Amani Project Mwisho

STUDY ON THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Civil Engineering
NAME: AMANI DANIEL

ADM NO: 19100333030049
Final year Project Report,
Submitted for the Partial fulfillment of the Bachelor Degree of Civil Engineering,
Mbeya University of Science and Technology
Mbeya university of science and Technology
BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

July, 2022
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Study on The Role of Community Participation in Solid Waste Management in Singida Municipal Council
STUDY ON THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT.
Case Study of Singida Municipal-Singida Region.
By
Amani Daniel.
Admission number: 19100333030049.
Semester examination number: UE/BEC/21/14864.
A Project Submitted for Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award Of
Bachelor Degree in Civil Engineering, Mbeya University of Science and Technology.

Bachelor of Civil Engineering
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CERTIFICATION.
The undersigned certify that he has read and hereby recommend for acceptance by the Mbeya University
of Science and Technology a project titled: Study on the role of community participation in solid waste
management in Singida municipal council in partial fulfillment for the requirement of Bachelor degree
in Civil Engineering at Mbeya university of Science and technology.
………..........................................................
Mr. Goodluck M. Masige.

(Supervisor)
Date ……………………………….

iii
DECLARATION
AND
COPYRIGHT
I, AMANI DANIEL, declare that all information in this document have been obtained and presented
in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules
and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this
work.
Signature …………...……………….
The project is copyright material protected under the Berne Convention, the copyright Act 1999 and
other international and national enactments, in the behalf, on intellectual property. It is not being
reproduced by any means, in full or part, except for short extracts in fair dealings for research or private
study

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DEDICATION.
This project is dedicated to my Holly Ghost God who gave me health, power and ability to do my
project also, to my supervisors Mr. Goodluck M. Masige whom supported me a lot but also, I would
dedicate this project to Singida municipal Office and my family, my dear parents and my daughter
Precious as well as my friends may God bless them all.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thankful to my supervisor Mr. Goodluck M. Masige and Project coordinator and Panel supervisors of
presentations for their advice and support, to provide me with guidance to accomplishment of this
project. Also, thanks to Singida Municipal Office staff for their invaluable guidance and assistance
without which the accomplishment of the task would have never been possible.

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ABSTRACT.
This study was conducted to Study on The Role of Community Participation in Solid waste
Management in Singida Municipal in the year 2022. The sample comprised a total number of 30
households in which two wards of Majengo and Mandewa were purposively chosen to represent the
rest of wards in Singida Municipality. The study involved both quantitative and qualitative approaches
in data analysis. The study used both the primary and secondary source data. The primary data were
collected through the instrument of questionnaire, interviews, observation, focus groups discussion and
secondary data were collected through documentation from Singida Municipal Council, internet
sources, journal and books.Purposive sampling procedures were used to obtain ten representative wards.
The collected data were analyzed using Microsoft excel software. Results of the study indicated that
more than 36% of the solid waste generated is of vegetable and food remains origin. The major
limitations at household and community levels are lack of collection and storage facilities
which could lead to serious health and environmental problems. Community members perceive
SWM as a sole responsibility of local government authorities. Their perception towards SWM
is quite low and their attitude in SWM is also unfavorable. It is, recommended that efforts
should be directed towards generation since the quantity generated per day is 144 tones/day
and the disposed quantity is 120 tones/day, storage bins and transfer station are not adequate
to accommodate waste generated. So, construction of transfer stations should be done. When
it comes to transportation of waste, trucks are not adequate so it recommended the municipal
to consider this into serious note, at final disposal dumpsite it advised to construct a mechanical
sanitary landfill. As well as to training and awareness creation for purpose of enhancing their
participation in SWM. The formation of Environmental committees is crucial in order to
increase the participation in SWM at a lower level. For sustainable SWM emphasis should be
directed towards composting which should be carried out by specific groups. This could be an
attractive alternative in terms of production of fertilizer for the growing subsector of urban
agriculture as well as income generation.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS.
BLE OF CONTE
Certification. .......................................................................................................................................... iii
Declaration And Copyright .................................................................................................................... iii
Dedication. ............................................................................................................................................. iv
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................. vi
Abstract. ................................................................................................................................................ vii
List of Figures ......................................................................................................................................... x
List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... xi
List of Symbols and Acronym used in this Study ................................................................................. xii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND. ........................................................ 1

1.1 Introduction. ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.4 Objectives. ........................................................................................................................................ 3
1.4.1 General Objective .......................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.2 Specific Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.5 Project Area. ..................................................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Significance of the Project. ............................................................................................................... 3
1.7 Scope of the Project. ......................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW. ................................................................................... 4

2.1 Introduction. ...................................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Determination of quantity of solid waste generated. ........................................................................ 4
2.3 Determination of Municipal solid waste generated. ......................................................................... 4
2.4 Methods of solid waste management. ............................................................................................... 5
2.4.1 Generation. ..................................................................................................................................... 5
2.4.2 Storage. .......................................................................................................................................... 6
2.4.3 Collection. ...................................................................................................................................... 7
2.4.4 Transportation ................................................................................................................................ 8
2.4.5 Disposal.......................................................................................................................................... 9
2.5 Community Knowledge and Participation. ..................................................................................... 13
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.................................................................. 14
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 14
3.2 Description of the Study Area and Population. ............................................................................... 14
3.3 Data Collection Methods. ............................................................................................................... 14

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3.3.1 Observation and field work Method. ........................................................................................... 14

3.3.2 Interview Method. ........................................................................................................................ 14
3.3.3 Questionnaire Method. ................................................................................................................. 15
3.4 Data Collection. .............................................................................................................................. 15
3.4.2 Composition of solid waste generated at Municipal. ................................................................... 15
3.4.4 Assessment of community’s knowledge and participation on solid waste management. ............ 16
CHAPER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. ......................................................................... 17

4.1 Introduction. .................................................................................................................................... 17
4.2 Household Characteristics. ............................................................................................................. 17
4.2.1 Age and Sex of Respondents. ...................................................................................................... 17
4.2.2 Education Level. .......................................................................................................................... 18
4.3 Quantity of Solid Waste Generated. ............................................................................................... 18
4.4 Solid Waste Composition. .............................................................................................................. 18
4.5 Assessment of solid waste management methods. .......................................................................... 21
4.5.1 Collection. .................................................................................................................................... 21
4.5.2 Storage. ........................................................................................................................................ 21
4.5.3 Transportation. ............................................................................................................................. 22
4.5.4 Disposal........................................................................................................................................ 22
4.6 Assessment of Community’s Knowledge and Participation on Solid Waste Management. ........... 23
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. ............................................. 25

5.1 Introduction. .................................................................................................................................... 25
5.2 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 25
5.3 Recommendations ........................................................................................................................... 25
References ............................................................................................................................................ 26
APPENDICES. .................................................................................................................................... 27
Appendix I: Questionnaires for Environmental Officer ................................................................. 27
Appendix II: Questionnaire for Local Leaders. ............................................................................... 28
Appendix III: Questionnaire for Households/Respondents. ........................................................... 29

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1: Municipal Solid Waste Composition.................................................................................. 20
Figure 4.2: use of municipal vehicles for solid waste collection. ......................................................... 21
Figure 4.3: use of municipal vehicles for solid waste transportation. ................................................... 22
Figure 4.4: Respondents response about solid waste management awareness. .................................... 23

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Quantity of solid waste generated. ........................................................................................ 15
Table 3.2 Composition of solid waste generated at Municipal. ............................................................ 15
Table 3.3 Assessment of solid waste methods; Collection, storage, transportation and disposal. ........ 16
Table 4.1 Age Category of Respondents. ............................................................................................. 17
Table 4.2 Distribution of respondents by sex. ...................................................................................... 17
Table 4.3 Distribution of respondents by level of education. ............................................................... 18
Table 4.4 Quantity of waste generated and disposed per day. .............................................................. 18
Table 4.5 Analysis of municipal solid waste composition. ................................................................... 19
Table 4.6 Level of awareness on solid waste management practices. .................................................. 23
Table 4.7 Participation on Municipal Solid Waste Management Practices. ......................................... 24

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LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ACRONYM USED IN THIS STUDY
CBO Community Based Operator

LCA Life Cycle Analysis
MSW Municipal Solid Waste
SW Solid waste

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CHAPTER ONE.
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND.

