Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                

Genetic Engineering

Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 92

GENETIC

ENGINEERIN
G:

LYLANIE C. AURE
• OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learner will be able to:
• Define Genetic Engineering
• Describe the Concept of Mendelian Genetics
• Differentiate Phenotype and Genotype
• Differentiate Dominant and Recessive Alleles
• Outline the processes involved in Genetic
Engineering
_________is a double-stranded helix, with the two
strands connected by hydrogen bonds.
___________is a ribonucleic acid that helps in
the synthesis of proteins in our body.
________are proteins that help speed up
chemical reactions in our bodies.
Dolly the sheep was successfully
cloned in 1996 by fusing the nucleus
from a mammary-gland cell of a
Finn Dorset ewe into an enucleated
egg cell taken from a Scottish
Blackface ewe.
Genetics •
Is the study of heredity.
Johann Gregor Mendel set the
framework for genetics long before
chromosomes or genes had been
identified.
Johann
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk
who discovered the basic principles of
heredity through experiments in his
garden. Mendel's observations became
the foundation of modern genetics and
the study of heredity, and he is widely
considered a pioneer in the field of
genetics.
What is DNA?
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid, organic
chemical of complex molecular structure that is
found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
and in many viruses. DNA codes genetic
information for the transmission of inherited
traits.
Watson and Crick proposed that the DNA is
made up of two strands that are twisted around
each other to form a right-handed helix, called a
double helix. Base-pairing takes place between a
purine and pyrimidine: namely, A pairs with T,
and G pairs with C. In other words, adenine and
thymine are complementary base pairs, and
cytosine and guanine are also complementary
base pairs. This is the basis for Chargaff’s rule;
because of their complementarity, there is as
much adenine as thymine in a DNA molecule and
as much guanine as cytosine.
RNA, abbreviation of ribonucleic acid,
complex compound of high
molecular weight that functions in
cellular protein synthesis and replaces
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) as a carrier
of genetic codes in some viruses.
The nitrogenous bases in RNA
are adenine, guanine, cytosine,
and uracil, which replaces
thymine in DNA.
Concept of Mendelian
Genetics
Mendelian Model System
Mendel’s seminal work was
accomplished using the garden pea,
pisum sativum
The flower petals remain sealed
tightly until after pollination from other
plants. The result is highly inbred, or
“ true- breeding,” pea plants. These
plants that always produce offspring
that look like the parent
Mendelian Crosses
Mendel performed hybridizations,
which involves mating two true
breeding individuals that have different
trait.
Punnett Square Approach for a
Monohybrid Cross
Monohybrid crosses- process where in
fertilization occurs between two true-
breeding parents that differ in only one
characteristics
Punnett Square
devised by the British geneticist
Reginald Punnett can be drawn that
applies the rules of probability to
predict the possible outcomes of
genetic cross or mating and their
expected frequencies.
What is Phenotype?
-observable traits expressed by an
organism .

What is Genotype?
-an organism’s underlying genetic make
up, consisting of both physically visible
and non expressed alleles.
What is Dominant and Recessive allele?
-Dominant refers to the relationship between two
versions of a gene. Individuals receive two versions of
each gene, known as alleles, from each parent. If the
alleles of a gene are different, one allele will be
expressed; it is the dominant gene. The effect of the
other allele, called recessive, is masked
5- Item Quiz

__________2. it is the observable traits expressed by an


organism .

__________3. it applies the rules of probability to predict the


possible outcomes of genetic cross or mating and their
expected frequencies.

__________4. He discovered the basic principles of heredity


through experiments in his garden.

___________5. What kind of plant did he use in his experiment?


5- Item Quiz

phenotype2. it is the observable traits express organism .

Punnett Square3. it applies the rules of probability to predict the


possible outcomes of genetic cross or mating and their
expected frequencies.
Gregor Mendel 4. He discovered the basic principles of heredity
through experiments in his garden.

Pea plant 5. What kind of plant did he use in his experiment?


