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    Lecture No 1 Biochemistry

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    w777yyd9k4
    This document provides an introduction to the key concepts in biochemistry. It defines biochemistry as the science concerned with the chemical basis of life and the molecules that occur in living cells. It discusses the main biomolecules - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids - and how they are assembled from simple monomers into complex polymers. The document also outlines some of the major organelles in cells, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum, and how they contribute to key biochemical processes. Students are expected to learn the structures and functions of the main biomolecules as well as basic biochemical processes in cells.

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    Lecture No 1 Biochemistry

    Uploaded by

    w777yyd9k4
    12 views28 pages
    This document provides an introduction to the key concepts in biochemistry. It defines biochemistry as the science concerned with the chemical basis of life and the molecules that occur in living cells. It discusses the main biomolecules - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids - and how they are assembled from simple monomers into complex polymers. The document also outlines some of the major organelles in cells, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum, and how they contribute to key biochemical processes. Students are expected to learn the structures and functions of the main biomolecules as well as basic biochemical processes in cells.

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    This document provides an introduction to the key concepts in biochemistry. It defines biochemistry as the science concerned with the chemical basis of life and the molecules that occur in living cells. It discusses the main biomolecules - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids - and how they are assembled from simple monomers into complex polymers. The document also outlines some of the major organelles in cells, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum, and how they contribute to key biochemical processes. Students are expected to learn the structures and functions of the main biomolecules as well as basic biochemical processes in cells.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views28 pages

    Lecture No 1 Biochemistry

    Uploaded by

    w777yyd9k4
    This document provides an introduction to the key concepts in biochemistry. It defines biochemistry as the science concerned with the chemical basis of life and the molecules that occur in living cells. It discusses the main biomolecules - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids - and how they are assembled from simple monomers into complex polymers. The document also outlines some of the major organelles in cells, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum, and how they contribute to key biochemical processes. Students are expected to learn the structures and functions of the main biomolecules as well as basic biochemical processes in cells.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 28

    Lecture 1

    Introduction to Biochemistry

    Introduction to biochemistry
    AMNU 214
    Introduction
     What is the Biochemistry?

     History and development

     How to study Biochemistry?


    1. Biochemistry
     Definition: The chemistry of life
     The science concerned with the chemical
    basis of life.

    I
     The science concerned with the various
    molecules that occur in living cells and
    organisms and with their chemical reaction.
    Biochemistry
     Aim: to describe and explain, in
    molecular terms, all chemical
    processes of living cells
     Structure-function
     Metabolism and Regulation
     How life began？
    Biochemistry
     Significance: be essential to all life
    sciences as the common knowledge
     Genetics; Cell biology; Molecular biology
     Physiology and Immunology
     Pharmacology and Pharmacy
     Toxicology; Pathology; Microbiology
    2. History and development of
    Biochemistry for information only

    1903, Neuberg (German):


    “Biochemistry”

    “Chemistry of Life”
    Two notable breakthroughs
    for information only

    (1) Discovery of the role of enzymes


    as catalysts
    (2) Identification of nucleic acids as
    information molecules

    Flow of information: from nucleic acids to proteins


    DNA RNA Protein
    for information only
    Some historic events
     In 1937， Krebs for the discovery of the
    Citric Acid Cycle-won the Nobel Prize in
    Physiology or Medicine in 1953
     In 1953，Watson & Crick for the discovery
    of the “DNA Double Helix” -won the Nobel
    Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1962
    3.What dose the Biochemistry discuss?
     structure and function of cellular
    components
     proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic
    acids and other biomolecules

     Metabolism and Regulation


     Gene expression and modulation

    DNA RNA Protein


    Polymers and Monomers
     Each of these types of molecules are
    polymers that are assembled from
    single units called monomers.

