MATH 241 Linear Algebra and Ordinary Differential Equations

TUTORIAL

Question 1: Determine span {v1 , v 2 } for the given vectors in R3 .

a) v 1=( 1 ,−1 ,2 ) , v 2 =( 2,−1 ,3 )

3
Solution: Let’s say where v=(x , y , z ) any vector in R , x , y , z ∈ R

c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2=v

c 1 . ( 1 ,−1 , 2 ) +c 2 . ( 2 ,−1 , 3 )=( x , y , z)

The 3x2 linear system of equations;

c 1 +2 c 2=x
-c 1−c 2= y
2c 1 +3 c 2=z

We solve above system,

R1 + R2 → R2

( ) ( )
1 2 ⋮ x 1 2 ⋮ x
−1 −1 ⋮ y −2 R 1+ R 3 → R3 0 1 ⋮ x+ y
2 3 ⋮ z → 0 −1 ⋮ z−2 x
¿

( )
¿ R2 + R3 → R 3 1 2 ⋮ x
→ 0 1 ⋮ x+ y
¿ 0 0 ⋮ z+ y −x

If z + y−x ≠ 0, there is no solution. So we can not find any scalar c 1 , c2 ∈ R .

For solution, z + y−x=0 must be satisfied. Here we get x=z + y . The vector v becomes,

v=( x , y , z )=(z + y , y , z )

So; the vectors v 1=( 1 ,−1 ,2 ) , v 2 =( 2,−1 ,3 ) span the subspace of

span { v 1 , v 2 }={v =( z+ y , y , z ) : z , y ∈ R } is a subspace of

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 b) v 1=( 1 ,2 ,−1 ) , v 2 =(−2 ,−4 , 2 )

Solution:

Let’s say c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2=v where v=(x , y , z ) any vector in R3 .

c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2=v

c 1 . ( 1 , 2 ,−1 ) +c 2 . (−2 ,−4 , 2 )=( x , y , z)

The 3x2 system of linear equations;

c 1 +2 c 2=x
2c 1−4 c 2= y
−c 1 +2 c 2=z

We solve above system,

−2 R 1+ R 2 → R2
R 1+ R 3 → R3

( )(
1 −2 ⋮ x ¿

)
2 −4 ⋮ y 1 −2 ⋮ x
−1 2 ⋮ z ¿ 0 0 ⋮ y −2 x
0 0 ⋮ z+x
¿

If y−2 x ≠0 , or z + x ≠ 0, there is no solution. So we can not find any scalar c 1 , c2 ∈ R .

For solution, y−2 x=0 and z + x=0 must be satisfied.

Here we get, y=2 x and z=−x . The vector v becomes,

v=( x , y , z )=(x , 2 x ,−x )

So; v 1=( 1 ,2 ,−1 ) , v 2 =(−2 ,−4 , 2 ) span the subspace of R3

span { v 1 , v 2 }={v =( x , 2 x ,−x ) : x ∈ R is a subspace of . The subspace is the line with

Parametric equations through the origin in

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Question 2: Let W be the subspace of R3 spanned by the vectors v 1=( 1 ,1 ,−1 ) ,

v 2=( 2 ,1 , 3 ) , and v 3=(−2 ,−2 , 2 ).

Show that W is also spanned by v 1 and v 2 only.

Solution: Let’s find the subspace S which is spanned by v 1 , v 2 and v 3 .

c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2 +c 3 . v 3=v

c 1 . ( 1 , 1 ,−1 ) +c 2 . ( 2 , 1, 3 ) + c3 . (−2 ,−2 , 2 )=(x , y , z )

The system of equations;

c 1 +2 c 2−2 c3 =x
c 1 +c 2−2 c 3= y
−c 1 +3 c 2+ 2 c3=z

We solve above system,

−R 1+ R 2 → R2

( ) ( )
1 2 −2 ⋮ x 1 2 −2 ⋮ x
1 1 −2 ⋮ y R 1+ R 3 → R3 0 −1 0 ⋮ y −x
−1 3 2 ⋮ z → 0 5 0 ⋮ z+ x
¿

( )
¿−R2 → R 2 1 2 −2 ⋮ x
→ 0 1 0 ⋮ x− y
¿ 0 5 0 ⋮ z+x

( )
¿−5 R2 + R3 → R3 1 2 −2 ⋮ x
→ 0 1 0 ⋮ x− y
¿ 0 0 0 ⋮ z−4 x+ 5 y

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For solution, z−4 x+ 5 y=0 must be satisfied. And, we get, z=4 x−5 y .

