HARDWARE AND NETWORKING SERVICE LEVEL – I

Module Title: Connecting Hardware Peripherals

Module code: EIS HNS1 M01 0322

Unit one: Confirmation of client Requirements

1.1. Introduction to Computer

What is a computer?
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability
to store, retrieve, and process data. You may already know that you can use a computer to type
documents, send email, play games, and browse the Web. You can also use it to edit or
create spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos.

purpose of a computer

The computer was invented in order to automate mathematical calculations that were previously
completed by people. Charles Babbage is considered to be the “father” of the computer.
Computers do not have any one particular purpose. Instead, they are a tool that is meant to serve
human beings in any way that we can think of. For example, we can use computers as a means of
communication. We can use them to send email or for different internet services.

Hardware and Software Computer Components

What is Computer Hardware?

Several components in a computer working together are called hardware. It consists of
mechanical devices such as a CPU, keyboard, mouse, speaker, monitor, printer, hard disk, and so
on. All these devices can be touched and felt.

There are a lot of hardware devices available but we need to select the right device with the
correct specification to get the best performance results.
All the devices vary in size, cost, and specification. We need to choose the compatible one. Hard
ware devices are categorized in to Input devices, Output devices, Storage devices and internal
components and this part is more discussed in the next topic which is called peripheral devices.
What is Computer Soft Ware?
 Computer software helps the computer to perform the task using programs. It is generally
a language that a computer understands.
 Collection of instructions that enables a user to interact with the computer
Types of software
Major types of computer software are:
 Application software  Programming software
 System software  Driver software
Computer Classifications

Classification of Computers according to Size, Type and Purpose

We see many Computers nearby, but they all are different from each other. In this Module, we are
going to know about the basics and classification of computers which included all the different
types of computers.
There are different classes of computer technology available these days. The functionality and
data processing of each type of computer is different and output results as well.
However, the methods or techniques, Size, capacity, characteristics, and data handling of the data
of each computer may be different too. Let’s Get to Know the “What are the Classifications of
Computers System“.
We can classify the computers into the following 3 categories:
 On the Basis of Size and Capacity, [Supercomputer, Mainframe, Mini, and Micro Computer].
 On the Basis of Purposes, [General and Special Purpose].
 On the Basis of Hardware Design and Type [Analog, Digital, and Hybrid Computer].

Fig 1.1.3.1 classification of computers

1.2. Identifying client peripherals requirements

Peripheral Devices
Any device connected internally or externally to a computer system unit and used in the transfer of
data as well as processing information is considered as peripheral devices.
Any input, output or external storage device connected externally or internally communicate with
the computer's processors is termed as peripherals. Examples are: monitor, keyboard, printer,
disk, tape, graphics tablet, scanner, joy stick, paddle or mouse etc.

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Categories of Peripherals and Device Drivers
Peripheral devices can be categorized in to three (3), Input device, Output devices and Internal and
external storage devices.
Input device - is a device that has been used as a means of input. It is any peripheral (piece
of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to an information
processing system such as a computer or other information appliance. The common input devices
are keyboard, mouse, and scanner.
 Keyboard - The computer key board is used to input, or enter, letters, numbers, symbols,
punctuations and commands into the computer. The standard keyboard layout is sometimes
called QWERTY layout and it is the most common layout.

Fig. Keyboard
 Mouse or a pointing device is any human interface device that allows a user to input spatial
data to a computer. In the case of mice and touch screens, this is usually achieved by detecting
movement across a physical surface.

Fig. Keyboard
The most familiar type of mouse is Optical mouse and this kind of mouse utilizes light-emitting
diodes (LED) or laser as a method of tracking movement. These mice are more proficient than
other computer mice. These mice are easily identified by examining the bottom of the mouse.
 Scanner is a device that can scan or digitize images on paper and convert them to data that the
computer can use. They can then be stored in a file, displayed on the screen, added to
documents, or manipulated.

Fig . Scanner

 Imaging and Video input Devices

Video input devices are used to digitize images or video from the outside world into the computer.
The information can be stored in a multitude of formats depending on the user's requirement.

 Digital camera  Barcode reader

 Webcam  3D scanner
 Image scanner  Laser rangefinder
 Fingerprint scanner

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 Medical Imaging

 Computed tomography
 Magnetic resonance imaging
 Positron emission tomography
 Medical ultrasonography
 Audio input devices
In the fashion of video devices, audio devices are used to either capture or create sound. In some
cases, an audio output device can be used as an input device, in order to capture produced sound.

 Microphone
 MIDI keyboard or other digital musical instrument
 Output Device
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results
of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) to the
outside world. In computing, input/output, or I/O, refers to the communication between
an information processing system (such as a computer), and the outside world. Inputs are the
signals or data sent to the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent by the system to the
outside.
Examples of output devices are:-

 Printer

In computing, a printer is a peripheral which produces a text and/or graphics of documents stored
in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or transparencies.

 Speakers

Computer speakers range widely in quality and in price. The computer speakers typically packaged
with computer systems are small, plastic, and have mediocre sound quality. Some computer
speakers have equalization features such as bass and treble controls.

 Headphones
Headphones are a pair of small loudspeakers, or less commonly a single speaker, held close to a
user's ears and connected to a signal source such as an audio amplifier, radio, CD
player or portable media player.

 Screen (Monitor):- A monitor or display (sometimes called a visual display unit) is

an electronic visual display for computers. The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry,
and an enclosure. The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid
 crystal display (TFT-LCD) thin panel, while older monitors use a cathode ray tube about as deep
as the screen size.
The first computer monitors used Cathode ray tubes (CRTs), which was the dominant
technology until they were replaced by LCD monitors in the 21st Century.

