Homework -- Atomic structure & Bonding

1. Which graph shows the number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom, plotted against the proton
(atomic) number for the first ten elements in the Periodic Table?

2. The atoms

have the same

A. nucleon number.
B. number of electrons.
C. number of neutrons.
D. proton number.
3. The atoms 31 P and 32 S have the same
15 16

A. nucleon number.
B. number of electrons.
C. number of neutrons.
D. number of protons.

4. What is the nucleon number of the isotope of uranium, 235 U?

92

A. 92
B. 143
C. 235
D. 327

5. The outer shell electrons of compound YZ2 are shown.

Use the Periodic Table to find the number of neutrons in atom Y, which is in the Period Li to Ne.

A. 6
B. 8
C. 10
D. 12
6. An atom of element Z has 14 neutrons and 13 protons.
It forms a positive ion.
How many electrons does the ion of Z have?

A. 10
B. 13
C. 14
D. 27

7. The diagram shows the arrangement of electrons in the atoms of four different elements.
Which is the least reactive of the four elements?

8. In which substance is each carbon atom covalently bonded to only three other atoms?

A. carbon dioxide
B. diamond
C. graphite
D. methane

9. Which compound has both ionic and covalent bonds?

A. ammonium chloride
B. carbon dioxide
C. ethyl ethanoate
D. sodium chloride

10. In which of the following is there a lattice of positive ions in a ‘sea of electrons’?

A. liquid potassium chloride

B. sand
C. solid graphite
D. solid magnesium
11. A substance Q conducts electricity both when solid and molten.
What is Q?

A. an alloy
B. a hydrocarbon
C. a metal oxide
D. a salt

12. Element X is a solid at room temperature.

It needs one electron per atom to gain the electronic structure of a noble gas.
It is the least reactive element in its group.
What is the element X?

A. At
B. Cs
C. F
D. Li

13. An element X forms a positive ion with the electronic structure 2,8,8.
What is the proton (atomic) number of X?

A. 16
B. 17
C. 18
D. 19

14. An ion X+ has 23 nucleons and 10 electrons.

What does the nucleus of X contain?

protons neutrons
A 9 14

B 10 13

C 11 12
D 13 10
 15. Two particles X and Y have the composition shown in the table.

number of number of
particle number of protons
electrons neutrons
X 10 8 8

Y 18 18 17

The particles X and Y are

A. metal atoms
B. non-metal atoms.
C. negative ions.
D. positive ions.

16.A researcher notices that atoms of an element X are releasing energy.

Why does this happen?

A. The atoms are absorbing light.

B. The atoms are radioactive.
C. The atoms react with argon in the air.
D. The atoms are evaporating.

17. Atoms of elements X and Y have the electron configurations 2,5 and 2,8,5 respectively.
Which deduction about these elements can be made from this information?

A. The atoms are isomers.

B. The atoms are isotopes.
C. The elements are in the same group of the Periodic Table.
D. The elements are in the same period of the Periodic Table.

18. Complete the table below to show the number of subatomic particles in each of the two ions.

ion number of protons number of neutrons number of electrons

40Ca2+

37Cl–
 19. The diagram below shows the representation for element Y.
[Note: Y is not the actual symbols for the element.]

Choose the correct pair of electron arrangement and the number of neutrons in an atom Y.

Electron
Number of neutrons
arrangement
A 2.8.1 11
B 2.8.1 12

C 2.8.2 11
D 2.8.2 12

20. Consider the following particles:

Number of Number of Number of

Particles
protons electrons neutrons
P 26 23 30
Q 12 12 12
R 26 24 30
S 13 10 14
T 25 23 30

U 12 10 14

Which two particles are isotopes?

A. P and R
B. R and T
C. Q and U
D. S and U
 21. Carbon has two isotopes. These atoms have...

A. The same number of protons, but different numbers of electrons

B. The same number of electrons, but different numbers of protons
C. The same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons
D. The same number of neutrons, but different numbers of electrons

22. The melting point and boiling point of substance X are 321°C and 765°C respectively. In its molten
state, X conducts electricity without decomposition. X is probably has

A. an ionic structure
B. a metallic structure
C. a simple molecular structure
D. a covalent network structure

23. Diamond is extremely hard and does not conduct electricity.

Which statement explains these properties?

A. It has a lattice of positive carbon ions in a ‘sea of electrons’.

B. It has delocalised electrons and each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds with other carbon
atoms.
C. It has no delocalised electrons and each carbon atom forms four covalent bonds with other
carbon atoms.
D. It has strong ionic bonds between each carbon atom.

24. Two statements about silicon(IV) oxide are given.

1. It is a hard substance.
2. It has a macromolecular structure with strong covalent bonds.
Which is correct?

A. Both statements are correct and statement 2 explains statement 1.

B. Both statements are correct but statement 2 does not explain statement 1.
C. Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is not correct.
D. Statement 2 is correct but statement 1 is not correct.