So;
S={v =( x , y ,−4 x +5 y ) : x , y ∈ R }

is the subspace which is spanned by v 1 , v 2 and v 3 .

 Now, we have to show that, span {v1 , v 2 }=S .

c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2=v

c 1 . ( 1 , 1 ,−1 ) +c 2 . ( 2 , 1, 3 ) =(x , y , z)

The system of equations;

c 1 +2 c 2=x
c 1 +c 2= y
−c 1 +3 c 2=z

We solve above system,

−R1 + R2 → R 2

( ) ( )
1 2 ⋮ x 1 2 ⋮ x
1 1 ⋮ y R1 + R3 → R3 0 −1 ⋮ y −x
−1 3 ⋮ z → 0 5 ⋮ z+x
¿

( )
¿−R2 → R 2 1 2 ⋮ x
→ 0 1 ⋮ x− y
¿ 0 5 ⋮ z+ x

( )
¿−5 R2 + R3 → R3 1 2 ⋮ x
→ 0 1 ⋮ x− y
¿ 0 0 ⋮ z −4 x +5 y

Here, we get the same result. For solution, the equation z−4 x+ 5 y=0 must be satisfied. Then,

we can write z=4 x−5 y . Hence the vector v=(x , y , z ) becomes v=(x , y , 4 x−5 y )

So;

S={v =( x , y ,−4 x +5 y ) : x , y ∈ R } is the subspace which is also spanned by v 1 and v 2 .

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Question 3: Determine whether the given vector v lies in span { v 1 , v 2 } .

a) v=(3 , 3 , 4) , v 1=( 1 ,−1 ,2 ) , v 2 =( 2, 1 , 3 ) in R3

Solution:

v=(3 , 3 , 4) , v 1=( 1 ,−1 ,2 ) , v 2 =( 2, 1 , 3 )

c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2=v

c 1 . ( 1 ,−1 , 2 ) +c 2 . ( 2 , 1 ,3 )=(3 , 3 , 4)

The 3x2 system of linear equations;

c 1 +2 c 2=3
−c 1 +c 2=3
2 c 1+ 3 c2 =4

We solve above system;

R1 + R2 → R2

( ) ( )
1 2 ⋮ 3 1 2 ⋮ 3
−1 1 ⋮ 3 −2 R 1 + R 3 → R 3 0 3 ⋮ 6
2 3 ⋮ 4 → 0 −1 ⋮ −2
¿

( )
¿ R → R2 1 2 ⋮ 3
3 2 0 1 ⋮ 2
→ 0 −1 ⋮ −2
¿

( )
¿ R2 + R3 → R 3 1 2 ⋮ 3
→ 0 1 ⋮ 2
¿ 0 0 ⋮ 0

c 1 +2 c 2=3 and c 2=2

It is easy to find that c 1=−1 by using above equalities.

Then, we can write the vector v as : v=−1 v 1 +2 v 2

So, v lies in span { v 1 , v 2 }.

b ¿ v=(5 ,3 ,−6), v 1=(−1 ,1 , 2 ) , v 2=( 3 , 1,−4 ) in R3

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Solution:

v=(5 , 3 ,−6), v 1=(−1 ,1 , 2 ) , v 2=( 3 , 1,−4 )

c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2=v

c 1 . (−1 , 1 ,2 ) + c2 . ( 3 ,1 ,−4 )=(5 , 3 ,−6)

The system of equations;

−c 1 +3 c 2=5
c 1 +c 2=3
2 c 1−4 c 2=−6

We solve above system;

R 1+ R 2 → R 2

( ) ( )
−1 3 ⋮ 5 −1 3 ⋮ 5
1 1 ⋮ 3 −2 R 1 + R 3 → R 3 0 4 ⋮ 8
2 −4 ⋮ −6 → 0 −10 ⋮ −16
¿

( )
¿ R → R2 −1 3 ⋮ 5
4 2 0 1 ⋮ 2
→ 0 −10 ⋮ −16
¿

( )
¿ 10 R2 + R3 → R3 −1 3 ⋮ 5
→ 0 1 ⋮ 2
¿ 0 0 ⋮ 0

−c 1 +3 c 2=5
c 2=2

It is easy to find that c 1=1 by using above equalities.

