Satellite

Communication
Dharma Raj Cheruku
 Satellite
Communication

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 Satellite
Communication

Dharma Raj Cheruku

Director of Academic Affairs
Professor of Electronics & Communication Engineering
GITAM University, Visakhapatnam (A.P)

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 Published by
I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
S-25, Green Park Extension
Uphaar Cinema Market
New Delhi - 110 016 (India)
E-mail: info@ikinternational.com
ISBN: 978-93-80026-41-1
© 2009 I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written from the publisher.
Published by Krishan Makhijani for I. K. International Publishing house Pvt. Ltd., S-25, Green Park
Extension, Uphaar Cinema market, New Delhi-110 016 and printed by Rekha Printers Pvt. Ltd.,
Okhla Industrial Area, Phase II, New Delhi-110 020.

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 To

My wife
Suneetha Raj

My son
Krishna Murthy

&

My parents

Late Sri C.V.V.R. Krishna Murty

Late Smt. C. Parvathamma

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 Preface

Communications plays a vital role in all walks of life. One cannot a imagine the situation without
communication networks in present day life. Communication became part and parcel of all human
beings. It is not fictitious to put that the globe has shrunk to a size of a small village with the advent
of modern communication systems. There are many types of communication systems catering the
needs of different applications in different fields, different type of signals to be handled in different
places, etc. The advent of communication through satellite have made the life of common man
comfortable since global communication was made possible when the satellite is in the geostationary
orbit. With three satellites placed in appropriate positions in the geostationary orbit, this would be
possible. That is, in other words, communication of any type of signal from any nook and corner of
the globe to any other point on the globe can be achieved without any difficulty.
This book is written as a textbook for undergraduate professionals students with communication
engineering as specialization. This book serves the purpose of learning the concepts of satellite
communication. Analysis and design of the satellite communication equipment is also treated to the
extent required for the young students graduating out of the colleges. The emphasis in this book is
given on the geostationary orbit satellites since they are most popularly used these days. This book
is also an excellent reference to those students who are pursuing postgraduate studies and also for
those who are preparing for various competitive examinations.
In fact, undergoing satellite communication course at the verge of graduation to a budding
engineer is very good experience. He feels the subject since he can apply all the theory relating
to basic communications he has learnt until the previous semesters into this subject. So, this
satellite communications is combination of various topics of basic communications. This combines
electromagnetic fields, radio wave propagation, antennas, orbital mechanics, modulation, detection,
information theory, coding, decoding, radio electronics, microwaves, signal processing, electrical
engineering, etc. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with those topics like electromagnetic
fields, antennas, communication systems, microwaves and radio wave propagation. Even though the
analysis and design of various systems is given, a thorough mathematical treatment is not presented.
To the possible extent, all the chapters are presented without much of interlinking.
The overall history of development of the satellite communications beginning with the passive
satellite is presented in the first chapter of the book. This also gives the recent developments in
this field and also indicates the possible future trends in this field. This chapter also deals with
developments of satellite and related technologies in India. Chapter 2 deals with the orbits of the
satellite. It presents the satellite orbit mechanics and their parameters. It mainly concentrates on the