 Storage devices
Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to computer components
and recording media that retain digital data. Data storage is one of the core functions and
fundamental components of computers. There are 3 types of storage devices:
 Primary Storage – is also known as the main memory or a temporary storage device. It is
fast in nature but can accommodate only few data. Data that has been stored in memory flushes
off when you restart your computer, thus called temporary storage device.
It is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions
stored there and executes them as required. Any data actively operated on is also stored there in
uniform manner.
 Secondary Storage – Secondary storage (also known as external memory or auxiliary
storage), differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU. The
computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary storage and transfers
the desired data using intermediate area in primary storage. Secondary storage does not
lose the data when the device is powered down—it is non-volatile. Examples of a
secondary storage device are Internal Hard drive, external Hard Drive, Flash Disk,
CD/DVD, Floppy disk, Memory card.
 Tertiary Storage - Tertiary storage or tertiary memory provides a third level of storage.
Typically it involves a robotic mechanism which will mount (insert)
and dismount removable mass storage media into a storage device according to the
system's demands; this data is often copied to secondary storage before use.
Connectivity devices
The majority of external peripheral devices connect to the back of the computer’s system unit with
cables and connectors. The computer’s system unit has a variety of ports available for use by
different peripheral device cables.
A port is a socket that is used to connect the cables from peripheral devices to the computer or the
position to plug peripheral devices.
Ports
A port is an interface on a computer through which the device is communicate (send and receive
data). Personal computers have various types of ports. Personal computers have ports for
connecting Monitor/display, printer, mouse, keyboard, scanner, Removable disks and other
peripheral devices. The types of ports are:-

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  There are several types of ports like serial port, parallel port, USB port, AGP port,
power supply port and so on.

 Serial ports: is the oldest technology that is used to connect some types of mouse, keyboard,
and other peripherals. As the name indicates, this port sends data serially that is one bit at a
time. A serial port is also called male port since it consists of protruding pins. Its transfer rate is
close to 10KBS data.

Fig. Serial port

 Parallel Ports: are used primarily for connecting printers to your system. Because of this it is
called LPT (line print) port. It is also called female port since it consists of holes. Parallel ports
generate speeds of 100KBS and reflect transfers 10 times faster than serial speeds.

Fig. Parallel port

 USB (Universal Serial Bus): USB is a high performance-networking standard based on serial
bus architecture. Most new computers and associated peripheral devices like printers and
scanners support USB. USB ports are used to connect just about any type of peripheral devices
speed enhancements have greatly improved performance with USB 1.0 generating speeds at 14
MB/S and USB 2.0 attaining speeds of 480MB/S.
 VGA/ Video Graphics Array
A Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector is a three-row 15-pin DE-15 connector. The 15-pin
VGA connector is found on many video cards, computer monitors, and some television sets. On
laptop computers or other small devices, a mini-VGA port is sometimes used in place of the full-
sized VGA connector.
 NIC Port / Network Interface Card
Alternatively referred to as an Ethernet port, the LAN port is a port connection that allows a
computer to connect to a network using a wired connection. In the picture to the right, is a close up
example of what a LAN port looks like for a network cable using an RJ-45 connector. In the case
of this example, the two led lights will blink when that port is active and receiving activity.
 Power Supply
 A power supply is a device that supplies electrical energy to one or more electric loads.
 It converts AC/alternate current to Dc/ Direct Current

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  Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it
consumes while performing that task, from an energy source.
 Device Drivers
 Is a particular form of software application that allows one hardware device (such as a
personal computer) to interact with another hardware device (such as a printer). A device
driver may also be called a software driver.
 Is a software program that allows the hardware device to talk to the operating system and
create an interface between users and devices.

1.3. Confirming Client Peripherals

To determine appropriate hardware peripheral devices needed within an organization, it is

important to clearly understand what your client needs. Since, the clients don’t have a clear idea of
what they want until they have been presented with a series of options. Working out clients’ needs
requires careful planning and organisation.

System Development Life Cycle

The system development life cycle is a methodology that computer consultants often follow to
help them properly investigate the client’s information technology needs within the organization.
The first three stages of the system development life cycle are:-
 Planning
 Analysing
 Designing
Planning stage involves identifying the client’s current technology and taking into account any
limitations. During the planning phase it is necessary to find out information including:
 System specifications
 Connections available
 Budget constraints
 Available timeframe
 Availability of physical space for work activities
A feasibility study can be performed to provide a preliminary investigation report to the client
about benefits, costs and impact to the organisation. Additionally, a project request form allows a
client to document their initial request.
System specification is important to find out the specifications of the computer system you are
planning to connect the peripheral device to. Many newer types of peripheral devices require a
specific amount of memory, CPU speed, hard disk space, and may only be compatible with certain

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operating systems. You also need to be aware of the peripheral’s system requirements. The manual
for the peripheral device as well as the manufacturer’s website will help you determine the
minimum system specifications.

1.4. Peripherals Requirement Considerations

Desktop hardware, such as a desktop computer itself, is the most common type of IT hardware
purchased by a small business and/or organization. The cost of hardware depends on its
specification, which in turn is determined by some key components. When you buy hardware
component of computer system, you will need to decide what the specification of these key
components should be under taken. Among these the basic ones are as follows:-

Hard Ware Requirement

The hardware requirements are the requirements of a hardware device. Most hardware only has
operating system requirements or compatibility.

 Processor is the driver of the computer. Processors are usually differentiated by speed,
measured in gigahertz (GHz). The higher the GHz, the faster the computer will run. You
should buy the fastest processor you can afford, but a 3 GHz processor will normally be
enough for most business functions, e.g. word processing and spreadsheets, together with
some multimedia.

