This document provides an overview of drainage system design, installation requirements, and maintenance. It discusses above and below ground drainage systems, including sanitary fixtures, pipe materials, venting requirements, traps, manholes, and acceptance testing. It emphasizes the importance of proper drainage system maintenance to prevent issues like landslides, and outlines survey, cleaning, inspection, and repair best practices. Regulations and standards from the Buildings Department and other authorities that govern drainage systems are also referenced.
This document provides an overview of drainage system design, installation requirements, and maintenance. It discusses above and below ground drainage systems, including sanitary fixtures, pipe materials, venting requirements, traps, manholes, and acceptance testing. It emphasizes the importance of proper drainage system maintenance to prevent issues like landslides, and outlines survey, cleaning, inspection, and repair best practices. Regulations and standards from the Buildings Department and other authorities that govern drainage systems are also referenced.
This document provides an overview of drainage system design, installation requirements, and maintenance. It discusses above and below ground drainage systems, including sanitary fixtures, pipe materials, venting requirements, traps, manholes, and acceptance testing. It emphasizes the importance of proper drainage system maintenance to prevent issues like landslides, and outlines survey, cleaning, inspection, and repair best practices. Regulations and standards from the Buildings Department and other authorities that govern drainage systems are also referenced.
This document provides an overview of drainage system design, installation requirements, and maintenance. It discusses above and below ground drainage systems, including sanitary fixtures, pipe materials, venting requirements, traps, manholes, and acceptance testing. It emphasizes the importance of proper drainage system maintenance to prevent issues like landslides, and outlines survey, cleaning, inspection, and repair best practices. Regulations and standards from the Buildings Department and other authorities that govern drainage systems are also referenced.
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RECO1006 Construction II
Drainage System
Edward CY YIU Department of Real Estate and Construction January 2007
Learning Objectives Design of Drainage System Sanitary Fitments Above ground drainage systems One-pipe and two-pipe systems Drainage Installation Requirements Drainage systems for soil, waste, rain water and grease Vent pipe and anti-siphonage system Manholes and last manhole Vent
Below ground (Sewage) drainage systems
Maintenance of Drainage System
Survey Repair
Links Buildings Ordinance, Laws of Hong Kong Chapter 123 http://www.justice.gov.hk/ CAP 123I: Building (Standards of Sanitary Fitments, Plumbing, Drainage Works and Latrines) Regulations Guidelines on Maintenance and Repair of Drainage System and Sanitary Fitments Flood prevention Sewage strategy and facilities
Drainage Services Department (DSD), Hong Kong http://www.info.gov.hk/dsd/
Environmental Protection Department (EPD), Hong Kong http://www.infor.gov/hk/epd/ 2
Sewerage[1] Capacity Everyday, the people of Hong Kong produce some 2.6 million cubic metres of sewage, enough to fill up more than 1,400 Olympic-size swimming pools. This sewerage system includes a sewerage network of over 1,525 kilometres in total length and around 260 plants ranging from preliminary treatment (screening) plants to secondary treatment (biological) plants treating sewage from residential, commercial and industrial premises in the territory prior to disposal to the sea for dilution and dispersion through submarine outfalls. [1] Drainage and Sewerage Systems refers to liquid waste disposal systems, solid waste disposal will be separately discussed. http://www.dsd.gov.hk/sewerage/sewerage_strategy/index.htm
Authority Building (Standards of Sanitary Fitments, Plumbing, Drainage Works and Latrines) Regulations [B(SSF)R]
Building Services Framework
Water in Plumbing System
Water out Drainage System
People out Transportation System
People / Goods in Transportation System (Lifts and Escalators) Energy in Electricity Supply Systems Air in MVAC System Fire in Gas Supply System Light in Lighting System Sound in Acoustics System
Waste out Waste Disposal System Energy out - OTTV Air Out MVAC System Fire out Fire Safety System Light out Lighting System (blinds) Sound out Acoustics System 5
Drainage Connections Plumbing system Faucet Above ground drainage system
Males to Females Ratio It is recommended that the ratio of male person to female person be taken as 1:1 for office accommodation. as 1:1.25 for places of public entertainment and cinemas see table for shopping arcades, and department stores.
in the assessment of populations for the provision of sanitary fitments for both male and female persons PNAP 297 and B(SSF)R s5(5)(c), 6(3)(b) and 7(3)(b) 9
Nos. of Sanitary Fitments (Contd)
10
PNAP 297 and B(SSF)R s5(5)(c), 6(3)(b) and 7(3)(b)
Two-pipe System Soil and waste stacks are separately provided, with its own vent. Advantages?
