Chapter 2:

RIZAL'S
CENTURY
Presentation by: Group 1
OVERVIEW
1. The 19th Century
Economic Development
Political Development
Cultural Development
Religion Development
Main Currents of the National Movement
2. The Needs for Reform
3. The Conditions of Europe, America and Asia
4. The Changing Religious Front in the Philippines:
Secularization
 ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
WHY WAS THERE
ECONOMIC
GROWTH IN THE
19TH CENTURY?
MERCANTILIST ECONOMY VS
LAISSEZ FAIRE ECONOMY

Mercantilist Economy is an economic system used to unify and increase the

01 power and monetary wealth of a country by strict government regulation of trade
and foreign trading monopolies.

02 Laissez-faire is an economic theory from the 18th century that opposed any
government intervention in business affairs.
 REASONS WHY THERE
WAS ECONOMIC GROWTH:
Opening of the ports to world trade

Rise of the export economy

Rise of the Filipino middle and upper class

Education of their Children

 Industrialization

Growth of Global Trade

Impact of Immigration

The Role of Technological Advancement

(6) SIX DIFFERENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC
POLICIES:

REDUCCION BANDALA

The natives are forced to live in the The natives are obliged to sell their products
place near the center and they to the Spaniards even in the lowest price
and sometimes the Spaniards will just issue
could hear the sound of the bell.
some promissory notes.
(6) SIX DIFFERENT SOCIO-
ECONOMIC POLICIES:

The natives are forced to live in the place near the center and
1.Reduccion they could hear the sound of the bell.

The natives are obliged to sell their products to the Spaniards

even in the lowest price and sometimes the Spaniards will just
issue some promissory notes.
3.Forced Labor Drafted laborers were either Filipino or Chinese male
or Polo Y meztizos who were obligated to give personal service to
Servicios community projects, like construction and repair of infrastructure
, church construction, or cutting logs in forest, for forty (40) days.
All able-bodied males, from 16-60 years of old, except chieftains
and their elder sons, were required to render labor for these
various projects in the colony. This was instituted in 1580 and
reduced to 15 days per year in 1884 (Constantino,1975).

Effects of Polo Y Servicios

Decrease in the Production in Agriculture
Decrease in Population
Rebellion of the Natives
 Cedula
4.Taxation Sanctorum
Donativo de Zamboanga
Tribute

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was first to order the payment of

tribute, both in the Visayas and Luzon. His Successors followed
this practice. The buwis (tribute) during this period consisted of
two types: the direct taxes which came from customs duties
and bandala taxes, monopolies (rentas escantadas) of special
crops and items \).The tribute or buwis was collected from the
natives both in specie and kind
6. Galleon Trade
In the policy of the Galleon trade, a merchant could only
participate in the trading if he can afford to pay for the
boletas or the ticket for the Galleon trade.

Effects of Galleon Trade:

Decrease in the Production of Native
Industry
Loss of Profit
Intercultural Exchanges between
Philippines and Mexico
 POLITICAL
DEVELOPMENT
POLITICAL SITUATION IN
SPAIN DURING THE 19TH
CENTURY:
There was a struggle between liberals and conservatives.
Spain lost most, if not all, of its colonies in South America in
the 19th Century because of these civil wars between the
liberals and the conservatives.
HOW DID THESE
AFFECT THE
PHILIPPINES?
DID IT HAVE A
POSITIVE OR
NEGATIVE
EFFECT?
Constant practice of replacing
Governor Generals (41 governors in a
span of 45 years, from 1853 to 1898)
Dumping ground for inept
bureaucrats
Failure to make or achieve consistent
policies
GRAFT AND CORRUPTION WAS ALSO
PRESENT IN THIS TIMES.
THESE TWO ACTIONS LED TO:

Failure to provide for the basic needs, like public

works, schools, and peace and order.

Taxes were never fully utilized

Limited Participation of Filipinos in the

Government
 CULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT
A group of Filipino educated class were responsible
for this and they were known as Illustrados or the
Enlightened ones.

The rapid spread of higher education among middle

and lower middle class Filipinos who could not afford
to go abroad was more important for propagating
the liberal and progressive ideas written about from
Europe by Rizal or Del Pilar, as well as accelerating
Filipino nationalism.
Expelled from the Philippines and the rest of the Spanish empire in 1768,
they returned in 1859 to take charge of Mindanao's evangelization.

The Jesuits were responsible for the establishment of two schools,

Escuela Normal de Maestros, and Ateneo de Municipal. Via their
Humanistic form of Education, the Jesuits developed in Filipino students
a sense of nationalism.
(3) THREE PRINCIPLES OF THE
HUMANISTIC FORM OF EDUCATION:

Human Dignity

Justice

Equality of All Men

 After instilling these principles, the students understood that something
was clearly wrong.
As Filipino learned about these things, they started to raise questions.
Other friars considered themselves educators, but they did not do much
to educate the Filipinos, they began to doubt why these Filipinos were doing well
in school. That is why, among other reasons, Dr. Jose Rizal left the Philippines.
The experience of Filipino students in Spain had a significant role in
shaping nationalism into what it is now. They noticed and realized why we had
these privileges in Spain but not in the Philippines.
 The interest in the Filipino history was a last cultural aspect in the
emergence of nationalism, the three centuries thereafter have resulted in
decline rather than progress.