 Memory is used by the processor to run programs. Generally, the more random access
memory (RAM) you have, the better your computer will run when using several programs at
once. Your computer should have enough memory to make the most of the processor speed.
For a 3 GHz processor, for example, you should have around 2-3 gigabytes (GB) of RAM.

 Hard disk is used to store the data you create in your business, as well as the programs you
use. Its capacity is much greater than the RAM. An office computer with a 3 GHz processor
should have at least 200 GB of hard disk space, but if you intend to use a single desktop PC as
the main storage location for all your business data, you will need at least 500 GB.

 DVD-R/RW or CD-R/RW drives can be used to supplement your computer.

Software requirements
Software Requirements deal with defining software resource requirements and pre-requisites
that need to be installed on a computer to provide optimal functioning of an application. These
requirements or pre-requisites are generally not included in the software installation package
and need to be installed separately before the software is installed.
 Platform

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In computing, a platform describes some sort of framework, either in hardware or software, which
allows software to run. Typical platforms include a computer's architecture, operating system,
or programming languages and their run time libraries.
Operating system is one of the first requirements mentioned when defining system requirements
(software). Software may not be compatible with different versions of same line of operating
systems, although some measure of backward compatibility is often maintained. For example,
most software designed for Microsoft Windows XP does not run on Microsoft Windows 98,
although the converse is not always true. Similarly, software designed using newer features
of Linux Kernel v2.6 generally does not run or compile properly (or at all) on Linux distributions
using Kernel v2.2 or v2.4.
 Web browser
Most web applications and software depending heavily on Internet technologies make use of the
default browser installed on system. Microsoft Internet Explorer is a frequent choice of software
running on Microsoft Windows, which makes use of ActiveX controls, despite their
vulnerabilities.
 Other pre-requisite requirements
Some software also has other requirements for proper performance. Internet connection (type and
speed) and resolution of the display screen are notable examples.
After you have determine your organization needs, you can now start documenting your hardware
needs, to help you decide on the specifications, canvassing would be a great idea. One by one you
can list down the hardware specs for your client. The list below will help you in documenting your
chosen hardware:-
 Processor  LAN Card
 RAM or Memory  DVD drive
 Hard Disk size  Sound Card
 Video Card
Example
Windows 10 system requirements
 Latest OS: Make sure you're running the latest version—either Windows 7 SP1 or Windows 8.1
Update. ...
 Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster processor .
 RAM: 1 gigabyte (GB) for 32-bit or 2 GB for 64-bit.
 Hard disk space: 16 GB for 32-bit OS or 20 GB for 64-bit OS.
 One deciding factor to consider in buying computer peripherals is the warranty and after sales
support service. A cheaper price would vary greatly on the performance, durability and warranty.
 Budget constraints
While planning the connection of hardware peripheral devices, it is important to be aware
of the client’s available budget. A client needs to determine whether the benefits that will

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 be gained from the peripheral device justify the financial outlay. Factors including the
organisation’s size, the necessity of the peripheral device to the organisation, number of
people requiring the device, will all contribute to the organisation’s allocation of a budget.
Costs will sometimes prohibit an organisation from proceeding with the purchase of
equipment.
Another cost to consider is ongoing maintenance. A laser printer, for example, may initially
be more expensive to purchase than an inkjet printer. However when you consider that
some inkjet cartridges can cost nearly as much as an inkjet printer, it may be more practical
to choose a laser printer, where toner costs are more reasonable.
 Available timeframe
The time available to complete a task also needs to be considered when identifying client
requirements. If, for example, a peripheral device is needed urgently, it will be necessary to
quickly find out which suppliers can immediately provide the peripheral equipment.
 Physical space restrictions
Before considering acquiring any peripheral device, planning needs to be done to work out where
and how the peripheral will reside. The following questions need to be considered:
 What physical space is available to accommodate the device?
 Are power points in a near proximity if the device needs them?
 If a peripheral does not have access to a suitable power source, problems may occur
including the overloading of power boards and power leads causing dangerous obstructions
to users of the equipment.
 Will the installation of the device mean other equipment needs to be relocated?
 Could the device cause disruption or impact on the safety of users?

1.5. Documenting and Reporting Client Requirements and Peripherals

Feasibility study
 A feasibility study can be carried out to show the client benefits, approximate costs of the
new equipment and the impact on the organisation when documenting and reporting client
requirements needs.
 Several hardware devices can also be recommended to the client.
 The aim of the feasibility study is to recognise the best solution under the circumstances by
identifying the effects of this solution on the organisation.
 After undertaking a feasibility study, it may be discovered that a simple solution is possible.
Take the example of an organisation that would like to update their monitors so that they can
have better screen resolution. Changing the monitors’ internal settings could be a very simple
solution to obtain an improved resolution.
 A feasibility study can also reveal that a client’s peripheral requirements are not achievable.

