242 Master The NCERT > CHEMISTRY (Vol-I )

CHAPTER > 09

Hydrogen
KEY NOTES
˜ Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe and the Zn + 2H+ 
→ Zn 2 + + H2 ↑
third most abundant on the surface of the globe.
Zn + 2NaOH 
→ Na 2 ZnO2 + H2 ↑
˜ Hydrogen is the lightest element. Sodium
zincate
Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table Commercial Production
˜ Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic table with electronic ˜ It is produced by following methods :
configuration 1 s1 . — Electrolysis of acidified water using platinum

In atomic form, it consists of one proton and one electron and in electrodes.
elemental form it exists as a diatomic (H2 ) molecule and is called Electrolysis
dihydrogen. 2H2 O( l) → 2H2 ( g) + O2 ( g)
Traces of acid/base
˜ Its position is not certain because it has resemblance to alkali — High purity dihydrogen is obtained by electrolysing
metals which lose one electron to form unipositive ions as well as warm aqueous barium hydroxide Ba(OH2 ), solution
with halogens which gain one electron to form uninegative ion. between nickel electrodes.
Dihydrogen, H2 — Reaction of steam on hydrocarbons or coke at high
˜ Occurrence Dihydrogen (H2 ) is the most abundant element in the temperature in the presence of catalyst yields
universe (70% of total mass of universe) and is also the main hydrogen.
element present in the solar atmosphere. 1270 K
CH4 ( g) + H2 O( g) → CO( g) + 3H2 ( g)
˜ Isotopes Hydrogen has three isotopes, namely protium (11 H), Ni 1442443
Water gas or syn gas
deuterium (D of 12 H) and tritium (T of 13 H). Tritium is radioactive
The mixture of CO and H2 is also called synthesis
in nature and emits low energy β-particles.
gas or syn gas.
Atomic
Relative
Relative C (s) + H2 O ( g) 1270
 K
→ CO( g) + H2 ( g)
Name Symbol atomic Density Nature 1442443
number abundance
mass Water gas or syn gas
1
Protium 1H or H 1 1.0078 0.09 99.98% Non-radioactive ˜ Coal Gasification The mixture of CO and H2 is also
Deuterium 2
1 2.0141 0.18 0.0156% Non-radioactive called syn gas, as it is used in synthesis of methanol
1H or D
3 −15
and other hydrocarbons.
Tritium 1H or T 1 3.016 0.27 10 % Radioactive
(emits β-rays, The production of H2 can be increased by water gas
t1/ 2 = 12.33 years) shift reaction by reacting carbon monoxide of syn gas
mixture with steam in presence of iron chromate as
Preparation of Dihydrogen catalyst.
Laboratory Preparation CO ( g) + H2 O ( g) 673
 K
→ CO2 ( g) + H2 ( g)
Fe2 CrO3
It is usually prepared by the reaction of granulated zinc with dilute ˜ It is also obtained as a by-product by the electrolysis
hydrochloric acid or by the reaction of zinc with aqueous alkali .
of brine.
Properties of Dihydrogen ˜They are useful for ultrapurification of dihydrogen and as
dihydrogen storage media.
Physical Properties
Note The metals of group 7, 8 and 9 do not form hydride. Even from
˜ Dihydrogen is a colourless, odourless, tasteless and
group 6, only chromium forms CrH.
combustible gas.
˜ It is lighter than air and insoluble in water. Water
˜ It is neutral to litmus. ˜ It is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen, in which these are
Chemical Properties present in 1 : 8 by weight.
The important chemical reactions of dihydrogen are : ˜ Its formula is H2O.
˜ It is very essential for existence of all forms of life.
→ 2HX( g); (X = F, Cl, Br and I)
H2 ( g) + X2 ( g) 
∆
˜ We can survive without food but survival in absence of
2H2 ( g) + O2 ( g) → 2H2 O ( l) water is almost impossible.
673 K, 200 atm ˜ It constitutes a major part of all the living organism, e.g.
3H2 ( g) + N2 ( g) → 2NH3 ( g)
Fe, Mo it forms about 65% of human body and almost 95% of some
plants.
H2 ( g) + 2 M ( g) 
→ 2M H(s); (M = alkali metal)
H2 ( g) + Pd ( aq) → Pd (s) + 2H+ ( aq)
2+ Physical Properties
˜ Water is a transparent colourless, tasteless and odourless
yH2 ( g) + MxOy (s) → xM(s) + yH2 O( l) substance.
˜ Hydroformylation of olefins yields aldehydes which ˜ Its freezing point, boiling point, heat of vaporisation and
further undergo reduction to give alcohols. heat of fusion is higher than hydrides of other group 16
H2
H2 + CO + RCH == CH2 → RCH2 CH2 CHO → elements.
˜ It has a high specific heat, thermal conductivity, surface
RCH2 CH2 CH2 OH
tension, dipole moment and dielectric constant than many
Uses of Dihydrogen other liquids.
˜ Dihydrogen is used in the synthesis of ammonia which is ˜ Water molecule is highly polar in nature 2δ–
used in the manufacture of nitric acid and nitrogenous due to its bent structure. This property O 95.7 pm
δ+ δ+
fertilisers. leads to hydrogen bonding which is H 104.5° H
˜ It is used in the manufacture of vanaspati ghee by the maximum in ice and least in water vapours.
hydrogenation of polyunsaturated vegetable oils like ˜ Density of ice is less than that of water.
soyabean, cotton, seeds, etc. Structure of Ice
˜ It is used as a rocket fuel in space research. ˜ Ice has a highly ordered three dimensional hydrogen
bonded structure.
Hydrides ˜ Each oxygen atom is surrounded tetrahedrally by four
˜ Dihydrogen combines with almost all the elements to form other oxygen atoms.
hydrides. ˜ Hydrogen bonding gives ice a rather open type structure
˜ Hydrides can be classified into three categories as follows : with wide holes which can hold small molecules
Ionic or Saline Hydrides interstitially.
˜ Ionic hydrides are formed by s-block elements. Chemical Properties
˜ They are crystalline, non-volatile and non-conducting in ˜ Water (H2 O) has the ability to act as an acid as well as a
solid state. base, i.e. amphoteric substance.
Covalent or Molecular Hydrides H2 O( l) + H2 S ( aq) s H3 O+ ( aq) + HS− ( aq)
Base Acid Acid Base
˜ Covalent hydrides are formed by p-block elements.
−
˜ They are covalent, volatile and non-conductors. H2 O( l) + NH3 ( aq) s NH+4 ( aq) + OH( aq)
Acid Base Acid Base
˜ They are further classified as electron-deficient (group-13),
electron-precise (group-14) and electron-rich (group 15-17) The auto-protolysis of water takes place as follows :
hydrides. H2 O( l) + H2 O( l) H3 O+ ( aq) + OH− ( aq)
s
Acid -1 Base-2 Acid -2 Base-1
Metallic or Non-stoichiometric (acid) (base) (conjugate acid) (conjugate base)

(or Interstitial) Hydrides ˜ In redox reactions, water reacts with both metals and
˜ Hydrides are formed by d-block or f -block elements. non-metals.
˜ They conduct heat and electricity and are mostly 2Na(s) + 2H2 O ( l) → 2NaOH( aq) + H2 ( g)
non-stoichiometric (e.g. LaH2.87, YbH2.55 ). 2F2 ( g) + 2H2 O ( l) → 4H+ ( aq) + 4 F− ( aq) + O2 ( g)
˜ In hydrated salts, water may remain in five types such as At anode :
coordinated water, hydrogen bonded water, lattice water, 2HSO−4 → HO3 SOOSO3 H + 2e−
Clathrate water and zeolite water. Hydrolysis
˜ A number of compounds such as calcium hydride, → H2 SO4 + H2 O2
calcium phosphide, etc., undergo hydrolysis with water. Physical Properties
Hard and Soft Water H2 O2 is a colourless liquid and miscible with water.
Water forming lather with soap is called soft water and water ‘20 volume H2 O2 ’ means 2 mL of this solution on
that does not do so is called hard water. decomposition liberates 20 mL of oxygen at NTP.
The hardness of water may be of two types : Structure
Temporary Hardness H2 O2 has a non-polar structure.
˜ It is due to the presence of calcium and magnesium ˜ In structure of H2 O2 , two O  H bonds are in different
bicarbonates. planes due to repulsion between bonding and antibonding
˜ Temporary hardness of water can be removed by Clark’s orbitals.
˜ Bond angle H  O  O  H is 111 . 5 ° in gas phase and 90.2°
method (by treating hard water with lime) or by simply
boiling which converts Mg(HCO3 ) 2 into insoluble in solid phase.
Mg(OH) 2 and Ca(HCO3 ) 2 changed to insoluble CaCO3 .
Permanent Hardness H H
˜ It is due to the presence of soluble salt of Ca and Mg in the 95.0 pm 98.8 pm
form of chlorides and sulphates in water. 147.5 pm 145.8 pm
111.5° 90.2°
˜ Permanent hardness can be removed :
— By treatment with washing soda Na CO ⋅ 10H O which
94.8° 101.9°
2 3 2
H H
converts Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ bicarbonates into insoluble
carbonates. Structure of H2O2
— By Calgon’s method (treatment with sodium
(a) Gas phase (b) Solid phase
hexametaphosphate, Na 2 [Na 4 ( PO3 ) 6] that forms soluble
complex). Chemical Properties
— By ion-exchange method in which NaAlSiO (zeolite) is ˜ Oxidising agent It acts as a strong oxidising agent in acidic
4
used which replaces Ca 2 + / Mg 2 + ions by Na + . as well as in basic medium.
— By synthetic raisin method in which pure H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e− → 2H2O
de-mineralised (de ionised) water free from all soluble H2O2 + OH– + 2e− → 3OH−
mineral salts is obtained by passing water successively
Reducing agent
through a cation exchange (in the H + form) and an anion
˜

— In acidic medium,
exchange (in the OH − form) resins.
2MnO4− + 6H+ + 5H2 O2 → 2Mn 2 + + 8H2 O + 5 O2
Degree of Hardness Cr2 O27 − + 8H+ + 3H2 O2 → 2Cr3 + + 7H2 O + 3 O2
Degree of hardness of water is measured in ppm
— In basic medium,
by weight of CaCO3 irrespective of its presence and is
estimated by simple titration of EDTA solution. 2K3 [Fe(CN) 6] + 2KOH + H2 O2 →
2K4 [Fe(CN) 6] + 2H2 O + O2
Hydrogen Peroxide, H2 O 2 — Bleaching properties Its bleaching action is due to
oxidation by atomic oxygen.
It is an important compound used in pollution control
treatment of domestic and industrial effluents. H2 O2 → H2 O + [O]
dye + [O] → dye is oxidised and bleached
Preparation
— It can be manufactured by acidifying barium peroxide Storage
and removing excess water by evaporation under ˜ H2 O2 decomposes slowly on exposure to light.
reduced pressure. ˜ In the presence of metal surface or traces of alkali,
BaO2 ⋅ 8H2 O + H2 SO4 → BaSO4 + H2 O2 + 8H2 O its decomposition reaction is catalysed.
— The electrolysis of 50% H2 SO4 or by the auto-oxidation Therefore, it is stored in a wax-lined glass or plastic vessel
of 2-alkyl anthraquinols. in dark.
Uses ˜ It is used for the preparation of other deuterium
˜ 30% solution of H2 O2 is called perhydrol and is used as compounds
germicide and antiseptic. In daily life, it is used as a hair Dihydrogen As a Fuel
bleach.
˜ It is important chemical used in pollution control treatment Dihydrogen reacts with oxygen releasing large amount heat
of domestic and industrial effluents. energy and thus can be utilised as a fuel in rocket engines and
˜ It is used in manufacture chemicals like sodium perborate fuel cells. Motor vehicle engines that can use hydrogen as fuel
and per carbonate, in the industries as a bleaching agent for are also under development.
textiles, leather, etc.
˜ Now-a-days, it is also used in Environmental (Green) Hydrogen Economy
chemistry. It is the use of liquid hydrogen as an alternate source of
energy. Hydrogen fuel has many advantages over
Heavy Water, D 2O
conventional fuels as it is non-polluting and liberates
˜ Heavy water (D2 O) can be prepared by exhaustive large amount of energy on combustion.
electrolysis of water or as a by-product in some fertilizer
industries.

Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TOPIC 1 ~ Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table

1 The number of proton and electron in atomic form of (a) it has very low ionisation enthalpy
hydrogen respectively are (b) it has very low electron gain enthalpy
(a) 2 and 1 (b) 1 and 2 (c) it has very high electron gain enthalpy
(c) 1 and 1 (d) 2 and 2 (d) it has very high ionisation enthalpy
2 In which of the following respect, electronic 4 Which of the following explanation justifies for not
configuration of hydrogen has resemblance to alkali placing hydrogen in either the group of alkali metals
metals and halogens respectively? or halogens?
(a) It lose one electron to form unipositive ion and gain one (a) The ionisation energy of the hydrogen is too high for
electron to form uninegative ion placing it in the group of alkali metals and too low for
(b) It gain one electron to form uninegative ion and lose the halogens containing group
one electron to form unipositive ion
(b) Hydrogen atom does not contain any neutron
(c) It has the ability to gain one electron only
(c) Hydrogen is much lighter than the alkali metals or
(d) None of the above
halogens
3 Hydrogen does not possess the metallic character (d) Hydrogen can form compounds with almost all other
under normal conditions because elements

TOPIC 2 ~ Dihydrogen (H2 ) and its Preparation

5 Hydrogen is much less abundant in the earth’s 6 The isotopes of hydrogen are JEE Main 2019
atmosphere because of its (a) deuterium and tritium
(a) low enthalpy of fusion (b) protium and deuterium
(b) low enthalpy of vaporisation (c) protium, deuterium and tritium
(c) light nature (d) tritium and protium
(d) All of the above
 7 Most common isotope of hydrogen (non-radioactive) 17 Which of the following methods is used to obtain
is JIPMER 2019 high purity (> 9995
. %) dihydrogen?
(a) protium (b) deuterium (c) tritium (d) All of these (a) Electrolysing (aq) barium hydroxide solution between
8 Hydrogen has three isotopes ( A), (B) and (C). If the nickel electrodes
number of neutron(s) in (A), (B) and (C) respectively, (b) Electrolysing (aq) NaOH solution between nickel
electrodes
are ( x ), ( y) and ( z ), the sum of ( x ), ( y) and ( z ) is
(c) Electrolysing (aq) barium hydroxide solution between
JEE Main 2020
platinum electrodes
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
(d) Electrolysing (aq) NaOH solution between platinum
9 Which of the following isotope of hydrogen is electrodes
radioactive? 18 Dihydrogen is obtained as a byproduct in the
(a) Protium manufacture of
(b) Deuterium (a) sodium hydroxide and bromine by electrolysis
(c) Tritium (b) potassium hydroxide and bromine by electrolysis
(d) Ortho and para hydrogens (c) sodium hydroxide and chlorine by electrolysis
10 Radioactive elements emit α, β and γ-rays and are (d) potassium hydroxide and chlorine by electrolysis
characterised by their half-lives. The mass number of 19 The major components of water gas (or synthesis gas
radioactive isotope of hydrogen is or syn gas) which is used for the synthesis of
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 0 methanol and a number of hydrocarbons are
11 The isotopes of hydrogen have the same electronic (a) CO2 + H2
configurations and chemical properties. The only (b) CO + H2
difference is in their rate of reaction. It is mainly due (c) CO + N2
to their different (d) CO + CO2 + H2
(a) enthalpy of fusion (b) enthalpy of vaporisation 20 The process of producing syn gas from coal is called
(c) bond dissociation enthalpy (d) atomic mass (a) water gas shift
12 Which of the following metal and acid are used to (b) coal gasification
prepare dihydrogen respectively? (c) synthesis gas shift
(a) Crystalline zinc with dil. HCl (d) carbonisation
(b) Granulated zinc with dil. HCl 21 Consider the reaction given below.
(c) Granulated zinc with conc. HCl 673 K
(d) Crystalline zinc with conc. HCl CO( g ) + H 2O( g ) → CO 2 ( g ) + H 2 ( g )
Catalyst
13 Dihydrogen is prepared by the reaction of Zn with The above reaction is called
(aq) NaOH. Which of the following compounds is (a) water gas reaction
produced with dihydrogen during the course of (b) water gas shift reaction
reaction? (c) gasoline reaction
(a) Zinc oxide (b) Zinc hydroxide (d) coal gasification reaction
(c) Sodium zincate (d) None of these
22 In context with the industrial preparation of hydrogen
14 Dihydrogen is not obtained when zinc reacts with from water gas
(a) cold water (b) hot NaOH solution (a) CO and H2 are fractionally separated using difference
(c) dil. H2 SO4 (d) dil. HCl in their densities
15 Which of the following is the laboratory preparation (b) CO is removed by absorption in aq. Cu 2 Cl 2 solution
of dihydrogen? (c) H2 is removed through occlusion with Pd
(a) Zn + 2NaOH 
→ Na 2 ZnO2 + H2 (d) CO is oxidised to CO2 with steam in the presence
of a catalyst followed by absorption of CO2 in alkali
(b) 2Na + 2H2 O 
→ 2NaOH + H2
23 The maximum percentage of the industrial
(c) CaH2 + 2H2 O  → Ca(OH)2 + 2H2
dihydrogen is produced from
(d) All of the above (a) petrochemicals
16 Which of the following gas is/are obtained by (b) coal
electrolysis of acidified water using platinum (c) electrolysis of aqueous solution of salts
electrodes? (d) other sources except these
(a) H2 (b) O2 (c) N2 (d) H2 and O2
CHAPTER 09 > Hydrogen 247

TOPIC 3~ Properties of Dihydrogen

24 The chemical behaviour and relative inertness of 30 Which of the following reactions is correct for
dihydrogen at room temperature depends upon reduction of metal ions or metal oxides to their
(a) H—H bond dissociation enthalpy corresponding metal atoms?
(b) ionisation enthalpy (where, M = metals less reactive than Fe)
(c) enthalpy of fusion (a) H2 ( g ) + Pd 2 + ( aq ) → Pd ( s ) + 2H+ ( aq )
(d) enthalpy of vaporisation
(b) yH2 ( g ) + M x O y ( s ) → xM ( s ) + xH2 O( l )
25 Which of the following is a physical property of (c) yH2 ( g ) + M x O y ( s ) → yM ( s ) + yH2 O( l )
dihydrogen? 1
(a) Coloured (b) Sweet smelling (d) H2 ( g ) + Pd 2 + ( aq ) → Pd + ( aq ) + H+ + H2
2
(c) Bitter taste (d) Combustible
31 Hydrogenation of vegetable oils using nickel as a
26 The chemical reactions of dihydrogen is catalyst gives edible fat which is
accomplished by the (a) coconut oil
(a) loss of an electron to give H+ (b) soyabean oil
(b) gain of an electron to form H− (c) margarine and vanaspati ghee
(c) sharing electrons to form a single covalent bond (d) peanut oil
(d) All of the above 32 H 2 + CO + RCH == CH 2 → X
27 Consider the following reaction,  H2
↓
H 2 (g ) + X 2 (g ) 
→ 2HX ( g ) Y
where, X = F, Cl, Br and I. What are X and Y in the above reaction?
(a) RCH2 CH2 CHO and RCH2 CH2 CH2 OH
The order of reactivity of X 2 towards hydrogen is
(b) RCH2 CH2 CHO and RCH2 CH2 OH
(a) F2 > Cl 2 > Br2 > I2 (b) Cl 2 > Br2 > F2 > I2
(c) RCH2 CH2 CHO and RCH2 CH2 COOH
(c) I2 > Br2 > Cl 2 > F2 (d) I2 > Cl 2 > F2 > Br2
(d) RCH2 CH2 OH and RCH2 CH2 COOH
28 Reaction of dihydrogen with dioxygen is an
exothermic reaction. The product(s) formed in this 33 CO ( g ) + H 2 ( g ) Cobalt catalyst
  → product. Identify
reaction is/are the product formed in the given reaction.
(a) H2 O + O2 (b) H2 O2 (c) H2 O (d) H2 O + H2 (a) CH3 COOH (b) CO2
(c) H2 O (d) CH3 OH
29 Which of the following reactions represents Haber’s
process? 34 The major component of rocket fuel used in the space
Catalyst
(a) 2H2 ( g ) + O2 ( g )   → 2H2 O( l ); research is
(a) dihydrogen (b) dioxygen
∆H ° = −285.9 kJ mol −1 (c) dinitrogen (d) None of these
673 K, 200 atm
(b) 3H2 ( g ) + N2 ( g )     → 2NH3 ( g );
Fe 35 The gas used in the fuel cells for generating the
−1 electrical energy which has many advantages
∆H ° = − 92.6 kJ mol
over the conventional fossil fuels and electric
(c) H2 ( g ) + I2 ( g ) 
→ 2HI( g )
power is
(d) H2 ( g ) + Pd 2 + ( aq ) 
→ Pd ( s ) + 2H+ ( aq ) (a) Cl 2 (b) He (c) N2 (d) H2

TOPIC 4 ~ Hydrides
36 Which of the following does not react with 37 Dihydrogen, under certain reaction conditions,
hydrogen even at high temperature to form combines with almost all elements except noble gases
corresponding hydrides? to form binary compounds. The binary compounds
(a) Alkali (b) Noble gases are called
(c) Transition metals (d) All of these (a) oxides (b) halides (c) carbides (d) hydrides
38 When electric current is passed through an ionic 46 Which of the following is the example of interstitial
hydride in the molten state or non-stoichiometric hydrides?
(a) hydrogen is liberated at the anode (a) LaH2.87 , YbH2.55
(b) hydrogen is liberated at the cathode (b) TiH1.5 – 1.8 , ZrH1.3 – 1.75
(c) no reaction takes place (c) VH0.56 ,NiH0.6 – 0.7 , PdH0.6 – 0.8
(d) hydride ion migrates towards cathode (d) All of the above
39 Ionic hydrides react with water to give 47 Earlier, it was thought that in the non-stoichiometric
(a) acidic solutions (b) hydride ions hydrides, hydrogen occupies interstices in the
(c) basic solutions (d) None of these metal lattice producing distortion without any change
40 Which of the following is covalent and polymeric in in its type. Consequently, they were termed as
structure? (a) interstitial hydrides (b) molecular hydrides
(a) LiH (b) BeH 2 (c) ionic hydrides (d) None of these
(c) MgH 2 (d) Both (b) and (c) 48 Recent studies show that the metallic hydrides
41 Which of the following reactions is incorrect? have different lattice from that of the parent metal
(a) 8 LiH + Al 2 Cl 6 → 2 LiAlH4 + 6 LiCl except
(b) 2 LiH + B2 H6 → 2 LiBH4 (a) Cu (b) Pt
(c) 2 LiH + Al 2 Cl 6 → LiCl + LiH + LiAlH4 (c) K (d) Ac
(d) NaH( s ) + H2 O → NaOH( aq ) + H2 ( g ) 49 Some of the metals (e.g. Pd, Pt) can accommodate a
42 NaH is an example of JEE Main 2019 very large volume of hydrogen and therefore, can be
(a) metallic hydride (b) electron-rich hydride used as its storage media. This property has high
(c) saline hydride (d) molecular hydride potential for
43 Which of the following groups form electron rich (a) oxidation and hydrogenation reaction
hydrides? (b) hydrogenation reaction and reduction
(a) Chalcogens (b) Alkali metals (c) hydrogen storage and source of energy
(d) source of energy and oxygen storage
(c) Noble gases (d) Alkaline earth metals
44 CH 4 , NH 3 , H 2O and HF are the examples of 50 Phosphorus(P) with outer electronic configuration
3s 2 3 p 3 does not form PH 5 because
(a) molecular hydrides (b) metallic hydrides
(c) ionic hydrides (d) Both (a) and (c) (a) ∆ a H value of dihydrogen does not favour to exhibit the
lower oxidation state of P
45 Which of the following are formed by d-block
elements? (b) ∆ eg H value of hydrogen does not favour to exhibit the
(a) Ionic hydrides (b) Non-stoichiometric hydrides lower oxidation state of P
(c) Molecular hydrides (d) Covalent hydrides (c) P does not exhibit +3 and +5 oxidation states
(d) P is not very reactive

TOPIC 5 ~ Water
51 Temperature of maximum density of H 2O and D 2O is 53 The density of water is less in its solid state because
respectively (a) in solid state, water molecules are arranged in highly
ordered open cage like structure
(a) 4 °C and 11.6 °C (b) 11.6 °C and 4 °C
(b) more extensive hydrogen bonding is present in solid state
(c) 4 °C and 12.5 °C (d) 12.5 °C and 4 °C
(c) the water molecules are closest in solid state of water
52 Identify the structure of water in the gaseous phase. (d) water is a rigid crystalline, closely packed structure in
2δ − its solid state
δ+ •• δ+ +
(a) H — O — H (b) H — O— H 54 The maximum number of hydrogen bonds formed by
••
 a water molecule in ice is
H (a) 4 (b) 1
2δ –9 (c) 2 (d) 3
O 5.7
(c) δ+ pm δ+
(d) None of these
H 104.5° H
55 H 2O( l) + H 2O( l) → H 3O + ( aq ) + OH – ( aq ) (c) bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium
Acid-1 Base-2 Acid-2 Base-1 (d) sulphates and chlorides of sodium and potassium
(Acid) (Base) (Conjugate acid) (Conjugate base)
63 Calgon is used as water softening agent because it
The above reaction is known as (a) forms soluble complexes with cationic species
(a) auto-protolysis of water (b) forms soluble complexes with anionic species
(b) self-ionisation of water (c) forms soluble complexes with both cationic and anionic
(c) hydration of water species
(d) Both (a) and (b) (d) forms precipitate with cationic species
56 In which of the following reactions H 2O acts only as a 64 The temporary hardness of a water sample is due to
Bronsted acid? compound X . Boiling this sample converts X to
(a) H2 O( l ) + NH3 ( aq )
5OH (aq ) + −
NH+4 ( aq )
compound Y . X and Y , respectively, are
(a) Mg(HCO 3 ) 2 and Mg(OH)2
+ −
(b) H O( l ) + H S( aq )5H O ( aq ) + HS ( aq )
2 2 3 (b) Ca ( HCO3 )2 and Ca ( OH )2
+
− (c) Mg ( HCO3 )2 and MgCO3
(c) H O( l ) + H O( l )5H O ( aq ) + OH ( aq )
2 2 3 (d) Ca ( HCO3 )2 and CaO
(d) None of the above 65 In comparison to the Zeolite process for the removal
57 Consider the reaction given below : of permanent hardness, the synthetic resins method is
+ − JEE Main 2020
2F2 + 2H 2O → 4H + 4F + O 2
(a) more efficient as it can exchange only cations
In the above reaction, water acts as a/an (b) less efficient as it exchange only anions
(a) oxidising agent (c) less efficient as the resins cannot be regenerated
(b) reducing agent (d) more efficient as it can exchange both cations as well as
(c) oxidant anions
(d) None of the above
66 In synthetic resin method, X resins contain large
58 Which of the following is the incorrect reaction? organic molecule with —SO3 H group and are water
(a) P4 O10 ( s ) + 6H2 O( l ) → 4H3 PO4 ( aq ) insoluble. Ion exchange resin (RSO 3 H) is changed to
(b) SiCl 2 ( s ) + 2H2 O( l ) → SiO2 ( s ) + 4HCl ( aq ) RNa by treating it with NaCl.
(c) 2H2 O( l ) + 2Na ( s ) → 2NaOH ( aq ) + H2 ( g ) The resin exchanges Y ions with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions
(d) 6CO2 ( g ) + 12H2 O( l ) → C6 H12 O6 ( aq ) + 6H2 O( l ) present in the hard water to make the water soft. Here,
+ 6O2 ( g ) X and Y respectively are
59 How many coordinated water molecules are X Y
associated in Cr(H 2O) 6 Cl 3 ? (a) anion exchange resin Na +
(a) 6 (b) 5 (b) cation exchange resin Na +
(c) 4 (d) 0 (c) cation exchange resin Cl −
(d) anion exchange resin Cl −
60 What is reason of temporary hardness of water?
(a) Na 2 SO4 (b) CaCl 2 JEE Main 2019 67 Which of the following reaction represents anion
(c) NaCl (d) Ca(HCO3 )2 exchange process?
61 The method used to remove temporary hardness of (a) 2RNa ( s ) + M 2 + ( aq ) → R2 M ( s ) + 2Na + ( aq )
water is NEET (National) 2019
(b) Ca(HCO3 )2 → CaCO3 ↓ + H2 O + CO2 ↑
(a) Clark’s method (b) ion-exchange method
(c) synthetic resins method (d) Calgon’s method (c) MSO4 + Na 2 CO3 → MCO3 ↓ + Na 2 SO4 (M = Mg,Ca)
62 A water sample is said to contain permanent hardness (d) RNH2 ( s ) + H2 O( l ) → RNH+3 OH− ( s )
if water contains
 X − ( aq )
(a) sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium ↓
(b) carbonates of calcium and magnesium RNH +3 ⋅ X − ( s ) + OH− ( aq )
250 Master The NCERT > CHEMISTRY (Vol-I )