Then, we can write the vector v as : v=1 v 1 +2 v 2

So, v lies in span { v 1 , v 2 }.

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Question 4: Determine whether the given set of vectors are linearly independent or linearly

dependent in Rn . In the case of linearly dependence, find a dependency relationship.

a) { (1 ,−1 ) , (1, 1)}

Solution: The vectors v 1=( 1 ,−1 ) , v 2=( 1 ,1 ) are in R2

For linearly independent,

c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2=0 if and only if when c 1=c 2=0.

Otherwise it is linearly dependent.

c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2=0

c 1 . ( 1 ,−1 )+ c2 . ( 1, 1 )=(0 , 0)

The system of equations;

c 1 +c 2=0
−c 1 +c 2=0

We solve above system;

¿ R 1+ R 2 → R2
¿
( 1 1 ⋮ 0
−1 1 ⋮ 0 ¿
1 1 ⋮ 0
0 2 ⋮ 0
)( )
¿

c 1 +c 2=0

2 c 2=0

Here we get, c 2=0 and c 1=0 , which implies that the system has only trivial solution c 1 ¿ c2 =0 .

Hence, { (1 ,−1 ) , (1, 1)} are linearly independent in R2

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 b) { (2 ,−1 ) , ( 3 , 2 ) ,(0 , 1)}

Solution: ( 2 ,−1 ) , ( 3 , 2 ) ,(0 ,1) vectors are in R2 .We have 3 vectors in R2 and dimension of R2 is

2. So, the number of vectors is greater than dimension of the space.

Hence ( 2 ,−1 ) , ( 3 , 2 ) ,(0 ,1) are linearly dependent in R2.

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 c) { (1 ,−1, 0 ) , ( 0 , 1 ,−1 ) ,(1 ,1 , 1)}

Solution: ( 1 ,−1 , 0 ) , ( 0 ,1 ,−1 ) , (1, 1 , 1) are in R3.

For linearly independent,

c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2 +c 3 . v 3=0 if and only if when c 1=c 2=c3 =0.

Otherwise it is linearly dependent.

c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2 +c 3 . v 3=0

c 1 . ( 1 ,−1 , 0 ) + c2 . ( 0 ,1 ,−1 )+ c 3 .(1 , 1 ,1)=(0 , 0 , 0)

The system of equations;

c 1 +c 3=0
−c 1 +c 2 +c 3=0
−c 2 +c 3=0

We solve above system;

( ) ( )
1 0 1 ⋮ 0 ¿ R 1+ R 2 → R 2 1 0 1 ⋮ 0
−1 1 1 ⋮ 0 → 0 1 2 ⋮ 0
0 −1 1 ⋮ 0 ¿ 0 −1 1 ⋮ 0

( )
¿ R2 + R3 → R 3 1 0 1 ⋮ 0
→ 0 1 2 ⋮ 0
¿ 0 0 3 ⋮ 0

c 1 +c 3=0
c 2 +2 c 3=0
3 c 3=0

Here we get, c 1=0 , c 2=0 and c 3=0 , which implies that the system has only trivial solution

c 1 ¿ c2 =c 3=0 . Hence, { (1 ,−1, 0 ) , ( 0 , 1 ,−1 ) ,(1 ,1 , 1)} are linearly independent in R3.

d) { (1 , 2 ,3 ) , ( 1 ,−1 , 2 ) ,(1 ,−4 , 1)}

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Solution: ( 1 , 2, 3 ) , ( 1 ,−1 ,2 ) ,(1 ,−4 ,1) are in R3.

For linearly independent,

c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2 +c 3 . v 3=0 if and only if when c 1=c 2=c3 =0.

Otherwise it is linearly dependent.

c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2 +c 3 . v 3=0

c 1 . ( 1 , 2 ,3 )+ c2 . ( 1,−1 ,2 )+ c3 .(1 ,−4 , 1)=(0 ,0 , 0)

The system of equations;

c 1 +c 2+ c 3=0
2 c 1−c 2−4 c 3=0
3 c 1+ 2 c2 +c 3=0

We solve above system;

−2 R1 + R2 → R2

( ) ( )
1 1 1 ⋮ 0 1 1 1 ⋮ 0
2 −1 −4 ⋮ 0 −3 R1 + R3 → R3 0 −3 −6 ⋮ 0
3 2 1 ⋮ 0 → 0 −1 −2 ⋮ 0
¿
−1

( )
¿ R → R2 1 1 1 ⋮ 0
3 2 0 1 2 ⋮ 0
→ 0 −1 −2 ⋮ 0
¿

( )
¿ R2 + R3 → R 3 1 1 1 ⋮ 0
→ 0 1 2 ⋮ 0
¿ 0 0 0 ⋮ 0
So, c 3=t when t ∈ R.

c 1 +c 2+ c 3=0
c 2 +2 c 3=0
c 3=t

Hence, c 3=t , c 2=−2t and c 1=t .