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  The requirements may exceed budget, or the requested peripheral devices may not be
compatible with the current computer system.
 The results of a feasibility study can be determine whether or not an organisation proceeds
with the purchase and installation of the peripheral devices based on client needs and
organizational guidelines and standards.
 Client Request Form
An initial request for hardware peripheral devices can be documented using a project request form.
This form documents information from both the client and the computer consultant in order to
document preliminary requirements. Typical information requested on a project request form
includes:-
 Project title  Description of  Person
 Date received problem requesting
 Objectives  Constraints
 Completion date
 Anticipated
 Project number
benefits
Analyzing
In the analysis phase, the client’s requirements are investigated in more depth. It is important to try
to gain as much information from the client as possible, in order to obtain an accurate
understanding of the situation. Detailed client requirements, such as:-
 Specific features of the device required
 The number of people who will need to use device
 Support expectations
 Training requirements can all be obtained during this phase through, interviews,
questionnaires, checklists and observations are some methods that consultants use to gather
information. If a device is to be used by a large group of users, a questionnaire or checklist
could be constructed to find out what features are required by the majority of users.
Interviewing users can provide a better way of finding out specific information.
Designing
The design phase enables you to figure out an effective solution. All the information you have
gathered via questionnaires, interviews, observations and during planning can be assessed to
determine the best way of satisfying client requirements.
There will often be several peripheral devices that are capable of performing the job satisfactorily.
An evaluation grid can be created to show the client each device’s functionality.
Table1.5.1. the example below illustrates an evaluation grid that could be used for appraising
scanners.

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 Specifications Scanner 1 Scanner 2 Scanner 3
Price
Optical resolution (dpi)
Dimensions
Operating system
Software included
Comments

Once client requirements have been clarified, all requests for hardware peripherals need to be
documented clearly in a concise form. An organisation will often have its own organizational
standards (for example, report templates, guidelines) to which you will need to adhere. The
documentation will also need to be checked and confirmed by the client before a request for
purchase in sent to the preferred supplier.

1.6. Verifying Client Requirements

Demonstrate client requirements in line with organizational standards

All Service support providers must test and verify hardware peripherals, confirm client satisfaction
and make amendments as required for client, in line with procedures and guidelines to demonstrate
client requirements.

 Ensure client support expectations

When it comes to client support, your clients have certain expectations which they expect you to
meet consistently. They see you as a single point of contact for assistance in the utilization of the
organization’s computing resources, and to provide that assistance in a timely and professional
manner. They expect you to provide:-
 Connectivity
 Hardware and software support
 Consultation and training
 General information and technology recommendations
 Web-accessible information etc.

1.7. Ensuring vendor warranty and support services

What is Warranty?
A warranty is a guarantee provided by the manufacturer of a product. It assures you the things
you buy are of good quality and don't contain manufacturing defects. Warranties give consumers
the right to ask the manufacturer to deal with any issues according to their terms and conditions.

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What is User Manual?
A user manual is a document provided to a user that helps in using a particular system, product
or service seamlessly. It is also known as an instruction manual or a user guide. Such documents
cover detailed information around operations, standards & guidelines, troubleshooting guides,
functionalities & more.

Why is a user's manual important?

User-Manuals provide information on how to use a particular product. This should reach end
users with intent to provide proper usage advice and reduce the risk of bringing the product
inoperable condition.
What does a user manual include?
The User Manual contains all essential information for the user to make full use of the
information system. This manual includes a description of the system functions and capabilities,
contingencies and alternate modes of operation, and step-by-step procedures for system access
and use.

LO2 Pperipherals Requirement

2.1. Obtaining peripheral devices

The first step in obtaining a peripheral device is to locate suppliers of that device. Then, there are
factors you need to consider about the supplier and the devices on offer, such as support provided
and purchase price. This will help you to compare and choose the most appropriate supplier and
the exact model of the device according to client requirements. Finally, you are ready to place an
order for your organisation or client to purchase the device.
 Locating a supplier
There are many ways to find a supplier of peripheral equipment/devices. Some of the ways
includes:-
 Searching the Internet
Using search engines such as Google or Yahoo can help you find a hardware supplier anywhere in
the world. Suppliers will often have their own websites that can provide you with catalogues of
available equipment.
 PC magazines
Computing magazines often contain a large section devoted to advertising current hardware
suppliers.
 Newspapers
Major newspapers have computer/IT sections or classified advertisements which can be a source
for finding suppliers.
 Brochures/advertising material/ Media system/
Many larger hardware suppliers use television, radio or leaflet deliveries to inform potential
customers of their latest hardware.

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  Telephone directory
A telephone directory is useful if you need to find a hardware supplier located within your local
area.
 Contacting the manufacturer directly
Manufacturers generally have their own websites. These may list major suppliers in your area.
Emailing or telephoning the manufacturer may also be a way to find out names of local suppliers.
 Choosing a supplier
With so many choices of suppliers available, how do you find the right one? There are a few
factors to consider:-
 How long has the supplier been operating? It is a good idea to find a supplier who will
still be around for the lifetime of the hardware.
 Does the supplier offer suitable support and training? If the client will be requiring a lot
of additional assistance, training could be a major contributing factor for choosing a
particular supplier.
 Does the supplier offer competitive pricing? Considering the support and stability, it is
also important to weigh up these factors in relation to price. For a client with a strict
budget, price may be a big issue when determining where to purchase hardware.
 Is the supplier a preferred supplier for your organization? Some organizations have
arrangements that equipment must be purchased from suppliers who are considered to
be the preferred provider for the organization. Organisations create these agreements
because customer loyalty offers substantial discounts, extended warranties and
additional support.
 Selecting a peripheral
Once you have selected suitable suppliers you need to contact each supplier. Information you
should find out from the supplier may includes:
 Model and manufacturer names of peripherals that will satisfy the majority of your clients
requirements (including system specifications, physical dimensions, support)
 Price of each model
 Availability of each model.
You may find it helpful to keep a record of any details that you collect so you refer to this
information quickly and easily.
 Placing an order
Depending on the type of organisation you work for, placing an order for a hardware peripheral
device could be done in a variety of ways.
 In a small organisation you may be responsible for ordering the device yourself. However,
in a larger organisation there may be employees who are responsible for purchasing new
equipment. You may need to fill out an order form that can be given to the purchasing
department.