They discovered that 300 years of Spanish rule did not benefit the
Philippines. Therefore the interest with the Filipino past fueled Filipino
nationalism.
CONCLUSION:
Education, for example, awakened
the minds of Filipinos. The experiences of
Filipino students in Spain accelerated
Filipino nationalism because they were able
to experience liberties and freedom in
Spain that they did not have in the
Philippines. interest in Filipino history
accelerated the development of Filipino
nationalism.
 RELIGION
DEVELOPMENT
 Friars vs Illustrados

Frialocracy (Friar rule) they used religion to maintain Spanish

influence in the colony

They were devoted to Spain and were higly influencial among

natives

Considered as the most evil of all men

They became the target of the Illustrados

“Patronato Real”- reason for the union between the church and the
state.
 Father Jose Burgos

Secularization Controversy

Fought for the equality between regulars and

seculars

Transformed an ecclesiastical conflict to a larger

issue of Filipino equality with the spaniards.
Father Burgos became threat to Friars and
Spanish Colonial Government.

Him, along with Father Gomez anr Zamora

was accused of starting Cavite Mutiny.

They were arrested, convicted and later on

executed via Garrote.
ACCELERATION OF
FILIPINO NATIONALISM

Frialocracy (Friar The execution of

Influence of GOMBURZA led to
Father Jose Rule) Led to the the creation of the
Filipino wanting to Propaganda
Burgos get rid of the Friars. Movement.
MAIN CURRENTS OF THE
NATIONAL MOVEMENT
CURRENTS THAT WENT
INTO THE MOVEMENT:

Reformist Liberal Anticlerical

Modernizing Strictly
Nationalist
 REFORMIST
Filipinos certainly all thinking ones and even Spaniards with any
interest in the country
 LIBERALS
Liberties such as freedom of speech and of press of association and
others were the aspirations of all the activist Filipinos
ANTICLERICAL
a well-justified fear that ecclesiastical power would be used to
suppress liberal progress
 MODERNIZING
Primarily economical. Conservative politically and had no desire to
create a new nation.
 NATIONALIST
A large number of the masses as a whole stood behind the
nationalist struggle. Goals of economic progress, political reforms,
and modernization.
Rizal of course favored reforms in Philippine
society, not only by Spaniards but by the Filipinos
themselves. He was devoted to the modernization
of his country, his country should be free, free from
tyrants from abroad or at home, a country where
there would not be any tyrants because Filipinos
would not allow themselves to be slaves. It was the
growth of a free people, proud of its past, working
for its future, united in a common set of ideals.
 THE NEEDS
FOR REFORM
 REFORM
According to the Meriam Webster, reform is defined as to correct
someone or something.
REFORMIST
the people who seek gradual change in the system
KEY AREAS THAT REQUIRED REFORM
IN THE 19TH CENTURY

POLITICAL the political system was dominated by a small group of wealthy

individuals who held all of the power.
SYSTEM

The industrial revolution had begun to transform the way people

ECONOMY worked and lived.

EDUCATION Education was often available to the wealthy people.

KEY AREAS THAT REQUIRED REFORM
IN THE 19TH CENTURY

There are important social issues that required attention such as

SOCIAL poverty, homelessness, and inequality.

WOMEN'S Women had been excluded from many aspects of society, including
RIGHTS politics and education.
So how did Dr. Jose Rizal contributed
to the reform movement?
He exposed the abuses committed during
the Spanish colonial and Feudal Rule.
He was also a part of the publications of La
Solidaridad and La Liga Filipina.
THE CONDITIONS OF EUROPE,
AMERICA AND ASIA
THE CONDITION
OF EUROPE
 Political Economic Cultural Social
The Congress of
Vienna
Industrialization Nationalism Social Classes
Liberalism and
Nationalism Urbanization Scientific and Poverty and
Revolutions of 1848 Barter Trade Intellectual Inequality
Unification of Gender Roles
Developments
Germany and Italy
Diversity Child Labor
Imperialism
THE CONDITION
OF AMERICA
 Political Economic Cultural Social

Expansion and Westward Expansion

Westward Expansion Civil Rights Social Reform
Transportation
Slavery and Abolition Movement Movements
Labor
Immigration Rise of Technology Rise of the Middle
Agriculture
Industrialization and Religion
Monetary Policy Class
Labor
THE CONDITION
OF ASIA
 Political Economic Cultural Social

Opium Wars Economic Spread of Christianity Social Mobility

Expansion of
Growth Impact of Western
European Power
Economic Education
Meiji Restoration
Impact of Technology
Rise of Nationalism Stagnation
THE CHANGING RELIGIOUS FRONT IN
THE PHILIPPINES: SECULARIZATION
SECULARIZATION
refers to the historical process in which religion loses social and
cultural significance. As a result of Secularization, the role of religion
in modern societies becomes restricted.
SECULARIZATION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
The suspects were the leaders of the Filipino secular who
fought for secularization of the Philippine catholic church,
the king of spain and the pope himself gave instructions for
the secularization of the country's parishes but this was
resisted by the order of friars who contended that the Filipino
secular were not ready to take over.
THE CAVITE MUTINY
Cavite Mutiny provided the pretext for the conservative spaniard for
elimination. The spanish forces arrested several known as Liberal.

1872 was an uprising of Filipino Military personnel of Fort San Felipe,

The Spanish arsenal in Cavite in Philippine Islands on January 20, 1872.
Around 200 locally recruited colonial troops and laborers rose up in the
belief that it would elevate to a national uprising.
THE GOMBURZA
Gomburza alternatively stylized as GOMBURZA refers
to threee Filipino Catholic priest Mariano Gomez, Jose
Burgoz and Jacinto Zamora.
Father Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were identified by a
false witness named Francisco Zaldua, who pointed out
the three priests were indeed out to lead a government
that would overthrow the spaniards and install father
Burgos as the future leader of the Philippines.
 THANK
YOU!
Members:
Lim, Djoanna Nicole P.
Pitiquen, Lovely T.
Sy, Paul Nathaniel M.
Tarronas, John Russel H.
Tecson, Ryan Miguel M.