That means we have infinitely many solutions which is satisfying the equation

c 1 v 1 +c 2 v 2+ c 3 v 3=0.

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So, the vectors are linearly dependent.

Taking t=1 000, and substituting these values for c 1 , c2 , c 3 into the next equation.

c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2 +c 3 . v 3=0
We have,

1 v 1−2 v 2 +1 v 3 =0

Or equivalently,

v 1=2 v 2−v 3

Which can be easily verified using the given expression v 1 , v 2 and v 3 .

It follows that;

span { v 2 , v 3 }=span { v 1 , v 2 , v 3 }

Hence, { (1 , 2 ,3 ) , ( 1 ,−1 , 2 ) ,(1 ,−4 , 1)} are linearly dependent in R3.

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 e) { (1 ,−1, 2 , 3 ) , ( 2 ,−1, 1 ,−1 ) ,(−1 , 1 ,1 , 1) }

Solution: ( 1 ,−1 , 2 ,3 ) , ( 2 ,−1 , 1 ,−1 ) ,(−1 ,1 , 1 ,1) are in R4 .

For linearly independent,

c 1 v 1 +c 2 v 2+ c 3 v 3=0 if and only if when c 1=c 2=c3 =0.

Otherwise it is linearly dependent.

c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2 +c 3 . v 3=0

c 1 . ( 1 ,−1 , 2 ,3 )+ c 2 . ( 2 ,−1 , 1,−1 ) +c 3 . (−1 ,1 , 1, 1)=(0 , 0 ,0 , 0)

The system of equations;

c 1 +2 c 2−c 3=0
−c 1−c2 +c 3=0
2 c 1+ c 2+ c3 =0
3 c 1−c 2 +c 3=0

We solve above system;

R1 + R2 → R2
−2 R1 + R3 → R3
→

( )(
1 2 −1 ⋮ 0
−3 R 1+ R 4 → R 4
−1 −1 1 ⋮ 0

)
2 1 1 ⋮ 0 1 2 −1 ⋮ 0
3 −1 1 ⋮ 0 ¿ 0 1 0 ⋮ 0
0 −3 3 ⋮ 0
0 −7 4 ⋮ 0
¿

( ) ( )
3 R 2+ R 3 → R3 1 2 −1 ⋮ 0 1 1 2 −1 ⋮ 0
0 1 0 ⋮ 0 ¿ R3 → R3 0 1 0 ⋮ 0
7 R2 + R4 → R4 3
→ 0 0 3 ⋮ 0 → 0 0 1 ⋮ 0
¿ 0 0 4 ⋮ 0 ¿ 0 0 4 ⋮ 0

( )
1 2 −1 ⋮ 0
¿−4 R3 + R4 → R 4 0 1 0 ⋮ 0
→ 0 0 1 ⋮ 0
¿
0 0 0 ⋮ 0
c 1 +2 c 2−c 3=0 , c 2=0 , c 3=0 .

Here we get, c 1=0 , c 2=0 and c 3=0 , which implies that the system has only trivial solution

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c 1 ¿ c2 =c 3=0 . Hence, { (1 ,−1, 2 , 3 ) , ( 2 ,−1, 1 ,−1 ) ,(−1 , 1 ,1 , 1) are linearly independent in R4 .

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 f) { (2 ,−1 ,0 , 1 ) , (1 , 0 ,−1 , 2 ) , ( 0 ,3 , 1 , 2 ) ,(−1 ,1 , 2 ,1)}

Solution: ( 2 ,−1 , 0 , 1 ) , ( 1 , 0 ,−1 , 2 ) , ( 0 , 3 , 1, 2 ) ,(−1 , 1 ,2 , 1) are in R4 .

For linearly independent,

c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2 +c 3. v 3 +c 4 . v 4=0 if and only if when c 1=c 2=c3 =c 4=0.