TOPIC 6 ~ Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

68 Which of the following is the industrial method of 76 Consider the figure given below :
preparation of H 2 O 2 ? H
(a) BaO2 ⋅ 8H2 O( s ) + H2 SO4 ( aq ) → BaSO4 ( s )
+ H2 O2 ( aq ) + 8H2 O( l ) 145.8 pm
Electrolysis 98.8 pm x
(b) 2HSO–4 ( aq ) → HO3 SOOSO3 H( aq )
101.9°
Hydrolysis
→ 2HSO–4 ( aq ) + 2H+ ( aq ) + H2 O2 ( aq ) H
(c) K 2 S2 O8 ( s ) + 2H2 O( l ) → 2KHSO4 ( aq ) + H2 O2 ( l )
O2 (air)
The value of x in the above figure is
(a) 90.2° (b) 111.5° (c) 80.6° (d) 120°
(d) 2-ethyl anthraquinol eH 2 / Pd
H2 O2 + (oxidised product)
77 Which one of the following reactions represents the
69 Which of the following is true for the electrolytic oxidising property of H 2O 2 ?
preparation of H 2O 2 (a) 2KMnO4 + 3H2 SO4 + 5H2 O2 → K 2 SO4 + 2MnSO4
(a) lead is used as anode
+ 8H2 O + 5O2
(b) 80% H2 SO4 is used
(b) 2K 3 [Fe(CN)6 ] + 2KOH + H2 O2 → 2K 4 [Fe(CN)6 ]
(c) hydrogen is liberated at anode
(d) sulphuric acid undergoes oxidation + 2H2 O + O2
−
70 H 2O 2 is obtained by which of the following? (c) HOCl + H2 O2 → H3 O + Cl + O2
+

(d) 2KI + H2 SO4 + H2 O2 → K 2 SO4 + I2 + 2H2 O

(a) BaO 2 (b) MnO 2 AIIMS 2019
(c) SeO 2 (d) TeO 2 78 Moist hydrogen peroxide cannot be dried over
conc. H 2SO 4 because
71 Which of the following is almost colourless (very
(a) it can catch fire
pale blue) liquid in its pure state?
(b) it is reduced by H2 SO4
(a) D2 O (b) H2 O2
(c) it is oxidised by H2 SO4
(c) H2 O (d) H3 O+ (d) it is decomposed by H2 SO4
72 30% solution of H 2O 2 is marketed as X volume 79 I. H2 O2 + O3 → H2 O + 2O2
hydrogen peroxide. It means that one millilitre of II. H2 O2 + Ag 2 O → 2Ag + H2 O + O2
30% H 2O 2 solution will give Y volume of oxygen at What is the role of hydrogen peroxide in the above
STP. Here, X and Y respectively are reactions? CBSE AIPMT 2014
(a) 10 V and 100 mL
(a) Oxidising in I and reducing in II
(b) 100 mL and 10 V
(b) Reducing in I and oxidising in II
(c) 100 V and 100 mL
(c) Reducing in I and II
(d) 10 V and 50 mL
(d) Oxidising in I and II
73 The strength of 10 volume solution of hydrogen
80 Which of the following reactions will show the
peroxide is reducing action of H 2O 2 in basic medium?
(a) 3.036 g L−1 (b) 30.36 g L−1
(a) 2Fe2 + + H2 O2 
→ 2Fe3 + + 2OH−
(c) 300.36 g L−1 (d) 33.36 g L−1
(b) I2 + H2 O2 + 2OH− 
→ 2I− + 2H2 O + O2
74 What is the volume of oxygen liberated at NTP from
15 mL of 20 volume H 2O 2 ? (c) 2MnO−4 + 6H+ + 5H2 O2 
→ 2Mn 2+ + 8H2 O + 5O2
(a) 350 mL (b) 300 mL (c) 250 mL (d) 200 mL (d) All of the above
75 Which of the following is true for 6 volumes sample 81 H 2O 2 decomposes slowly on exposure to light
of H 2O 2 ? Catalyst
(a) It gives 6 volumes of oxygen per unit volume of H2 O2 2H 2O 2 ( l) → 2H 2O( l) + O 2 ( g )
sample at STP The catalyst in the above reaction is
(b) It contains 6% V / V of H2 O2 (a) metal surfaces or traces of alkali
(c) It contains 6% w / V of H2 O2 (b) sodium, zinc, platinum
(d) It gives 6 volumes of oxygen per unit mass of H2 O2 (c) Pt, Pd, Na and K
sample at STP (d) None of the above
82 Which of the following acts as a stabiliser for the 84 H 2O 2 is sold in market as an antiseptic. The name of
storage of H 2O 2 ? this antiseptic is
(a) Urea (b) Ammonia (a) hydrol
(c) Potassium permanganate (d) Water (b) perhydrol
83 Hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2 ) is kept away from dust (c) hydrogen peroxide
because (d) All of the above
(a) dust can impure the compound 85 Which of the following is not a use of H 2O 2 ?
(b) dust can induce explosive decomposition of the (a) In treatment of domestic effluents
compound
(b) Restoration of aerobic conditions to sewage wastes
(c) dust can reduce explosive decomposition of the
(c) Oxidation of cyanide
compound
(d) In the synthesis of hydroquinone
(d) All of the above

TOPIC 7 ~ Heavy Water (D2O) and Dihydrogen as a Fuel

86 Heavy water is obtained as a by-product in some 92 The pollutants present in the combustion of
fertiliser industries. It is also obtained from water by dihydrogen will be the oxides of dinitrogen. This can
(a) exhaustive electrolysis be minimised by
(b) reduction (a) injecting a small amount of water into the cylinder to
(c) oxidation lower the temperature
(d) hydrolysis (b) injecting a small amount of hydrogen peroxide into the
87 What is the correct representation of heavy water? cylinder to lower the temperature
(c) injecting a small amount of water into the cylinder to
(a) H 18
2 O (b) D2 O increase the temperature
(c) DO2 (d) H 2 O at 4°C (d) injecting a small amount of hydrogen peroxide into the
cylinder to decrease the temperature
88 Which compound is formed when calcium carbide
reacts with heavy water? 93 On the mass basis, dihydrogen can release more
(a) CH4 (b) C2 H2 energy than petrol. As compared to petrol, pollutant
in the combustion of dihydrogen will be
(c) C2 HD (d) C2 D2
(a) more (b) less
89 X + 12 D 2O → Y + 4Al(OD) 3 (c) equal (d) moderate
Here, X refers to 94 The metal alloy of tank which is used for the storage
(a) AlC4 (b) Al 2 C of dihydrogen contains which of the following
(c) AlC2 (d) Al 4 C3 compounds in small quantities ?
(a) NaH and B2 H6
90 Which of the following is/are the use(s) of heavy
(b) NaNi 5 and TiH2
water? (c) LiH, NaH and CH4
(a) It is extensively used as a moderator in nuclear reactor (d) NaNi 5 , Ti-TiH2 and Mg-MgH2
(b) It is used in exchange reactions for the study of reaction
mechanism 95 Advantage of hydrogen economy is the
(c) It is used for the preparation of other deuterium (a) transmission of energy in the form of electric power
compounds (b) transmission of energy in the form of chemical energy
(d) All of the above (c) transmission of energy in the form of dihydrogen and
not as electric power
91 In nuclear reactors, ordinary water is not used as a
(d) transmission of mechanical energy
moderator because
(a) it cannot slow down the fast moving neutrons 96 Which of the following fuel is used for running the
(b) it cannot remove the heat from the reactor core automobiles first time in the history of India during
(c) it has corrosive action on the metallic parts of the October 2005?
nuclear reactor (a) D2 O (b) H2 O2
(d) None of the above (c) D2 (d) H2
252 Master The NCERT > CHEMISTRY (Vol-I )

SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS

I. Statement Based Questions 103 Which of the following statement is incorrect method
97 Which of the following statements is incorrect? of commercial production of dihydrogen?
(a) Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe (a) Electrolysis of acidified water using platinum
electrodes, gives dihydrogen
(b) The giant planets Jupiter and Saturn consist mostly
hydrogen (b) High purity (>99.95%) dihydrogen is obtained by
electrolysis of warm aqueous barium hydroxide solution
(c) The isotopes of hydrogen have different physical
between the nickel electrodes
properties
(c) Dihydrogen is obtained as a by-product in the
(d) Hydrogen is used to reduce lighter metal oxides (more
manufacture of sodium hydroxide and chlorine by the
active than iron) to metals
electrolysis of brine solution
98 Which of the following is/are correct statement(s) (d) Reaction of cold water with hydrocarbons or coke in the
regarding characteristic of hydrogen? presence of catalyst yields dihydrogen
I. Hydrogen resembles alkali metals due to the 104 Which of the following properties of dihydrogen is
similar outer electronic configuration. incorrect?
II. Hydrogen resembles halogens due to the similar (a) It is colourless, odourless, tasteless
outer electronic configuration. (b) It is combustible gas
III. Hydrogen is short by one electron to the (c) It is lighter than air
corresponding noble gas configuration, helium. (d) It is soluble in water
Choose the correct option.
105 Which of the following statement of hydrogen is correct ?
(a) Only I (b) Both I and III
(a) H  H bond dissociation enthalpy is the highest for a
(c) Both II and III (d) I, II and III
single bond between two atoms of any element
99 Which of the following properties of hydrogen does (b) At around 2000K dissociation of H 2 into its atoms is
not resemble with that of halogens? 95.5%
(a) It forms a diatomic molecule (c) At around 5000K dissociation of H 2 into its atoms is
(b) It combines with elements to form hydrides 0.081%
(c) It forms large number of covalent compounds (d) All of the above
(d) It has same reactivity as halogens 106 Consider the following reactions :
100 Hydrogen shows resemblance with alkali metals, as I. H2 ( g ) + X 2 ( g ) → 2HX ( g ) ( X = F, Cl, Br, I )
like alkali metals, Catalyst or
I. it forms oxides and oxyacids. II. 2H2 ( g ) + O2 ( g ) → 2H2 O ( l )
heating
II. it forms halides and interhalides.
673 K, 200 atm
III. it forms oxides, halides and sulphides. III. 3H2 ( g ) + N2 ( g ) → 2NH3 ( g )
Fe
Select the correct statement(s) among the above. IV. H2 ( g ) + 2M ( g ) → 2MH( s ) (M = alkali metal)
(a) Both I and II (b) Only III
(c) Only I (d) Both II and III The correct reactions are
(a) II, III and IV
101 Which of the following statements about hydrogen is (b) III and IV
incorrect? NEET 2016 (c) I, II and IV
(a) Hydrogen never acts as a cation in ionic hydrides (d) All of the above
+
(b) Hydronium ion, H3 O exists freely in solution 107 Dihydrogen has many uses in synthesis of many
(c) Dihydrogen acts as a reducing agent compounds as,
(d) Hydrogen has three isotopes of which tritium is the I. It is used in manufacture of nitric acid and
most common nitrogenous fertilisers.
102 Which of the following statements regarding protium, II. It is used in manufacture of vanaspati fat.
deuterium and tritium is incorrect? III. It is used in manufacture of methanol.
(a) They are isotopes of hydrogen IV. It is used in preparation of hydrogen chloride.
(b) They have similar electronic configurations Choose the correct statements among the above.
(c) They exist in the nature in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3
(a) I, II and IV (b) II, III and IV
(d) Their atomic masses are in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3
(c) I, II and III (d) I, II, III and IV
108 Which of the following statements regarding hydrides 115 Which of the following statement is correct regarding
is incorrect? metallic or non-stoichiometric hydrides?
(a) Ionic hydrides are crystalline, non-volatile and (a) These are formed by all d and f -block elements
non-conducting in solid state (b) These hydrides conduct heat and electricity
(b) Electron-deficient hydrides act as Lewis acids or (c) Like saline hydrides they are almost always stoichiometric
electron acceptors (d) None of the above
(c) Elements of group-13 form electron-deficient hydrides
116 Which one of the following statements about water
(d) Elements of group 15-17 form electron-precise hydrides
incorrect?
109 Which of the following statements is incorrect? (a) Water can act both as an acid and as a base
(a) Ionic hydrides are also known as saline or salt like hydrides (b) Water can be easily reduced to dihydrogen by highly
(b) Covalent hydrides are also known as molecular hydrides electronegative elements.
(c) Metallic hydrides are also known as stoichiometric (c) Ice formed by heavy water sinks in normal water
hydrides (d) Presence of water can be detected by adding a drop to
(d) None of the above anhydrous CuSO 4
110 Which of the following statements is incorrect? 117 Consider the following statements about
(a) Ionic hydrides are stoichiometric compounds of intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
dihydrogen formed with most of the s-block elements I. Both types of H-bonds are temperature dependent.
(b) A significant covalent character is found in the lighter II. BaCl 2 ⋅ 2H2 O contains interstitial water.
metal hydrides
III. Water exhibits amphoteric nature.
(c) BeH2 and MgH2 are monomeric in structure
(d) The ionic hydrides are crystalline in solid state IV. The boiling points of compounds having
intramolecular H-bond are lower than those having
111 Which of the following statements is incorrect about intermolecular H-bond.
covalent hydrides?
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) Electron deficient hydride has too few electrons for
(a) I, II and IV (b) Both III and IV
writing its conventional Lewis structure
(c) I, III and IV (d) All of these
(b) Electron precise compounds have the required number
of electrons to write their conventional Lewis structure 118 Consider the following statements regarding water.
(c) Electron rich hydrides have excess electrons which are I. There is extensive hydrogen bonding between water
present as lone pairs molecules .
(d) All of the above statements are true II. Water has high freezing and boiling point in
112 Which of the following statements is correct about the comparsion to H2 S and H2 Se.
boiling points of hydrides of N, O and F? III. High heat of vaporisation and heat capacity of water
(a) The boiling point of NH3 , H2 O and HF, are lower than are responsible for moderation of climate and body
those of subsequent group member hydrides temperature of living beings.
(b) Boiling point of NH3 , H2 O and HF is higher than those IV. Covalent compounds like alcohol and carbohydrates
of subsequent group member hydrides dissolve in water.
(c) The boiling points of hydrides of N, O and F do not
follow any regular trend Select the correct statements among above
(d) None of the above (a) Both I and II (b) Both II and IV
(c) Both I and III (d) All of these
113 Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Boiling point of H2 O, NH3 , HF are maximum in 119 Pure de-mineralised water is obtained by passing
their respective group due to intermolecular H-bonding water successively through a cation exchange and an
(b) Boiling point of CH4 out of CH4 , SiH4 , GeH4 , SnH4 is anion exchange resins.
the least I. In cation exchange process, H+ exchanges for Na + ,
(c) Formic acid forms dimer by H-bonding Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and other cations present in water.
(d) All of the above
II. In anion exchange process, OH− exchanges anions
114 Which of the following is incorrect statement? like Cl − , HCO−3 , SO24− present in water.
(a) s-block elements, except Be and Mg, form ionic
III. The exhausted cation and anion exchange resin beds
hydrides
cannot be regenerated.
(b) BeH2 , MgH2 , CuH2 , ZnH2 , CaH2 and HgH2 are
intermediate hydrides Choose the correct statements.
(c) p-block elements form covalent hydrides (a) Only I (b) Only II
(d) d- and f-block elements form ionic hydrides (c) Both I and II (d) I, II and III
120 The correct statement about the structure of water is (a) Hydrogen peroxide has a non-planar structure
(a) H  O  H bond angle is 109°, 28′ (b) I is the structure of H2 O2 in gaseous phase (dihedral
(b) O  H bond length is 95.7 pm angle is 111.5°)
(c) In liquid phase, there occurs intramolecular H-bonding (c) II is the structure of H2 O2 in solid phase (dihedral angle
is 90.2°)
(d) All of the above
(d) All of the above
121 Choose the incorrect statement.
(a) The H  O  H angle in water molecule is 104.5° 125 From the following statements regarding H 2O 2 ,
(b) The maximum number of hydrogen bonds formed by a Choose the incorrect statement.
water molecule in ice is 2 (a) It can act only as an oxidising agent
(c) Each oxygen in ice crystal is surrounded tetrahedrally (b) It decomposed on exposure to light
by four other O-atoms (c) It has to be stored in plastic or wax lined glass bottles in
(d) The density of liquid water is higher than that of ice due dark
to hydrogen bonding (d) It has to be kept away from dust
122
126 Which one of the following statements is correct
about D 2O and H 2O?
(a) D2 O has lower dielectric constant than H2 O
(b) NaCl is more soluble in D2 O than in H2 O
(c) Both (a) and (b) are correct
(d) None of the above
H-bonding 127 H 2O 2 has following uses :
I. It is used as perhydrol.
=O II. It is used in the manufacturing of chemicals like
=H sodium perborate and percarbonate.
III. It is used in the synthesis of hydroquinone.
Choose the correct option for the above figure. IV. It is used in the environmental (green) chemistry and in
(a) Hydrogen bonding gives ice an open type structure with pollution control treatment.
wide holes, which hold some other molecules of
appropriate size interstitially Choose the correct option.
(b) Hydrogen bonding gives ice a closed type structure (a) I, II and IV
with small holes. These holes can hold some other (b) I, III and IV
molecules of appropriate size interstitially (c) I, II and III
(c) Hydrogen bonding gives ice a closed type structure (d) All the four statements are correct
with wide holes which cannot hold other molecules 128 Which of the following statements are correct
(d) Hydrogen bonding gives ice a closed type structure regarding D 2O and H 2O ?
with both small and wide holes which cannot hold other
molecules I. D2 O reacts with Al 4 C3 at a faster rate than does with
H2 O.
123 Which of the following statements is incorrect?
II. The freezing point of D2 Ois higher than that of H2 O.
(a) Calgon is sodium hexametaphosphate
III. NaCl is more soluble in D2 O than in H2 O.
(b) Permutit is potassium aluminium silicate which is used
as softener in ion-exchange method IV. Ionic product of D2 O is smaller than that of H2 O.
(c) Synthetic resin method is more efficient than zeolite Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
method (a) Both I and II (b) Both I and III
(d) Permutit is also known as zeolite (c) Both II and III (d) Both II and IV
124 Which of the following statements in reference to the 129 Which of the following statements is correct for basic
given figure is/are correct? principle of hydrogen economy?
(a) It is the transportation and storage of energy in the form
H H of liquid dihydrogen
95.0 pm 98.8 pm
(b) It is the transportation and storage of energy in the form
147.5 pm 145.8 pm
of gaseous dihydrogen
94.8° 101.9°
(c) It is the transportation and storage of energy in the form
H H of liquid or gaseous dihydrogen
(I) (II) (d) It is only the transportation of energy in the form of
liquid or gaseous dihydrogen
130 The correct statements among (a) to (d) regarding H 2 137 Assertion (A) Some metals like platinum and
as a fuel are : JEE Main 2019 palladium can be used as storage media for hydrogen.
I. It produces less pollutants than petrol. Reason (R) Platinum and palladium can absorb large
II. A cylinder of compressed dihydrogen weights ~30 volumes of hydrogen.
times more than a petrol tank producing the same 138 Assertion (A) Hydrogen is discharged at anode when
amount of energy. sodium hydride is electrolysed in fused state.
III. Dihydrogen is stored in tanks of metal alloys like Reason (R) In sodium hydride, hydrogen is present as
NaNi 5 . cation.
IV. On combustion, values of energy released per gram 139 Assertion (A) Water plays a key role in the biosphere.
of liquid dihydrogen and LPG are 50 and 142 kJ,
respectively. Reason (R) In comparison to other liquids, water has
(a) I, II and III only (b) II, III and IV only lower specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and
(c) II and IV only (d) I and III only surface tension.
140 Assertion (A) The crystalline form of water is ice.
II. Assertion and Reason Reason (R) At atmospheric pressure, ice crystallises in
the hexagonal form but at very low temperature, it
■ Directions (Q. Nos. 131-150) In the following
condenses into the cubic form.
questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a
corresponding statement of Reason (R). Of the
141 Assertion (A) An ice cube floats on water.
following statements, choose the correct one. Reason (R) Density of ice is less than that of water.
(a) Both A and R are correct; R is the correct explanation 142 Assertion (A) In winter season, ice formed on the
of A. surface of a lake provides thermal insulation.
(b) Both A and R are correct; R is not the correct
explanation of A. Reason (R) It ensures the death of the aquatic life
(c) A is correct; R is incorrect. and this fact is of great ecological significance.
(d) A is incorrect; R is correct. 143 Assertion (A) H 2O 2 is miscible with water in all
131 Assertion (A) Hydrogen is the first element in the proportions.
periodic table. Reason (R) It forms a hydrate H 2O 2 ⋅ H 2O with
Reason (R) It has electronic configuration 1 s1 . melting point 221 K.
132 Assertion (A) Hydrogen is placed separately in the 144 Assertion (A) Consider the following reaction,
periodic table. HOCl + H 2O 2 → H 3O + + Cl − + O 2
Reason (R) Hydrogen is extremely small in size as Reason (R) H 2O 2 acts as a reducing agent in the
compared to the normal atomic and ionic sizes of acidic medium.
50 to 200 pm.
145 Assertion (A) Consider the following reaction,
133 Assertion (A) Lithium hydride is used in the
2Fe 2+ ( aq ) + 2H + ( aq ) + H 2 O 2 ( aq ) →
synthesis of other useful hydrides.
Reason (R) Lithium hydride is unreactive at moderate 2Fe 3+ ( aq ) + 2H 2O( l)
temperature with O 2 or Cl 2 . Reason (R) H 2O 2 acts as an oxidising agent in the
134 Assertion (A) Reducing power of dihydrogen is less acidic medium.
than that atomic hydrogen. 146 Assertion (A) Consider the following reaction,
Reason (R) Bond energy of H 2 is minimum.
2MnO4− + 3H 2O 2 → 2MnO 2 + 3O 2 + 2H 2O + 2OH −
135 Assertion (A) Oxy-hydrogen flame produces lower
Reason (R) H 2O 2 acts as a reducing agent in the
temperature while atomic hydrogen flame produces
higher temperature. basic medium.
Reason (R) The heat generated during burning of 147 Assertion (A) Hard water does not lather with soap.
these gases in oxygen is used to boil substances. Reason (R) Hard water contains calcium and
136 Assertion (A) In space crafts, H 2 gas is used in fuel magnesium salts in the form of hydrogen carbonate,
chloride and sulphate.
cells for generating electrical energy and for
providing clean drinking water to the astronauts. 148 Assertion (A) Soft water is free from the soluble salts
of calcium and magnesium.
Reason (R) A fuel cell may have an alkaline or acidic
electrolyte. Reason (R) It does not lather with soap easily.
149 Assertion (A) Hard water forms scum/precipitate 154 Match the reactions given in Column I with the
with soap. suitable method given in Column II. Select the correct
Reason (R) Formation of scum occurs as option from the codes given below.
2C17 H 35COONa ( aq ) + M 2+ ( aq ) → Column I Column II
(C17 H 35COO) 2 M ↓ + 2Na + ( aq ); M is Ca/Mg Heating 1. Clark’s method
A. Mg(HCO3 )2 → Mg(OH)2 ↓
150 Assertion (A) Permanent hardness of water is + 2CO2 ↑
removed by treatment with washing soda.
B. Ca(HCO3 )2 + Ca(OH)2 → 2. Calgon’s method
Reason (R) Washing soda reacts with soluble 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
magnesium and calcium sulphate to form insoluble
carbonates. C. M 2+ + Na 4 P 6O2–
18 →
3. Boiling
+
[Na 2 MP 6O 18 ] 2−
+ 2Na
III. Matching Type Questions D. 2NaZ (s) + M 2+
(aq) → MZ 2 (s) 4. Ion-exchange method
151 Match the Column I with Column II and choose the + 2Na + (aq)
correct option from the codes given below.
Column I Column II Codes
A B C D A B C D
A. Electron-deficient molecular hydride 1. CH4
(a) 3 1 2 4 (b) 4 3 2 1
B. Electron-precise molecular hydride 2. B2 H6
(c) 4 1 2 3 (d) 3 2 4 1
C. Electron-rich molecular hydride 3. NH3
155 Match the Column I with Column II. Select the correct
Codes option from the codes given below.
A B C A B C
(a) 1 3 2 (b) 2 1 3 Column I Column II
(c) 3 2 1 (d) 1 2 3
A. 10 vol of H2O2 1. Perhydrol
152 Match Column I with Column II. Choose the
correct matching codes from the choices given below. B. 20 vol of H2O2 2. 5.358 N
C. 30 vol of H2O2 3. 1.785 M
Column I (Hydride) Column II (Nature)
D. 100 vol of H2O2 4. 3.03% H2O2
A. BeH2 1. Complex
B. AsH3 2. Lewis acid Codes
C. B2H6 3. Interstitial A B C D A B C D
D. LaH3 4. Covalent (a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 1 2 3 4
E. LiAlH4 5. Polymeric (c) 1 3 2 4 (d) 4 2 3 1
Codes 156 Match the Column I with Column II. Select the
A B C D E A B C D E correct option from the codes given below.
(a) 3 2 4 5 1 (b) 5 2 4 3 1
(c) 1 4 2 3 5 (d) 5 4 2 3 1 Column I Column II
153 Match the items given in Column I with the molecular A. Heavy water 1. Bicarbonates of Mg and Ca in
formula given in Column II. Select the correct option water
from the codes given below. B. Temporary hard water 2. No foreign ions in water
Column I Column II C. Soft water 3. D2O
A. Coordinated water 1. [Cu(H2O)4 ] 2+
SO2–
4 ⋅ H2O D. Permanent hard water 4. Sulphates and chlorides of Mg
and Ca in water
B. Interstitial water 2. BaCl 2 ⋅ 2H2O
C. Hydrogen-bonded water 3. [Cr(H2O)6 ]3+ 3Cl – Codes
A B C D
Codes (a) 3 4 2 1
A B C A B C (b) 2 1 3 4
(a) 3 1 2 (b) 1 2 3 (c) 2 4 3 1
(c) 2 3 1 (d) 3 2 1 (d) 3 1 2 4
CHAPTER 09 > Hydrogen 257