1.1 Introduction.
This chapter describes background to the study, research problem, research objectives, project area,
scope of the project and significance of the study.
1.2 Background of the study.
The rapid urbanization that has been taking place during the 20th century virtually transformed the
world in to communities of cities and towns facing similar challenges on environmental issues in which
most of them have to be addressed at international level (Smith, 2010). Among those environmental
issues solid waste management is a critical one because as long as humans have been living in settled
communities, solid waste generation has been an unavoidable and critical issue both in developed and
developing nations. As a result, solid waste management became a worldwide agenda at united nation
conference on environment and development in Rio dejieneiro in 1992 with a great emphasis on
reducing wastes and maximizing environmentally sound waste reuse and recycling at first step in waste
management (UNEP, 1996).
Solid Waste Management may be defined as the discipline associated with control of generation,
storage, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of solid waste in a manner that is according with
the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetic and other
environmental consideration. Solid Waste Management includes administrative financial, planning,
engineering and environmental consideration in search of solution (Akolkar, 2005)
The term (Solid Waste Management) usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and the
process in generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste
management is a distinct practice from resource recovery which focuses on delaying the rate of
consumption of natural resources. Resource recovery is the selective extraction of disposed materials
for a specific next use, such as recycling, composting or energy generation. The aim of the resource
recovery is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products, delay the consumption of virgin
natural resources, and to generate the minimum amount of waste. Resource recovery differs from the
management of waste by using life cycle analysis (LCA) to offer alternatives to landfill disposal of
discarded materials.
A number of studies on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) have indicated that administration, source
separation and collection followed by reuse and recycling of the non-organic fraction and energy and
compost/fertilizer production of the organic waste fraction via anaerobic digestion to be the favored
alternatives to landfill disposal. All wastes materials, whether they are solid, liquid, gaseous or
radioactive fall within the remit or sphere of the activity of waste management (Ackerman, 1997)

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Municipal Solid Waste Management refers to systematic control of generation, collection, storage,
transport, source separation, processing, treatment, recovery and disposal of solid waste.
Waste management face a number of challenges for example, waste transportation is very expensive; it
is a labor-intensive activity, accounting for approximately three quarters of the total cost of solid-waste
management. Public employees are often assigned to the task, but sometimes it becomes economic
activity for private companies to do the work under contract provided by municipality (Bartone,
Bernstein, & Wright, 1990). In this business, a driver and one or two loaders may serve in each
collection vehicle.
Solid waste management means the discipline associated with control of generation, storage, collection,
transport, processing and disposal of solid waste materials in a way that best addresses the range of
public health, conservation, economic, aesthetic, engineering and other environmental considerations.
Waste was an early problem of mankind, and a growing one that is major concern to every nation of
the world. In early pre-industrial times, waste generation was not an issue as population was smaller.
Waste was disposed of in the ground where it would turn to compost to improve soil fertility. Waste
management issues are coming to the forefront of the global environmental agenda at an increasing
frequency, as population and consumption growth result in increasing quantities of waste.
According to rapidly urbanization of global society, solid waste management becomes a key challenge
facing all our world’s towns and cities. Singida municipal council is rapid growing town but for now
the number could have been increased even more and they still using old garbage collecting and
treatment/disposal facilities for years, something that hinders effective cleanliness and other sanitation
measures.

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1.3 Problem Statement.
Proper solid waste management is important aspect for protection of public health, safety and
environmental quality. There is a solid waste management practices in Singida municipal, but still
wastes are seen scattered in many areas within a municipal especially in open areas which result
environmental degradation, bad odor leads to public nuisance, blockage of drainage systems that cause
flooding during rainfall season also support insect reproduction to take place which cause eruption of
diseases i.e. cholera, malaria, etc. The aim of this research is therefore to collect information on solid
waste management practices and on how the community participates into the solid waste management
practices.
1.4 Objectives.
1.4.1 General Objective.
The main objective of the research is to study on the role of community participation in solid waste
management in Singida municipal council.
1.4.2 Specific Objectives.
I. To determine the quantity of solid waste generated at Singida municipal.

II. To determine the composition of solid waste generated.
III. To assess the methods of solid waste management; collection, storage, transportation and
disposal system at the municipal level.
IV. To assess the community’s knowledge and participation on solid waste management.
1.5 Project Area.

The project will be performed at Singida municipal council.
1.6 Significance of the Project.

I. The study will concentrate on how to reduce the pathetic odors and environmental pollution
around the household’s areas.
II. The study will concentrate importance care the waste produced up to disposal at the
municipality.
III. The study will suggest the best way of managing solid waste especially construction of modern
dumping site away from high population areas.
1.7 Scope of the Project.

According to the time limit the research will focus only in study of solid waste management and on
how the surrounding community play a role of participation from generation, collection, transportation
up to the disposal or treatment plants in two wards such as Majengo and Mandewa.

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CHAPTER TWO.
LITERATURE REVIEW.
2.1 Introduction.
This chapter identifies, evaluates and synthesizes the relevant information and knowledge from
published information or material, books and journals articles of the solid waste managements.
2.2 Determination of quantity of solid waste generated.

The solid waste generated can be classified into five categories. General waste, garden waste, soil,
clinical waste and construction waste. General waste, garden waste and soil are considered as domestic
waste generated by the individuals in day-to-day processes. The generation of general waste and garden
waste in commercial sectors and industries is however quite high when compared with the households.
The general waste can be primarily classified into two sub categories, organic and Inorganic. The
organic waste consists of food waste, garden waste, papers and cardboards, wood and other organic
materials. The inorganic waste consists of bottles, cans, plastic, glass, electronic waste, metals and other
kinds of waste. (Nagabooshman, 2014)
The quantity of solid wastes produced by a society depends on the living standards of residents and
population density that is low, medium and high density. In average modern city each citizen produces
about 0.3 to 0.8 kg of solid waste domestic per day. But also depends on the seasons like consumption
of fruits such as mangoes (Garg & Garg, 2001).
A. Garbage: These solid wastes are kind of organic wastes which obtained from kitchens, hotels and
restaurants. All wastes food articles, vegetable peelings and fruits peelings are included. These
wastes are organic in nature and likely to decompose quickly. The density of garbage varies between
450 to 900kg/m³ (Garg & Garg, 2001)
B. Rubbish: These solid wastes are non-organic wastes except ashes. It includes all combustible and
non-combustible wastes, such as rags paper pieces, broken pieces of glass and furniture, card-
boards, broken crockery. The density of refuse (mixture of all types of dry wastes) varies between
300 to 600kg/m³ (Garg & Garg, 2001)
2.3 Determination of Municipal solid waste generated.

