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Sensitivity and Specificity

Screening tests aim to detect diseases early by applying medical tests to asymptomatic individuals. Sensitivity refers to a test's ability to correctly identify those with the disease, while specificity refers to a test's ability to correctly identify those without the disease. Positive predictive value indicates the probability that individuals with a positive test truly have the disease, while negative predictive value indicates the probability that individuals with a negative test are truly disease-free.

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Iris Ballaj
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11 views

Sensitivity and Specificity

Screening tests aim to detect diseases early by applying medical tests to asymptomatic individuals. Sensitivity refers to a test's ability to correctly identify those with the disease, while specificity refers to a test's ability to correctly identify those without the disease. Positive predictive value indicates the probability that individuals with a positive test truly have the disease, while negative predictive value indicates the probability that individuals with a negative test are truly disease-free.

Uploaded by

Iris Ballaj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sensitivity and specificity

Screening
• refers to the application of a medical procedure
or test to people who as yet have no symptoms
of a particular disease, for the purpose of
determining their likelihood of having the
disease.
• The screening procedure itself does not
diagnose the illness.
• Those who have a positive result from the
screening test will need further evaluation with
subsequent diagnostic tests or procedures.
The goal
• The goal of screening is to reduce morbidity or
mortality from the disease by detecting
diseases in their earliest stages, when
treatment is usually more successful.
To know...
• Sensitivity and specificity are measures of a
test's ability to correctly classify a person as
having a disease or not having a disease.
Examples of Screening Tests:
• pap smear,
• mammogram,
• clinical breast exam,
• colorectal cancer
• blood pressure determination,
• cholesterol level,
• eye examination/vision test,
• urinalysis.
Sensitivity
• Sensitivity refers to a test's ability to designate
an individual with disease as positive.
• A highly sensitive test means that there are
few false negative results, and thus fewer
cases of disease are missed.
The sensitivity of a screening test
• can be described in variety of ways, typically
such as sensitivity being the ability of a
screening test to detect a true positive, being
based on the true positive rate, reflecting a
test’s ability to correctly identify all people
who have a condition, or, if 100%, identifying
all people with a condition of interest by those
people testing positive on the test.
Sensitivity=[a/(a+c)] × 100

Specificity=[d/(b+d)]×100

Positive predictive value(PPV)=[a/(a+b)]×100

Negative predictive value(NPV)=[d/(c+d)]×100.


Specificity
• The specificity of a test is its ability to
designate an individual who does not have a
disease as negative.
• A highly specific test means that there are few
false positive results.
Sensitivity=[a/(a+c)] × 100

Specificity=[d/(b+d)]×100

Positive predictive value(PPV)=[a/(a+b)]×100

Negative predictive value(NPV)=[d/(c+d)]×100.


Predictive value
• The probability of having the disease, given
the results of a test, is called the predictive
value of the test.
• PPV
• NPV
PPV
• Positive predictive value is the probability that
a patient with a positive (abnormal) test result
actually has the disease.
Sensitivity=[a/(a+c)] × 100

Specificity=[d/(b+d)]×100

Positive predictive value(PPV)=[a/(a+b)]×100

Negative predictive value(NPV)=[d/(c+d)]×100.


NPV
• Negative predictive value is the probability
that a person with a negative (normal) test
result is truly free of disease.
Sensitivity=[a/(a+c)] × 100

Specificity=[d/(b+d)]×100

Positive predictive value(PPV)=[a/(a+b)]×100

Negative predictive value(NPV)=[d/(c+d)]×100.


• PPV and NPV, respectively, indicate the likelihood
that a test can successfully identify whether people
do or do not have a target condition (the disease),
based on their test results.

• Predictive value is an answer to the question:


If my patient's test result is positive, what are the chances that
my patient does have the disease?

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