Otherwise it is linearly dependent.

c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2 +c 3 . v 3+ c 4 . v 4 =0

c 1 . ( 2 ,−1 , 0 , 1 ) +c 2 . ( 1 , 0 ,−1 , 2 )+ c 3 . ( 0 , 3 ,1 , 2 ) +c 4 .(−1 , 1 ,2 , 1)=(0 , 0 , 0 , 0)

The system of equations;

2 c 1+1 c 2−c 4=0

−c 1 +3 c 3+ c 4=0
−c 2 +c 3 +2 c 4=0
c 1 +2 c 2+2 c 3 +c 4 =0

We solve above system;

( ) ( )
2 1 0 −1 ⋮ 0 1 2 2 1 ⋮ 0
−1 0 3 1 ⋮ 0 ¿ R 1 ↔ R 4 −1 0 3 1 ⋮ 0
0 −1 1 2 ⋮ 0 → 0 −1 1 2 ⋮ 0
¿
1 2 2 1 ⋮ 0 2 1 0 −1 ⋮ 0

( )
R 1+ R 2 → R 2 1 2 2 1 ⋮ 0
−2 R1 + R4 → R 4 0 2 5 2 ⋮ 0
→ 0 −1 1 2 ⋮ 0
¿ 0 −3 −4 −3 ⋮ 0

( )
1 2 2 1 ⋮ 0
¿ R2 ↔ R3 0 −1 1 2 ⋮ 0
→ 0 2 5 2 ⋮ 0
¿
0 −3 −4 −3 ⋮ 0

( )
1 2 2 1 ⋮ 0
¿−R2 → R2 0 1 −1 −2 ⋮ 0
→ 0 2 5 2 ⋮ 0
¿
0 −3 −4 −3 ⋮ 0

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 ( )
−2 R2 + R3 → R3 1 2 2 1 ⋮ 0
3 R 2+ R 4 → R 4 0 1 −1 −2 ⋮ 0
→ 0 0 7 6 ⋮ 0
¿ 0 0 −7 −6 ⋮ 0

( )
1 2 2 1 ⋮ 0
¿ R3 + R 4 → R4 0 1 −1 −2 ⋮ 0
→ 0 0 7 6 ⋮ 0
¿
0 0 0 0 ⋮ 0

( )
1 2 2 1 ⋮ 0
1
¿ R + R 4 → R4 0 1 −1 −2 ⋮ 0
7 3 6
→ 0 0 1 ⋮ 0
7
¿
0 0 0 0 ⋮ 0

So, c 4 =t when t ∈ R.

c 1 +2 c 2+2 c 3 +c 4 =0
c 2−c3−2 c 4=0
6 −11 8 −6
c 3 + c 4 =0 Hence, c 1= t , c 2= t ,c 3= t and c 4 =t .
7 7 7 7

That means we have infinitely many solutions which is satisfying the equation

c 1 v 1 +c 2 v 2+ c 3 v 3+ c 4 v 4 =0.

So, the vectors are linearly dependent.

Taking t=1, and substituting these values for c 1 , c2 , c 3 , c 4 into the above equation.We have,

−11 8 6
v + v 2− v 3 + v 4=0
7 1 7 7

Or equivalently,

11 8 6
v 4= v− v+ v
7 1 7 2 7 3

Which can be easily verified using the given expression v 1 , v 2 , v 3 and v 4 .

It follows that;
span { v 1 , v 2 , v 3 }=span { v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , v 4 }

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Hence, { (2 ,−1 ,0 , 1 ) , (1 , 0 ,−1 , 2 ) , ( 0 ,3 , 1 , 2 ) , (−1 , 1, 2 , 1 ) } are linearly dependent in R4 .

Question 5: Determine all values of the constant k for which the given set of vectors is

linearly independent in R4 .

{ (1 , 0 , 1 ,k ) , (−1 , 0 , k ,1 ) ,(2, 0 , 1 ,3) }

Solution: ( 1 , 0 ,1 , k ) , (−1 ,0 ,k , 1 ) ,(2 , 0 ,1 , 3) are in R4 .

For linearly independent,

c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2 +c 3 . v 3=0 if and only if when c 1=c 2=c3 =0.

