ST.

STEPHEN’S COLLEGE

CSEC Agricultural Science (Single Award) Investigate Report

LIVESTOCK INVESTIGATIVE PROJECT

Name of Student: Darren Ramnarine

Student Registration No.:

Name of School: St. Stephens College

Title of Project: The Effect of Stocking density on Broiler Production at St. Stephens College Trinidad
& Tobago

Project Start Date: 29th December 2022

Project End Date: 2nd February 2022

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Topics Pages
Introduction 2
Methodology 3-5
Broiler Production Activities 6-9
Results 10-13
Graphs 14-15
Discussion 16-19
Conclusion 20
Recommendations 21
References 22
Cost Analysis 23-28
Broiler Production Activities – Pictures 29

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 1

 INTRODUCTION

Background Information:

The ‘Gallus Gallus Domesticus’ or commonly referred to as ‘Broilers,’ is a type of chicken that is

reared specifically to produce meat for consumption. Due to this bird’s high feed conversion ratio, low

levels of activity and fast growth rates, the Broiler has become a popular choice of livestock amongst

farmers in the Caribbean. Some common breeds which are reared throughout the Caribbean include: the

Vantress Cross, the Peterson, and the Shaver. Typically, Broilers are reared for four to six weeks until

they obtain a weight of about two kilograms, before being slaughtered. Besides being a valuable

agricultural enterprise, which supplies farmers with substantial amounts of revenue on a commercial

scale, Broilers provide a great source of protein, and supplies the human body with nutrients such as

iodine, iron, zinc, B-12 vitamins, and essential fatty acids. In this experiment, the effects of Stocking

Density on Broiler production at St. Stephen’s College will be investigated.

Problem Statement: At St. Stephen’s College, the effects of Stocking Density on Broiler growth and

weight gain are undetermined.

Hypothesis: The Broilers present in the pen with a lower Stocking Density will have a greater weight.
Aim: To investigate the effects of Stocking Density on Broiler growth and weight gain at St. Stephen’s
College.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 2

 METHODOLOGY

Table 1. - Materials And Apparatus for Experiment

Materials Apparatus

Concrete Bricks 6 Waterers

5 Bags Of - Wood Shaving 2 Feeders

2 Bags Of - Starter Ration Feed Rake

2 Bags Of - Finisher Ration Feed 100-Watt Light Bulb

50 – Day Old Chicks Shovel

1 Pack of Vitalyte 60 kg Scale

Water Feed Bags

Disinfectant Buckets

Feed Scoop

Garden Hose

Broom

2 - Barrels

Chicken Wire

Sharp Knife

Outdoor Stove

Plucking Machine

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 3

Experimental Design: 29th December 2022 to 2nd February 2023

1) Fifty chicks were brooded for 2 weeks in one pen which provided 225 𝑐𝑚! per chick.

2) After brooding, 2 different pens of dimensions 2 𝑚 and 1 𝑚 respectively to give an area of 2 𝑚!

for each pen. One pen was labelled ‘Treated Pen’, and the other was labelled ‘Controlled Pen.’

3) Three waterers and one feeder were placed in each pen to occupy an area of 0.36 𝑚! leaving an

area of 1.64 𝑚! for the chickens.

4) Thirty birds were placed in the ‘Treated Pen’ and twenty birds were placed in the ‘Controlled

Pen.’

5) The Stocking Density for the ‘Controlled Pen’ was 12 birds per 𝑚! and the Stocking Density for

the ‘Treated Pen’ was 18 birds per 𝑚! .

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 4

Data Collection: Over the experimental period the following data was collected in tables and in graphs.

1) Average Weight: Upon the commencement of the experiment the chicks were weighed. The

Average Weight was calculated by weighing 3 birds from each pen, every week. The three

values were added up and then divided by three to calculate the weekly Average Weight

2) Average Feed Consumption per bird per week: The mass (g) of feed given to each pen, for every

week was recorded. The mass of the feed that remained at the end of every week for each pen

was also recorded. The Average Feed Consumption was calculated by subtracting the mass of

feed that remained weekly from the mass of the feed given to a specific pen weekly and then

dividing the result by the number of birds present in the respective pens.