NCERT & NCERT Exemplar

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
NCERT (a) Z = 15 covalent hydride, Z = 19 ionic hydride, Z = 23 do
not form hydride and Z = 44 non-stoichiometric hydride
157 The hydrogen occur in diatomic form rather than in a
(b) Z = 15 covalent hydride, Z = 19 ionic hydride, Z = 23
monoatomic form under normal conditions because non-stoichiometric hydride and Z = 44 do not form
(a) it has a tendency to achieve the halogen configuration hydride
(b) it has a tendency to achieve the nearest inert gas (c) Z = 15 ionic hydride, Z = 19 covalent hydride, Z = 23
configuration non-stoichiometric hydride and Z = 44 do not form
(c) it is highly reactive hydride
(d) None of the above (d) Z = 15 non-stoichiometric hydride, Z = 19 ionic hydride,
158 Consider the following reactions, Z = 23 covalent hydride and Z = 44 do not form hydride
∆ 163 The order of increasing electrical conductance of
(i) xH2 ( g ) + M x O y ( s ) → A CaH 2 , BeH 2 and TiH 2 is
∆ (a) BeH2 < CaH2 < TiH2 (b) CaH2 < TiH2 < BeH2
(ii) CO( g ) + H2 ( g ) → B (c) TiH2 < CaH2 < BeH2 (d) BeH2 < TiH2 < CaH2
Catalyst
Ni, 1270 K
164 The difference between the terms ‘hydrolysis’ and
(iii) C3 H8 ( g ) + 3H2 O ( g ) → C ‘hydration’ is
(a) hydrolysis yields the original acid and base while
The products A, B and C are respectively hydration forms hydrated salts or ions
(b) hydrolysis forms hydrated salts or ions while hydration
A B C yields the original acid and base
(a) mM CH3 OH CO (c) hydrolysis yields only the original acid while hydration
(b) mM C2 H5 OH CO2 yields the original base
(c) M CH3 OH CO2 (d) hydrolysis yields only the original base while hydration
yields the original acid
(d) mM C2 H5 OH CO
165 In the reaction of water with F2
159 The order of increasing bond dissociation enthalpy of (a) water is oxidised and fluorine gets reduced
H −− H, D −− D and F −− F is (b) fluorine is oxidised and water gets reduced
(a) H −− H < D −− D < F −− F (c) water is oxidised as well as reduced
(b) F −− F < H −− H < D −− D (d) fluorine is oxidised as well as reduced
(c) H −− H < F −− F < D −− D 166 D 2O cannot be used for drinking purposes because
(d) F −− F < D −− D < H −− H (a) rate of biochemical reactions increases in heavy water
160 Saline hydrides are known to react with water (b) rate of biochemical reactions decreases in heavy water
violently producing fire. Can CO 2 , a well known fire (c) rate of biochemical reactions remains same in heavy water
extinguisher, be used in this case? (d) None of the above
(a) No, because CO2 gets oxidised by metal hydride
(b) Yes, because CO2 gets oxidised by metal hydride NCERT Exemplar
(c) No, because CO2 gets reduced by metal hydride 167 Radioactive elements emit α, β and γ-rays and are
(d) Yes, because CO2 gets reduced by metal hydride characterised by their half-lives. The radioactive
161 The saline hydrides, remove traces of water from isotope of hydrogen is
organic compounds because (a) protium (b) deuterium (c) tritium (d) hydronium
(a) in saline hydrides, the H − ion is a strong Bronsted base 168 Hydrogen resembles halogens in many respects for
(b) in saline hydrides, the H − ion is a weak Bronsted base which several factors are responsible. Of the following
(c) in saline hydrides, the M + ion is a strong Bronsted acid factors which one is the most important in this respect?
(d) in saline hydrides, the M + ion is a weak Bronsted acid (a) Its tendency to lose an electron to form a cation
(b) Its tendency to gain a single electron in its valence shell
162 The nature of hydrides if formed by elements of to attain stable electronic configuration
atomic numbers 15, 19, 23 and 44 with dry (c) Its low negative electron enthalpy value
dihydrogen will be respectively : (d) Its small size
169 Why does H + ion always get associated with other 177 The oxide that gives H 2O 2 on treatment with dilute
atoms or molecules? H 2SO 4 is
(a) Ionisation enthalpy of hydrogen resembles with that of (a) PbO2 (b) hydrated BaO2 (c) MnO2 (d) TiO2
alkali metals
(b) Its reactivity is similar to halogens 178 Consider the reactions :
(c) It resembles both with alkali metals and halogens I. H2 O2 + 2HI → I 2 + 2H2 O
(d) Loss of an electron from hydrogen atom results in a II. HOCl + H2 O2 → H3 O+ + Cl − + O2
nucleus of very small size
Which of the following statements is correct about
170 Which of the following reactions increases the H 2O 2 with reference to these reactions? Hydrogen
production of dihydrogen from synthesis gas? peroxide is
(a) CH4 ( g ) + H2 O( g ) 1270
 K
→ CO( g ) + 3H2 ( g ) (a) an oxidising agent in both I and II
Ni
(b) an oxidising agent in I and reducing agent in II
(b) C( s ) + H2 O( g )   → CO( g ) + H2 ( g )
1270 K
(c) a reducing agent in I and oxidising agent in II
(c) CO( g ) + H2 O( g ) 673
 K
→ CO2 ( g ) + H2 ( g ) (d) a reducing agent in both I and II
Catalyst
179 Which of the following equations depicts the
(d) C2 H6 + 2H2 O   → 2CO + 5H2
1270 K
oxidising nature of H 2O 2 ?
Ni
(a) 2MnO−4 + 6H+ + 5H2 O2 → 2Mn 2+ + 8H2 O + 5O2
171 Elements of which of the following groups of
periodic table do/does not form hydride? (b) 2Fe3+ + 2H+ + H2 O2 → 2Fe2+ + 2H2 O + O2
(a) Groups 7, 8, 9 (b) Group 13 (c) 2I− + 2H+ + H2 O2 → I2 + 2H2 O
(c) Groups 15, 16, 17 (d) Group 14 (d) KIO4 + H2 O2 → KIO3 + H2 O + O2
172 Which of the following hydrides is electron-precise 180 Which of the following equation depicts reducing
hydride? nature of H 2O 2 ?
(a) B2 H6 (b) NH3 (c) H2 O (d) CH4 (a) 2[Fe(CN)6 ]4 − + 2H+ + H2 O2 → 2[Fe (CN)6 ]3 − + 2H2 O
173 Metal hydrides are ionic, covalent or molecular in (b) I2 + H2 O2 + 2OH− → 2I− + 2H2 O + O2
nature. Among LiH, NaH, KH, RbH, CsH, the correct (c) Mn 2+ + H2 O2 → Mn 4+ + 2OH−
order of increasing ionic character is (d) PbS + 4H2 O2 → PbSO4 + 4H2 O
(a) LiH > NaH > CsH > KH > RbH
181 Which of the following ions will cause hardness in
(b) LiH < NaH < KH < RbH < CsH
water sample?
(c) RbH > CsH > NaH > KH > LiH
(d) NaH > CsH > RbH > LiH > KH (a) Ca 2+ (b) Na + (c) Cl − (d) K +

174 Which of the following reaction is an example of use 182 Which of the following compounds is used for water
of water gas in the synthesis of other compounds? softening?
(a) Ca 3 (PO4 )2 (b) Na 3 PO4 (c) Na 6 P6 O18 (d) Na 2 HPO4
(a) CH4 ( g ) + H2 O( g )   → CO( g ) + H2 ( g )
1270 K
Ni 183 Correlate the items listed in Column I with those
(b) CO( g ) + H2 O( g ) 673
 K
→ CO2 ( g ) + H2 ( g ) listed in Column II. Find out as many correlations as
Catalyst
you can.
(c) Cn H2n + 2 + nH2 O( g )   → nCO + (2n + 1)H2
1270 K
Ni Column I Column II
(d) CO( g ) + 2H2 ( s ) Cobalt
→ CH3 OH( l ) A. Synthesis gas 1. Na 2[Na 4(PO 3)6]
Catalyst
B. Dihydrogen 2. Oxidising agent
175 Hydrogen peroxide is obtained by the electrolysis of
C. Heavy water 3. Softening of water
(a) water
(b) sulphuric acid D. Calgon 4. Reducing agent
(c) hydrochloric acid E. Hydrogen peroxide 5. Stoichiometric compounds
of s-block elements
(d) fused sodium peroxide
F. Salt like hydrides 6. Prolonged electrolysis of
176 When sodium peroxide is treated with dilute water
sulphuric acid, we get . 7. Zn + NaOH
(a) sodium sulphate and water
8. Zn + dil. H 2SO 4
(b) sodium sulphate and oxygen
9. Synthesis of methanol
(c) sodium sulphate, hydrogen and oxygen
(d) sodium sulphate and hydrogen peroxide 10. Mixture of CO and H 2
 Codes Column I Column II
A B C D E F C. Hydrogen chloride is a 3. recombines on metal
(a) (9, 10) (4, 5, 7, 8, 9) (6) (1, 3) (2, 4) (5) surface to generate
(b) (1, 2, 3) (4, 5) (7) (8, 9) (10) (6) high temperature
(c) (6, 7) (1) (2, 3, 4) (8) (5) (9, 10) D. Heavy water is used in 4. reducing agent
(d) (4) (3) (1, 2, 7) (5) (9, 10) (6, 8) E. Atomic hydrogen 5. hydrogen and oxygen
184 Match Column I with Column II for the given Codes
properties/application mentioned there in. A B C D E
(a) 1 2 4 3 5
Column I Column II
(b) 2 3 1 5 4
A. H 1. used in the name of perhydrol. (c) 3 5 4 2 1
B. H2 2. can be reduced to dihydrogen by NaH. (d) 5 4 2 1 3
C. H2O 3. can be used in hydroformylation of olefin 186 Match the items in Column I with the relevant item
D. H2O2 4. can be used in cutting and welding. in Column II.
Codes Column I Column II
A B C D A B C D A. Hydrogen peroxide is used as a 1. zeolite
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 2 1 4 3
B. Used in Calgon method 2. perhydrol
(c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 3 4 1 2
C. Permanent hardness of hard 3. sodium
185 Match the items in Column I with the relevant items water is removed by hexametaphosphate
in Column II.
4. propellant
Column I Column II Codes
A. Electrolysis of water produces 1. atomic reactor A B C A B C
B. Lithium aluminium hydride is 2. polar molecule (a) (2, 4) (3) (1, 3) (b) 1 3 2
used is (c) (2, 1) (4) (3) (d) 3 (1, 2) 4

Answers
> Mastering NCERT with MCQs
1 (c) 2 (a) 3 (d) 4 (a) 5 (c) 6 (a) 7 (a) 8 (c) 9 (c) 10 (c)
11 (c) 12 (b) 13 (c) 14 (a) 15 (a) 16 (d) 17 (a) 18 (c) 19 (b) 20 (b)
21 (b) 22 (d) 23 (a) 24 (a) 25 (d) 26 (d) 27 (a) 28 (c) 29 (b) 30 (a)
31 (c) 32 (a) 33 (d) 34 (a) 35 (d) 36 (b) 37 (d) 38 (a) 39 (c) 40 (d)
41 (c) 42 (c) 43 (a) 44 (a) 45 (b) 46 (d) 47 (a) 48 (d) 49 (c) 50 (a)
51 (a) 52 (c) 53 (a) 54 (a) 55 (d) 56 (a) 57 (b) 58 (b) 59 (a) 60 (d)
61 (a) 62 (a) 63 (a) 64 (a) 65 (d) 66 (b) 67 (d) 68 (d) 69 (d) 70 (a)
71 (b) 72 (c) 73 (b) 74 (b) 75 (a) 76 (a) 77 (d) 78 (d) 79 (a) 80 (b)
81 (a) 82 (a) 83 (b) 84 (b) 85 (d) 86 (a) 87 (b) 88 (d) 89 (d) 90 (d)
91 (d) 92 (a) 93 (b) 94 (d) 95 (c) 96 (d)

> Special Types Questions

97 (d) 98 (b) 99 (d) 100 (b) 101 (d) 102 (d) 103 (d) 104 (d) 105 (a) 106 (d)
107 (d) 108 (d) 109 (c) 110 (c) 111 (d) 112 (b) 113 (d) 114 (d) 115 (b) 116 (b)
117 (d) 118 (c) 119 (c) 120 (b) 121 (b) 122 (a) 123 (b) 124 (d) 125 (a) 126 (a)
127 (d) 128 (d) 129 (c) 130 (a) 131 (a) 132 (a) 133 (a) 134 (c) 135 (b) 136 (b)
137 (a) 138 (c) 139 (c) 140 (b) 141 (a) 142 (c) 143 (b) 144 (a) 145 (a) 146 (c)
147 (a) 148 (c) 149 (a) 150 (a) 151 (b) 152 (d) 153 (d) 154 (a) 155 (a) 156 (d)

> NCERT & NCERT Exemplar Questions

157 (b) 158 (a) 159 (b) 160 (c) 161 (a) 162 (b) 163 (a) 164 (a) 165 (a) 166 (b)
167 (c) 168 (b) 169 (d) 170 (c) 171 (a) 172 (d) 173 (b) 174 (d) 175 (b) 176 (d)
177 (b) 178 (b) 179 (c) 180 (b) 181 (a) 182 (c) 183 (a) 184 (c) 185 (d) 186 (a)
260 Master The NCERT > CHEMISTRY (Vol-I )