Solid waste composition studies are mainly used for constructing a well-defined waste management for
several reasons which admits potential for material recovery, to find out the origin of component
generation, thermal, to approximate its chemical and physical properties. Seasonal change and
geographic aspect are the factors which influence waste composition study. Waste is sorted based on
the waste categories for the composition. Initially a sample wastes is selected and it will be separated
into different categories based on its source of origin, physical and chemical properties and its
characterization. Then the separated waste is further broken down specifically into different types and
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the materials or substance in the waste is segregated according to it. Commonly, the waste is broken
down into paper, wood, textile, food, rubber, leather, plastics, garden waste, metals, glass, e-waste, soil
waste and more. The selection for specific type differs based upon the selector. Now the segregated
waste is collected separately and it is weighed. Comparing the weight of the segregated waste with the
sample selected and its composition is calculated. (Nagabooshman, 2014)
2.4 Methods of solid waste management.

The generation of wastes, recycling of materials and ultimate to the disposal of waste residues. Source
reduction and recycling are given priority because to reduce the amount of solid waste that has to be
burned or buried, to reduce pollution associated with solid waste and disposal of resources and to reduce
the rate of consumption of scarce resources. The source reduction consists of reduce toxicity, product
reuse, on site mulching and composting. Recycling consists of collecting, processing and composting.
Disposal consists of combustion, landfill and incineration (Vesilid & Morgan, 2004)
2.4.1 Generation.
These solid wastes are materials which generated from human activities are no longer used again and
are thrown away. The weight solid waste produced in Tanzania for squatter areas is 0.5kg/capita per
day. (Mashauri, 2014).The generation rates normally vary from one country to another, from one region
to another and from one street to another due to variation in level of development or living standard.
Others social factors like cultural habits, level of environmental awareness. The actual amount varies
for each community depending on the time of year likewise dry and rainfall season, harvesting period
such as fruits period, the location depends on population density. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/waste
management)

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2.4.1.1 Generation of MSW

Municipal solid waste (MSW), also called Urban Solid Waste, and is a waste type that Include
household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of Commercial wastes, construction and
demolition debris, sanitation residue, MSW can be broadly categorized into five
i. Biodegradable waste: food and kitchen waste, green waste (vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits),
paper (can also be recycled).
ii. Recyclable material: paper, glass, bottles, cans, metals, certain plastics, etc.
iii. Inert waste: construction and demolition waste, dirt, rocks, debris.
iv. Composite wastes: waste clothing, Tetra Packs, waste plastics such as toys. Domestic
hazardous waste (also called "household hazardous waste") and toxic waste: medication, paints,
chemicals, light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, spray cans, Fertilizer and pesticide containers,
batteries, shoe polish. (Archana, 2009)
There Two Types of Characteristics of Solid Waste Are: - (I) Recycled (I) Non-Recycled Solid
Waste.
(i) Recyclable Solid Waste.
Solid wastes are non-decompose amounts of valuable materials like papers, glass, plastic, steel,
Aluminum, copper and other metals which, if they are recovered and reused, would reduce the volume
of the wastes to be collected and at the same time would yield significant salvage and scrap income.
(ii) Non- Recyclable Solid Waste.
The non-recyclable solid wastes involve decomposed solid wastes. These are like garbage, ashes and
dead animals. Dead animals may be small animals such as cats and dogs or large such as cows. They
should be disposed of as soon as they die to avoid attraction of flies and release of offensive odors.
Dead animals are few, but of significant health hazards and nuisance problems (Natamai, 2013)
2.4.2 Storage.
Storage is method of keeping solid wastes in the community without causing effect to human health,
this storage can be used a container or open space but open space is not recommended because of solid
waste it easy to be scattered.

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I. Private Storage (Primary).
This storage of solid waste is served in one building, refuse is handled by private must be stored in an
approved bin which is equal to 0.1m3 (Mashauri, 2014)
The storage site for solid waste containers shall be well drained and fully accessible to collection
equipment. Solid waste containers shall not be placed in the area between the dwellings. Containers
may not be stored inside a residential building (Dhamija, 2006)
II. Municipal Storage (Secondary).
This storage of solid waste served by the city, and shall be stored in containers. Containers shall be leak
proof and waterproof, cans shall be fitted with fly tight lid and shall be properly covered at all times
except when depositing solid waste or removing the contents. (Dhamija, 2006)
2.4.3 Collection.
Generally solid wastes are collected in individual houses in small containers, from there it is collected
by sweepers in small hand driven Lorries or carts then dumped into the masonry chambers constructed
along roadsides by municipalities. The solid wastes are finally collected away by municipal trucks for
further disposal during day time. Solid waste should be collected by municipal trucks directly from the
houses. Roadside solid waste collection masonry chambers need complete elimination, municipal trucks
should be completely closed and should visit homes and houses twice a day once in the morning and
once in the evening to collect household solid waste and sweeping. (Vesilid & Morgan, 2004).
The transporting vehicles should also be high quality of special design and properly maintained, should
be strong, durable and water tight and be made of stainless steel with smooth interior having round
corners and edges for facility of cleaning. Mechanical devices should be installed in these vehicles for
lifting the body to the sides or back or for pushing the solid waste out so that they can be quickly and
easily emptied (Garg & Garg, 2001).
Solid Waste Collection, the Recommended Frequency Collection is as Follows;
1. Temperature Region.
a. Summer collects every two (2) days.
b. Winter collects every three (3) days.
2. Cooler Region.
a. Summer collects twice a week
b. Winter Collect once a week (Garg & Garg, 2001)

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Collection of MSW Broadly Involves Following Functional Elements;
I. Collection from Non-Point Source.
This stage includes door-to-door collection of waste. Most collection is done by garbage collectors who
are employees or firms under contract to the government. Garbage collectors employed by local
governing bodies manually collect the waste generated at the household level and dump it in the
community bins at specified street corners. Municipality is not responsible for door to door collection
of waste from houses, offices, small shops and small markets. Here people are required to deposit their
wastes in communal containers/ community bins (stationary or haul types), from which it is collected
by municipal vehicle (Chandrappa., 2012)
II. Collection from point source.
Waste collected from non-point source deposited to definite point sources namely communal bins.
Communal bins are placed near markets, in apartment complexes, and in other appropriate locations.
Shopping complex, hotels, public places like gardens, religious places are other definite point sources.
Vehicles collects large amount of waste from these point sources and then transported to transfer
stations and disposal sites by vehicles. Manually or mechanically loaded compactors are often used in
this stage. Placing communal bins at appropriate locations for deposit. For better MSW management
garbage should be lifted frequently from these point sources. Frequency in lifting garbage from these
points really matters otherwise garbage pile up and create other problems. (Pichtel, 2005)
2.4.4 Transportation
The collected solid wastes are transported to the disposal site by using special vehicles which are having
chamber enclosed to avoid scattering solid wastes during transporting a transfer station is a facility at
which solid wastes from individual collection trucks are consolidated into larger vehicles such as tractor
trailer. A distance of about 20km may be a typical upper limit for an individual waste collection truck.
There are two basic modes of operation, the first in a direct discharge station each refuse truck empties
directly into the larger transport vehicles and hold the solid waste from four collection vehicles if it is
not compacted and up to eight collections vehicles if it is compacted. The second in a storage discharge
transfer station, the refuse is first emptied from the collection trucks into a storage pit (Garg & Garg,
2001)
Transfer refers to the movement of waste or materials from collection points to disposal sites.
Transportation of waste from collection point to disposal sites is carried out by using different types
of vehicles depending on the distances to be covered by them. Larger vehicles carry the waste from
the collection points to the disposal sites. Comparatively small vehicles discharge waste at transfer
stations where the wastes are loaded into larger vehicles for transportation to the disposal sites.
Transfer stations are centralized facilities where waste is unloaded from smaller collection vehicles
and re-loaded into larger vehicles for transport to a disposal or processing site. The transportation of
garbage from the transfer stations is done generally using Trailers and Bulk Refuse Carriers. In large

