Homework - State of matter

1. The table gives data about four substances.

Which substance has particles in a disorderly arrangement at room temperature?

melting point/ ℃ boiling point/ ℃

A –114 –80
B 120 445
C 750 1407
D 1610 2230

A. The answer is A as shown above

B. The answer is B as shown above
C. The answer is C as shown above
D. The answer is D as shown above

2. Nitrogen dioxide is a dark brown gas and is more dense than air.
A gas jar containing nitrogen dioxide is sealed with a glass plate and is then inverted on top of a gas
jar containing air.

The glass plate is removed.

Which one of the following correctly describes the colours inside the gas jars after a long period of
time?

upper gas jar lower gas jar

A brown brown
B dark brown light brown
C colourless dark brown

D light brown dark brown

3. What can be deduced about two gases that have the same relative molecular mass?

A. They have the same boiling point.

B. They have the same number of atoms in one molecule.
C. They have the same rate of diffusion at room temperature and pressure.
D. They have the same solubility in water at room temperature.

4. Which gas diffuses at the same rate as nitrogen gas?

A. carbon dioxide
B. carbon monoxide
C. neon
D. sulphur dioxide

5. Why does neon gas, Ne, diffuse faster than carbon dioxide gas, CO2?

A. Neon atoms have the lower mass.

B. Neon does not form molecules.
C. Neon is a noble gas.
D. Neon is less dense than air.

6. Four identical balloons are filled with different gases all at the same temperature and pressure.

The gases gradually diffuse out of the balloons.

Which pair of balloons will deflate at the same rate?

A. P and Q
B. Q and R
C. R and S
D. S and P
7. The diagrams show the arrangement of particles in three different physical states of substance X.

Which statement about the physical states of substance X is correct?

A. Particles in state 1 vibrate about fixed positions.

B. State 1 changes to state 2 by diffusion.
C. State 2 changes directly to state 3 by condensation.
D. The substance in state 3 has a fixed volume.

8. What are the processes W, X, Y and Z in the following diagram?

W X Y Z
A condensing boiling freezing melting
B condensing freezing melting boiling
C melting boiling freezing condensing
D melting freezing condensing boiling

9. Four statements about the arrangement of particles are given.

1. Particles are packed in a regular arrangement.
2. Particles are randomly arranged.
3. Particles move over each other.
4. Particles vibrate about fixed points.
Which statements describe the particles in a solid?

A. 1 and 3
B. 1 and 4
C. 2 and 3
D. 2 and 4
 10. Diagrams R, S and T represent the three states of matter.

Which change occurs during freezing?

A. R → S
B. S → T
C. T → R
D. T → S

11. Small crystals of purple KMnO4 (Mr = 158) and orange K2Cr2O7 (Mr = 294) were placed at the centres

of separate petri dishes filled with agar jelly. They were left to stand under the same physical
conditions.
After some time, the colour of each substance had spread out as shown.

The lengths of the arrows indicate the relative distances travelled by particles of each substance.
Which statement is correct?
Q1/0620/23/M/J/17

A. Diffusion is faster in dish 1 because the mass of the particles is greater.

B. Diffusion is faster in dish 2 because the mass of the particles is greater.
C. Diffusion is slower in dish 1 because the mass of the particles is smaller.
D. Diffusion is slower in dish 2 because the mass of the particles is greater.

12. Which statement is an example of diffusion?

A. A kitchen towel soaks up some spilt milk.

B. Ice cream melts in a warm room.
C. Pollen from flowers is blown by the wind.
D. The smell of cooking spreads through a house.
 13. Which diagram shows the process of diffusion?

A. The answer is A as shown above

B. The answer is B as shown above
C. The answer is C as shown above
D. The answer is D as shown above

14. In which substance are the particles close together and slowly moving past each other?

A. air
B. ice
C. steam
D. water

15. The diagram shows how the arrangement of particles changes when a substance changes state.

Which change of state is shown?

A. boiling
B. condensation
C. evaporation
D. sublimation
16. The diagram shows an experiment to demonstrate diffusion.

Which statement explains why the ring of ammonium chloride appears as shown?

A. Ammonia solution only produces a gas which moves until it meets the hydrochloric acid.
B. Both solutions produce a gas, but ammonia moves quicker than hydrogen chloride because it is
lighter.
C. Hydrochloric acid produces hydrogen chloride which stays at one end of the tube until the ammonia

reaches it.
D. The two solutions run along the tube until they meet.
17 The graph shows how the temperature of a substance changes as it is cooled over a period of
30 minutes. The substance is a gas at the start.

300 S

250 T
V W
200
X
temperature Y
150
/ °C
Z
100

50

0
0 10 20 30
time / minutes

Each letter on the graph may be used once, more than once or not at all.

(a) Which letter, S, T, V, W, X, Y or Z, shows when

(i) the particles in the substance have the most kinetic energy,

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) the particles in the substance are furthest apart,

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) the substance exists as both a gas and a liquid?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Use the graph to estimate the freezing point of the substance.

.............................. °C [1]

(c) Name the change of state directly from a solid to a gas.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) When smoke is viewed through a microscope, the smoke particles in the air appear to jump
around.

(i) What term describes this movement of the smoke particles?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why the smoke particles move in this way.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]
18 (a) Dust particles in the air move around in a random way.

(i) What term describes the random movement of the dust particles?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Identify the particles in the air which cause the random movement of the dust particles.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Explain why the dust particles move in this way.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) When chlorine gas, Cl 2, is put into a gas jar, it spreads out to fill the gas jar.

When bromine gas, Br2, is put into a gas jar, it also spreads out to fill the gas jar.

The process takes longer for bromine gas than for chlorine gas.

gas jar

gas

start later

(i) What term describes the way that the gas particles spread out?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Use data from the Periodic Table to explain why bromine gas takes longer to fill a gas jar
than chlorine gas.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Explain why increasing the temperature increases the rate at which the gas particles
spread out.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]
19 Z is a covalent substance. In an experiment, a sample of pure solid Z was continually heated for
11 minutes.

The graph shows how the temperature of the sample of pure Z changed during the first 9 minutes.

240

220

200

180

160

140
temperature
/ °C 120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
time / minutes

(a) What is the melting point of pure Z?

.............................. °C [1]

(b) The sample of pure Z began to boil at 9 minutes. It was boiled for 2 minutes.

Use this information to sketch on the grid how the temperature of the sample of pure Z changed
between 9 minutes and 11 minutes. [1]

(c) The sample of pure Z was continually heated between 2 minutes and 5 minutes.

Explain, in terms of attractive forces, why there was no increase in the temperature of the
sample of pure Z between 2 minutes and 5 minutes.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) Describe how the motion of particles of pure Z changed from 0 minutes to 2 minutes.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(e) The experiment was repeated using a solid sample of impure Z.

Suggest the differences, if any, in the melting point and boiling point of the sample of impure Z
compared to the sample of pure Z.

melting point ..............................................................................................................................

boiling point ...............................................................................................................................

[2]

(f) A sample of pure Z was allowed to cool from 120 °C to 20 °C. The total time taken was 8 minutes.

Starting from point ×, sketch on the grid how the temperature of the sample of pure Z changed
between 0 minutes and 8 minutes.

200

180

160

140

120
temperature
/ °C 100

80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
time / minutes
[2]

[Total: 10]