Operating System

Hardware Components
 Operating System Application
Operating System
Hardware Components

By the end of this module:

• Identify the different hardware components of a PC system
• Discuss the Operating system preventive maintenance
• Understand the different approaches in connecting computer
components.
 Operating System Application
Operating System
Hardware Components

Cables and wires

 Operating System Application
Operating System
Hardware Components
 Operating System Application
Operating System
Hardware Components
 Operating System Application
Operating System
Hardware Components
 Operating System Application
Operating System
Hardware Components
 Operating System Application
Peripheral Device

• Auxiliary device
• connects to and works with the computer in some way
• Examples: mouse, keyboard, expansion cards, graphics cards, image
scanners, tape drives, microphones, loudspeakers, webcams, and digital
cameras
Is RAM a peripheral
device?
 Operating System Application
Peripheral Devices

RAM—random access memory—straddles the line between peripheral

and primary component; it is technically a storage peripheral, but is
required for every major function of a modern computer, and removing
the RAM will effectively disable any modern machine
 Operating System Application
Peripheral Devices

Many new devices such as digital watches, smartphones, and tablet

computers have interfaces that allow them to be used as a peripheral by a
full computer, though they are not host-dependent as other peripheral
devices are.
 Operating System Application
Peripheral Devices

According to the most technical definition, the only pieces of a computer

not considered to be peripherals are the central processing unit, power
supply, motherboard, and computer case
 Operating System Application
Peripheral Devices

Peripheral
• device external to the computer case, like a scanner, but the devices
located inside the computer case are also technically peripherals
• Devices that exist outside the computer case are called external
peripherals, or auxiliary components, Examples scanners and printer.
• Devices that are inside the case such as internal hard drives or CD-ROM
drives are also peripherals in technical terms and are called internal
peripherals.
 Operating System Application
Peripheral Devices

Common Peripherals
Input Output Storage devices
Keyboard Computer display Floppy disk drive
Computer mouse Printer Flash drive
Graphic tablet Projector Disk drive
Touchscreen Speaker Smartphone or
Barcode reader Tablet computer
Image scanner storage interface
Microphone CD/DVD drive
Webcam
Game controller
Light pen
Scanner
Digital camera
 Operating System Application
Peripheral Devices

Input Devices
• In computing, an input device is a peripheral (piece of computer
hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to an
information processing system such as a computer or other information
appliance. Examples of input devices include keyboards, mice, scanners,
digital cameras and joysticks.
 Operating System Application
Peripheral Devices

Keyboards
• A keyboard is a human interface device that is represented as a layout
of buttons.
• Each button, or key, can be used to either input a linguistic character to
a computer or to call upon a particular function of the computer.
• They act as the main text entry interface for most users.
• Traditional keyboards use spring-based buttons, though newer
variations employ virtual keys or even projected keyboards.
• It is typewriter-like device composed of a matrix of switches.
 Operating System Application
Peripheral Devices

Pointing Devices
• The most commonly used input devices today.
• any human interface device that allows a user to input spatial data to a
computer.
• In the case of mice and touchpads, this is usually achieved by detecting
movement across a physical surface.
• Analog devices, such as 3D mice, joysticks, or pointing sticks, function by
reporting their angle of deflection.
• Movements of the pointing device are echoed on the screen by movements
of the pointer, creating a simple, intuitive way to navigate a computer’s
graphical user interface (GUI).
 Operating System Application
Peripheral Devices

Composite Devices
• Input devices, such as buttons and joysticks, can be combined on a
single physical device that could be thought of as a composite device.
• Many gaming devices have controllers like this.
• Technically mice are composite devices, as they both track movement
and provide buttons for clicking, but composite devices are generally
considered to have more than two different forms of input.
• Examples: Game controller, Gamepad (or joypad), Paddle (game
controller), Jog dial/shuttle (or knob), Wii Remote
 Operating System Application
Peripheral Devices

Imaging and Input Devices

• Video input devices are used to digitize images or video from the
outside world into the computer. The information can be stored in a
multitude of formats depending on the user’s requirement.

• Digital camera • Fingerprint scanner Medical Imaging

• Digital camcorder • Computed tomography
• Barcode reader • Magnetic resonance
• Portable media player imaging
• 3D scanner
• Webcam • Positron emission
• Microsoft Kinect Sensor • Laser rangefinder tomography
• Eye gaze tracker • Medical
• Image scanner ultrasonography
 Operating System Application
Peripheral Devices

Audio Input Devices

• Audio input devices are used to capture sound. In some cases, an audio
output device can be used as an input device, in order to capture
produced sound.
• Microphones
• MIDI keyboard or other digital musical instrument
 Operating System Application
Peripheral Devices

Output Devices
• An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to
communicate the results of data processing carried out by an
information processing system (such as a computer) which converts the
electronically generated information into human-readable form
 Operating System Application
Peripheral Devices

Display Devices
• A display device is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics,
and video information. Information shown on a display device is called
soft copy because the information exists electronically and is displayed
for a temporary period of time. Display devices include CRT monitors,
LCD monitors and displays, gas plasma monitors, and televisions
 Operating System Application
Computer Memory

• In computing, memory refers to the devices used to store information

for use in a computer.
• The term primary memory is used for storage systems that function at
high speed (i.e. RAM), as a distinction from secondary memory, which
provides program and data storage that is slow to access but offers
higher memory capacity.
• If needed, primary memory can be stored in secondary memory,
through a memory management technique called virtual memory.
• An archaic synonym for memory is “store”
 Operating System Application
Computer Memory

Volatile Memory
• requires power to maintain the stored information.
• Static RAM (SRAM) or Dynamic RAM (DRAM).
• SRAM retains its contents as long as the power is connected and is easy to
interface to but uses six transistors per bit.
• Dynamic RAM is more complicated to interface to and control and needs regular
refresh cycles to prevent its contents from being lost. However, DRAM uses only
one transistor and a capacitor per bit, allowing it to reach much higher densities
and, with more bits on a memory chip, be much cheaper per bit.
 Operating System Application
Computer Memory

Volatile Memory
• SRAM is not worthwhile for desktop system memory, where DRAM
dominates, but is used for their cache memories.
• SRAM is commonplace in small embedded systems, which might only
need tens of kilobytes or less.
• Forthcoming volatile memory technologies that hope to replace or
compete with SRAM and DRAM include Z-RAM, TTRAM, A-RAM and ETA
RAM
 Operating System Application
Computer Memory

Non-Volatile Memory
• Non-volatile memory is computer memory that can retain the stored
information even when not powered.
• Examples of non-volatile memory include read-only memory (see ROM),
flash memory, most types of magnetic computer storage devices (e.g.
hard disks, floppy discs and magnetic tape), optical discs, and early
computer storage methods such as paper tape and punched cards.
• Forthcoming non-volatile memory technologies include FeRAM,
CBRAM,PRAM, SONOS, RRAM, Racetrack memory, NRAM and Millipede