3) Feed Conversion Ratio: The Feed Conversion Ratio was calculated using the following formula:
!""#$% '""( )*+,#" (.)
𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
!""#$% !").0+ .,)* (.)

4) Broiler Mortality: The Broiler Mortality was determined by counting the number of Broiler birds

present in each pen, each week.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 5

 BROILER PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES

● Slaughtering and Marketing

1. The desired bird to be slaughtered was selected.

2. The bird was placed under a bucket with its neck and head exposed.

3. The jugular vein of the bird which is in the neck was cut using a sharp knife and the bird would

be allowed to bleed for two minutes.

4. Scalding can now take place. The carcass of the bird was placed in a bucket of water at a

temperature of 60°C for one minute. Immediately after the feathers were removed in a plucking

machine.

5. The head and the neck were removed to allow the loosening up of the internal organs in the

upper cavity.

6. A cut was made all around the vent area to allow the removal of the offals. When the offals are

removed, the heart, liver, gizzard, and neck are separated and cleaned.

7. The bird carcass was then washed, and the heart, liver, gizzard, and neck were stuffed back into

the vent opening. The bird was packaged in a polythene bag and sent out to be sold or frozen.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 6

 ● Brooder Preparation

1. The Brooder was mended and fenced to prevent the entry of predators and 225𝑐𝑚! was allowed

per chick, space wise.

2. A footbath containing disinfectant was placed at the entrance of the brooder to prevent the

transfer of diseases.

3. The Brooder was sanitised two to three days prior to the arrival of the chicks.

4. Five to Seven inches of litter was placed over the concrete floor of the brooder to absorb

droppings and keep the chicks cool.

5. Sheets of newspaper were spread over the litter for the introduction of feed from the mini

feeders.

6. Mini waterers and mini feeders were introduced into the brooder.

7. Heat was provided to the chicks by suspending a 100-watt bulb.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 7

 ● Pen Preparation

1. Any old saw dust that was present in the pen was removed.

2. The pen was washed out using water and it was sanitised.

3. The pen was mended to prevent the entry of unwanted predators.

4. A footbath containing disinfectant was placed at the entrance of the pen to prevent the transfer of

diseases.

5. Ten to Fifteen centimetres of sanitised litter was placed on the floor to absorb droppings and

moisture.

● Nutrition

1. From week 1 to week 4, the Broiler Birds were given Starter Ration.

2. From week 5, the Broiler Birds were given a mixed ration consisting of both Starter and Finisher

ration.

3. From week 6 to the remainder of the Broiler Birds lifetime, they were given Finisher Ration.

● Litter Management

1. The Material that was used for litter was Wood Shavings.

2. The litter in the pens and brooder was broken up with a garden rake.

3. The litter was combined and mixed to incorporate any moisture and droppings and keep the litter

dry.

4. Any wet litter was removed with a shovel and replaced with fresh dry litter.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 8

 ● Weighing

1. The Broiler bird to be weighed was identified and using both hands the Broiler bird was captured

and held firmly.

2. The Broiler bird was placed on the scale and the weight value was recorded.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 9

 RESULTS

Average Live Weight of Broiler birds

Table 2. -Average Live Weight of Broiler Birds in Treated and Control Pens

Time (Weeks) Average Live Weight of Broiler Birds (g)

Treated Pen Control Pen

3 625 g 850 g

4 1488 g 1725 g

5 1900 g 2066 g

6 3100 g 3600 g

Based on the results collected above, the average Live Weight of the Broiler birds in the Treated

Pen for weeks 3, 4, 5 and 6 were 625 g, 1488 g, 1900g and 3100g respectfully. In the Controlled Pen,

the average Live Weight of the Broiler Birds were 850 g, 1725 g, 2066 g, and 3600 g. The difference

between the average weight of the Treated and Controlled pens for week 3 was 225 g, in week 4 a

difference of 237 g, in week 5 a difference of 166 g and in week 6 a difference of 500 g. From the data

collected it can be determined that the Broiler birds in the Control Pen had a higher Average Live