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  Before an order is submitted, it could also be necessary to obtain final approval from senior
staff. Often an order form might require signatures from the manager or supervisor before
it can be processed.
 A purchasing department might require written quotes from three suppliers, a
recommendation and justification for the chosen supplier.
Make sure that you find out from your supervisor or manager what procedures you need to follow
when placing an order within your organisation.
Order form Sample but it depends on the organization

From: ____________________________

Date: ____________________________

Code/Model Quantity Description Price Supplier Name

Delivery point: ______________________________________________________

Budget holder’s signature: _____________________________________________

Please return to the purchasing department

2.2. Entering Peripherals into Equipment Inventory

 Hardware inventories
 The purpose of a hardware inventory (or registry) is to keep detailed information about all
the hardware equipment within an organization.
 Every piece of hardware, including each computer and peripheral device, should be
recorded on the inventory.
 As well as providing an excellent quick reference guide to the organization’s hardware, an
inventory can be very useful for insurance, warranty and service purposes.

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  In order for an inventory to be a valuable source of information, it is vital that the
information be maintained regularly.
 New devices need to be entered into the inventory as soon as they have been obtained.
 You must also adjust the inventory frequently, to delete hardware that is no longer
functional or has been removed. Some organizations do random checks or yearly audits of
their hardware inventories to ensure that all information is current.
 There are a number of tools available to create hardware inventories. Databases and spread
sheets are often used to store the information.
 There are also software programs that you can purchase, designed specifically for recording
hardware and software details. Although these programs are good for keeping a ‘soft
copy’ of the information, it is also essential that you keep a current ‘hard copy’ (printed
version) of the inventory. In this way, if the computer system ever fails you will still have
the information.
Details that should be included within a hardware inventory includes:-
 Description of hardware device  Components
 Manufacturer  Location
 Supplier  Number and identity of authorised
users
 Model number
 Purchase price
 Serial number
 Date of purchase.
 Warranty or maintenance
conditions
Documenting peripherals used with each computer
 Individual computer inventories will often contain detailed information about the
computer’s related hardware and software. It may also be more practical to record
information about the peripheral inside the computer’s record, if the device is also
permanently connected to a computer (for example a printer or scanner).

Table2.1. Details of computer specification for Inventories

Manufacturer: Dell

Model: OptiPlex GX280MT Minitower—Power

Operating System: Windows XP

Serial number: 12345

RAM: 128 Mb

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 Hard disk space: 160 Gb

Monitor: Dell Ultra-Sharp™ 1905FP flat panel,

Printer: HP LaserJet IID

Keyboard: Dell USB keyboard

Pointing device: Dell USB 2-button optical mouse with scroll

Individually documenting each peripheral device

 If the device is shared between several computers, it makes more sense to keep information
about the peripheral as an individual entry in an inventory. Devices such as digital
cameras, data projectors and USB drives would more likely to be used by many
computers, thus it would make more sense to record their details separate to the computer
details for recording hardware inventory information.

Checking Contents

 When unpacking any peripheral device, an organized and methodical approach needs to be
taken. Randomly ripping open boxes and packaging without carefully identifying each
component can potentially cause many problems later on.
 Prepare a suitable work area before you begin unpacking. This should include a large
sturdy flat area with no carpet so that small components will not be lost.
 Before commencing to open any packaging:
 Find the manual for the device.
 Check instructions for any precautions or specific unpacking procedures. Most manuals
will also contain a section that tells you a list of included components.

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  It is useful to create a checklist based on the component list. You will then be able to use
the checklist to mark off the components when they have been identified. A sample
checklist for a typical inkjet printer is as follows:-
 Printer  USB cable
 Cartridge  Sample paper
 Power cable  CD driver
Be attentive when unpacking a peripheral device
 Handle the packaging and contents with care, as you do not want to damage your new
device.
 Remove any packing material surrounding and also within the device. Some printers, for
example, have soft foam and plastic pieces inside the device to ensure that parts are locked
into the correct position. Make sure that you remove these pieces and foam before
installation.
 Inspect the equipment for damage that may have occurred during transport. If the
equipment has been damaged, report the damage to the supplier immediately.
 If possible, try to keep all the original packing material that came with your computer and
its peripherals. Often this packaging gets thrown out because it is so bulky. It can be very
useful; however, if you need to return the item within the warranty period as some
manufacturers will request original packaging. It can also be good protection when
transporting sensitive peripheral devices. For example, equipment such as digital cameras,
video cameras and data projectors have delicate lenses which can break very easily.

2.3. Validating delivered physical components

There are a large variety of peripheral devices that can be connected to a computer system unit as
an input, output, storage or communication purposes with different technological standards.
 Before acquiring any hardware peripheral device it is fundamental that you have a clear
understanding of what the client requires and devices compatibility with the system as well as with
the current technological era.
This requires a considerable amount of planning and analysis of needs of clients by considering
and validating the peripheral devices that used by the clients based on the organization standards
and guidelines. Examining system specifications, checking availability of the position to plug
peripheral devices (ports), physical space, and confirming budgets and time frames are just some
considerations that need to be taken into account. Therefore, methods such as interviewing,
questionnaires and observation can all assist gathering this information for validating the contents
that much the packing list of peripheral devices.

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 Once client requirements have been clarified, suggested solutions need to be documented to the
client in accordance with organisational standards and guideline. A solution can comprise a
suggested list of products. Once the product has been chosen this needs to be verified by the client.
 Before proceeding with the purchase, it is also important that the warranty and support
agreements of the supplier will be satisfactory for the client’s needs and performing the best task
within any organization.