DAY 2
Motivation:
Examining Your self
What is Genetic Engineering?
Genetic engineering is the artificial manipulation,
modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic
acid molecules in order to modify an organism or
population of organisms. It is the process of using
recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to alter the genetic
makeup of an organism.
What is Genetic Engineering?
Genetic engineering involves the direct
manipulation of one or more genes. Most
often, a gene from another species is added to
an organism's genome to give it a desired
phenotype.
What is Genetic Engineering?
Same is true with classical plant breeding that
uses deliberate interbreeding (crossing) of
closely or distantly related individuals to
produce new crop varieties or lines with
desirable properties.
What is Genetic Engineering?
Also known as
Gene Splicing
Recombinant DNA
Genetic Modification
What is Genetic Engineering?

DNA from DNA from Recombinant


+ =
Organism A Organism B DNA
Ex. cat Ex. Jellyfish
What is Genetic Engineering?
General Outline of Recombinant DNA
1. Cutting or cleavage of DNA by restriction
enzymes (REs) as shown on steps 2 on the
diagram. Restriction enzymes are called
‘molecular scissors’ cutting the DNA at
specific target sequences leaving a single-
stranded overhang at the site of the cleavage
(step 2). These overhangs of the donor DNA
(gene of interest) will be paired with other
General Outline of Recombinant DNA

2.Selection of an appropriate vector


or vehicle which would propagate
the recombinant DNA (shown on
step 1). The most commonly used
as vectors are plasmids (circular
DNA molecules that originated
General Outline of Recombinant DNA
Plasmids are not part of the main cellular
genome, but they carry genes that provide
the host cell with useful properties such as
drug resistance, mating ability, and toxins
production. They are small enough to be
conveniently manipulated experimentally
and furthermore, they will carry extra DNA
that is spliced to them.
General Outline of Recombinant DNA
3.Ligation (join together) of the gene of
interest (eg. from animal) with the
vector (cut bacterial plasmid) as shown
on step 3 of the above diagram. The
resulting molecule is called recombinant
DNA. It is recombinant in the sense that
it is composed of DNA from two
General Outline of Recombinant DNA
4. Transfer of the recombinant plasmid
into a host cell (that would carry out
replication to make huge copies of the
recombined plasmid). In the above
diagram as shown in steps 4, the host
cell is a bacterium known also as
recombinant bacterium which will
General Outline of Recombinant DNA
6. Sequencing of the gene to find out
the primary structure of the protein.
Once a segment of DNA has been
cloned, its nucleotide sequence can be
determined. The nucleotide sequence is
the most fundamental level of
knowledge of a gene or genome.
General Outline of Recombinant DNA
It is the blueprint that contains the
instructions for building an organism,
and no understanding of genetic
function or evolution could be complete
without obtaining this information.
Some Ways to Introduce Plasmids into Host
Organism

1. Biolistic. In this technique, a


“gene gun” is used to fire DNA-
coated pellets on plant tissues.
Some Ways to Introduce Plasmids into Host
Organism

Cells that survive the ‘bombardment’,


and are able to take up the expression
plasmid coated pellets and acquire the
ability to express the designed protein
Some Ways to Introduce Plasmids into Host
Organism

2. Plasmid insertion by Heat


Shock Treatment. Heat Shock
Treatment is a process used to
transfer plasmid DNA into
bacteria.
Some Ways to Introduce Plasmids into Host
Organism

The target cells are pre-treated before


the procedure to increase the pore sizes
of their plasma membranes. This
pretreatment (usually with CaCl2) is
said to make the cells “competent” for
accepting the plasmid DNA
Some Ways to Introduce Plasmids into Host
Organism
Electroporation. This technique
follows a similar methodology
as Heat Shock Treatment, but,
the expansion of the membrane
pores is done through an electric
Some Ways to Introduce Plasmids into Host
Organism

This method is commonly used


for insertion of genes into
mammalian cells
QUIZ 2

_____________1. It is also known as Gene Splicing.


____________2. It involves the direct manipulation of
one or more genes.
_____________3. This technique follows a similar
methodology as Heat Shock Treatment,
____________________4. In this technique, a “gene gun”
is used to fire DNA-coated pellets on plant tissues.
____________________5. What is the second step in the
outlining of Recombinant DNA
QUIZ 2

Genetic Engineering1. It is also known as Gene Splicing.