Weight than the Treated Pen.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 10

Average Feed Consumption per bird per week

Table 3. -Average Feed Consumption of Broiler in Treated and Control Pens

Time (Weeks) Average Feed Consumption per bird per week

Treated Pen Controlled Pen

3 417 g 575 g

4 1033 g 1125 g

5 1267 g 1280 g

6 1577 g 1763 g

Total Average Amount of 4294 g 4743 g

Feed Consumed
Based on the data collected, the Average Feed Consumption per bird per week for the Treated

Pen was 417 g for week 3, 1033 g for week 4, 1267 g for week 5 and 1577 g for week 6. In the

Controlled Pen, the Average Feed Consumption was 575 g for week 3, 1125 g for week 4, 1280 g for

week 5 and 1763 g for week 6. It was observed that the Controlled Pen had consumed a Total Average

Amount of Feed of 4743 grams, a 449 grams difference in feed when compared to the 4294 grams of

Total Average Feed Consumed by the Treated Pen.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 11

Feed Conversion Ratio of Broiler birds.

Table 4. -Feed Conversion Ratio of Broiler Birds in Treated and Control Pens

Time (Weeks) Feed Conversion Ratio of Broiler Birds

Treated Pen Controlled Pen

3 1.85 1.28

4 1.20 1.29

5 3.08 3.75

6 1.31 1.15

Average (F.C.R.) 1.86 1.87

The Feed Conversion Ratio in the Treated Pen for weeks 3, 4, 5, and 6 were 1.85, 1.20, 3.08 and

1.31, respectively and the Average F.C.R. was calculated to be 1.86. In the Controlled Pen, for weeks 3,

4, 5, and 6 were 1.28, 1.29 3.75 and 1.15 the Average F.C.R. was found to be 1.87. It was observed that

the progress of the F.C.R.s were not constant as the values fluctuated throughout the 5th to 6th week

period. Furthermore, the F.C.R.s were generally the same as the Controlled Pen’s F.C.R. was only

higher than the Treated Pen’s F.C.R by 0.01.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 12

Broiler Mortality

Table 5. -Broiler Mortality in Treated and Control Pens

Time (Weeks) Number Of Birds Surviving

Treated Pen Control Pen

3 30 20

4 30 20

5 30 20

6 28 19

The number of Broiler birds surviving in the Treated Pen for weeks 3, 4, 5, and 6 were 30, 30,

and 28 respectively. It can be observed that 2 birds died in the 6th week. The number of Broiler birds

surviving in the Controlled Pen for weeks 3, 4, 5, and 6 were 20, 20, 20 and 19. It can be observed that 1

bird died in week 6. Overall, the mortality rate in the Treated Pen is higher as 2 birds died in this pen as

compared to the Controlled pen in which one bird died.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 13

 GRAPHS

Figure 1. - Average Live Weight of Broiler Birds in Treated and Control Pens

Figure 2.- Average Feed Consumption of Broiler Birds in Treated and Control Pens

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 14

 Figure 3.- Feed Conversion Ratio of Broiler Birds in Treated and Control Pens

Figure 4.- Feed Conversion Ratio of Broiler Birds in Treated and Control Pens

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 15

 DISCUSSION

Average Live Weight of Broiler Birds:

In the 6th week of this experiment, it was observed that the Broiler birds in the Treated Pen had

an Average Live Weight of 3100 grams, while the Broiler birds in the Controlled Pen had an Average

Live Weight of 3600 grams. It can be determined that the birds in the Controlled Pen with the lower

stocking density of 12 birds per 𝑚1 had an average live weight of 500 grams, more than the Treated Pen

with the higher stocking density of 18 birds per 𝑚1 , at the end of the 6th week. This observation may be

since there is little to no competition in the Controlled Pen with the lower stocking density due to the

larger space available to each bird. This allows the birds easier access to feed which may result in an

increase in weight, as compared to the Treated Pen with a higher stocking density and a higher

competition due to the smaller space available to each bird, which may have limited the amount of feed

consumed by each bird and hence decreased their potential weight gain. Similar results were acquired in

a study done by (Puron et al.,1995) in which birds reared at a lower stocking density of 10 birds per 𝑚1

had an average live weight of 2604 grams, a 440 grams difference in average live weight compared to

the 2164 grams of average live weight by birds reared at a higher stocking density of 20 birds per 𝑚1 .