2.4. Storing Peripherals

Peripheral devices need to be located in a suitable environment; otherwise there may be potential
problems. It is a good idea to refer to the manufacturer’s manual to determine what guidelines
should be followed. When storing peripherals it is important to:-
1. Make sure equipment is kept in ideal working conditions
2. Adhere to current occupational health and safety guidelines
3. Ensure the electrical safety of the device
4. Consider security of the device

 Keeping equipment in ideal working conditions

Each manufacturer will have their own recommendations on how to store their peripheral
equipment. In order to guarantee that a peripheral will function correctly throughout its life it is
important to follow guidelines that have been recommended by the manufacturer.
 Keep equipment in the correct position: - After unpacking, most devices will usually have a
proper resting position. If a device is not kept in its natural position, there could be problems
when trying to operate the device later on. For example, when a printer is stored in a vertical
position, components such as the ink cartridges could leak or be dislodged.
 Keep equipment away from weather, dust and other harmful material- When finding a
storage location, consider what kind of elements the device may be subjected to. If, for
example, you store a USB drive in a cabinet next to chalk, dust from the chalk could
potentially damage the storage device’s USB connection.
 Do not expose equipment to extreme temperatures and high humidity:- Sudden changes in
temperature can cause condensation in many peripheral devices. For instance, if a video
camera is taken from a cold place to a warm place, condensation may form on the lens and
internal parts.
 Avoid storing the device in direct sunlight:- Exposure to direct sunlight could damage many
of the external components of a device as well as subject the device to high temperatures.
 Do not expose equipment to water or moisture: - If water gets inside many peripheral
devices there is a risk of electric shock.
 Adhering to OH & S guidelines
When positioning peripherals in their permanent locations it is important to take into account
many OH&S considerations as follows
 Ensuring electrical safety

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 Some tips to ensure electrical safety are:-
 Do not be tempted to add too many extension cables or double socket adapters to your
existing electrical sockets.
 Never use damaged plugs or leads.
 If possible, ask an electrician to check the safety of your system.
 Position electrical leads where they will not cause tripping hazards to people.
 Physical security of devices
In many situations it is important to consider the physical security of the peripheral devices. Some
devices, such as digital cameras, data projectors and USB drives, may not be permanently
connected to a computer so it will be necessary to find a secure location to store the device. Make
sure that these kinds of devices are secured in a lockable storage cupboard, cabinet or safe when
not required. Some organisations install security devices onto desks to guarantee that computers
are secure and will not be able to be taken from their position unless unlocked.
Storing consumables
The term ‘consumables’ refers to a product that is used once and then replaced. Examples of
consumables include printer cartridges, CDs, paper and simple computer accessories. As well as
for computer equipment, consideration also needs to be given to the way consumables for
peripheral devices are stored.
 Ink cartridges and toner
Make sure to store cartridges/toner in a cool dry place, away from sparks and open flames, with
adequate ventilation and do not expose the device to high temperatures. Also ensure that the
cartridges are not taken out of their packaging until they will be used within the printer, as the ink
will dry out before use.
 CD/DVDs
When possible, make sure that CDs are kept in their protective case, to minimise the chances of
being scratched. Also keep them out of direct sunlight and extreme temperatures.

Lo3. Hardware peripheral Connection

3.1. Adjusting installation schedule

One of the most important considerations when installing a new hardware peripheral is to try and
install the device with the least amount of timeframe for installation, environmental
consideration and OH&S standards.
 Appropriate Time for installation
 A client may not be very happy if you install a piece of hardware equipment while they are
creating an urgent report, if may take time to install it the peripheral devices and also the

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interconnection of the devices create un-proper/un-safe/ working condition at the work place
within any organization.
It is important to schedule installation time and OHS standards that are:-
 Also suitable to the client’s or computer user’s
 Sufficient length to install and thoroughly test the hardware device and
 Create attractive working place for the clients
To achieve this, make sure that you are aware of:-
 Common organizational procedures/guideline/ that regularly need to be performed on the
computer (for example, end of month processing or weekly backups) and plan installations
outside these periods and the way to create save work place.
 Current working condition, deadlines and schedules of the client/user. Therefore, the
installations and the OHS standards should be scheduled for the times such as:
 Quiet periods (for example, during holiday periods)
 Before or after normal office hours
 While the client/user is out of the office
 When the client will not need their computer.
 Environmental Consideration and Safety Consideration
 It can be difficult to work out how long it will take to install a peripheral device. It will
vary according to the type of device, current environmental consideration, problems
requiring troubleshooting and the experience of the installer/technicians/.
 If you will be regularly performing installations, keeping a log of installations, nothing that
create disruption to the users are required and problems experienced, could help to
estimate the time spent on future installations and create safely work place at any
organization.
 Once you have arranged a suitable time, make sure you adhere to it or give advanced notice
if you will be delayed. Remember that clients may have scheduled their daily workload
around the installation.
 Also consider the timeframe expected by client when installing new hardware peripherals.
If you work for a busy organization it may be necessary to work out a daily to-do list.
Order tasks with priority given to installations that perform critical functions or have been
waiting to be done for the longest amount of time for installation.
 Finally, we have to consider all the required safety guidelines for the given activities

3.2. Removing and Replacing Old Peripherals

If you have changed or you are about to change one or more peripherals of your PC, they will
work without problems simply by disconnecting the old ones and connecting the new ones through
USB. However, if you want to have the best performance and enjoy all its features to the fullest, in
this Module we are going to give you some guidelines on recommended configurations that you
should do.