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2-pipe system Soil stack Vent pipe for soil stack
External u-traps
Waste stack
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One-pipe Drainage System in an Ageing Building Elevation
Vent Pipe (VP) for what purposes?
Soil and Waste Pipe (S&WP) in a One-pipe System Rain Water Pipe (RWP) Cleaning eye
Sufficient fall 16
Vent Pipe preventing loss of water seals in traps; is up to a height > 1m above roof; Covered with a wire cage .
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Provision of Cleaning Eye
Cleaning eye
How to indicate drainage arrangement on a plan? Find one example yourself
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Two-pipe System, Hoppers for Waste Stack, Stacks on External Wall
A common arrangement of Waste Stack piping in ageing buildings in Hong Kong; Pros and Cons? Any vent pipe for waste stack? Is it still allowed for new developments, why? Hopper VP Soil Stack 19
Traps Why trap? P-Trap
Bottle-Trap (Anti-siphonage how?) Require minimum water seal of 50mm (for soil fitments) and 40mm (for waste fitments)
S-Trap
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10
Functions of a Trap
SARS is the result of lacking water in the U-traps of the drainage system?!
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Proposed New Traps
Why lossing water seal in traps? Self-siphonage where the discharge of waste water created a partial vacuum in the branch pipe thereby drag the water in the trap away. Induced siphonage where the water running down the stacks created a partial vacuum behind it thereby drag the water in the trap away. Compression or back pressure occurred at the lowest floors where the stack change direction. Natural evaporation.
How to prevent? Anti-siphonage pipes and traps Back-filling arrangement (figure) W-trap (being trying by the HKHA) Self-refilling function 22
S.44 B(SSF)R Cast iron or approved True bore, smooth internal surface and impervious Protected against rust Galvanized mild steel UPVC (Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride) 25
Why UPVC is nowadays the most common used one?
PNAPs PNAP 157 - Test of Drain (BSSF,P,DW&L)R 73) Cert on completion of drain test is required w/in 7 days of drain test (What is the test?) BD may not attend the test
PNAP 211 - Planning and Design of Drainage Works
BO 28(1) : all common underground drains shall run in COMMON AREA or alternative provisions made for easy access
PNAP 238 - Disposal of A/C condensation
required to indicate on plan 26
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Underground Drainage Authority: Water Pollution Control Ordinance Departments: Environmental Protection Department requiring that all waste water produced from the premises be conveyed to a specified location, the terminal manhole, for connection to the public sewer when one is available. It is an offence not to comply with the requirements in a notice. The maximum penalty is a fine of $100,000 and a daily fine of $5,000 if the offence is proved to be continued.