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 16

Average Feed Consumption per bird per week:

In this experiment over a four-week period (weeks 3 to 6), it was observed that the Broiler birds

in the Treated Pen had consumed a total of 4294 grams of feed per bird, while in the Controlled Pen the

Broiler birds had consumed a total of 4743 grams of feed per bird. It can be calculated that every bird in

the Controlled Pen consumed on average 449 grams of feed more than each bird in the Treated Pen. This

may be due to the Controlled Pen’s stocking density of 12 birds per 𝑚1 , allowing the Broiler birds

unrestrained access to the feed due to the reduced levels of competition. This contrasts when compared

to the Treated Pen with a stocking density of 18 birds per 𝑚1 and higher levels of competition, which

may have resulted in reduced accessibility of food for each Broiler bird. These results were seen in a

similar study conducted by (Liu et al., 2021) in which birds reared at a lower stocking density of 15

birds per 𝑚1 consumed 53.48 g of daily average feed per bird , a 4.61g difference in the daily average

feed consumption per bird when compared to the 48.87g of daily average feed consumed per bird at a

higher stocking density of 35 birds per 𝑚1 . These trends can be justified by a study conducted on

‘Broiler Production at Different Stocking Densities,’ by (Puron et al., 1995), in which it was determined

that “feed consumption declines as stocking density increases.”

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Feed Conversion Ratio of Broiler Birds

In this experiment over a four-week period (weeks 3 to 6), it was determined that the Broiler

birds in the Treated Pen had an Average F.C.R. of 1.86 and the Broiler birds in the Controlled Pen had

an Average F.C.R. of 1.87. Though the Average F.C.R. of the Controlled Pen is higher than the Average

F.C.R. of the Treated Pen by 0.01 it can be deduced that both Average F.C.R.s are generally the same.

This similarity may be since the same breed of Broiler birds was used in both pens of the experiment

which may have influenced the F.C.R.s of the birds in both pens throughout the weeks and eventually

the Average F.C.R. at the end of the experiment. Similar results were acquired in a study done by

(Kenan, 2008) in which Broiler birds reared at a Stocking Density of 15 𝑚1 had an average Feed

Conversion Ratio of 1.62 and Broiler birds reared at a Stocking Density of 25 𝑚1 had an identical

average Feed Conversion Ratio of 1.62. In a separate study conducted by (Puron et al., 1995), F.C.R. is

similar across all stocking densities used to rear Broilers.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 18

Broiler Mortality

In the 6th week of this experiment, it was observed that a total of 28 birds survived in the Treated

Pen out of the 30 pre-existing Broiler birds, while a total of 19 birds survived in the Controlled Pen out

of the 20 pre-existing Broiler birds. It can be deduced that two birds perished in the Treated Pen and one

bird perished in the Control Pen over the same four-week period. The difference in the deaths of the

broiler birds between the Treated and Control Pens may be attributed to increased levels of heat stress in

the Treated Pen due to a higher increased stocking density. This conclusion can be supported by a study

conducted by (Brossi et al., 2018) in which it was determined ‘The severity of heat stress results in a

higher number of deaths in broiler birds. The results obtained in this experiment is harmonious with the

results obtained in a similar study by (Turkyilmaz, 2008) in which Broiler birds reared at a stocking

density of 15 birds per 𝑚1 had a mortality rate of 6%, a significant difference when compared to the 12

% mortality rate amongst the Broiler birds reared at a stocking density of 25 birds per 𝑚1 .