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 Connecting Peripherals
 Connect the hardware
 Install the software drivers
 Test the peripheral
 Peripheral Software Drivers
 Driver software: allows computer to recognize new hardware
 windows has it for common hardware e.g. modem
 if comes with ‘disk’ use it as it is more recent
 if on internet check ‘readme.txt’ file first – latest drivers
 peripheral manual guides to installation process OR ‘control panel’
 Installing the Drivers for Peripheral Configurations
Drivers for monitors on windows drivers otherwise you wouldn’t be able to see. But if
specific, install by:-
 Plug and Play
 Plug and play is a hardware technology that enables many operating systems to
automatically recognise new hardware devices and configure them automatically. Most
USB devices support plug and play (PnP devices).
 Computer will recognize new device when turned on and connected, under screen wizard
chooses between automatic/manual installations.
 Automatic detection
If monitor not plug and play compatible, under control panel Double click on ‘install new
hardware.
 Manual Detection
If select ‘no’ to automatic detection, you will be asked to choose type of device, If have a software
driver click ‘have disk’ , Installation will proceed, then backup any system files changed during
installation ‘readme.txt/ file contains.

3.3. Connecting and configuring new peripherals

With the large variety of computer systems, operating systems, peripheral device types and
features, and manufacturers, each peripheral device will have its own individual installation
procedures. It is important to refer to manufacturer guidelines and manuals when installing any
hardware device to ensure that all procedures are correctly followed.
Procedures which are generally followed when installing any new peripheral device include:
 Plugging in the cables between the device and computer system
 Installing driver software for configuration
 Troubleshooting device installation when necessary
 Customising the device and updating drivers
 Testing the device for satisfying required conditions of clients

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 Whenever you install a hardware peripheral device, you may also have to install a driver
depending on types of devices.
Plugging in cables between the device and computer system
To make your computer work, you need to connect all the hardware peripherals to the ports at the
back of the system unit case.
 Before connecting all the peripherals to its corresponding ports, check it that the power cord
was unplug into the power source to prevent electrical related injury.
 You should be able to connect the Mouse, Keyboard, Monitor, Printer, Scanner, Speaker and
power up your computer by connecting the power cord to the power supply. After doing so,
you can now start using your computer.

3.4. Testing hardware peripherals

In addition to ensuring a device is able to perform a basic task (such as printing a test page or
scanning an image) it is also necessary that all functionality required by the client is tested.
 When new peripheral equipment is not tested for critical functions before being used, it can
lead to malfunction, causing large disruptions to clients and potentially damage other parts of a
computer system. If, for example, a new external zip drive has not been tested to check it will
be capable of making backups of specific files, it could mean that vital information of the
client’s could be destroyed if those backups were not successful.
All tests should be completed according to a documented test plan.
Some suggestions of functions that may be tested for a printer, scanner and digital camera devices
are included as follows:-
 Printer: Printer functions that may be tested are:-
 Can the printer handle different paper types (for example A4, A5, foolscap, thick, thin,
overhead transparencies)?
 Will the printer work successfully on different computers?
 Will the printer work successfully with different software packages (for example,
word processing, spread sheets and desktop publishing)?
 Is black and white print quality acceptable to clients?
 Is colour print quality acceptable to clients?
 Scanner : Scanner functions that may be tested are:-
 Is the resolution of a scanned image an acceptable quality?
 Does the scanner work correctly with different software packages (e.g. a word
processor or desktop publishing package)?
 Can the scanner handle items of unusual size and thickness (e.g. a large book or
cardboard poster)?
 Does the OCR software scan a document successfully?
 Will the scanner work successfully on other computers?

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What is a test plan?
A test plan is used to work out a structured process to ensure that a new device will work under
all expected circumstances. It logically describes:-
 Functions that need to be tested
 An example test case scenario
 Expected results for each scenario
 What actually happened once the test has been performed?
 Test case scenarios should simulate realistic work patterns, i.e. the scenario should realistically
demonstrate if a function will be satisfactory after implementation. Because testing is so critical
to the successful implementation of the new device, it is important that a test plan is
comprehensive and considers every way a device will need to function after implementation. It
is useful to refer back to the client requirements so that you will remember functions that will
regularly be expected by the client.
Unit Four: Connect workstation to the internet
4.1. Connecting workstations to internet
To connect computers to the internet connection for accessing information over a network either
by using connection based or connectionless internet infrastructure the user must be connected to
the internet access through internet service providers (ISP).
There are three types of connection such as:-
 Dialup connection
 Dial-up internet access is a form of Internet access that uses the facilities of the public
switched telephone network (PSTN) to establish a dialed connection to an Internet service
provider (ISP) via telephone lines. allows you to connect to the internet via a local server
using a standard 56k modem
 Your PC literally dials (hence the name) a phone number (provided by your ISP) and
connects to the server and therefore the internet
 Internet service providers charge by the minute for your dial-up connection
Advantages of dial up internet connection
 Very economic and widely available
 Hardware cost are minimal since it uses a standard modem
 Easy configuration
 Convenient for one computer or small network
Disadvantages of dial up internet connection
 The slowest connection
 Since it uses a 56k modem, it transfers 56 kilo bits a second(7 kB) of data
 The average webpage size is about 50Kbyte
 So it takes 7 seconds to load a webpage

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  Your telephone line will be busy when connected
 Leased connection
 Use a dedicated line to connect to the internet
 We will have a direct internet connection to the internet
 Always on
 Leased internet connection can be found in many forms the popular two are:-
 ADSL
 Cable