8
cities, open trucks, covered trucks, and some compactors are in use, whereas in smaller cities tractor
trailers, tricycles and animal carts are common (Garg & Garg, 2001)
2.4.5 Disposal.
Disposal is the process of dumping solid waste to the located area or land for further treatment so that
can be changed into various forms. Most of the solid wastes are very dangerous materials and provide
attractive diseases vectors like flies, rodents which can spread and transmit diseases to people and the
decomposition of wastes lead to ground water pollution and environmental degradation. Proper solid
wastes disposal control diseases vectors, public health and pollution environment (Garg & Garg, 2001)
These Solid Wastes Can Be Disposed into Various Methods.
I. Disposal of Refuse of Sanitary Land Filling.
This method solid waste or refuse is dumped into the low-lying area but not cause any nuisance or
hazardous to public health. The refuse is dumped and compacted in layers of 0.3m to 0.6m, when depth
of filling becomes about 1.5m and it is covered by good earth of 0.15m to 0.3m thickness so that the
refuse is not directly exposed. This filling is done by dividing the entire site into smaller portions, the
compaction is done by movement of bulldozers, trucks before starting filling the second layer of refuse.
Filling of low-lying areas should be done by leaving a minimum distance of 6m from the surrounding
area and insecticides like DDT, creosote should be sprayed on the layers to prevent breeding of
mosquitoes and flies. A final cover of about 0.6m of earth is laid and compacted at the top of the filled-
up land to prevent rodents from burrowing into the refuse, with the passage of time, the filled-up refuse
will get stabilized due to the decomposition of organic matter and subsequent conversion into stable
compounds. The land filling operation is essentially a biological method of waste treatment, since the
waste is stabilized by aerobic as well as anaerobic bacteria process. Initially the bacterial decomposition
occurs under the aerobic conditions because amount of air is trapped within the landfill, however the
oxygen in the trapped air is soon exhausted within a few days and long term occurs under anaerobic
conditions (Aliweli, 2011).
The period of refuse stabilization is divided into five phases. The first phase of operation aerobic
bacteria and fungi which are dominant use the available oxygen to effect oxidation of organic matter as
a result of aerobic respiration, the temperature in the fill increases. The second phase anaerobic and
facultative bacteria develop to decompose the organic matter, H₂ and CO₂ gases are evolved through
acidogenic activity. The third phase methanogenic bacteria develop to cause evolution of methane gas.
The fourth phase of decomposition the methanogenic activity gets stabilized. The fifth phase the
methanogenic activity subsides representing depletion of the organic matter, the system returns to
aerobic conditions within the landfills.

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For better biological degradation the moisture content of the dumped material should be high not less
than 60% which maintained by the aerobic decomposition brought out by fungi or by subsoil water, the
refuse may be stabilized within a period of 2 to 4 months and settle down 20% to 40% of its original
height (Garg & Garg, 2001)
Advantages.
Low-lying water-logged areas and old quarry pits can be easily reclaimed and the mosquitoes breeding
places are also eliminated. It is simple no costly plants are required and no residues or by-products left
out.
Disadvantages.
Low lying depressions or dumping sites may not always be available may become scarce in future since
the production of solid waste is a continuous process. There is a continuous evolution of foul gases,
these gases may be explosive in nature and are produced by the decomposing organic matter. The
dumped garbage may contain harmful or poison, during rainfall season when excess water seeping
through the land, come out of the dump as a colored liquid called Leachate. This is highly poisonous
and polluted leach ate containing organic compounds such as chlorinated hydrocarbons, benzene is
likely to seep to the underground water table to contaminate the ground water leading to diseases like
cholera, typhoid, polio. To avoid harmful effects the leachates should be collected and treated in one
site treatment plants before disposal. (Garg & Garg, 2001)
II. Open Disposal.
These method solid wastes are dumped or disposed directly into open space, depend on the land
available and spread over a large area without regarding safety and health hazards. Because no
segregation of waste at its source takes place, domestic waste of all types, infectious waste from medical
facilities, and even hazardous industrial waste are deposited at dumpsites that are actually designated
for domestic waste. The waste deposited at such sites is neither spread nor compacted. It is left
uncovered to degrade under natural conditions. The sites generate leach ate and thus pollute surrounding
water bodies, contaminate the air with methane emission sand uncontrolled burning, and create serious
health and environmental problems for the city as a whole and, more particularly, for the poor people
living in the vicinity of the dumping ground (Pichtel, 2005)

10
Advantage.
It is easy or cheaper, there is no cost required.
Disadvantage.
Causes air pollution, surface and ground water pollution and encourage of flies and rodent generation.
III. Disposal of Refuse by Incineration (Burning).
This is the burning of refuse at high temperatures in furnaces, normally the combustible matter such as
garbage, rubbish and dead animals are burnt and the incombustible matter like broken glass, chinaware,
metals are either left unburnt or are separated out for recycling and reuse, separation of materials will
reduce the load on the furnaces. The left-out ashes and clinkers from the incinerators along with the
non-recycled incombustible materials shall have to be disposed of either by sanitary land filling or in
other productive like clinkers can be used as aggregates for making low grade concrete and the ashes
can be used for making bricks. The heat produced during burning of the refuses is used in the form of
steam power for running turbines to generate electricity (Garg & Garg, 2001).
Advantages
Ensures the disposal complete destruction of pathogenic bacteria and insects. Also, can be located
within the city and transportation problems are sorted out easily. There is no odor trouble or dust
nuisance. It requires very less space for refuse disposal.
Disadvantages.
It is very costly, requires a lot of technical. Solid wastes to be burnt should have a high calorific value.
Smoke, odor and ash nuisance may result due to the improper operation of the plant if substances like
plastics giving high calorific value to the wastes. Transport vehicles are required in large numbers as
there may occur delays in their emptying near incinerators (Christensen, 2010).
IV. Disposal of refuses by barging it out into the sea.
This method is used to dispose of refuse by throwing it away into the sea 16km to 20km, the sea depth
at disposal point should not be less than 30m, the direction of the currents should be such as not to bring
it back towards the shore.

11
Advantages.
It is cheap and simple.
Disadvantages.
The bulky and lighter parts of the refuse do not settle down, remain floating and tend to return to the
shores especially during high tides. This requires ships or barges for carrying the refuse into the interior
of the sea, the movement of which may be difficult during monsoons and stormy wealth (Garg & Garg,
2001)
V. Disposal of Refuse by Treatment.
The refuse is treated in grinding machines so as reduce the volume and to change the physical character,
the grinded or pulverized refuse becomes odorless and unattractive to the insects. This pulverized refuse
contains fertilizing elements like potash, phosphorous and nitrogenous materials which cannot be used
as manure (Garg & Garg, 2001)
VI. Disposal of Refuse by composting.
Composting of refuse is a biological method of decomposing solid wastes, this can be affected either
under aerobic or anaerobic conditions or both, and the final product is manure which is called compost
or humus. Basically, composting is aerobic process, it involves piling up of refuse and its regular turning
either manually or by mechanical devices so as to ensure sufficient supply of air and oxygen during its
decomposition by bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms. Initially the process starts with the bacteria
which oxidize the organic matter to carbon dioxide and liberate heat. The temperature rises to about
45⁰c, the bacteria take over and continues the decomposition, during this phase the temperature further
rises to about 60⁰c.After three weeks the compost is stabilized, the final compost should have an earthy
smell and a dark brown color.
Moisture content of the compost mass should be controlled to ensure optimum aerobic decomposition
because excessive moisture will make it difficult to maintain aerobic conditions (Garg & Garg, 2001)

12
2.5 Community Knowledge and Participation.

