TYPES OF MEDIA

I. Types of Media

Types of Media
Print Media
Broadcast Media
Film/ Cinema
Video Games (Digital Games)
New Media

A. PRINT MEDIA
a. Print media is one of the oldest and basic forms of communication. It includes
newspapers, weeklies, magazines, monthlies, banners & graphics, posters and
other forms of printed material.

b. Broadcast Media
Broadcast Media- To communicate or transmit a signal, a message, or
content, such as audio or video programming, to numerous recipients
simultaneously over a communication network.

Source: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Broadcast+media
Source: https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/media/radio/
Radio is the second most used and most trusted source of political
information in the Philippines. In 2013, roughly two-thirds of the
country’s population listens to radio, with 41.4 percent listening at least
once a week, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority. It also
remains to be the most pervasive medium, reaching even the remotest
areas of the country.

Broadcast Media- To
communicate or transmit
a signal, a message, or
content, such as audio or video programming, to numerous recipients
simultaneously over a communication network.
Source: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Broadcast+media
Film/Cinema
 A film, also called a movie, motion picture, moving picture, or photoplay,
is a series of still images that, when shown on a screen, create the illusion
of moving images. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive
continuous motion between separate objects viewed in rapid succession.
The process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. A film is created
by photographing actual scenes with a motion-picture camera, by
photographing drawings or miniature models using traditional animation
techniques, by means of CGI and computer animation, or by a combination
of some or all of these techniques, and other visual effects.

The word "cinema", short for cinematography, is often used to refer to

filmmaking and the film industry, and to the art of filmmaking itself. The
contemporary definition of cinema is the art of simulating experiences to
communicate ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty or atmosphere
by the means of recorded or programmed moving images along with other
sensory stimulations.

Video game is a game played by electronically manipulating images

produced by a computer program on a television screen or other display
screen.

c. New Media
Digital media that are interactive, incorporate two-way communication
and involve some form of computing
(http://online.seu.edu/what-is-newmedia/#sthash.ltggt2ed.dpuf)

Social Media- forms of electronic communication (such as web sites)

through which people create online communities to share information,
ideas, personal messages, etc.
(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social%20media
 I. What is Media Convergence?

Media convergence is a term that can refer to either: 1) the merging of previously distinct
media technologies and media forms due to digitization and computer networking; or 2) an
economic strategy in which the media properties owned by communications companies
employ digitization and computer networking to work together.

II. Media Convergence as Technological Convergence

This technological convergence simplifies the production of media content while also
greatly expanding, accelerating and facilitating its distribution, often with associated cost
savings. A digital photograph, for example, can be shot and circulated globally within
seconds via the Internet, eliminating the need for film processing, printing and physical
distribution. Similarly, consumers can access multiple forms of media content — books,
radio and television programs, music, movies, newspapers — on their computers, smart
phones or other devices at a time and place of their choosing, often for free. With
technological convergence, the electronic transmission of data, which can be exponential,
replaces the more singular, physical transportation of material goods.

III. Media Convergence as Corporate Convergence

This strategy is a product of three elements: 1) digitization; 2) corporate concentration, whereby

fewer large companies own more media properties ;and 3) government deregulation, which has
increasingly allowed media conglomerates to own different kinds of media (e.g., television and
radio stations, and newspapers) in the same markets, and which has permitted content carriage
companies (e.g., cable and satellite TV distributors) to own content producers (e.g., specialty
TV channels).

Corporate convergence allows companies to reduce labour, administrative and material costs, to use the
same media content across several media outlets, to provide advertisers with package deals for a
number of media platforms, and to increase brand recognition and brand loyalty among audiences
through cross-promotion and cross-selling. At the same time, it raises significantly the economic barriers
to newcomers seeking to enter media markets, thus limiting competition for converged companies.
Historically, communications companies have formed newspaper chains and networks of radio and TV
stations to realize many of these same advantages, and convergence can be seen as the expansion and
intensification of this same logic.
II. MASS MEDIA
- a medium of communication (such as newspapers, radio, or television) that is designed to
reach the mass of the people —usually used in plural.
Source: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mass%20medium
- refer to channels of communication that involve transmitting information in some way,
shape or form to large numbers of people.

III. MEDIA EFFECTS

- are the intended or unintended consequences of what the mass media does. (Denis McQuail,
2010)

A. Third – party Theory

• People think they are more immune to media influence than others.
B. Reciprocal Effect
• When a person or event gets media attention, it influences the way the person acts
or the way the event functions.
• Media coverage often increases self-consciousness, which affects our actions.
C. Boomerang Effect
• refers to media-induced change that is counter to the desired change.
D. Cultivation Theory (George Gerbner)
• states that media exposure, specifically to television, shapes our social reality by
giving us a distorted view on the amount of violence and risk in the world.

MTRCB (Movie and Television Review and Classification Board)

MTRCB (Movie and Television Review and Classification Board) is the government
agency responsible for rating television programs and films in the Philippines.

Movie Classification
✓ “G” stands General Audience
✓ “PG” stands for Parental Guidance
✓ “SPG” stands for Strict Parental Guidance/ Striktong Patnubay at Gabay
✓ “R” stands for Restricted
✓ “X” stands for Not for Public Exhibition

E. Agenda-setting Theory (Lippmann/

McCombs and Shaw)
 • process whereby the mass media determine what we think and worry about.
• public reacts not to actual events but to the pictures in our head, created by
media.

F. Propaganda Model of Media Control (Herman & Chomsky)

• The model tries to understand how the population is manipulated, and how the
social, economic, political attitudes are fashioned in the minds of people
through propaganda.

IV. What is PROGPAGANDA?

Ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order to help a
cause, a political leader, a government, etc.
(http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/propaganda)

THE ESSENCE OF PROPAGANDA

I. WHAT IS PROPAGANDA?
- ideas or statements that are often false or exaggerated and that are spread in order
to help a cause, a political leader, a government, etc.
(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/propaganda)
- information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a
political cause or point of view
(https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/propaganda)

II. WHY BE AWARE OF PROPAGANDA?

✓ Propaganda manipulates and diverts you from logical analysis of issues.
✓ Propaganda hides the truth.
✓ By understanding propaganda, you will be able to protect yourself from
deceitful tactics.

III. HOW TO SPOT A PROPAGANDA?

Propaganda…
✓ attacks a person instead of a principle or issue
✓ suppresses evidence that does not support its cause
✓ relies on emotion instead of logical evidence
✓ introduces irrelevant or unproved evidence
✓ distorts and oversimplify evidence
✓ shows internal inconsistency after examining facts