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 Preface viii

geostationary orbit and other types of orbits that are given required stress. This chapter gives a good
idea of topics starting from physics of the planets to that of the considerations of a geostationary
orbit. It also gives the procedure for launching the satellite into its orbit. The chapter 3 deals with
the satellite link analysis, most essential task of the designer. The design and analysis of the complete
earth station-satellite-earth station link is presented in this chapter. All possible attenuations, losses,
interferences, noise sources in the channel between the earth station and the satellite are considered
at length. The optimization of the parameters of the link are considered. The chapter 4 presents
concepts and analysis of the basic subsystems of the satellite. It gives the functions of each subsystem
and the relevance of them in the spacecraft design. Since the cost of the satellite maintenance,
satellite launching and other maneuvers of the satellite is very high and also that onboard servicing
is not possible, the reliability for spacecraft is indispensable. So, a thorough treatment of this topic is
dealt within this chapter. The various earth stations using the satellite are to be multiple accessed for
effective use of satellite. The different types of accessing the satellite are dealt with in the chapter 5 of
this book. Even though the earth station design is not as critical as that of satellite, due consideration
is to be given for cost effectiveness of the layout of the earth station. The chapter 6 of the book
presents the concepsts of earth station design of satellite communication elaborately.
Chapter 7 brings forward various techniques of modulation, coding and multiplexing
employed in the satellite communications. These days, all communications are digital in nature
and thus digital communication error coding and correction techniques required for satellite
communications are introduced in chapter 8 of this book. In addition to geostationary satellites,
non-geostationary satellites find large applications where path length, delays are main concern.
Thus, non-geostationary satellite systems are given a brief treatment in chapter 9. Chapter 10 deals
with Global Positioning System (GPS), a very popular and accurate system to identify the coordinates
of any object on the surface of the earth with the help of satellites. Various other applications of the
satellite communications like Direct Broadcast Satellite TV, Satellite Broadcast Radio, Networking
and Internet through the satellites, VSAT and other aspects of future trends in the development of
satellite systems is presented in the last chapter of this textbook.

Dharma Raj Cheruku

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 Acknowledgements

I thank the Management of GITAM University and its President, Dr. M.V.V.S Murthi for the
cooperation and encouragement given throughout in bringing out this book. I also thank the Vice
Chancellor, Prof. M.Gangadhara Rao, the Registrar, Prof. P.M.Valli, and Prof. D. Prasad Rao,
Principal, GIT in particular, for their continuous support and encouragement throughout the tenure
of this project.
I express my special thanks to my loved ones, Mrs. Suneetha, my wife and my son, Krishna
Murthy for their love, affection, cooperation and patience during this project right from the
beginning to the end. I also express my happiness and thanks to my in-laws Dr. D.Ramana
Rao and Mrs. Rukmini for their continuous encouragement and morale boost at brining out
this book.
I also wish to thank all my colleagues at GITAM University for their cooperation and support
rendered to me in making this project success. I extend my thanks to all who have rendered their
help either directly or indirectly throughout the venture of this project.

Dharma Raj Cheruku

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 Contents

Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix
1. Introduction
1.1 History 3
1.2 The Indian Scenario 6
1.3 Frequency Allocation 14
1.4 Basic Satellite Systems 16
1.5 Applications 18
1.6 Future Trends 19
1.7 Advanced Concepts 20
Summary 21
Review Questions 23

2. Satellite Orbits
2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 Laws Governing Satellite Motion 29
2.3 Orbital Period and Velocity 29
2.4 Effects of Orbital Inclination 32
2.5 Look Angles 35
2.6 Coverage Angle and Slant Range 36
2.7 Eclipse 38
2.8 Orbital Perturbations 40
2.9 Orbital Effects in Communications System Performance 41
2.10 Placement of Satellite into Geostationary Orbit 43
Solved Examples 45
Summary 47
Review Questions 47
Exercise Problems 48

3. Satellite Link Design

3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Basic Link Analysis 51
3.3 Attenuation in Propagation on Satellite – Earth Paths 53
3.4 Propagation Effects that are not Associated with Hydrometeors 54
3.5 Rain and Ice Effects 58

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 xii Contents

3.6 System Noise Temperature 61

3.7 Carrier to Noise Ratio 66
3.8 Uplink Design 66
3.9 Downlink Design 67
3.10 Interference Analysis 69
3.11 System Availability 72
3.12 Satellite Link Design 73
Solved Examples 75
Summary 77
Review Questions 77
Exercise Problems 78