Hints & Explanations

2 (a) Hydrogen has resemblance to the alkali metals, 14 (a) Zinc does not react with cold water. It reacts
which lose one electron to form unipositive ions, as well with steam to produce H2 gas as shown below :
as with halogens, which gain one electron to form Zn + H2O → ZnO + H2 ↑
uninegative ion. Steam
3 (d) Hydrogen has a very high ionisation enthalpy, i.e. a The reaction of Zn with other reagents are shown
large amount of energy is required to remove electron. below :
That’s why, it does not possess metallic character under Zn + 2NaOH → Na 2ZnO2 + H2 ↑
normal conditions.
Zn + 2HCl(dil. ) → ZnCl 2 + H2 ↑
4 (a) The ionisation energy value of hydrogen is too high
Zn + H2SO4 (dil. ) → ZnSO4 + H2 ↑
as compared to that of alkali metals and too low as
compared to that of halogens and, thus it cannot be 15 (a) The reaction for the laboratory preparation of H2
placed in any of these two groups. is shown below :
5 (c) Hydrogen, due to its light nature is much less Zn + 2NaOH 
→ Na 2ZnO2 + H2↑
abundant (0.15% by mass) in the earth’s atmosphere.
Sodium
6 (c) Hydrogen has three isotopes-protium ( 11 H), deuterium zincate
( 21 H or D) and tritium ( 31 H or T). 16 (d) Electrolysis of acidified water using platinum
These isotopes differ from one another in respect of the electrodes gives dihydrogen alongwith oxygen.
number of neutrons. 17 (a) High purity (> 99.95%) dihydrogen is obtained
7 (a) Protium ( 11 H ), deuterium or heavy hydrogen by electrolysing (aq) barium hydroxide solution
between nickel electrodes reaction.
( 21 H or D ) and tritium ( 31 H or T ) are the isotopes of
hydrogen. 18 (c) Dihydrogen is obtained as a byproduct in the
manufacture of sodium hydroxide and chlorine by
Protium or ordinary hydrogen has one proton and no
electrolysis of brine solution.
neutron in the nucleus and one electron revolves around
the nucleus. It is the most abundant and common form of During electrolysis, the reactions that take place are
hydrogen (approximately 99.98%). as follows :

8 (b) Number of neutrons in protium (11H) is At anode 2Cl −( aq ) → Cl 2 ( g ) + 2e−

zero ( x ). At cathode 2H2O( l ) + 2e− → H2 ( g ) + 2OH− ( aq )
Number of neutrons in deuterium The overall reaction is :
( 21 H or 21 D) is 1 ( y ) 2Na + ( aq ) + 2Cl − ( aq ) + 2H2O( l )
Number of neutrons in tritium ↓
( 31 H or 31 T) is 2 ( z ) Cl 2 ( g ) + H2 ( g ) + 2Na + ( aq ) + 2OH− ( aq )
So, the sum of x , y and z is x + y + z = 3 19 (b) The mixture of CO and H2 is called water gas.
9 (c) Tritium is the radioactive isotope of hydrogen which It is used for the synthesis of methanol and a number of
emits low energy β − -particles whose half-life period hydrocarbons. It is also called synthesis gas or
( t 1/ 2 ) is 12.33 years. ‘syn gas’.
10 (c) The radioactive isotope of hydrogen is tritium ( 1 H3 ) 20 (b) The process of producing ‘syn gas’ from coal is
and mass number of tritium is 3. called coal gasification.
11 (c) The difference in the rate of reaction of isotopes of 1270 K
C( s ) + H2O( g ) → CO( g ) + H2 ( g )
hydrogen is mainly due to their different bond 1442443
syn gas
dissociation enthalpies.
12 (b) Hydrogen is prepared by the reaction of granulated 21 (b) The production of dihydrogen can be increased
zinc with dil.HCl as shown below : by reacting carbon monoxide (CO) of syn gas
Zn + HCl → ZnCl 2 + H2 ↑ mixtures with steam in the presence of iron chromate
as catalyst.
13 (c) The reaction between Zn and NaOH is shown below :
Zn + 2NaOH( aq ) → Na 2ZnO2 + H2 ↑ CO( g ) + H2O( g ) →
673 K
CO2 ( g ) + H2 ( g )
Catalyst
Sodium zincate Dihydrogen
This is called water gas shift reaction.
Thus, sodium zincate is produced in the reaction.
22 (d) In the industrial preparation of hydrogen from 35 (d) Dihydrogen ( H2 ) is used in the fuel cells for
water gas, CO is oxidised to CO2 with steam in the generating electrical energy. It does not produce any
presence of a catalyst followed by absorption of CO2 pollution and releases greater energy per unit mass of
in alkali. fuel in comparison to gasoline and other fuels.
Steam
CO + H2 + H2O → CO2 + 2H2 36 (b) Noble gases do not react with dihydrogen even at
catalyst
 KOH higher temperature to yield the corresponding hydrides.
↓ 37 (d) Dihydrogen, under certain reaction conditions,
K 2CO3
combine with almost all elements except noble gases
23 (a) ~ 77% of the industrial dihydrogen is produced to form binary compounds, called hydrides.
from petrochemicals, 18% from coal, 4% from If ‘E’ is the symbol of an element then hydride can be
electrolysis of aqueous solution of salts and 1% from expressed as EHx (e.g. MgH2 ) or EmHn (e.g . B2H6 ).
other sources.
38 (a) Ionic hydrides in their molten state can conduct
24 (a) The chemical behaviour of dihydrogen is electricity and on electrolysis liberate dihydrogen gas
determined to a large extent by H—H bond at anode, which confirms the existence of H− ion as
dissociation enthalpy. The H—H bond dissociation shown below :
enthalpy is the highest for a single bond between two
2H−(melt) → H2 ( g ) + 2e–
Anode
atoms of any other element.
25 (d) Dihydrogen is a colourless, odourless, tasteless and 39 (c) Ionic hydrides give basic solutions when they react
combustible gas. with water,
e.g. LiH + H2O → LiOH + H2 ↑
27 (a) Reaction of hydrogen with fluorine occurs even in
the dark, with iodine it requires a catalyst. 40 (d) LiH, BeH 2 and MgH 2 are all covalent in nature.
Thus, the order of reactivity of X 2 is LiH molecules do not associate with each other, while
F2 > Cl 2 > Br2 > I2. the molecules of BeH 2 and MgH 2 exhibit aggregation
among themselves and form polymeric chains of
28 (c) Dihydrogen reacts with dioxygen to form water. molecules, thus BeH 2 and MgH 2 are polymeric in
The reaction is highly exothermic as shown below : structure.
Catalyst or heating
2H2 ( g ) + O2 ( g )      
→ 2H2O( l ) ; 41 (c) The incorrect reaction given in the option (c) can
∆H ° = −285.9 kJ mol −1 be corrected as follows :
8LiH + Al 2Cl6 → 2 LiAlH4 + 6LiCl
29 (b) The reaction which represents Haber’s process is
given below : 42 (c) NaH is an example of ionic or saline hydride.
673K, 200 atm These hydrides are formed when hydrogen combines
3H2 ( g ) + N2 ( g )     
→ 2NH3 ( g );
Fe with metals having less electronegativity and more
∆H ° = −92.6 kJ mol −1 electropositive character with respect to hydrogen.
Except Be and Mg, all s-block metals form saline
This is the method for the manufacture of ammonia. hydrides.
30 (a) Dihydrogen reduces some metal ions in aqueous Hydrides of p-block elements are covalent in nature,
solution and oxides of metals (less active than iron) viz, electron deficient hydrides (by group-13
into corresponding metals. elements), electron-precise hydrides (by group-14
H2 ( g ) + Pd 2+ ( aq ) → Pd ( s ) + 2H+ ( aq ) elements), and electron-rich hydrides (by group 15-17
elements). Hydrides of d, f -block metals are called
y H2 ( g ) + M xO y ( s ) → xM ( s ) + yH2O( l ) interstitial or metallic hydrides.
31 (c) Hydrogenation of vegetable oils using nickel as a 43 (a) Elements of groups 15-17 form electron rich
catalyst gives edible fats like margarine and hydrides. The group 16 elements are also known as
vanaspati ghee. chalcogens.
32 (a) Hydroformylation of olefins yield aldehydes which 44 (a) Dihydrogen forms molecular hydrides with most
further undergo reduction to give alcohols as shown of the p-block elements. Most familiar examples are
below : CH4 , NH3 , H2O and HF.
H2 + CO + RCH == CH2 → RCH2CH2CHO( X ) 46 (d) In non-stoichiometric hydrides, hydrogen occupies
H2 + RCH2CH2CHO → RCH2CH2CH2OH(Y ) interstices in the metal lattice. These hydrides are also
termed as interstitial hydrides. These include examples
33 (d) The complete reaction is given below :
given in the options.
CO ( g ) + 2H2 ( g ) Cobalt
 catalyst
→ CH3OH(l) 48 (d) Except Ni, Pd, Ce and Ac, other metallic hydrides
ZnO,Cu
This reaction is used for the manufacture of methanol. have different lattice from that of the parent metal.
49 (c) Some of the metals (e.g. Pd, Pt) can accommodate P4O10 ( s ) + 6H2O( l ) → 4H3PO4 ( aq )
a very large volume of hydrogen and, therefore can be SiCl 4 ( l ) + 2H2O( l ) → SiO2 ( s ) + 4HCl ( aq )
used as its storage media. This property has high SiCl 4 is a liquid, not a solid.
potential for hydrogen storage and as a source of
energy. 59 (a) The given compound is
50 (a) Although, phosphorus exhibits +3 and +5 oxidation [ Cr ( H2O )6 ]3+ 3 Cl −
states but it cannot form PH5. High ∆ a H value of No water molecule is present outside the square
dihydrogen and ∆ eg H value of hydrogen do not favour bracket (coordination sphere) to form hydrogen bond.
to exhibit the highest oxidation state of P and
consequently the formation of PH5. Thus, all six H2O molecules are coordinated and are
present as ligands.
51 (a) H2O and D2O have maximum density at 4°C and
61 (a) Temporary hardness in water is due to presence of
11.6°C respectively. magnesium and calcium hydrogen carbonates.
52 (c) The structure of water is given below : Temporary hardness in water can be removed by
Clark’s method.
2δ – In this method, calculated amount of lime is added to
O 95.7 pm O hard water. It precipitates out calcium carbonate and
δ+ δ+ magnesium hydroxide which can be filtered off.
104.5° H
H H H H
H
Ca(HCO3 )2 + Ca(OH)2 → 2CaCO3 ↓ + 2H2O
(I) (II) (III)
In gaseous phase, water being a bent molecule behaves Mg(HCO3 )2 + 2Ca(OH)2 → 2CaCO3 ↓
as a dipole.
+ Mg(OH)2 ↓ + 2H2O
53 (a) When water is converted to ice, an open cage like
Besides this, temporary hardness can also be removed
three dimensional structure is formed which has void
by boiling. All the other given methods are used to
filled with air. That’s why, density of ice is less than
remove permanent hardness of water.
that of water.
62 (a) Permanent hardness is due to the presence of
55 (d) The auto-protolysis (self-ionisation) of water takes
soluble salts of magnesium and calcium in the form of
place as follows :
chlorides and sulphates in water.
H2O( l ) + H2O( l ) l H3O+ ( aq ) + OH– ( aq )
Acid-1 Base-2 Acid-2 Base-1 63 (a) When calgon ( Na6P6O18 ) is added to water,
(Acid) (Base) (Conjugate acid) (Conjugate base)
the following reactions take place,
56 (a) H2O has the ability to act as an acid as well as base, → 2Na + + Na 4P6O 218−
Na6P6O18 
i.e. it behaves as an amphoteric substance. In the
context of Bronsted theory, it acts as an acid with NH3 M 2+ + Na 4P6O 218− 
→ [Na 2MP6O18 ]2− + 2Na +
and a base with H2S as shown below :
[ M = Mg and Ca]
(a) H2O( l ) + NH3( aq ) l OH– ( aq ) + NH+4 ( aq ) The complex ions formed above are soluble in water. As
(b) H2O( l ) + H2S( aq ) l H3O+ ( aq ) + HS– ( aq ) a result, the Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ remain entrapped in the
complex ions and water becomes softner.
57 (b) On reaction with fluorine, water is oxidised to O2.
Hence, water acts as a reducing agent. 64 (a) The temporary hardness of a water sample is due to
compound X [i.e. Mg ( HCO3 )2 ]. Boiling of this
58 (b) Water can easily be reduced to dihydrogen by sample converts X [i.e. Mg ( HCO3 )2 ] to compound
highly electropositive metals. Y [i.e. Mg(OH)2 ]. Generally,temporary hardness is due
e.g. 2H2O( l ) + 2Na( s ) → 2NaOH( aq ) + H2 ( g ) to presence of magnesium and calcium hydrogen
Water is oxidised to O2 during photosynthesis. carbonates. It can be removed by boiling. During
boiling, the soluble Mg(HCO3 )2 is converted into
6CO2 ( g ) + 12H2O( l ) → C6H12O6 ( aq ) + 6H2O( l ) insoluble Mg(OH)2 and Ca ( HCO3 )2 changed to
+ 6O2 ( g ) insoluble CaCO3. These precipitates can be removed
Due to high dielectric constant, water has a very strong by filteration.
hydration tendency. It dissolves many ionic Heating
compounds. Mg ( HCO3 )2 → Mg(OH)2 ↓ + 2CO2 ↑
However, certain covalent and some ionic compounds Heating
are hydrolysed in water. Ca(HCO3 )2 → CaCO3 ↓ + H2O + CO2 ↑
65 (d) Zeolites exchange their Na + ions with Ca 2+ or Q 22.4 L of O2 is formed at NTP by decomposition of
Mg 2+ in hard water. But, they can’t exchange anions. 68 g H2O2.
68
2NaZ(s) + Mg 2+ (or Ca 2+ ) ( aq ) ∴ 1 L of O2 is formed at NTP from g of H2O2.
From hard water
22.4
∴ 10L of O2 will be formed at NTP from
→ MgZ2( s)(or CaZ2)( s) + 2Na + ( aq )
68 × 10
In synthetic resin method, all types cations g H2O2 = 30.36 g H2O2
22.4
(Na + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ etc.) and anions
So, strength of “10 volume H2O2 ” = 30.36 g L−1
(Cl – , SO2–
4 etc.) can be removed.
74 (b) ‘20 volume’ H2O2 means 1 mL H2O2 gives 20 mL
Thus, this method is more efficient than zeolite
process. O2 at NTP
Thus, 15 mL H2O2 will give 15 × 20 = 300 mL O2 at
66 (b) In synthetic resin method, cation exchange resins
NTP.
( X ) contain large organic molecule with —SO3H group
and are water insoluble. Ion exchange resin ( RSO3H) is 75 (a) 6 volume sample of H2O2 means 6 volume of
changed to RNa by treating it with NaCl. The resin oxygen is given out per unit volume of H2O2 sample at
exchanges Na + (Y ) ions with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions STP.
present in hard water to make the water soft. 76 (a) The given figure shows the solid phase of H2O2.
67 (d) In anion exchange process, following reaction takes In the solid phase, the bond angle is equal to 90.2°.
place.
77 (d) The reaction in which H2O2 is reduced, while the
RNH2 ( s ) + H2O( l ) → RNH3+ ⋅ OH− ( s )
other reactant is oxidised, represents the oxidising
RNH+3 ⋅ OH− ( s ) + X − ( aq ) → RNH+3 ⋅ X − ( s ) + OH− ( aq ) property of H2O2 as shown below :
68 (d) Industrially, hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2 ) is prepared Reduction
by the auto-oxidation of 2-alkylanthraquinols. −1 –1 0 –2
2KI + H2SO4 + H2 O2 → K 2SO4 + I2 + 2H2 O
O2 (air)
Oxidation
2-ethyl anthraquinol e H2 /Pd
H2O2 +(oxidised product)
79 (a) Consider the reaction is given below :
69 (d) H2O2 can be prepared by electrolysis of 50%
solution of H2SO4. In this method, hydrogen is Oxidation
+1 −1 −2 +1 −2 0
liberated at cathode. H2 O2 + O3 → H2 O + 2O2
H2SO4 q 2H+ + HSO–4 Reduction
At anode 2HSO−4 → H2S2O8 + 2e−
H2S2O8 + 2H2O → 2H2SO4 + H2O2 Since, H2O2 oxidises O3 into O2, thus it behaves as an
−
oxidising agent.
At cathode 2H + 2e +
→ H2↑
Further in the reaction,
70 (a) H2O2 can be obtained from BaO2 ⋅ 8H2O as follows : +1 −1 +1 −2 0 + 1 −2 0
H2 O2 + Ag 2 O → 2Ag + H2 O + O2
BaO2 ⋅ 8H2O( s ) + H2SO4 ( aq ) → BaSO4 ( s )
Barium peroxide Reduction
+ H2O2 ( aq ) + 8H2O( l ) Oxidation