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 19

 CONCLUSION

To conclude it was determined that Stocking Density influences Broiler Weight Gain at St. Stephen’s

College. This was noted as the Broiler Birds reared in the Control Pen at a lower stocking density of 12

birds per metres squared had a higher Average Feed Consumption per bird and sustained a higher

Average Live Weight that the Broiler Birds reared in Treated pen with the higher stocking density of 18

birds per metres squared. Notwithstanding, it was also observed that the Broiler Birds in the Control Pen

had a similar F.C.R and Broiler Mortality Rate as the Broiler birds in the Control Pen. Therefore, it is

that reducing stocking density in pens can increase overall broiler production.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 20

 RECOMMENDATIONS

It is recommended that:

1. Broiler birds should be reared at a wider range of stocking densities to accurately determine the
right stocking density to rear Broiler birds at to achieve maximum profit.
2. Use different Broiler breeds in the experiment to determine if they affect Broiler Weight Gain.

3. Increase the number of trials of the experiment to eliminate errors and obtain accurate results.

Limitations

Some limitations which affected the experiment include:

1. Broiler birds were only reared at two Stocking Densities.

2. Only one breed of Broiler bird was used in the experiment.

3. The Stocking Density values would have been affected due to birds dying in both Controlled and

Treated Pens.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 21

 REFERENCES

Liu, Z. L., J. J. Xue, X. F. Huang, Y. Chen, Q. G. Wang, S. Zhang, and C. Wang. 2021. “Effect of
Stocking Density on Growth Performance, Feather Quality, Serum Hormone, and Intestinal
Development of Geese from 1 to 14 Days of Age.” Poultry Science 100 (11): 101417.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101417.

Puron, Diego, Raul Santamaria, Jose C. Segura, and Jose L. Alamilla. 1995. “Broiler Performance at
Different Stocking Densities.” Journal of Applied Poultry Research 4 (1): 55–60.
https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/4.1.55.

T. Yanai, M. I. Abo-Samaha, S. E. El-Kazaz, and H. G. Tohamy. 2018. “Effect of Stocking Density on

Productive Performance, Behaviour, and Histopathology of the Lymphoid Organs in Broiler
Chickens.” European Poultry Science (EPS) 82 (October). https://doi.org/10.1399/eps.2018.247.

TÜRKYILMAZ, MEHMET. 2008. “The Effect of Stocking Density on Stress Reaction in Broiler
Chickens during Summer.” Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences 32 (1): 31–36.
https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/veterinary/vol32/iss1/6/.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 22

 COST ANALYSIS

Projected Income and Expenditure – This section contains the Projected Income and Expenditure

Statements.

Projected Income - Projected Income can be defined as an estimate of the financial results expected

from an enterprise in the future. In the table below, the Projected Income was calculated to be $ 1551.20.

Table 6.- Projected Income of Experiment

Item Quantity Unit Cost Total Cost

20 Broiler birds weighing 54.4 kgs of live weight $ 23.00 per kg $ 1251.20

2.72 kg each

Plucking of the 20 20 Broiler birds $ 15.00 per bird $ 300.00

Broiler birds

Total Projected Income: - - $ 1551.20

Projected Expenditure - Projected Income can be defined as an estimation of the summation of the

total fixed and operating expenses for a specific enterprise. In the table below, the Project Expenditure

was calculated to be $1310.00.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 23

Table 7.- Projected Expenditure of Experiment

Item Quantity Unit Cost Total Cost

Broiler chicks 20 chicks $ 8.00 per chick $ 160.00
Starter Ration 2 bags $ 275.00 per bag $ 550.00
Finisher Ration 2 bags $ 270.00 per bag $ 540.00
Vitalyte 1 pack $ 10.00 per pack $ 10.00
Wood Shavings 5 bags $ 10.00 per bag $ 50.00
Total Projected Expenditure: - - $ 1310.00

Projected Surplus / Loss

The Project Surplus / Loss was calculated using the following formula:

Projected Income – Projected Expenditure = Projected Surplus / Loss

$ 1551.20 - $ 1310.00 = $ 241.20

Projected Income > Projected Expenditure = Surplus

The Projected Surplus was calculated to be $ 241.20.