25. In which pair of substances does each have a giant molecular structure?

A. diamond, iodine
B. diamond, silica (sand)
C. iodine, methane
D. methane, silica (sand)
26. The table gives the properties of four substances.
Which substance is a solid metal at room temperature?
key ✔ = conducts ✘ = does not conduct

electrical
molting boiling point electrical
conductivity when
point / ℃ /℃ conductivity
solid
A 808 1465 ✘ ✔
B 98 890 ✔ ✔
C 119 445 ✘ ✘

D –39 357 ✔ ✔

27. Which substance can conduct electricity by the movement of ions?

A. copper
B. graphite
C. mercury
D. sodium chloride

28. Which molecules all contain one or more double covalent bonds?

A. chlorine, nitrogen and methane

B. chlorine, oxygen and ethene
C. oxygen, hydrogen chloride and ethene
D. oxygen, carbon dioxide and ethene

29. What happens when sodium chloride melts?

A. Covalent bonds in a giant lattice are broken.

B. Electrons are released from atoms.
C. Electrostatic forces of attraction between ions are overcome.
D. Molecules are separated into ions.

30. In which substance is each carbon atom covalently bonded to only three other atoms?

A. carbon dioxide
B. diamond
C. graphite
D. methane
 31. The table shows the properties of some substances.
Which substance is a covalent compound?

melting point / electrical conductivity

℃ of solid of liquid

A –38 conducts conducts

B –7 does not conduct does not conduct

C 801 does not conduct conducts

D 1540 conducts conducts

32. The diagram shows the structures of diamond and graphite.

Which property do these substances have in common?

A. They are giant structures.

B. They can act as lubricants.
C. They can conduct electricity.
D. They contain only covalent bonds.

33. All of the following substances can conduct electricity.

Which substance's conductivity is not due to the movement of electrons?

A. aluminium
B. graphite
C. lithium chloride
D. mercury

34. In which pair is each substance a mixture?

A. air and water

B. limewater and water
C. quicklime and limewater
D. sea water and air
35. How many of the molecules shown contain only one covalent bond?
Cl2 H2 HCl N2 O2

A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5

36. Which structure represents that of an alloy?

37. Which electron arrangement for the outer shell electrons in a covalent compound is correct?
38. The correct electron arrangement representation for the compound sodium chloride, NaCl is:
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39. The table gives some information about four different particles, A, B, C and D.

number of number of number of electronic charge

particle
electrons neutrons protons structure on particle

A 11 12 11 2,8,1 0

B 14 11 2,8,1 0

C 18 20 2,8,8 0

D 18 20 17

(a) Complete the table. The first row has been done for you. [4]

(b) Give two particles from the table which are isotopes of each other.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Element Z is in the same group of the Periodic Table as A and is less reactive than A.

State the identity of element Z.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) C is unreactive.
Use information from the table to explain why.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 7]
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40. The table gives information about five particles. The particles are all atoms or ions.

number of number of number of

particle
protons neutrons electrons
A 6 8 6
B 12 12 12
C 13 14 10
D 8 8 10
E 11 12 11

Answer the following questions using the information in the table.

Each particle may be used once, more than once or not at all.

(a) Which particle, A, B, C, D or E,

(i) is an atom with atomic number 12,

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) is an atom with nucleon number 14,

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) is an ion with a positive charge,

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) has only one electron in its outer shell?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) D is an ion of an element.

Identify the element and write the formula of D.

................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]
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41. The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical conductivities of six substances
D, E, F, G, H and I.

melting point boiling point electrical conductivity electrical conductivity

substance when liquid
/ °C / °C when solid
D 1610 2230 non-conductor non-conductor
E 801 1413 non-conductor good conductor
F –119 43 non-conductor non-conductor
G 1535 2750 good conductor good conductor
H 114 184 non-conductor non-conductor
I –210 –196 non-conductor non-conductor

Choose substances from the table which match the following descriptions. Each substance may be
used once, more than once or not at all.

(a) Which substance is a liquid at 25 °C? .................................................................................. [1]

(b) Which substance is a gas at 25 °C? .................................................................................... [1]

(c) Which three substances contain simple molecules?

.............................................................................................................................................. [3]

(d) Which substance could be a metal? Give a reason for your answer.

substance ..................................................................................................................................

reason ........................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(e) Which substance has a macromolecular structure? Give two reasons for your answer.

substance ..................................................................................................................................

reason 1 .....................................................................................................................................

reason 2 .....................................................................................................................................
[3]

(f) Which substance is an ionic solid? Give one reason for your answer.

substance ..................................................................................................................................

reason ........................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 12]
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42. Flerovium, Fl, atomic number 114, was first made in research laboratories in 1998.

(a) Flerovium was made by bombarding atoms of plutonium, Pu, atomic number 94, with atoms of
element Z.

● The nucleus of one atom of plutonium combined with the nucleus of one atom of element Z.
● This formed the nucleus of one atom of flerovium.

Suggest the identity of element Z.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) In which period of the Periodic Table is flerovium?

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Predict the number of outer shell electrons in an atom of flerovium.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) Two isotopes of flerovium are 286Fl and 289Fl. The nuclei of both of these isotopes are unstable
and emit energy when they split up.

(i) State the term used to describe isotopes with unstable nuclei.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Complete the table to show the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atoms of
the isotopes shown.

isotope number of protons number of neutrons number of electrons

286
Fl

289
Fl
[2]

(e) Only a relatively small number of atoms of flerovium have been made in the laboratory and the
properties of flerovium have not yet been investigated.

It has been suggested that flerovium is a typical metal.

(i) Suggest two physical properties of flerovium.

1 ..........................................................................................................................................

2 ..........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Suggest one chemical property of flerovium oxide.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]