Module 3

MODULE NO.
: 3 Teacher: Nelson Cossa
Subject: Chemistry Gr8 DATE: 07/02 – 11/02

International School Parent’s Signature:_______ Marks:_________/20
TOPIC: Experimental Design
In order to communicate effectively, scientists all over the world use the International System of
Units (SI units) as common standard for their measurements. In laboratory, measurements are
usually carried out to find the following:
 Time taken for reactions;

 Mass of substances;
 Volume of liquids and gases;
 Temperature of substances.
Measuring time
In laboratory, time is usually measured by a digital stopwatch. The SI unit of time is seconds (s).
Other common units are minutes (min) and hours (h).
The digital stopwatches accuracy in reading is the nearest second.
Figure 1: A digital stopwatch
Measuring temperature
Temperature is measured using a thermometer of mercury or alcohol. The SI unit of temperature is
Kelvin (K) but the most common is Celsius (oC). The accuracy of the thermometer is 0.5 oC.
Figure 2: An alcohol in glass thermometer
Measuring mass
Mass is measured using an electronic balance or a triple beam. The SI unit of mass is kilogram
(Kg). Other common units are gram (g) and milligram (mg).
The accuracy of an electronic balance is up to 0.001 g and for a triple beam is 0.1 g.
Figure 3: An electronic balance (at the left) and a triple beam (at the right)
Measuring volume of a gas

In laboratory, gases are usually measured using a gas syringe. The SI unit of volume is m3. Other
common units are litres (l), cubic centimetres which is commonly used for measuring volume of
gases (cm3).
The accuracy of a gas syringe is 1 cm3.

Measuring volume of a liquid
There are several apparatus used for measuring volume of liquids. The proper apparatus will
depend on what we want to measure. In this section, we will focus on beaker, measuring
cylinders, burettes and pipettes. The units of volume are obviously the same mentioned on the
previous subtopic.
Beaker is commonly used to estimate volume of liquid.
Measuring cylinders are more accurate than beaker. It´s accuracy is up to 1 cm3.
Burettes are used to measure volumes of liquids accurately. It measures up to 0.1 cm3
Pipettes are used to measure fixed volumes of liquids accurately. Example: 10.0, 20.0 and 25.0
cm3.
Figure 4: Beaker, Measuring cylinders, burettes and pipettes (from left to right)
Solutions
The complete mixture between two or more different substances to become one single state or
phase is called solution. Example: salt dissolves in water to produce a liquid mixture.
Figure 5: Particles of salty water solution
Solution is composed by a solute which is the substance that is dissolved in a solvent; and solvent
which is the substance that dissolves a solute.
Saturated solution is a solution saturated solution containing the maximum concentration of a
solute dissolved in the solvent at a specific temperature. When the solution can still be dissolved, is
called an unsaturated solution and when a solution have more solute concentration than the
maximum concentration that a solute can be dissolved in a solvent is called supersaturated
solution.
If two liquids can be mixed, it is called miscible liquids. Ex: Alcohol and water mix completely
If two liquids can´t be mixed, we call it immiscible liquids. Water and oil is a typical example of
immiscible liquids.
Pure substances
A pure substance has no particles of any other substance mixed with it.
When a substance is not pure (is mixed with something), its boiling and melting point changes
widely. The presence of impurity in a substance, lowers the melting point and raises the boiling
point.
It´s important to mention that not everything dissolves so easily because how easily a substance
dissolves depends on the particles in it. Look the examples on the table below.
Compound Mass (g) dissolving in 100 g of water at 25 oC

Silver nitrate 241.3
Calcium nitrate 102.1
Sugar (glucose) 91.0
Potassium nitrate 37.9
Potassium sulfate 12,0
Calcium hydroxide 0.113
Calcium carbonate (chalk) 0.0013
Silver chloride 0.0002
Table 1: Solubility of some compounds in 100 g of water at 25 oC
So silver nitrate is much more soluble than sugar but potassium nitrate is a lot less soluble than
sugar and the last two substances in the table dissolves so very little in water, this substances are
called insoluble. It all depends on the particles.
A soluble solid usually gets more soluble as the temperature rises.

Exercises
1. Explain the function of the following apparatus:

a) Beakers -
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b) Burettes
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c) Pipettes
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d) Erlenmeyer Flasks
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e) Test tubes
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2. What do you understand by the term solution?
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3. Define solvent and solute.
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4. Pure water boils at 100 oC and freezes at 0 oC. What is the boiling and melting/freezing point
after the addition of potassium chloride?

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MODULE NO.

: 3 Teacher: Nelson Cossa

Subject: Chemistry Gr8 DATE: 07/02 – 11/02

TOPIC: Experimental Design

 Time taken for reactions;

The digital stopwatches accuracy in reading is the nearest second.

Figure 1: A digital stopwatch

Measuring volume of a gas

The accuracy of a gas syringe is 1 cm3.

Beaker is commonly used to estimate volume of liquid.

Figure 5: Particles of salty water solution

Compound Mass (g) dissolving in 100 g of water at 25 oC

A soluble solid usually gets more soluble as the temperature rises.

1. Explain the function of the following apparatus:

2. What do you understand by the term solution?

3. Define solvent and solute.

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