Public Participation may be broadly defined as the involvement of citizens in governmental decision-
making processes. This ranges from being given notice of public hearings to being actively included in
decisions that affect communities. It is generally a process of engaging stakeholders so that those most
likely to be impacted by a particular activity can influence the outcome. Public refers not only to private
citizens but institutions, civil society, labor unions, the Government, public officials, industrial,
agricultural and trade associations, scientific and professional societies, environmental, educational and
Health associations and other minority groups. It is necessary to establish the Public Involvement
Framework and identify participants or stakeholders and determine their legitimacy by social analysis.
There is a wide variety of models from which to choose. (Yohanis & Genemo, 2015)
Awareness and attitudes to Solid Waste Management can affect the population's willingness to
cooperate and adequately participate in waste management practices. General environmental awareness
and information on health risks due to ineffective solid waste management practices are important
factors which need to be continuously communicated to all sectors of the communities. Participation of
the community can be by carrying waste to a shared container, by segregating waste to assist recycling
activities, or even only by paying for waste management services. Public awareness and community
participation would assist in obtaining guidance in carrying out strategic planning of SWM and to
enhance appropriate levels of community participation (John, 2015).

13
CHAPTER THREE.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses about the methods used for collecting information from informants in the field
of study. It discusses the way this study was conducted, the methods applied and techniques in data
collection and gives the reason as to why the data were used according to the research objectives.
3.2 Description of the Study Area and Population.

Singida Region is found in central zone of Tanzania. The regional capital is the municipality of
Singida. The region is located at coordinates -5° 29’ 59.99” S and 34° 29’ 59.99” and it is bordered to
the north by Shinyanga Region, Simiyu Region and Arusha Region, to the northeast by Manyara
Region, to the east by Dodoma Region, to the southeast by Iringa Region, to the southwest by Mbeya
Region and to the west by Tabora Region.
Singida municipal council covers nineteen wards with total community population of 150,379 people
according to 2012 census. The municipal solid waste management practiced to nine wards that are of
high population and are located to the town. These are Minga, Mitunduruni, Utemini, Kindai, Misuna,
Mandewa, Mungumaji, Majengo and Ipembe.
3.3 Data Collection Methods.

Data were collected by use of observation, interview and questionnaire which contained structured
questions.
3.3.1 Observation and field work Method.

Observation method is the most commonly used method especially in studies relating to behavioral
sciences. The information was sought by way of researcher’s own direct observation without asking
respondents in order to avoid the subjective bias. This method obtained information about current
condition of solid waste management practices as well as attitudes and behavioral of respondents
towards solid waste management by using observation checklist prepared.
3.3.2 Interview Method.

Interview method of collecting data is the presentation of oral-verbal and reply in terms of oral-verbal
responses. This method requires a researcher asking questions generally in a face-to-face contact to
the respondent. This method of collecting data through interview was carried out in structured
questions based on specific objectives and requires the interviewer to be answered on the spot and has
to meet people from whom the primary data have to be collected.

14
3.3.3 Questionnaire Method.

Questionnaire is a written list of questions that are answered by a number of people so that
information can be collected from the answers. In this method a questionnaire was posted to the
respondent concerned with the request to answer the questions that were closed and open questions
and return the questionnaire. This method of collecting data by posting the questionnaires to the
respondents was free from the bias of the researcher.
3.4 Data Collection.

Data collection is the methodology process used to collect information and data for the purpose of
making design decisions. The following data were collected.
Table 3.1 Quantity of solid waste generated.
S/No. DESCRIPTION. DATA.

1 Population. 150,379 (census, 2012).
2 Quantity of waste generated per day. 144 tons/day.
3 Quantity of waste disposed per day. 120 tons/day.
Source: Singida Municipal 2022.
3.4.2 Composition of solid waste generated at Municipal.

The method adopted during determination of solid waste composition was taking sample to the bucket
then sorting of waste and weighing them.
Table 3.2 Composition of solid waste generated at Municipal.

S/No. Waste composition. Weight in kilogram (kg).
1 Food waste (mixed). 1.27.
2 Paper and cardboard. 0.59.
3 Inert matter. 0.35.
4 Clothes. 0.02.
5 Plastics. 0.82.
6 Wood. 0.08.
7 Glass. 0.44.
Source: Field work 2022.

15
Table 3.3 Assessment of solid waste methods; Collection, storage, transportation and disposal.
S/No. Collection, Storage, Transportation and Disposal Units. Available facilities.
1 waste containers. 27
2 Tipper trucks. 2
3 Open dump. 13
4 Proper dumpsite. 3
5 Community Based Group (UVUMILIVU GROUP). 1
6 waste collection trips to major dumpsite. 4 to 6 trips
7 Waste collection fee per month. 2,000/= TZS for households.
5000/= TZS for public i.e. business
areas, industries & institutions.
8 Fine for improper waste disposal. 50,000 up to 300,000 TZS.
Source: Singida Municipal 2022.
3.4.4 Assessment of community’s knowledge and participation on solid waste management.

Questionnaires were used during this research to determine the community knowledge and how they
participate to the solid waste management in study area as attached to the appendices.

16
CHAPER FOUR.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.

4.1 Introduction.
This chapter presents the results and discussion of the research study. A series of the tables are used.
Discussion of the research findings is guided by the following subsections: Household characteristics,
Quantity of solid waste generated, Solid waste composition, assessment of solid waste management
methods to the municipal and community participation on solid waste management.
4.2 Household Characteristics.

The population characteristics examined in this study were; age, sex and education level. The purpose
of choosing these characteristics was to get the general overview of what the respondents are
composed of and how that influence solid waste management practices.
4.2.1 Age and Sex of Respondents.

Age is an important demographic variable and is a primary basis of demographic classification in vital
statistics, censuses and surveys. Table 4.1 presents age groups of respondents participating in
community activities ranging from 18 to 60+ years. Results in Table 4.1 show that about half (50 %)
of respondents in the study area were aged between 18 – 35 years followed by 40% of the respondents
aged 36– 45 years and 10% of the age group of 46-65 years. The results reveal that the mean age of
respondents was 27 years. The findings shown that adults have more potential labor contribution in
environmental conservation and other social communal activities such as solid waste management.
Table 4.1 Age Category of Respondents.

Age category (years) Frequency Percentage
18- 35 15 50
36- 45 12 40
56- 65 3 10
Total 30 100
Source: Field study (2022).
Table 4.2 shows the sex of respondents in the study area. Out of the 30 respondents interviewed, the
highest proportion was females (60%) and 40% were males. Sanitation activity in urban area is largely
carried out by women. This is perhaps due to the fact that, large proportion of SW is generated at
household level where women are mainly play role in terms of household activities.
Table 4.2 Distribution of respondents by sex.

Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 12 40
Female 18 60
Total 30 100
17
Source: Field study (2022).
4.2.2 Education Level.