Hydrogen
peroxide Here, H2O2 reduces Ag 2O into metallic silver (Ag)
(as oxidation number is reducing from +1to 0).
Anhydrous barium oxide ( BaO2 ) is not used here
because the precipitate BaSO 4 forms a protective layer Thus, H2O2 behaves as a reducing agent.
on the unreacted barium peroxide and this prevents its
80 (b) The equation for the reducing action of H2O2 in
further participation in the reaction.
basic medium is as follows :
72 (c) 30% solution of H2O2 is marketed as ‘100 V’
I2 + H2O2 + 2OH− 
→ 2I− + 2H2O + O2
hydrogen peroxide. It means that, one millilitre 1 mL of
30% H2O2 solution will give 100 mL of oxygen at STP. 81 (a) In the presence of metal surface or traces of alkali
73 (b) ‘10 volume H2O2’ means 1L of its solution on (present in glass containers), the decomposition of
H2O2 is catalysed.
decomposition at NTP, gives 10 L oxygen gas.
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2 84 (b) In daily life, H2O2 is used as a hair bleach and as a
2 mol 1 mol mild disinfectant. As an antiseptic it is sold in the
2 × 34 g 22.4 L market as perhydrol.
 85 (d) H2O2 is used in pollution control by the treatment 101 (d) Statement (d) is incorrect.
of domestic effluents. It is also used in restoration of It’s correct form is as follows :
aerobic conditions to sewage wastes and in oxidation Hydrogen has three isotopes :
of cyanide. H2O2 has no role in synthesis of Protium ( 11 H ), deuterium ( 21 H), tritium ( 31 H ),
hydroquinone.
Thus, the option (d) is not use of H2O2 in the Protium is the most common isotope of hydrogen with
evironmental chemistry. an abundance of 99.98%.
Rest other statements are correct.
86 (a) Heavy water (D2O) is prepared by exhaustive
102 (d) Statement (d) is incorrect.
electrolysis of water or as a by-product in some
fertiliser industries. It’s correct form is as follows :
The atomic masses of isotopes of hydrogen are not in
88 (d) D2O is used for the preparation of deuterium the ratio of 1:2:3 as abundance of D and T is very less
containing compounds. The reaction is similar to H2O. as compared to H.
CaC2 + 2D2O → C2D2 + Ca(OD)2 Rest other statements are correct.
89 (d) The complete reaction is shown below : 103 (d) Statement (d) is incorrect.
Al 4C3 + 12D2O → 3CD4 + 4Al(OD)3 It’s correct form is as follows :
Aluminium Tetradeutero
carbide methane Reaction of steam with hydrocarbons or coke at high
(X ) (Y ) temperatures in the presence of catalyst yields
91 (d) Ordinary water stops the nuclear fission by dihydrogen. This is not a commercial method for its
absorbing the fast moving neutrons. preparation.
92 (a) The only pollutants in combustion of dihydrogen The equation is shown below :
will be the oxides of dinitrogen (due to the presence of 1270 K
dinitrogen as impurity with dihydrogen). This can be CH4 ( g ) + H2O( g ) → CO( g ) + 3H2 ( g )
Ni
minimised by injecting a small amount of water into the
cylinder to lower the temperature, so that the reaction Rest other statements are correct.
between dinitrogen and dioxygen may not take place. 104 (d) Statement (d) is incorrect.
94 (d) Alloy with compounds like NaNi 5 , Ti-TiH2 and It’s correct form is as follows :
Mg -MgH2 , in trace amount, is impervious to Dihydrogen is insoluble in water (because of its
dihydrogen gas and, hence is used to make the storage non-polar nature.)
tank for hydrogen.
Rest other statements are correct.
97 (d) Statement (d) is incorrect.
105 (a) Statement (a) is correct, while the other statements
It’s correct form is as follows : are incorrect.
In physical properties, isotopes of hydrogen differ
Corrected form are as follows :
considerably due to their large mass differences.
Dissociation of dihydrogen into its atoms is only
Hydrogen is used in metallurgical processes, it is used
~0.081% around 2000 K which increases to 95.5% at
to reduce heavy metal oxides to metals.
5000K.
Rest other statements are correct.
108 (d) Statement (d) is incorrect.
98 (b) Statements I and III both are correct but II is
incorrect. It’s correct form is as follows : It’s correct form is as follows :
Hydrogen does not resemble halogens because its Elements of group 15 to 17 form electron rich hydrides.
outer electronic configuration ( ns1 ) is different from Rest other statements are correct.
the outer electronic configuration of halogens (ns2np 5 ). 109 (c) Statement (c) is incorrect.
99 (d) The property of hydrogen which does not resemble It’s correct form is as follows :
with that halogen is given in statement (d). Metallic hydrides are also known as
Because it is very low as compared to halogens. non-stoichiometric or interstitial hydrides.
Rest other statements are correct. Rest other statements are correct.
100 (b) Statement III is correct, while the statements I and 110 (c) Statement (c) is incorrect.
II are incorrect. It’s correct form is as follows :
Corrected form are as follows : BeH2 and MgH2 are polymeric in structure.
Like alkali metals, hydrogen forms oxides, halides and Rest other statements are correct.
sulphides such as H2O,HCl,H2S etc. but does not form
oxyacid and interhalides.
112 (b) Statement (b) is correct, while the other statements 123 (b) Statement (b) is incorrect.
are incorrect. It’s correct form is as follows :
Corrected form are as follows : Chemically, permutit or zeolite is sodium aluminium
Due to small size and higher electronegativity of N, O silicate (NaAlSiO4 ).
and F, the magnitude of hydrogen bonding in their Rest other statements are correct.
hydrides will be quite appreciable than those of 125 (a) Statement (a) is incorrect.
subsequent hydrides and hence, their hydrides have
It’s correct form is as follows :
higher boiling point than the hydrides of subsequent
group members. H2O2 acts as an oxidising as well as reducing agent,
because oxidation number of oxygen in H2O2 is −1.
114 (d) Statement (d) is incorrect. So, it can be oxidised to oxidation state 0 or reduced to
It’s correct form is as follows : oxidation state −2 .
d and f-block elements form metallic hydrides. Rest other statements are correct.
Rest other statements are correct. 126 (a) Statement (a) is correct, while statement (b) is
incorrect. It’s correct form is as follows :
115 (b) Statement (b) is correct, while the other statements
are incorrect. The molecular mass of H2O is slightly less than that of
D2O, hence rate of diffusion of NaCl (i.e. solubility) is
Corrected form are as follows :
slightly higher in the case of H2O.
(a) Metallic hydrides are formed by many d and
f -block elements except group 7, 8 and 9 elements. 128 (d) Statements II and IV are correct, while I and III
are incorrect.
However, even from group 6, chromium forms
Corrected form are as follows :
CrH.
I. Being heavier in mass D2O reacts with Al 4C3
(c) Unlike saline hydrides, they are almost always slower than H2O.
non-stoichiometric, being deficient in hydrogen.
III. NaCl is less soluble in D2O as compared to H2O.
116 (b) Statement (b) is incorrect.
130 (a) (I) H2 is a 100% pollution free fuel. So, option
It’s correct form is as follows : (I) is correct.
Water can be easily reduced to dihydrogen by highly (II) Molecular weight of H2 ( 2u ).
electropositive metals as shown below : 1
= × molecular weight of butane,
2H2O( l ) + 2Na( s ) → 2NaOH( aq ) + H2 ( g ) 29
Rest other statements are correct. C4H10 (LPG) [58u].
119 (c) Statements I and II are correct, while the statement So, compressed H2 weighs ~30 times more
III is incorrect. It’s correct form is as follows : than a petrol tank and option (b) is correct.
The exhausted cation and anion exchange resin beds (III) NaNi 5 , T-TiH 2 etc. are used for storage of H2
are regenerated by treatment with dilute acid and alkali in small quantities. Thus, option (c) is
solutions respectively. correct.
(IV) On combustion values of energy released per
120 (b) Statement (b) is correct, while the other statements
are incorrect. gram of liquid dihydrogen ( H2 ) : 142 kJ g −1,
Corrected form are as follows : and for LPG : 50 kJ g −1.
So, option (d) is incorrect.
(a) In gas phase, H  O  H is a bent molecule with
a bond angle of 104.5. 131 (a) Hydrogen is the first element in the periodic table
as it has the electronic configuration of 1s1.
(c) In liquid phase, intermolecular H-bonding takes
place. Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct
explanation of A.
121 (b) Statement (b) is incorrect. 132 (a) Hydrogen is extremely small in size as compared
It’s correct form is as follows : to normal atomic and ionic sizes of 50 to 200 pm.
In liquid state, water molecules form two hydrogen As a consequence, H+ does not exist freely and is
bonds with their neighbouring water molecules. always associated with other atoms or molecules.
In solid state (ice), it contains four H-bonds due to Thus, it is unique in behaviour and is therefore, best
spatial arrangement of molecules to form an open cage placed separately in the periodic table.
like structure. Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct
Rest other statements are correct. explanation of A.
133 (a) Lithium hydride is rather unreactive at moderate 143 (b) H2O2 is miscible with water in all proportions and
temperature with O2 or Cl 2. It is therefore, used in the forms a hydrate H2O2 ⋅ H2O (m.p. 221 K).
synthesis of other useful hydrides. Thus, both A and R are correct and R is not the correct
e.g. 8LiH + Al 2Cl6 → 2LiAlH4 + 6LiCl explanation of A.
2LiH + B2H6 → 2LiBH4
144 (a) H2O2 shows reducing action in the acidic medium
Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct
as shown below :
explanation of A.
HOCl + H2O2 → H3O+ + Cl − + O2
134 (c) Atomic hydrogen is more powerful reducing agent
than dihydrogen because bond energy of H2 is Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct
maximum for a single bond between two atoms. explanation of A.
Thus, A is correct but R is incorrect. 145 (a) H2O2 shows an oxidising action in the acidic
135 (b) Atomic hydrogen flame produces a temperature of medium as shown in the following reaction :
4000 K but oxy-hydrogen flame produces a 2Fe2+ ( aq ) + 2H+ ( aq ) + H2O2( aq ) → 2Fe3+ ( aq )
temperature of 2000 K.
+ 2H2O( l )
Thus, both A and R are correct and R is not the correct
Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct
explanation of A.
explanation of A.
136 (b) Hydrogen gas is used in fuel cells for generating
electrical energy because it provides lot of energy 146 (a) H2O2 shows reducing action in the basic medium.
without causing pollution. e.g.
The electrolyte used in fuel cells may be acidic or alkaline. 2MnO−4 + 3H2O2 → 2MnO2 + 3O2 + 2H2O + 2OH−
Thus, both A and R are correct and R is not the correct Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct
explanation of A. explanation of A.
137 (a) Metals like platinum and palladium can absorb the 147 (a) Presence of calcium and magnesium salts in the
large volumes of hydrogen so they are used as the form of hydrogen carbonate, chloride and sulphate in
storage media for hydrogen. water makes water ‘hard’. These salts react with soap
Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct molecules to form a precipitate called scum.
explanation of A. That’s why, hard water does not lather with soap.
138 (c) Sodium hydride is an electrovalent compound in Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct
which hydrogen is present as an anion, H− which is explanation of A.
discharged as H2 at anode on electrolysis.
148 (c) Soft water gives lather with soap easily as it is free
Thus, A is correct but R is incorrect. from soluble salts of calcium and magnesium.
139 (c) In comparison to other liquids, water has a higher Thus, A is correct but R is incorrect.
specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity and
surface tension. 149 (a) Hard water forms scum/precipitate with soap.
− +
These properties allow water to play a key role in the Soap containing sodium stearate (C17 H35COONa )
biosphere. reacts with hard water to precipitate out Ca/Mg
Thus, A is correct but R is incorrect. stearate.
140 (b) The crystalline form of water is ice. At atmospheric 2C 17 H35 COONa( aq ) + M 2+ ( ag ) →
pressure, ice crystallises in the hexagonal form, but at (C17 H35 COO)2 M ↓ + 2Na + ( aq ); (M is Ca/Mg.)
very low temperature, it condenses into the cubic form.
Thus, both A and R are correct and R is not the correct Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct
explanation of A. explanation of A.
141 (a) Density of ice is less than that of water because of 150 (a) Permanent hardness of water is removed by
it has open cage like structures which consists of air treatment with washing soda because washing soda
filled voids. reacts with soluble magnesium and calcium sulphate to
Therefore, an ice cube floats on water. form insoluble carbonates.
Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct Thus, both A and R are correct and R is the correct
explanation of A. explanation of A.
142 (c) In winter season, ice formed on the surface of a 152 (d) The correct match is :
lake provides thermal insulation which ensures the A →5, B → 4, C → 2, D → 3, E → 1.
survival of the aquatic life. This fact is of great l Complex compounds do not give all their constituent
ecological significance. ions when dissolved in water. In them, individual
Thus, A is correct but R is incorrect. identity of ions are lost, e.g. LiAlH4.
 l Lewis acids are electron deficient species which gain Similarly,
electrons while forming a bond with Lewis bases. B. 20 volume of H2O2 = 60.6 g/L
e.g. B2H6. 60.6
l Interstitial hydrides are formed by elements of d and = mol/L = 1.785 M
34
f -block, e.g. LaH3. C. 30 volume of H2O2 = 90.9 g/L
l AsH3 is covalent, while BeH2 is polymeric. 90.9
= g equi/L = 5.35 N
153 (d) The correct match is : 17
A → 3, B → 2, → C → 1. D. 100 volume of H2O2 is 30.3% H2O2 and is
Many salts can be crystallised as hydrated salts from commonly called perhydrol.
an aqueous solution. Such an association of water is of 156 (d) The correct match is A → 3, B → 1, C → 2, D → 4
different types viz.
Heavy water is D2O. Temporary hardness of water is
(i) coordinated water, e.g. [Cr(H2O)6 ]3+ 3Cl − due to the presence of bicarbonates of Mg and Ca in
(ii) interstitial water, e.g. BaCl 2 ⋅ 2H2O water. Soft water does not contain any foreign ions and
(iii) hydrogen-bonded water, permanent hardness of water is due to the presence of
sulphates and chlorides of Mg and Ca in water.
e.g. [Cu(H2O)4 ] 2+ SO24− ⋅ H2O in CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2O
157 (b) Hydrogen atom has only one electron in its
154 (a) The correct match is : 1s orbital. So, to achieve stable nearest inert gas
A→ 3, B→ 1, C→ 2, D → 4 configuration, i.e. of helium, it exists as diatomic
molecule and is called dihydrogen.
The different methods for the removal of hardness of
water are given below : 158 (a) The complete reactions are given below :
∆
Boiling (i) y H2 ( g ) + M xO y ( s ) → xM ( s ) + y H2O( l )
Heating (A )
Mg(HCO3 )2 → Mg(OH)2↓ + 2CO2 ↑
∆
(Soluble) (Insoluble) (ii) CO( g ) + 2H2 ( g ) → CH3OH( l )
Catalyst Methanol
Clark’s method
(B )
Ca(HCO3 )2 + Ca(OH)2 → 2CaCO3 ↓ + 2H2O
Ni, 1270 K
Calgon’s method (iii) C3H8 ( g ) + 3H2O( g ) → 3CO( g ) + 7H2 ( g )
(C )
Na6P6O18 → 2Na + + Na 4P6O18
2–