Genetic Enginering 2. It involves the direct manipulation
of one or more genes.
Electroporation 3. This technique follows a similar
methodology as Heat Shock Treatment,
Biolistics 4. In this technique, a “gene gun” is used to fire
DNA-coated pellets on plant tissues.
Selection of an appropriate vector5. What is the second
step in the outlining of Recombinant DNA
What Classical Breeding?
Classical breeding practices focus on the mating of
organisms with desirable qualities.
What Classical Breeding?
What Classical Breeding?
Steps in Classical Breeding
1. Determine which trait are significant
enough to be chosen
2. Select parents that exemplify these
traits
3. Choose the best offspring from
parents to produce the next
generation
4. Repeat the process
What is GMO(Genetically
Modified Organism)?
Same is true with classical plant breeding that
uses deliberate interbreeding (crossing) of
closely or distantly related individuals to
produce new crop varieties or lines with
desirable properties.
1. Determine which trait are significant
enough to be chosen
2. Select parents that exemplify these
traits
3. Choose the best offspring from
parents to produce the next
generation
4. Repeat the process
1. Determine which trait are significant
enough to be chosen
2. Select parents that exemplify these
traits
3. Choose the best offspring from
parents to produce the next
generation
4. Repeat the process
Recombinant DNA
-Molecules of DNA from two
different species that are
inserted into host organism to
produce new genetic
combinations that are of value
to science, medicine,
agriculture, and industry
What are the important
applications of recombinant
DNA?
What are the important
applications of recombinant
DNA?
I. Agricultural applications
(applications in crop
improvement) Genetic
engineering has several
potential applications in crop
improvement, such as given
below:
1. Distant hybridization With the
advancement of genetic
engineering, it is now possible to
transfer genes between distantly
related species. The barriers of
gene transfer between species or
even genera have been overcome.
The desirable genes can be
transferred even from lower
organisms to higher organisms
through recombinant DNA
technology.
2. Development of transgenic
plants Genetically transformed
plants which contain foreign
genes are called transgenic
plants.
Resistance to diseases, insects
and pests, herbicides, drought;
metal toxicity tolerance;
induction of male sterility for
plant breeding purpose;
and improvement of quality can
be achieved through this
recombinant DNA technology.
BT-cotton resistant to
bollworms is a glaring example.
3. Development of root nodules
in cereal crops Leguminous
plants have root nodules which
contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Rhizobium.
These bacteria convert
the free atmospheric
nitrogen into nitrates in
the root nodules.
The bacterial genes
responsible for this nitrogen
fixation can be transferred now
to cereal crops like wheat, rice,
maize, barley, etc.
through the techniques of
genetic engineering thus
making these crops too
capable of fixing atmospheric
nitrogen.
4. Development of C4 plants
Improvement in yield can be
achieved by improving the
photosynthetic efficiency of
crop plants.
The photosynthetic rate can be
increased by conversion of C3
plants into C4 plants, which
can be achieved either through
protoplasm fusion or
recombinant DNA technology.
C4 plants have higher potential
rate of biomass production than
C3 plants. Most C4 plants
(sorghum, sugarcane, maize,
some grasses) are grown in
tropical and subtropical zone
C4 plants have higher potential
rate of biomass production than
C3 plants. Most C4 plants
(sorghum, sugarcane, maize,
some grasses) are grown in
tropical and subtropical zone
II. Medicinal applications
(applications in medicines)
Biotechnology, especially genetic
engineering, plays an important role
in the production of antibiotics,
hormones, vaccines, and interferon in
the field of medicines.
1.Production of antibiotic
2.Production of hormone insulin
3.Productio of vaccines
4. Production of interferon
5. Production of enzyme
6. Gene Therapy
7. Solution of disputed parentage
8.Diagnosis of Disease
9.Production of Transgenic animals
III. Industrial applications In
industries, recombinant DNA
technique will help in the production
of chemical compounds of
commercial importance, improvement
of existing fermentation processes,
and production of proteins from
wastes.
III. Industrial applications In
industries, recombinant DNA
technique will help in the production
of chemical compounds of
commercial importance, improvement
of existing fermentation processes,
and production of proteins from
wastes.
Which application is this
Medical, Industrial, Agricultural
1. Production of Insulin
2. Crop Improvement
3. Production of Chemical compounds
4. focus on the mating of organisms with desirable
qualities.
5. Molecules of DNA from two different species that
are inserted into host organism to produce new
genetic combinations
Thanks!
Do you have any questions?
youremail@freepik.com
+91 620 421 838
yourcompany.com

CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo


, including icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by
Freepik

Please keep this slide for attribution

You might also like