Education is always valued as a means of deliverance from ignorance and enables one to perform
effectively to any given task within a specified period. Respondents were asked to state their level of
education. Results in Table 4.3 indicated that the majority of the respondents (53%) had attained
primary education. The rest (27%) and 20% of the respondents interviewed had attained secondary
education and certificate/diploma education, respectively. The results therefore revealed that the
majority of community members had basic education and therefore likely to adopt new practices and
ideas. Most of the respondents in the study were expected to be more helpful in relation to participation
in solid waste management in their communities.
Table 4.3 Distribution of respondents by level of education.

Parameter Frequency Percentage
Primary education. 16 53
Secondary education. 8 27
certificate/diploma education. 6 20
Total. 30 100
Source: Field study (2022)
4.3 Quantity of Solid Waste Generated.

Solid wastes through data collection are being generated from house/home activities such as kitchen
example ashes, vegetable peelings, fruits peelings, food remains, sweeping and demolished house,
papers, and plastic bags also some are coming from small business area such as shops, food vendors,
fruit vendors and people who are passing through path streets. These solid wastes some can decay and
decompose such as food remains and others cannot decay and decompose such as metals and also
other solid wastes are combustible and other are non-combustible.
The survey study revealed that the quantity produced is higher than those collected and disposed to
the final dumpsite. Since the disposal efficiency is about 83%, this means the 17% of waste are not
disposed per day and results waste to overflow to the transfer stations.
Table 4.4 Quantity of waste generated and disposed per day.

Generated quantity Disposed quantity Percentage of disposal
(tons/day). (/tons/day). (%)
144 120 83
Source: Field study 2022.
4.4 Solid Waste Composition.

The generation of solid wastes is from households (domestic waste), industrial areas, and commercial
establishments like markets, hotels, restaurants and informal areas. Information on the composition of
18
the solid waste is important in evaluating equipment needs, collection system, disposal methods, and
management plans. The composition of solid waste in Singida municipal is of a great extent food waste,
paper and cardboard waste, plastic waste, glass, clothes and wood. Solid waste was also classified in
Biodegradable (55%) and non-biodegradable (45%) groups. Biodegradable waste among others
included waste from households i.e., Food remains, ash, dust, manure etc. The challenge of these types
of waste is that during rainfall season they absorb large amount of water and hence increase in weight
so is the cost of collection and transportation. Their decomposition can result into offensive odor to the
community and pose threat to public health and the environment. Non-Biodegradable among others
included glass, plastics, leather, textiles etc. This involved asking data from administrative offices, field
study and response from the questionnaire, field observation revealed that plastics and/or plastic bottles
are collected by many people where they sell to the industries which recycle these products. According
to collectors of these plastic bottles, they sell 1kg for about 250-300 Tsh. Further observation revealed
that wastes are not separated into biodegradable and non-biodegradable using special waste containers
or bins. That is wastes are mixed and therefore hinders the proper solid waste management practices.
Separation of waste is very important in waste management since biodegradable waste can be used in
making compost and/or compost manure and hence resource recovery.
Table 4.5 Analysis of municipal solid waste composition.

S/No. Waste composition. Weight in kilogram (kg). Percentage (%).
Biodegradable waste.
1 Food waste (mixed). 1.27 35.6

2 Paper and cardboard. 0.59 16.6
3 Wood. 0.08 2.24
4 Clothes. 0.02 0.56
Sub-total. 1.96 55
Non-biodegradable waste.
1 Inert matter. 0.35. 9.8
2 Plastics. 0.82. 23.0
3 Glass. 0.44. 12.2
Sub-total. 1.61 45
TOTAL 3.57 100
Source: Field work 2022.

19
COMPOSITION OF MSW.
40
Percentage of SW (%)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Food Paper
waste and Inert Clothes Plastics
Wood. Glass.
(mixed) cardbo matter. . .
. ard.
Series1 35.5742 16.5266 9.80392 0.56022 22.9692 2.2409 12.3249
Type of SW
Figure 4.1: Municipal Solid Waste Composition. Figure 4.1: Municipal Solid Waste Composition.

20
4.5 Assessment of solid waste management methods.

4.5.1 Collection.
Waste collection service is one of the chief components of municipal SWM practices. In most
developing countries Solid waste collection includes both primary and secondary collection system.
Factors affecting collection systems are also described. Most of the developing countries spend their
solid waste management budget in collection systems and still cannot collect all solid waste generated.
I. The survey showed that containers are placed in some neighborhoods. However, a number
of containers are not enough with respect to waste generated and a portion of the
neighborhoods are obligated to throw their refuse into open area. Some of the households
reveals that they digging pits for collection and disposal.
Respondents respose on the use of municipal

vehicle for waste collection.
25
20
RESPONDENTS
15
22
10
5
8
0
YES NO
Series1 8 22
Figure 4.2: use of municipal vehicles for solid waste collection.

4.5.2 Storage.
Storage of waste at source is the first essential step of solid waste management. Every household, shop,
market, industry and other establishment generates solid waste on day-to-day basis. The waste should
normally be stored at the source of waste generation till collected for its disposal. In singida municipal,
the storage of waste to the households they use containers/bins such as buckets, boxes and plastics bags
that are not suitable due to the fact that they are cause bad odor as well as insect reproduction since they
are not covered and overflow.
The municipal placed the communal bins to some areas with higher population to keep the municipal
clean. The study revealed that in most areas there no bins placed to keep the waste, also for the transfer
points, the study revealed they are not enough in terms of the capacity to handle the volume of waste
stored to them thus why there is higher number informal open storage points that acts as official storage
sites of waste in many areas around the municipal.

21
4.5.3 Transportation.
Transportation of the waste stored at waste storage points at regular intervals is essential to ensure that
no garbage bins/containers overflow and waste is not seen littered on streets. Hygienic conditions can
be maintained in towns only if regular clearance of waste from temporary waste storage depots (bins)
is ensured. Transportation system has to be so designed that it is efficient, yet cost effective. The system
should synchronize with the system of waste storage depot and should be easily maintainable. In most
of the towns there is no synchronization between waste storage depots and transportation of waste.
Waste stored in open spaces is either loaded manually or with the help of loaders in traditional trucks.
Manual loading takes time and reduces the productivity of the vehicles and manpower deployed.
Besides, manual handling of waste poses a threat to the health of the sanitation workers as the waste is
highly contaminated.
The study revealed that the residences of Singida Municipality are not receives municipal services for
collection and transportation of the waste since they have to pay wheelbarrow persona for the final
disposal. This means that most of the areas within the municipal does not receive services of
transporting their wastes and so are left uncollected or thrown to roadside or open spaces. Vehicle means
of transportation of solid waste is very limited in the study area and therefore two (2) trucks are available
for collection to the final dumpsite point.
Use of municipal vehicle for SW to transfer station
30
25
RESPONDENTS
20
15
28
10
2
0
YES NO
Series1 2 28
Figure 4.3: use of municipal vehicles for solid waste transportation.

4.5.4 Disposal.
Waste disposal, one of the most important management practices, needs to be very carefully planned.
With regard to waste disposal to the final dumpsite, the study identified that solid waste is
indiscriminately disposed together i.e., no habit of sorting organic from inorganic waste from the point
of generation to the final disposal. The results of the study also reveal that there are households who
22
dispose the waste in to a drainage system and any open place. Also, study identify that municipal waste
dumped to the open area at Manga village far away from town where by the area is very near to the
residential settlement and require enough land so as to accommodate waste since the situation of dump
site identified that its full at those days and searching for the new area at Mwankoko village for disposal
site.
4.6 Assessment of Community’s Knowledge and Participation on Solid Waste Management.

