Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
ENGINEERIN
G:
LYLANIE C. AURE
• OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the learner will be able to:
• Define Genetic Engineering
• Describe the Concept of Mendelian Genetics
• Differentiate Phenotype and Genotype
• Differentiate Dominant and Recessive Alleles
• Outline the processes involved in Genetic
Engineering
_________is a double-stranded helix, with the two
strands connected by hydrogen bonds.
___________is a ribonucleic acid that helps in
the synthesis of proteins in our body.
________are proteins that help speed up
chemical reactions in our bodies.
Dolly the sheep was successfully
cloned in 1996 by fusing the nucleus
from a mammary-gland cell of a
Finn Dorset ewe into an enucleated
egg cell taken from a Scottish
Blackface ewe.
Genetics •
Is the study of heredity.
Johann Gregor Mendel set the
framework for genetics long before
chromosomes or genes had been
identified.
Johann
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk
who discovered the basic principles of
heredity through experiments in his
garden. Mendel's observations became
the foundation of modern genetics and
the study of heredity, and he is widely
considered a pioneer in the field of
genetics.
What is DNA?
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid, organic
chemical of complex molecular structure that is
found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
and in many viruses. DNA codes genetic
information for the transmission of inherited
traits.
Watson and Crick proposed that the DNA is
made up of two strands that are twisted around
each other to form a right-handed helix, called a
double helix. Base-pairing takes place between a
purine and pyrimidine: namely, A pairs with T,
and G pairs with C. In other words, adenine and
thymine are complementary base pairs, and
cytosine and guanine are also complementary
base pairs. This is the basis for Chargaff’s rule;
because of their complementarity, there is as
much adenine as thymine in a DNA molecule and
as much guanine as cytosine.
RNA, abbreviation of ribonucleic acid,
complex compound of high
molecular weight that functions in
cellular protein synthesis and replaces
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) as a carrier
of genetic codes in some viruses.
The nitrogenous bases in RNA
are adenine, guanine, cytosine,
and uracil, which replaces
thymine in DNA.
Concept of Mendelian
Genetics
Mendelian Model System
Mendel’s seminal work was
accomplished using the garden pea,
pisum sativum
The flower petals remain sealed
tightly until after pollination from other
plants. The result is highly inbred, or
“ true- breeding,” pea plants. These
plants that always produce offspring
that look like the parent
Mendelian Crosses
Mendel performed hybridizations,
which involves mating two true
breeding individuals that have different
trait.
Punnett Square Approach for a
Monohybrid Cross
Monohybrid crosses- process where in
fertilization occurs between two true-
breeding parents that differ in only one
characteristics
Punnett Square
devised by the British geneticist
Reginald Punnett can be drawn that
applies the rules of probability to
predict the possible outcomes of
genetic cross or mating and their
expected frequencies.
What is Phenotype?
-observable traits expressed by an
organism .
What is Genotype?
-an organism’s underlying genetic make
up, consisting of both physically visible
and non expressed alleles.
What is Dominant and Recessive allele?
-Dominant refers to the relationship between two
versions of a gene. Individuals receive two versions of
each gene, known as alleles, from each parent. If the
alleles of a gene are different, one allele will be
expressed; it is the dominant gene. The effect of the
other allele, called recessive, is masked
5- Item Quiz