Genetic engineering involves manipulating genes to modify organisms. It uses recombinant DNA technology to cut and join DNA from different sources, introducing new genes. This allows introducing new traits, enhancing existing traits, or disrupting genes. The DNA is joined to a vector like a plasmid, which is inserted into a host cell using techniques like biolistics, heat shock treatment, or electroporation. Transformed cells with the new DNA can then be selected and studied. Genetic engineering is used to develop new crop varieties or modify organisms.
Genetic engineering involves manipulating genes to modify organisms. It uses recombinant DNA technology to cut and join DNA from different sources, introducing new genes. This allows introducing new traits, enhancing existing traits, or disrupting genes. The DNA is joined to a vector like a plasmid, which is inserted into a host cell using techniques like biolistics, heat shock treatment, or electroporation. Transformed cells with the new DNA can then be selected and studied. Genetic engineering is used to develop new crop varieties or modify organisms.
Genetic engineering involves manipulating genes to modify organisms. It uses recombinant DNA technology to cut and join DNA from different sources, introducing new genes. This allows introducing new traits, enhancing existing traits, or disrupting genes. The DNA is joined to a vector like a plasmid, which is inserted into a host cell using techniques like biolistics, heat shock treatment, or electroporation. Transformed cells with the new DNA can then be selected and studied. Genetic engineering is used to develop new crop varieties or modify organisms.
Genetic engineering involves manipulating genes to modify organisms. It uses recombinant DNA technology to cut and join DNA from different sources, introducing new genes. This allows introducing new traits, enhancing existing traits, or disrupting genes. The DNA is joined to a vector like a plasmid, which is inserted into a host cell using techniques like biolistics, heat shock treatment, or electroporation. Transformed cells with the new DNA can then be selected and studied. Genetic engineering is used to develop new crop varieties or modify organisms.
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Recombinant DNA (Genetic Engineering)
GENETIC ENGINEERING TERMS: The artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid Genetic Engineering - It molecules in order to modify an organism or involves manipulating population of organisms. genes in order to make useful products. The term genetic engineering initially referred Vector- It is used to carry to various techniques used for the modification or manipulation of organisms a desired DNA sequence through the processes of heredity and into a host cell. reproduction. As such, the term embraced Plasmid - It is a small both artificial selection and all the circular DNA found in interventions of biomedical techniques, bacteria. among them artificial insemination, in vitro DNA Ligase - Its function fertilization (e.g., “test-tube” babies), cloning, and gene manipulation. is to stick cut pieces of DNA together. Genetic engineering is the process of using Restriction enzyme - recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism. It is used to cut the Traditionally, humans have manipulated plasmid at specific genomes indirectly by controlling breeding sites. and selecting offspring with desired traits. Genetic engineering involves the direct manipulation of one or more genes. Most often, a gene from another species is added to an organism's genome to give it a desired phenotype.
CLASSICAL PLANT BREEDING
Uses deliberate interbreeding (crossing) of closely or distantly related individuals to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable properties. Plants are crossbred to introduce traits/genes from one variety or line into a new genetic background. Genetic engineering involves the use of molecular techniques to modify the traits of a target organism. The modification of traits may involve: 1. introduction of new traits into an organism 2. enhancement of a present trait by increasing the expression of the desired gene 3. enhancement of a present trait by disrupting the inhibition of the desired genes’ expression.
A general outline of recombinant DNA may be given as follows:
1. cutting or cleavage of DNA by restriction enzymes (REs) 2. selection of an appropriate vector or vehicle which would propagate the recombinant DNA (e.g., circular plasmid in bacteria with a foreign gene of interest) 3. ligation (join together) of the gene of interest (e.g., from animal) with the vector (cut bacterial plasmid) 4. transfer of the recombinant plasmid into a host cell (that would carry out replication to make huge copies of the recombined plasmid) 5. selection process to screen which cells actually contain the gene of interest 6. sequencing of the gene to find out the primary structure of the protein
Ways in which these plasmids may be introduced into host organisms:
BIOLISTICS In this technique, a “gene gun” is used to fire DNA-coated pellets on plant tissues. Cells that survive the bombardment and are able to take up the expression plasmid coated pellets and acquire the ability to express the designed protein.
HEAT SHOCK TREATMENT
Plasmid insertion by Heat Shock Treatment, a process used to transfer plasmid DNA into bacteria. The target cells are pre-treated before the procedure to increase the pore sizes of their plasma membranes. This pretreatment (usually with CaCl2) is said to make the cells “competent” for accepting the plasmid DNA. After the cells are made competent, they are incubated with the desired plasmid at about 4°C for about 30min. The plasmids concentrate near the cells during this time. Afterwards, a “Heat Shock” is done on the plasmid-cell solution by incubating it at 42°C for 1 minute then back to 4°C for 2 minutes. The rapid rise and drop of temperature are believed to increase and decrease the pore sizes in the membrane. The plasmid DNA near the membrane surface is taken into the cells by this process. The cells that took up the plasmids acquire new traits and are said to be “transformed”.
ELECTROPORATION This technique follows a similar methodology as Heat Shock Treatment, but the expansion of the membrane pores is done through an electric “shock”. This method is commonly used for insertion of genes into mammalian cells. Some methods are: • Selection of plasmid DNA containing cells • Selection of transformed cells with the desired gene • PCR detection of plasmid DNA • Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