Community level of awareness, understanding and level of participation assessed by using set of
questionnaires to respondents and then observing the following results.
“Does the municipal council provide training, guidelines or awareness on community participation in
solid waste management?”
Table 4.6 Level of awareness on solid waste management practices.

Level of awareness on SWM Frequency Percentage (%)
Not aware. 9 30
Moderately aware. 17 57
Aware. 4 13
Total 30 100
Respondents response on level of awareness on

SWM.
60
50
RESPONDENTS
40
30 57
20
30
10 13
0
not aware moderately aware aware
Figure 4.4: Respondents response about solid waste management awareness.

23
“Are you satisfied with the type of participation by the community in solid waste management in your
ward?”
Table 4.7 Participation on Municipal Solid Waste Management Practices.

Participation on MSW. Frequency Percentage
Yes 8 27
No 22 73
Total 30 100
Source: Field study (2022)

24
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

5.1 Introduction.
This chapter summarizes the findings and conclusions of the study. The chapter further gives
recommendation on how to manage solid wastes.
5.2 Conclusion
Firstly, determination of solid waste quantity generated to the Municipal.
Quantity generated per day determined was based on generation and quantity disposed per day to the
dumpsite. It obtained that quantity generated and transferred to the ward’s dumpsite is 144tons/day.
Secondly, determination of composition of solid waste generated.
The sampling of solid waste was conducted to the three different transfer stations, then, sorted into
homogeneous groups and weighted. It founded the biodegradable waste which are food wastes (mixed)
have 1.27 kg, paper and cardboard have 0.56 kg, wood waste of 0.08 kg and clothes waste have 0.02
kg. while for non-degradable wastes founded that plastics wastes have maximum amount of o.82 kg,
glass waste of 0.44kg and inert waste have 0.35kg.
Thirdly, assessment of solid waste management methods such collection, storage, transportation and
disposal.
The study shows that facilities are not adequate enough to accommodate municipal waste quantity. It
founded that waste containers for collection are 27, transfer stations for storage are 16, tipper for
transportation are 2 and one open disposal site at Manga village.
Lastly, assessment of community knowledge and participation on solid waste management.
The study show that community participation is poor and most of them know nothing not taking into
seriously the management of solid waste and are not conserving environment in general.
5.3 Recommendations
For proper solid waste management practices in Singida Municipality,
(i) waste generated must be segregated/ sorted for recycling and re-use purposes.
Biodegradable waste can be used to make compost, non-biodegradable waste is the only
waste that can transported to the final disposal site.
(ii) Methods of solid waste collection should be improved; door to door solid waste collection
which is done by community-based organization unplanned areas should be emphasized by
the Municipal authority, households must pay for the solid waste collectors at a time.
Municipal vehicles should be available at required regular interval to ensure roadside
collection of solid waste. More communal containers or bins should be placed in many
areas/places of the municipal for solid waste collection and must be emptied on time to
ensure the city is clean. Hauled container systems and Curbside collection should be
encouraged in all planned areas and the municipal has to hire more vehicles.
(iii) Both private sector and the municipal authorities must improve their methods of solid waste
transportation by allocating or buying more vehicles for transportation of solid waste. This
will ensure more collection and transportation of the waste generated.
(iv) Municipal should take into consideration of construction of sanitary landfill so as to avoid
open dumping of waste and later on, when dumpsite overflow tends to be abandoned.
(v) The Municipal Council should formulate a long-term and comprehensive solid waste
management program that would encourage and motivate the public to give their support.

25
References
Ackerman, F. (1997). Why Do We Recycle? washington D.C.
Akolkar, A. (2005). status of solid waste management in India, Implementation status of municipal
solid waste, management and handling rules 200, central pollution control board. New
Delhi.
Aliweli, M. (2011). Municipal solid waste recycling and cost effectiveness.
Archana, S. (2009). Municipal solid waste management and handling rule.
Bartone, C., Bernstein, J., & Wright, F. (1990). Investment in Solid Waste Management.
opportunities for environmental improvement, policy research and external affairs working
paper No. 405. The world Bank Washington D.C, 405.
Chandrappa., R. (2012). Solid waste Management principle and Practices.
Christensen, T. (2010). Solid waste technology and management.
Dhamija, D. (2006). Sustainable solid waste management New Delhi.
Garg, S. K., & Garg, R. (2001). Environmental Engineering volume II Thirteenth Edition, New
Delhi University. Kanna Publishers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/waste management.
John, J. (2015). An assessment of community participation in municipal solid waste management; a
case study of Kigoma municipal council.
Mashauri, D. (2014). Solid waste management University of DSM. .
Nagabooshman, J. (2014). Solid Waste Generation & Composition in Gaborone, Botswana.
Potential for Resource Recovery.
Natamai, S. (2013). Plastics waste management: processing and Disposal.
Pichtel, J. (2005). Waste management practces.
Vesilid, P. A., & Morgan, S. A. (2004). Introduction to environmental engineering Second Edition,
Bucknell University and Southern Illinois University.
Yohanis, B., & Genemo, B. (2015). Assessment of Solid Waste Management Practices and the
Role of Public Participation in Jigjiga Town, Somali Regional State, Ethiopia. International
Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy. Vol. 3, No. 5, 2015, pp. 153-168.

26
APPENDICES.
Appendix I: Questionnaires for Environmental Officer

The purpose of this questionnaire is to collect information from Environmental Officer that will help
in the research entitled: Study on the Role of Community Participation in Solid Waste Management
in Singida Municipal Council.
Section A: Respondent personal characteristics.
This questionnaire will be treated confidential and for the purpose of this study only.
Please, put a tick in box provided that best fit your response and use the space provided for the
question that need explanation.
1. Occupation...................................
2. Sex: male ( ) Female ( )
3. Age of respondent................
4. Education level………………………………………….
SECTION B: Research questions 1: To categorize the source and types of SW.

1. Who has provided the collection facility? (Pick one)
1). Community itself 2). Municipal Council 3). Nongovernment organization

2. Has Municipal Council provided the right methods of collecting SW from the sources?
1) Landfill 2) burning 3) buried waste 4) all

3. Are there any by-law, rules and regulation which govern initiative collection of SW in Public-
Community Participation? (Tick one)
1) Yes 2) No
4. Who are the regulatory authorities of the by- Laws of collection of SW?
1) Municipal Council 2) Community 3) Ward 4) Households

5. What type of contribution did Municipal Council make during the management of solid waste?
(Tick one)
1) Cash 2) Labor 3) Materials 4) Both of them

6. What are the advantages of composting technology?
1) Completely unaware 2) Moderately aware 3) Public health and aware

7. Are there any possibilities of forming groups for composting powering solid waste
management activities?
1) Yes 2) No
8. How groups can be performed?
1) Municipal Council 2) Ward

27
9. Are there any measures for mistakes in the Wards?
1) Yes 2) No
10. If yes, what are the measures for mistakes?
1) Penalty 2) fire to court 3) Both of them

11. Do you separate solid waste into organic and inorganic components before disposal?
1) Yes 2) No
12. Who has primary responsibility for collecting sold waste once it has brought to the transfer
point?
1) Municipal Council 2) Private company 3) Waste pickers
Appendix II: Questionnaire for Local Leaders.