     Each type of macromolecule is an


    assemblage of a different type of
    monomer.
    Macromolecule Monomer

    Carbohydrates Monosaccharide

    Lipids Not always polymers;


    Hydrocarbon chains

    Proteins Amino acids

    Nucleic acids Nucleotides


    How do monomers form polymers?
     In condensation
    reactions (also
    called dehydration
    synthesis), a
    molecule of water
    is removed from
    two monomers as
    they are connected
    together.
    Anabolic

     Building block  Macromolecule


     Simple sugar  Polysaccharide
     Amino acid  Protein (peptide)
     Nucleotide  RNA or DNA
     Fatty acid  Lipid
    Catabolic
    4. Cells for information only

     Basic building blocks of life


     Smallest living unit of an organism
     A cell may be an entire organism (unicellular)
    or it may be one of billions of cells that
    make up the organism (multicellular).
     Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond
    to their environment

     Many cannot be seen with the naked eye


     a typical cell size is 10µm; a typical cell mass is
    1 nanogram.)
    for information only

    •Cell membrane & cell wall • Cell Membrane


    •Nucleoid region contains the DNA • Nucleus
    •Contain ribosomes (no membrane) • Cytoplasm with organelles
    for information only
    Characteristic Bio-membranes and Organelles

    •Plasma Membrane-Cell’s defining boundary


    Providing a barrier and containing
    transport and signaling systems.
    for information only

    •Nucleus – Cell’s information center


    Double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and
    the nucleolus. The place where almost all DNA
    replication and RNA synthesis occur. The nucleolus is
    a site for synthesis of RNA making up the ribosome

    • Mitochondria- the power generators


    Mitochondria : Surrounded by a double membrane with
    a series of folds called cristae. Functions in energy
    production through metabolism. Contains its own DNA.
    Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – The transport network for molecules

    •Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)


    Covered with ribosomes (causing the "rough"
    appearance) which are in the process of
    synthesizing proteins.
    for information only
    •Ribosomes
    Protein and RNA complex responsible for
    protein synthesis

    •Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)


    A site for synthesis and metabolism of lipids.
    •Golgi apparatus
    A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles
    carry materials from the RER to the Golgi
    apparatus. the proteins are "processed" to a
    mature form.

    for information only

    •Lysosomes-contain digestive enzyme


    A membrane bound organelle that is
    responsible for degrading proteins and
    membranes in the cell.

    •Cytoplasm
    enclosed by the plasma membrane, liquid
    portion called cytosol and it houses the
    membranous organelles.
    5. Biomolecules
     Just like cells are building blocks of tissues,
    biomolecules are building blocks of cells.
     Animal and plant cells contain approximately
    10,000 kinds of biomolecules.
     Water constitutes 50-95% of cells content
    by weight.
     Ions like Na+, K+ and Ca2+ may account for
    another 1%.
     Almost all other kinds of biomolecules are
    organic (C, H, N, O, P, S).
     Organic compounds are compounds composed
    primarily of a Carbon skeleton.
    Carbon can form immensely diverse T or F
    compounds, from simple to complex.

    simple complex

    Methane with 1 DNA with tens of Billions


    Carbon atom of Carbon atoms
    g-
    _

    Biomolecules
    are
    compounds
    of carbon
    with a variety
    of functional
    groups
    Types of biomolecules 3 types
     Small molecules:
     Lipid, phospholipid, glycolipid, sterol,
     Vitamin
     Hormone, neurotransmitter
     Carbohydrate, sugar
     Monomers:
     Amino acids
     Nucleotides
     Monosaccharides
     Polymers:
     Peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, proteins
     Nucleic acids, i.e. DNA, RNA
     Oligosaccharides, polysaccharides (including
    cellulose)
    Chemical composition of a normal man
    (weight 65 kg)

    Constituent Percent (%) Weight (kg)

    Water 61.6 40

    Protein 17.0 11

    Lipid 13.8 9

    Carbohydrate 1.5 1

    Minerals 6.1 4
    Structural hierarchy in the molecular organization of cells
    Similarities among all types of cells
     All cells use nucleic acids (DNA) to store
    information
     Except RNA viruses, but not true cells

     All cells use nucleic acids (RNA) to access


    stored information
     All cells use proteins as catalysts (enzymes) for
    chemical reactions
     Different types of lipids in different types of cells
     All cells use carbohydrates for cell walls (if
    present), and energy generation
    How much biochemistry do you need to
    know for this course?

    1. You are  Carbohydrates


    expected to learn  Lipids
    the structure and
    functions of these
     Proteins
    organic compounds:  Nucleic Acids

    2. You will be expected to learn the basic


    biochemical processes of major cell
    functions, such as respiration, protein
    synthesis and so on.

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