The document discusses the need for real-time monitoring of modern power systems due to their wide geographical spread, interconnections, and high penetration of renewable energy. It describes technologies like smart meters, phasor measurement units (PMUs), and wide area measurement systems (WAMS) that are used to monitor systems at the distribution and transmission levels. Measurement data is collected and analyzed to estimate the state of the system and ensure its reliable, secure, and economic operation.
The document discusses the need for real-time monitoring of modern power systems due to their wide geographical spread, interconnections, and high penetration of renewable energy. It describes technologies like smart meters, phasor measurement units (PMUs), and wide area measurement systems (WAMS) that are used to monitor systems at the distribution and transmission levels. Measurement data is collected and analyzed to estimate the state of the system and ensure its reliable, secure, and economic operation.
The document discusses the need for real-time monitoring of modern power systems due to their wide geographical spread, interconnections, and high penetration of renewable energy. It describes technologies like smart meters, phasor measurement units (PMUs), and wide area measurement systems (WAMS) that are used to monitor systems at the distribution and transmission levels. Measurement data is collected and analyzed to estimate the state of the system and ensure its reliable, secure, and economic operation.
The document discusses the need for real-time monitoring of modern power systems due to their wide geographical spread, interconnections, and high penetration of renewable energy. It describes technologies like smart meters, phasor measurement units (PMUs), and wide area measurement systems (WAMS) that are used to monitor systems at the distribution and transmission levels. Measurement data is collected and analyzed to estimate the state of the system and ensure its reliable, secure, and economic operation.
Saikat Chakrabarti Professor Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur UP 208016 Email: saikatc@iitk.ac.in 2 Characteristics of modern power systems Wide geographical spread Large number of interconnections Rapid growth in the demand of electricity Power system components operated closer to their designed limits High penetration of renewable energy sources Competitive electricity market 3 Need for monitoring the system To take preventive and corrective control actions to avoid any potentially dangerous operating condition To analyse the vulnerability of the system against credible contingencies To facilitate economic operation of the system by controlling the generator outputs and line flows based on the information obtained from the monitoring system To ensure acceptable quality of the power supplied to the consumers 4 Need for real-time monitoring Power system is dynamic, and the operating conditions are changing continuously System topology (network interconnections) also may change Uncertainties in the demand for electricity Power system components are being operated closer to their designed limits High penetration of renewable energy sources adds to power quality and control problems. 5 How do we monitor? Remote terminal units (RTUs) and intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) placed at substations Measurements from these RTUs and IEDs are telemetered to the control centre Dedicated communication channels, such as optical fibre network are typically used for transmitting the Source: A. Abur and A. Exposito, “Power System State Estimation: Theory measurements and Implementation"
Above monitoring mechanism is a part of the so-called
supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system 6 What do we measure? In SCADA, two types of measurements are collected by the RTUs and the IEDs, and telemetered to the control centre: Analog measurements (power flow, power measurement, voltage magnitude, and current magnitude) Logic measurements (status of circuit breakers, switches etc.) 7 What is done with the measurements? Measurements are telemetered to the control centre A state estimator constructs the single line diagram of the system, and estimates the states, after detecting, identifying, and processing bad data, if any, in the measurements Control centre: source: internet By states, we usually mean the magnitude and phase angle of the bus voltages 8 Measurement systems Two measurement technologies are revolutionizing the way we monitor and control the power system
At the distribution level:
Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), including smart meters and the associated ICT infrastructure
At the transmission level:
Wide area measurement system (WAMS), including phasor measurement units (PMUs) and the associated ICT infrastructure 9 Wide area measurement system (WAMS) Measurements from widely dispersed locations are synchronized with respect to a common clock
Source: Internet Synchrophasor measurements 10
1 pps time signals are obtained from GPS
Phase angle of a sinusoidal signal 𝑥(𝑡) will be taken as 0°, if the peak of the signal coincides with the UTC seconds rollover The phase angle is taken as 90° if the positive zero-crossing of the signal coincides with the UTC seconds rollover.
Convention for synchrophasor representation Phasor measurement units (PMUs) 11 Phasor represents a sinusoidal signal with a magnitude and a phase angle (with respect to a reference) Phasor measurement technology enables measurement of voltage and current phasors with respect to a reference signal from a satellite clock.
Source: http://www.phasor-rtdms.com/ 12 Potential applications of WAMS Real-time visualization of power systems Improved state estimation Online estimation of load models Online monitoring of power system stability Analysis of the causes of a total or partial blackout Real-time congestion management Design of an adaptive protection system Detection of faults on transmission lines Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) 13 AMI is comprised of the state-of-the-art electronic/digital hardware and software, which combine interval data measurement with continuously available remote communications AMI typically refers to the full measurement and collection system that includes: meters at the customer site communication networks between the customer and a service provider, such as an electric, gas, or water utility data reception and management systems that make the information available to the service provider AMI components 14
Source: EPRI, the USA
AMI components…contd. 15 Meters: electricity/gas/water meters Fixed network: commonly available networks are Broadband over Power Line (BPL), Power Line Communications (PLC), Fixed Radio Frequency (RF) networks, and public networks (e.g., landline, cellular, paging) The AMI host system (servers) that receives the meter data and sends to the Meter Data Management System (MDMS) MDMS manages data storage and analyses to provide useful information to the utility Functional requirements of AMI 16
The main objectives of AMI are:
to enable two way communication between smart energy meter and Head End System (HES) to enable remote reading, monitoring & control of electrical energy meters (consumer, feeder, DT meters etc.) to serve as repository of record for all raw, validated and edited data. The sanitized data may be subscribed by other utility function for higher order analysis, billing, and collection. AMI system requirement 17 Smart Meter at consumer end: Single phase whole current, Three phase whole current, CT & PT operated three phase meters and CT operated three phase meters Smart meter network: usually Radio Frequency (RF) mesh in license free frequency band/ Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) or GPRS/3G/4G communication technology or combination of these technologies as per the site requirement Data Concentrator Units (DCUs): The smart meter data using RF mesh/PLCC is collected by DCUs or Access points Head End System (HES): data collected by the DCUs transported to HES through Wide Area Network (WAN); data from smart meters using GPRS/3G/4G technology may be transported directly to HES through WAN AMI system requirement…contd. 18 Meter Data Management System (MDM): required for managing, analyzing, reporting, and securing the meter data Web application: updated on-line data of consumers, consumer portal etc. Mobile app: to enable consumer to log in through android/iOS/Window based mobile app to see information related to his/her energy consumption. App should also provide platform for implementation of peak load management functionality by providing existing tariff & incentives rates, participation options etc. The AMI Implementing Agency (AIA): responsible for proper data exchange among Smart meter, DCU, MDM, HES and other operational/requisite software as part of fully functional AMI system. Distribution system state estimator (DSSE) 19
Deployment of SE at the distribution level needed for:
handling massive penetration DGs managing demand response manage EVs and storage Challenges in DSSE: Unbalanced system – requiring 3-phase formulation High R/X ratio Large number of nodes Incomplete observability – possibility of utilizing smart meter data along with SCADA measurements Conclusion 20
Measurement and sensing technologies are going to play
a major role in smart grids. In the distribution systems, AMI including smart meters will be a key enabler for efficient operation. In generation and transmission segment, WAMS is going to play a major role. Managing the large amount of information and ensuring its security will be a big challenge. Cyber-security and cloud computing applications are bound to get increased importance.