Otherwise it is linearly dependent.

c 1 . v 1+ c 2 . v 2 +c 3 . v 3=0

c 1 . ( 1 , 0 ,1 , k )+ c 2 . (−1 ,0 , k , 1 ) +c 3 .(2 , 0 ,1 , 3)=(0 ,0 , 0 , 0)

The system of equations;

c 1−c 2 +2 c 3=0
c 1 +k c 2 +c 3=0
k c 1 +c 2 +3 c 3=0

We solve above system;

−R 1+ R 2 → R2

( ) ( )
1 −1 2 ⋮ 0 1 −1 2 ⋮ 0
1 k 1 ⋮ 0 −kR1 + R3 → R3 0 k +1 −1 ⋮ 0
k 1 3 ⋮ 0 → 0 k +1 3−2 k ⋮ 0
¿

( )
¿−R2 + R3 → R 3 1 −1 2 ⋮ 0
→ 0 k +1 −1 ⋮ 0
¿ 0 0 4−2 k ⋮ 0

For a trivial solution (c 1=c 2=c3 =0) ; the equations

4−2 k ≠ 0 and k +1 ≠ 0 k ≠ 2 and k ≠−1

Must be satisfied. Otherwise, we can find infinitely many solutions and it makes our vectors
linearly dependent.

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Hence, ( 1 , 0 ,1 , k ) , (−1 ,0 ,k , 1 ) ,(2 , 0 ,1 , 3)} are linearly independent in R4 when k ∈ R ¿−1 , 2}.

Question 6: Determine whether the given set of vectors are linearly independent in M 2 (R)

A 1= (10 11) , A =(20

2
−1
1 )
, A3 =
3 6
0 4
. ( )
Solution:

For linearly independent,

c 1 A 1+ c 2 A2 +c 3 A 3=0 if and only if when c 1=c 2=c3 =0.

Otherwise it is linearly dependent.

c 1 . A 1+ c2 . A 2+ c 3 . A3=0

c1 . (10 11)+ c .(20

2
−1
1 ) ( )( )
+ c3.
3 6
0 4
=
0 0
0 0

The system of equations;

c 1 +2 c 2+3 c 3=0
c 1−c 2 +6 c 3=0
c 1 +c 2+ 4 c3 =0

We solve above system;

−R1+ R2 → R2

( ) ( )
1 2 3 ⋮ 0 1 2 3 ⋮ 0
1 −1 6 ⋮ 0 −R 1 + R 3 → R 3 0 −3 3 ⋮ 0
1 1 4 ⋮ 0 → 0 −1 1 ⋮ 0
¿
−1

( )
¿ R → R2 1 2 3 ⋮ 0
3 2 0 1 −1 ⋮ 0
→ 0 −1 1 ⋮ 0
¿

( )
¿ R2 + R3 → R 3 1 2 3 ⋮ 0
→ 0 1 −1 ⋮ 0
¿ 0 0 0 ⋮ 0
So, c 3=t when t ∈ R.

c 1 +2 c 2+3 c 3=0
c 2−c3=0

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 c 3=t

Hence, c 3=t , c 2=t and c 1=−5 t .

That means we have infinitely many solutions which is satisfying the equation

c 1 . A 1+ c2 . A 2+ c 3 . A3=0.

So, the vectors are linearly dependent.

[t=1; −5. A 1 +1. A 2+1 . A 3=0 ]

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Question 7: Determine whether the given set of vectors is linearly independent in P1

p1 ( x ) =1−x , p2 ( x ) =1+ x

Solution: p1 ( x ) , p 2 ( x ) are in P1 .

For linearly independent,

c 1. p1 ( x ) +c 2 . p2 ( x )=0 if and only if when c 1=c 2=0.

Otherwise it is linearly dependent.

c 1 . p1 ( x )+ c 2 . p 2 ( x )=0

c 1 . ( 1−x ) + c2 . ( 1+ x ) =0+0 x

The system of equations;

c 1 +c 2=0
−c 1 +c 2=0

We solve above system;

¿ R1 + R2 → R2
( 1 1 ⋮ 0
−1 1 ⋮ 0 ) →
¿
(
1 1 ⋮ 0
0 2 ⋮ 0 )
c 1 +c 2=0

2 c 2=0

Here we get, c 2=0 and c 1=0 , which implies that the system has only trivial solution c 1 ¿ c2 =0 .

Hence, { p1 ( x ) , p2 ( x ) } are linearly independent in P1.

Polynomials : a x 0 +b x 1+ c x 2 +d x3 ∈ P3

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