 ADSL connection
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line or DSL for short) is a high-speed Internet access
service that utilizes existing copper telephones lines to send and receive data at speeds that far
exceed conventional dial-up modems. The fastest dial-up modems are rated at 57 kilobits per
second (Kbps), and usually operate at about 53 Kbps under good conditions. By comparison,
ADSL allows data stream speeds from 1.5 to 8 megabits per second (Mbps), depending on the
grade of ADSL service purchased.
 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
 An "always-on" technology; there is no need to dial up each time to connect to the Internet.
 Uses the existing copper telephone lines to provide high-speed data communication
between end users and telephone companies.
Table 4.1.1 DSL Types
No. Type Description
1 ADSL Asymmetric DSL is most common. Downstream speed from 384 Kbps to 6 Mbps.
Upstream speeds lower than downstream speeds
2 HDSL High Data Rate DSL provides equal bandwidth in both directions.
3 SDSL Symmetric DSL provides the same speed, up to 3 Mbps, for uploads and downloads
4 VDSL Very High Data Rate DSL is capable of bandwidths between 13 and 52 Mbps
downstream, and 16 Mbps upstream
5 IDSL ISDN DSL is DSL over ISDN lines. Uses ordinary phone lines. Requires ISDN adapters

Advantage of ADSL
 Always on
 Transfer data and voice at the same time
 Fast
Disadvantages of ADSL
 Does not available everywhere
 Additional hardware cost, since it needs a special modem called ADSL modem
 To generalize ADSL
 It stands for Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
 Uses phone line

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  The connections work by splitting your phone line into two separate channels, one for
data (internet) and one for voice (phone calls), which means you can talk on the phone
and be connected to the internet at the same time.
 Have incredible performance compared to dial up
 Have a flat monthly fee
 Come in different speeds specification
 256Kbps/128Kbps
 512Kbps/128Kbps
 1Mbps/256Kbps
 2Mbps/512Kbps
 8Mbps/1024Kbps
The first number shows the download speed and the second the upload speed
 Cable Connection
 In telecommunications, cable Internet access, often called simply cable Internet, is a form
of broadband Internet access that uses the cable television infrastructure.
 Like digital subscriber line, cable Internet access provides network edge connectivity (last
mile access) from the Internet service provider to an end user.
 It is integrated into the cable television infrastructure analogously to DSL which uses the
existing telephone network. Cable TV networks and telecommunications networks are the
two predominant forms of residential Internet access.
 Recently, both have seen increased competition from fiber deployments, wireless, and
mobile networks.
Cable connection has the following characteristics
 It uses a separate cable than phone line to transfer data
 Very fast and reliable
 Fixed monthly fee
Advantage of cable connection
 Very fast
 Always on
 Doesn’t affect to make/receive a phone call, since it uses a separate cable
Disadvantages of cable connection
 Doesn’t available everywhere
 It needs a special modem called cable modem
 Wireless connection (Wi-Fi network Connection)
 Wi-Fi is the wireless technology used to connect computers, tablets, smartphones and
other devices to the internet.
 Wi-Fi is the radio signal sent from a wireless router to a nearby device, which translates the
signal into data you can see and use.
4.2. Launching internet browser software and test
 Web Browser/ Internet Browser

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  A browser is an application program that provides a way to look at and interact with all the
information on the World Wide Web. This includes Web pages, videos and images.
 The word "browser" originated prior to the Web as a generic term for user interfaces that
let you browse (navigate through and read) text files online.
 Many people will use web browsers today for access to the internet and is seen almost as a
necessity in how many navigate their daily life.
 A Web browser is a client program that uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) to make
requests of Web servers throughout the Internet on behalf of the browser user. Most
browsers support e-mail and the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), but a Web browser is not
required for those Internet protocols and more specialized client programs are more
popular.
 Web browser history
 The first Web browser, called Worldwide Web, was created in 1990.
 That browser's name was changed to Nexus to avoid confusion with the developing
information space known as the World Wide Web.
 The first Web browser with a graphical user interface was Mosaic, which appeared in 1993.
Many of the user interface features in Mosaic went into Netscape Navigator. Microsoft
followed with its Internet Explorer (IE).
 Common Web browser features
Most Web browsers share standard features such as:
 A home button- which, when selected, will bring a user to a pre-defined homepage.
 A Web address bar, which allows users to input a Web address and visit a website.
 Back and forward buttons- which will take the user to the previous or the next page they were
on.
 Refresh- a button which can be used to reload a Web page.
 Stop- a button which makes a Web cease communication with a Web server, stopping a page
from loading.
 Tabs- which allow users to open multiple websites in a single window.
 Bookmarks- which allow a user to select specific, predefined-by-the-user websites.

How a Web browser works

 Web browsers work as part of a client/server model.

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  The client is the browser which runs on the user’s device and makes requests to the Web
server, while the server-side is the Web server which sends information back to the
browser. The browser then interprets and displays the information on the user’s device.
 Web browsers are normally made up of a number of interworking parts. This includes the
user interface (UI), which is the level in which the user interacts with the browser.
 The browser engine is what queries the rendering engine, and the rendering engine is what
renders the requested web page—interpreting the HTML or XML documents..
 Popular web browsers
Google Chrome is currently one of the most commonly used browsers. Other browsers include:
 Firefox- which was developed by Mozilla.
 Microsoft Edge- used a replacement for Internet Explorer, with Windows 10.
 Internet explorer- relegated to the past, Microsoft has mostly replaced Internet Explorer with
Edge.
 Safari- a browser for Apple computers and mobile devices.
 Lynx- a text-only browser for UNIX shell and VMS users.
 Opera- a fast and stable browser that's compatible with most relatively operating systems.
 Flock- an open source browser based on Firefox and optimized for Web 2.0 features such
as blogging and social bookmarking.
Connecting workstations to internet topic is in depth explained in the Coming competency called
Access and Use Internet

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