Actual Income and Expenditure – This section contains the Actual Income and Expenditure

Statements.

Actual Income – The term Actual Income refers to the revenue generated and received from the

production and marketing of an enterprise. In the table below, the Actual Income was calculated to be.

$ 1574.15.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 24

Table 8.- Actual Income of Experiment

Item Quantity Unit Cost Total Cost

19 Broiler birds weighing 56.05 kgs of live weight $ 23.00 per kg $ 1289.15

2.95 kgs each

Plucking of the 19 19 Broiler birds $15 per bird $ 285.00

Broiler Birds

Total Actual Income: - - $ 1574.15

Actual Expenditure – The term Actual Expenditure refers to a real summation of the total fixed and

operating expenses for a specific enterprise. In the table below, the Actual Expenditure was calculated to

be $1310.00.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 25

Table 9.- Actual Expenditure of Experiment

Item Quantity Unit Cost Total Cost

Broiler chicks 20 chicks $ 8.00 per chick $ 160.00

Starter Ration 2 bags $ 275.00 per bag $ 550.00

Finisher Ration 2 bags $ 270.00 per bag $ 540.00

Vitalyte 1 pack $ 10.00 per pack $ 10.00

Wood Shavings 5 bags $ 10.00 per bag $ 50.00

Total Actual Expenditure: - - $ 1310.00

Actual Surplus / Loss

The Actual Surplus / Loss was calculated using the following formula:

Actual Income – Actual Expenditure = Actual Surplus / Loss

$ 1574.15 - $ 1310.00 = $ 264.15

Actual Income > Actual Expenditure = Surplus

The actual Surplus was calculated to be $ 264. 15.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 26

Comparison of the Projected and Actual Income, Expenditure and Profit

Table 10.- Comparison of Projected and Actual Income, Expenditure and Profit

Criteria Actual Calculations Projected Calculations Difference

Income $ 1574.15 $ 1551.20 $ 22.95

Expenditure $ 1310.00 $ 1310.00 $ 0.00

Profit $ 264.15 $ 241.20 $ 22.95

Income

In this experiment, the Projected Income was calculated to be $1551.20, and the Actual Income

was calculated to be $1574.15. It can be observed that the Actual Income gained deviated from the

Projected Income by a sum of + $ 22.95. This deviation or increase in Actual Income is mainly

attributed to the Broiler birds weighing more than they had been expected to at the end of the six-week

experiment. This increase in weight meant that each of the birds could be sold for more money due to

the increased units of production (Weight-kg) resulting in an increase in the Actual Income gained.

Expenditure

In this experiment, the Projected Expenditure was calculated to be $1310.00, and the Actual

Expenditure was determined to be $1310.00. It is observable that the Actual Expenditure did not deviate

or change from the Projected Expenditure initially established resulting in a difference of $00.00 when

both the Actual and Projected Incomes were compared. This balanced Expenditure results, as no further

items were purchased and used during the duration of the experiment and therefore no further cost or

expenditure was developed, resulting in the maintenance of the Actual Expenditure.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 27

Profit

In this experiment, the Projected Profit was calculated to be $241.20, and the Actual Profit was

determined to be $264.15. It can be observed that the Actual Profit deviated from the Projected Profit by

a total of + $22.95. Profit is usually given in the form Income – Expenditure and as a result this course

of deviation or difference resulted as there was an increase in the Actual Income whilst the Actual

Expenditure Remained constant and equal to the Projected Expenditure. This increase in the Actual

Income proceeded as the number of units of weight produced by the broiler birds experienced an

increase. This resulted in a higher Actual Income and hence produced a higher Actual Profit after the

constant balanced Expenditure was subtracted.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that rearing Broiler birds at St. Stephen’s College, was a profitable enterprise as a

profit of $ 264.15 was obtained.

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 28

Broiler Production Activities – PICTURES

Litter Management Changing of the Waterers

Weighing of Broiler Bird

Darren Ramnarine – St. Stephen’s College 29