Calgon Hence, A is mM, B is CH3OH and C is CO.

M 2+ + Na 4P6O18
2–
→ [Na 2MP6O18 ] 2– + 2Na + ; 159 (b) Shorter the bond length, higher is the bond dissociation
(M = Mg, Ca) energy. Hence, the correct order is given below :
Ion-exchange method / Zeolite permutit process F −− F < H −− H < D −− D
2NaZ ( s ) + M 2+ ( aq ) → MZ2 ( s ) + 2Na + ( aq ) ; 160 (c) Saline hydrides (such as NaH, CaH2 etc.) react
(M = Mg, Ca) with water violently to form the corresponding metal
NaAlSiO4 can be written as NaZ. hydroxides with the evolution of dihydrogen.
155 (a) The correct match is A → 4, B → 3, C → 2, D → 1 NaH ( s ) + H2O( l ) → NaOH ( aq ) + H2 ( g )
A. 10 volume H2O2 means 1 L of H2O2 will give CaH2 ( s ) + 2H2O ( l ) → Ca(OH)2 ( aq ) + 2H2 ( g )
10 L of oxygen at STP. These reactions are so much exothermic that the
2H2O2 ( l ) → O2 ( g ) + H2O( l ) evolved H2 catches fire. This type of fire cannot be
2 × 34 = 68 g 22. 4 L extinguished by CO2 because it gets reduced by the hot
at STP.
metal hydride to form sodium formate.
Q 22.4 L O2 (at STP) is obtained from 68 g H2O2. − +
∴ 10 L O2 (at STP) will be produced from H2O2 NaH + CO2 → HCOONa
68 × 10 161 (a) Saline hydrides such as NaH, CaH2, etc., react with
= = 30.36 g
22. 4 traces of water present in organic compounds and form
their corresponding metal hydroxides with the
This amount of H2O2 is present in 1 L (1000 mL)
evolution of hydrogen gas.
∴ 100 mL of H2O2 contains
NaH( s ) + H2O( aq ) → NaOH( aq ) + H2 ( g )
30.36 × 100
= This is because in saline hydrides ( M + H− ), the H− ion
1000
is a strong Bronsted base and, thus it reacts with water
= 3.03 % H2O2
easily.
162 (b) (i) Element with Z = 15, belongs to p -block. C( s ) + H2O( g ) 1270
 K
→ CO( g ) + H2 ( g )
Coal Steam Ni 1442443
It forms covalent hydride, e.g. PH3. Syn gas
(ii) Element with Z = 19 belongs to s-block. The production of hydrogen can be increased by
It forms ionic or saline hydride, e.g. KH. reacting carbon monoxide of the syn gas with steam in
(iii) Element with Z = 23 belongs to d-block and the presence of iron chromate as a catalyst at 673 K.
Vth group elements. It forms interstitial Fe2 (CrO 4) 3
CO( g ) + H2O( g ) → CO2 ( g ) + H2 ( g )
hydride, e.g. VH1.6. It is also called
non-stoichiometric hydride. CO2 is removed by scrubbing with a solution of
(iv) Element with Z = 44 belongs to d-block and sodium arsenite.
8th group element. It is ruthenium. It does not 171 (a) Dihydrogen forms molecular compounds with most
form any hydride because metals of group 7, of the p-block elements (group 13 to 17).
8 and 9 do not form hydride (hydride gap). Most familiar examples are CH4 , NH3 , H2O and HF.
163 (a) More the ionic character, higher is the electrical For convenience, hydrogen compounds of non-metals
conductance. have also been considered as hydrides.
The correct order is given below However, elements of group 7, 8, 9 do not form
hydrides. This is known as hydride gap.
BeH2 < CaH2 < TiH2
(Covalent ) (Ionic) (Metallic) 172 (d) Electron-precise hydrides contain exact number of
+ −
164 (a) Interaction of H and OH ions of H2O with the electrons to form normal covalent bonds, e.g. CH4.
anion and the cation of a salt respectively to yield the 173 (b) Ionic character increases as the size of the metal
original acid and the original base is called hydrolysis. atom increases or the electronegativity of the metal
atom decreases.
e.g. Na 2CO3 + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2CO3
Salt Base Acid The correct order of increasing ionic character is,
Hydration, on the other hand, means addition of H2O to LiH < NaH < KH < RbH < CsH
ions or molecules to form hydrated ions or hydrated
174 (d) The water gas is the combination of carbon
salts.
monoxide and hydrogen. In the presence of cobalt (Co)
e.g. KCl( s ) + H2O( l ) → K + ( aq ) + Cl − ( aq ) as catalyst, it gives methanol.
Salt
CuSO4 ( s ) + 5H2O( l ) → CuSO4 ⋅ 5H2O( s ) CO( g ) + 2H2 ( g ) Cobalt
→ CH3OH( l )
Colourless Blue
165 (a) The reaction between F and H2O is given below : 175 (b) Peroxodisulphate, obtained by electrolytic
oxidation of acidified sulphate solutions (sulphuric
2F2 ( g ) + 2H2O( l ) → O2 ( g ) + 4H+ ( aq ) + 4F − ( aq ) acid) at high current density, on hydrolysis yields
Oxidant Reductant hydrogen peroxide.
In this reaction, water acts as a reducing agent and Electrolysis
hence, itself gets oxidised to oxygen. Fluorine acts as an 2HSO−4 ( aq ) → HO3SOOSO3H ( aq )
oxidising agent and, hence itself gets reduced to F − ion.
Hydrolysis
166 (b) Heavy water ( D2O ) is injurious to human beings → 2HSO4− ( aq ) + 2H+ ( aq ) + H2O2 ( aq )
because rate of biochemical reactions decreases in
176 (d) When sodium peroxide is treated with dilute
heavy water.
sulphuric acid, we get sodium sulphate and hydrogen
167 (c) The radioactive isotope of hydrogen is tritium. peroxide as shown below :
For tritium (n = 2, p = 1), therefore n/p ratio is 2.
Na 2O2 + Dil. H2SO4 → Na 2SO4 + H2O2
168 (b) Hydrogen resembles halogen in many respects for
which several factors are responsible. The most 177 (b) Oxides such as BaO2, Na 2O2 etc., which contain
important is that hydrogen, like halogens accept an peroxide linkage (i.e.  O  O or O1−
2 ) on treatment
electron readily to achieve nearest inert gas
with dil. H2SO4 give H2O2 but dioxides (O == M == O,
configuration.
where, M is the metal atom) such as PbO2, MnO2, TiO2
169 (d) H+ always get associated with other atoms or do not give H2O2 on treatment with dil. H2SO4.
molecules. The reason is that, loss of an electron from
The reaction is shown below :
hydrogen atom results in a nucleus of very small size
as compared to other atoms or ions. Due to small size, BaO2 ⋅ 8 H2O( s ) + H2SO4 ( aq ) → BaSO4 ( s )
Hydrated barium
it cannot exist free. peroxide
+ H2O2 ( aq ) + 8H2O( l )
170 (c) The process of producing syn gas or synthesis gas Hydrogen
from coal is called ‘coal gasification’. peroxide
178 (b) The reactions are given below : B. Dihydrogen – Reducing agent
– Stoichiometric compounds of
Reduction
0
s-block elements
(i) H2O–1 + 2HI –1
I2 + 2H2O –2
2 – Zn + NaOH
Oxidation
– Zn + dil. H2SO4
Thus, here H2O2 oxidises HI into I 2 hence, it behaves – Synthesis of methanol
as oxidising agent. C. Heavy water – Prolonged electrolysis of water
D. Calgon – Na 2[ Na 4 ( PO3 )6 ]
Reduction – Softening of water
+1
(ii) HOCl + H2O–1
2 H3O + + Cl – + H2O02 E. Hydrogen peroxide – Oxidising agent
Oxidation – Reducing agent
F. Salt like hydrides – Stoichiometric compounds
Here, H2O2 reduces HOCl to Cl −1, thus it acts as a of s-block elements.
reducing agent. 184 (c) The correct match is :
179 (c) The reaction in which H2O2 is reduced, i.e. A. → ( 4 ); B. → ( 3 ); C. → ( 2 ); D. → (1)
oxidation state of oxygen decreases, shows the A. Atomic hydrogen (H) can be used in cutting and
oxidising nature of H2O2. e.g. welding.
B. Dihydrogen ( H2 ) can be used in
Decrease in O.N.
(Reduction) hydroformylation of olefin.
– –2 C. Water ( H2O ) can be reduced to dihydrogen by
2I + 2H+ +H2O–1
2 I02 + 2H2O
Oxidising NaH.
agent D. Hydrogen peroxide ( H2O2 ) used in the name of
Increase in O.N. (oxidation) perhydrol.

180 (b) H2O2 acts as an oxidising as well as reducing agents 185 (d) The correct match is :
in alkaline medium. The given reaction shows its A. → ( 5 ); B. → ( 4 ); C. → ( 2 ); D. → (1); E. → ( 3 )
reducing action in basic medium. A. Electrolysis of water produce hydrogen and
oxygen.
I2 + H2O2 + 2OH− → 2I − + 2H2O + O2
B. Lithium aluminium hydride is used as reducing
181 (a) Bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates of Ca and agent.
Mg are responsible for the hardness of water. C. Hydrogen chloride is a polar molecule.
182 (c) For water softening, sodium hexametaphosphate is D. Heavy water is used in atomic reactor as
used. Its chemical formula is Na 2[Na 4 (PO3 )6 ] moderator.
= Na6P6O18 . Its trade name is Calgon. E. Atomic hydrogen recombines on metal surface to
2CaCl 2 + Na 2[Na 4 (PO3 )6 ] → Na 2[Ca 2 (PO3 )6 ] +4NaCl generate high temperature.
(From hard Sodium Complex salt 186 (a) The correct match is :
water) hexametaphosphate (soluble)
A. → ( 2, 4 ); B. → ( 3 ); C. → (1, 3 )
183 (a) The correct match is : A. Hydrogen peroxide is used as a perhydrol and
A. → ( 9, 10 ); B. → ( 4 , 5, 7, 8, 9 ); C. → ( 6 ); propellant.
B. Sodium hexametaphosphate is used in Calgon
D. → (1, 3 ); E. → ( 2, 4 ); F. → ( 5 )
method.
A. Synthesis gas – Synthesis of methanol C. Permanent hardness of hard water is removed by
– Mixture of CO and H2 zeolite and sodium hexametaphosphate.