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Acceptance Test(s) of Drainage System
Water test (the most commonly used for underground drains in HK) Temporarily seal ends of drains and connections with approved plugs; Fill system with water to produce 1.5m head at high end; Allow for initial absorption; Loss of water over 30 minutes to be measured by adding water at 10 minutes intervals;
Air test Smoke test
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Petrol Interceptor EPD PN 5/93, PNAP 124 Petro-interceptor (BSSF)R 90) Assume flatted factory will discharge noxious effluent, no connection to storm-water drainage Servicing and parking of vehicles requires petrol interceptor
Separate system: Foul water (soil and waste water) -> foul sewer Rainwater/surface water -> storm water sewer
Combined system: Foul water and rainwater are drained to the foul sewer
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Source of figure: http://www.winnipeg.ca/WaterAndWaste/sewage/systemOperation.stm
Materials and Size of Underground Drainage Pipe
Drainage pipes shall have a minimum diameter of 150mm and be of the following materials or other materials approved by DSD : (i) Foul sewer - vitrified clay, ductile iron, uPVC (ii) Storm water drain - concrete, ductile iron, uPVC Diameter (mm) 100 150 225 300 Fall
1:40 1:70 1:100 1:150
Foul sewers should be designed so that the velocity of the flow will exceed the self-cleansing velocity on a regular basis. As a general guide, the minimum fall of foul sewers is as follows :-
Source: B(SSF)R and Works Bureau (2000) Practitioner's Guidelines on Drainage Connection, Revision (April 2000)
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Manholes S.49, s.55 B(SSF)R requires manhole provision when Change in direction >45 degree Change in gradient Interval > 60m
S.56 B(SSF)R 215 thick brickwork in cement mortar or 125 thick 1:2:4 reinforced concrete or other approved Benching 1:2 Inside surface cement rendered Cast iron cover (double-sealed airtight cover if inside or under a building) 33
Manhole Plan
34
17
Manhole Standard Drws
35 Source: DSD standard drws
Terminal Manhole Characteristics: Trapped Rodding arm for cleaning Opening for FAI Steps for maintenance 36 Source: DSD standard drws
18
FAI for Terminal Manhole
37
Double-sealed Airtight Cover
38 Source: DSD standard drws
19
Back Inlet Trapped Gully (B.I.T.G)
Use of BITG for collection of surface water and connection to foul water drain (combined system). Source: http://www.geberit.co.uk/geberit/inet/uk/wcmsuk.nsf/Pages/serv-clau-1 39
Maintenance of Drainage System
Lack of maintenance resulted in tragedies Kwun Lung Lau landslip on 23 July 1994 See Report on the Kwun Lung Lau Landslide of 23 July 1994 (2000), 365 p. (by N.R. Morgenstern & Geotechnical Engineering Office)
Survey Water leakage detection system
Maintenance High pressure water jetting for cleansing Annual CCTV inspection Buildings Departments Guidelines
References Video Presentation: "Simplified drainage systems for large buildings" [8.5 min.] [AV 628.4 S61] Books: Barry, R. (1996) The Construction of Buildings, Blackwell Science, London [690 B281] Burberry, P. (1997) Environment and Services, Addison Wesley Longman, Essex [696 B94] Chadderton, D. V., 2000. Building Services Engineering, 3rd ed., Chps. 7-9, E & FN Spon, London & New York. [696 C43] Hall, F., 1994. Plumbing, Cold Water Supplies, Drainage and Sanitation, 3rd ed., Chps. 5-9, Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex. [696.1 H17 p] Hall, F. (1995) Essential Building Services and Equipment, Newes, Oxford [696 H17e] Morgenstern, N.R. and Geotechnical Engineering Office (2000) Report on the Kwun Lung Lau Landslide of 23 July 1994, Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong. Codes of Practice: British Standards Institution (1978) BS5572: 1978, Code of Practice for Sanitary Pipework, BSI, UK. British Standards Institution (1985) BS8301: 1985, Code of Practice for Building Drainage, BSI, UK. Buildings Department (2005) Guidelines on Maintenance and Repair of Drainage System and Sanitary Fitments (1 page guidelines), Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong. Buildings Department (2004) What you need to know about Drainage Maintenance (1 page guidelines), Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong. 43
The End For enquiries, please send email to Edward CY YIU Department of Real Estate and Construction The University of Hong Kong
Hydraulic Tables; The Elements Of Gagings And The Friction Of Water Flowing In Pipes, Aqueducts, Sewers, Etc., As Determined By The Hazen And Williams Formula And The Flow Of Water Over The Sharp-Edged And Irregular Weirs, And The Quantity Discharged
Hydraulic Tables; The Elements Of Gagings And The Friction Of Water Flowing In Pipes, Aqueducts, Sewers, Etc., As Determined By The Hazen And Williams Formula And The Flow Of Water Over The Sharp-Edged And Irregular Weirs, And The Quantity Discharged