The purpose of this Questionnaire is to collect information from Local Leader that will help in the
research study.
Section B: Factors have an effect on Community participation in Solid Waste
Management
1. Are those stakeholders participating full particularly in recruitment of Community to
participate in solid waste management?
1) Yes 2) No
2. Are there any by- law, rules and regulations which govern Community participation in solid
waste management? 1) Yes 2) No
3. Do you know that Community is among of the key stakeholders in enhancing the achievement
in solid waste management in your community?
1) Yes, I know 2) No, I don’t know 3) I think

4. Are there any groups for strengthening solid waste management activities?
1) Yes 2) No
5. Is there any Environmental committee in your Ward?
1) Yes 2) No
6. How do you rank the performance of Ward Environmental Committee?
1) Satisfactory 2) Unsatisfactory 3) Unsure

7. As stakeholders, were you involved in the election of ward Environment Committee members?
1) Yes 2) No

28
Appendix III: Questionnaire for Households/Respondents.
The purpose of this Questionnaire is to collect information from Households that will help in the
research study: study on the role of community participation in solid waste management in Singida
municipal council.
1. Is the waste community-based operator (CBO) worked free in the community?
(1) Yes (2) No

2. Does the waste community-based operator (CBO) follow the solid waste schedule during the
waste collection in the society?
(1) Yes (2) No
3. Do you agree that Municipal authorities participated free to transfer the trash from the dump
station to final disposal site?
(1) Yes (2) No
4. Do the community leaders educate the households day to day on how to minimize the solid
waste in the society?
(1) Yes (2) No
Section C: Information on existing situation concerning solid waste management (Generation,
collection, storage, transportation, separation and disposal/treatment.)
1. What is the main type of generated solid waste in your household?
A. Vegetable and food remains B. Leaves/grass

C. Plastics/bottles/cans D. Both
2. Is the solid waste collected from your house?
A. Yes B. No
3. Does your household have a storage facility for storing household solid waste?
A. Yes B. No
4. What type of storage facility does your household (or establishment) have for waste storage on
your household?
A. Metal or plastic container B. Immovable container C. Basket or carton container
D. Plastic bags E. No container
5. How do you dispose wastes after collection/storage?
A. Incineration B. Communal centers/ collection points

6. Who from the members of your household usually discharge garbage at the collection point?
A. Male head of household B. Female head of household

C. Any adult D. Any child between the age of 12 and 18 E. Don't know
7. Do you have a communal collection Centre / point in your area?
A. Yes B. No
8. What is the distance from your home to your collection point?
A. Less than 100 meters B. 100 to 300 meters C. 300 to 500 meters
D. More than 500 meters E. Do not know

29
9. Who has provided the collection facility?
A. Community itself B. City council C. Others

10. How do you transport solid waste from the household to the communal collection centre?
A. By wheelbarrow B. On head C. By bicycle D. others (specify)…………………
11. What is your opinion about the communal containers in your neighborhood?
A. They are too far away from the house
B. They are too small to contain all solid waste
C. They produce unpleasant odors
D. Nothing is wrong with the communal containers
E. No opinion
12. Do you separate solid waste into organic and inorganic components before disposal?
A. Yes, do separate B. No, do not separate

13. If yes in Qn. 12, what is the use of the separated solid waste components?
A. Not applicable (do not re-use/recycle)
B. Soil conditioner (composting)
C. Source of energy
D. Direct re-use
Section D: Community awareness on solid waste management

1. What do you understand by solid waste management?
A. Collection of solid waste by Local authority
B. Incineration
C. Dumping wastes in landfill
D. Collection of garbage in open places
E. Proper collection, recycling and disposal of solid waste
2. How did you happen to know about solid waste management (Tick one)
A. through ward development committee awareness campaigns
B. through fellow community members
C. through my own initiatives
D. Workshops, seminars, training and guidelines
E. Others (Specify)…………………………………………………………….
3. Do you know the concept of community participation in solid waste management?
A. Yes, I know it………… B. No, I do not know…………
4. If yes, what is all about? ......................................................................................
5. Does the Municipal Council provide training, guidelines or awareness on community
participation in solid waste management? (Tick one).
A. Yes……………….. B. No…………………
6. Have you ever attended any seminar, training/workshop, awareness creation on issues related
to solid waste management?
A. Yes……………… B. No…………………..
7. If yes in Qn. 6, how often did you attend the training? ....................................

30
Section E: Levels of Participation
1. Have you ever participated in any means/level in solid waste management in your ward?
A. Yes B. No
2. If yes in on, 1 what were the means/ levels of participation?
A. Participation in collection and storage of SW
B. Participation in transportation and final disposal
C. Participation in separation and re-use/recycling
3. Are you satisfied with the type of participation by the community in solid waste management
in your ward?
A. Yes B. No
Section G: Challenges associated to solid waste management Research question for stakeholders or
households.
4. What is the distance from your home to your collection point?
A. Less than 100 meters

B. 100 to 150 meters
C. 150 to 300 meters
D. More than 300 meters
E. Perhaps
5. Who has provided the collection facility?
A. Community itself B. Municipal council C. Non
6. How do you transport solid waste from the household to the communal collection centre?
A. By wheelbarrow. B. On head C. By bicycle
D. Others (specify)………………
7. Do you have a communal collection centre/ point in your area?
A. Yes B. No
8. Who has primary responsibility for collecting solid waste once it is brought to the transfer
point?
A. Municipal Council
B. Private company
C. Neighborhood group.
D. Don’t know
9. What is your opinion about the communal containers in your neighborhood?
A. They are too far away from the house

B. They are too small to contain all solid waste
C. They produce unpleasant odors
D. Nothing is wrong with the communal containers
E. No opinion
10. To what extent these solid wastes contributed to harmful the community health after dumped
in improper area?

31
A. Malaria B. Diarrhea C. Both
11. What are the common Insects being influenced by improper dumped solid waste in the
community?
A. Flies
B. Scavenging animal
C. Mosquitoes
D. all

32
Appendix IV: Site pictures that show the real situation.
Open transfer station.
Covered transfer station.

33
Mbeya university of science and Technology July, 2022

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STUDY ON THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SOLID

NAME: AMANI DANIEL

Final year Project Report,

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

Mbeya university of science and Technology

BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

STUDY ON THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN SOLID WASTE

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

Mr. Goodluck M. Masige.

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND. ........................................................ 1

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW. ................................................................................... 4

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

3.3.1 Observation and field work Method. ........................................................................................... 14

CHAPER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. ......................................................................... 17

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. ............................................. 25

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ACRONYM USED IN THIS STUDY

CBO Community Based Operator

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND.

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

1.3 Problem Statement.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives.

I. To determine the quantity of solid waste generated at Singida municipal.

1.5 Project Area.

1.6 Significance of the Project.

1.7 Scope of the Project.

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

2.2 Determination of quantity of solid waste generated.

2.3 Determination of Municipal solid waste generated.

2.4 Methods of solid waste management.

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

2.4.1.1 Generation of MSW

(i) Recyclable Solid Waste.

(ii) Non- Recyclable Solid Waste.

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

I. Private Storage (Primary).

II. Municipal Storage (Secondary).

Solid Waste Collection, the Recommended Frequency Collection is as Follows;

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

Collection of MSW Broadly Involves Following Functional Elements;

I. Collection from Non-Point Source.

II. Collection from point source.

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

These Solid Wastes Can Be Disposed into Various Methods.

I. Disposal of Refuse of Sanitary Land Filling.

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

II. Open Disposal.

Mbeya University of Science and Technology

It is easy or cheaper, there is no cost required.

III. Disposal of Refuse by Incineration (Burning).