4. Spacecraft
4.1 Introduction 82
4.2 Lifetime and Reliability 83
4.3 Space Qualification 83
4.4 Reliability 84
4.5 Redundancy 86
4.6 Reliability of Earth Station 88
4.7 Subsystems of a Communication Satellite 88
4.8 Payload 89
4.9 Repeater 92
4.10 Satellite Antenna 99
4.11 Bus 102
4.12 Attitude and Orbital Control System 103
4.13 Propulsion System 109
4.14 Telemetry, Tracking and Command 111
4.15 Electrical Power Subsystem 115
4.16 Thermal Control Subsystem 119
4.17 Structure Subsystem 122
Solved Examples 123
Summary 124
Review Questions 124
Exercise Problems 125

5. Multiple Access
5.1 Introduction 128
5.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access 129
5.3 Multiple Channel Per Carrier (MCPC) 131
5.4 Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) 131
5.5 FDM/FM/FDMA Link 133
5.6 Time Division Multiple Access 136
5.7 TDMA Frame Structure 137
5.8 TDMA Frame Efficiency 142
5.9 TDMA Superframe Structure 142

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 Contents xiii

5.10 Frame Acquisition and Synchronization 144

5.11 FDMA/TDMA Operation in a Multiple Beam Environment 148
5.12 Code Division Multiple Access 150
5.13 PN Sequence 151
5.14 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Systems 152
5.15 Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum System 154
5.16 Capacity of CDMA Systems 156
5.17 Demand Assignment Multiple Access 157
5.18 Demand Assignment TDMA 159
5.19 SCPC-DAMA 161
5.20 SPADE 161
Solved Examples 163
Summary 165
Review Questions 165
Exercise Problems 166

6. Earth Station
6.1 Introduction 168
6.2 Design Considerations 168
6.3 General Configuration 169
6.4 Antenna System 170
6.5 Feed System 184
6.6 Tracking System 191
6.7 High Power Amplifier 194
6.8 Low Noise Amplifier 199
6.9 Earth Station Equipment 202
Summary 212
Review Questions 213

7. Modulation, Coding and Multiplexing

7.1 Introduction 216
7.2 Signal Sources 216
7.3 Analog Transmission Systems 219
7.4 Frequency Division Multiplexing 222
7.5 Frequency Modulation 224
7.6 Analog Television Transmission 228
7.7 Digital Transmission Systems 229
7.8 Source Coding 237
7.9 Digital Modulation and Demodulation 243
7.10 Time Division Multiplexing 251
Solved Examples 253
Summary 255
Review Questions 256
Exercise Problems 256

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 xiv Contents

8. Digital Satellite Link

8.1 Introduction 258
8.2 Error Detection and Correction 258
8.3 Channel Capacity 260
8.4 Error Coding 260
8.5 Convolution Codes 266
8.6 Interleaving 267
8.7 Concatenated Codes 268
8.8 Effect of Coding on Satellite Link 269
Summary 270
Review Questions 271

9. Non-Geostationary Satellite Systems

9.1 Introduction 274
9.2 Orbit Considerations 276
9.3 Design Considerations 278
Summary 281
Review Questions 281

10. Satellite Navigation and Global Positioning Systems

10.1 Satellite Navigation 284
10.2 GPS Principles 286
10.3 GPS Receivers and Codes 288
10.4 Signal Acquisition and Timing 289
10.5 The GPS System 291
10.6 Differential GPS 292
Summary 293
Review Questions 293

11. Applications and Future Trends of Satellite Communications

11.1 Introduction 296
11.2 Direct Broadcast Satellite Television 297
11.3 Error Control in DBS TV 300
11.4 Satellite Radio Broadcasting 301
11.5 Network Layers and TCP Link 302
11.6 Satellite Mobile Services 306
11.7 VSAT 308
11.8 Radarsat 310
11.9 ORBCOMM 311
11.10 Future Trends 312
Summary 313
Review Questions 314
Bibliography 315
Index 317

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 Satellite Communication

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