture Series, NRC, MAY2020 12.7

Data Communication Lecture Series, NRC, MAY2020 12.8

Data Communication Lecture Series, NRC, MAY2020 12.9

Data Communication Lecture Series, NRC, MAY2020 12.10

Data Communication Lecture Series, NRC, MAY2020 12.11

Data Communication Lecture Series, NRC, MAY2020 12.12

Data Communication Lecture Series, NRC, MAY2020 12.13

You might also like