CLAUSES

I. Finite clauses (Mệnh đề hạn định): động từ được chia thì

She broke the dish.
He has gone.
It is unnecessary.
I.1. Nominal clauses
That rain may fall in deserts is true.
They believe that the minimum wage could threaten their jobs.
I.2. Relative clauses = Adjectival clause:
We have 30 men who are working from 6am to 11pm.
He wanted the public not to approach the men, who are armed and dangerous.
I.3. Adverbial clauses (with a subordinator)
Most ions are colorless, although some have distinct colors.
If you are in a hurry, you can leave.
I.4. Reporting clauses : chèn ở đầu, giữa và cuối
They said, “yes, sir,” and saluted.
“Please come too,” she begged.
“Everything,” he said, “is snafu.”
I.5. Comment clauses: không giữ vai trò quan trọng trong câu
Mind you, he was probably still as sound as a bell.
The conclusion, it seems, is intolerable.
It’s a nice approach, I think.

II. Non-finite clauses (không có giới hạn): không có chủ ngữ, động từ không được
chia thì
Eg: Breaking, broken, to break, break, Ved
 With overt subjects
For Sandra to delay her graduation is unnecessary. (to-infinitive)
I left him do it by himself. (bare infinitive)
 With covert subjects
a. Beth left early so as [E] to avoid the police.
b. She locked the door so as [E] to prevent any more intrusions.

II.1. Infinitive non-finite clauses:

 Nominal:
a. The subject: [E] To deny that gift is to deny God’s will.
b. The extra-posed subject: It is not easy [E] to maintain a friendship.
c. The direct object: I hate [E] to see that.
d. The subjective complement: My goal now is [E] to look to the future.

 Adverbial:
a. The adjunct of purpose: [E] To succeed again they will have to improve their fitness.
b. the adjective complement: That old man is a bit afraid [E] to go into hospital.

 Adjectival:
a. The post-nominal modifier: He is the third man [E] to be murdered right on this corner.
b. The objective complement:
Some of these issues dropped out of Marx’s later works because he considered them [E] to
have been satisfactorily dealt with.

II.2. Gerund non-finite clauses as a nominal

a. The subject: [E] having a fever is unpleasant.
b. The extra-posed subject:
There are only around five tons of newsprints left and it’s very difficult [E] getting supplies
into Sarajevo.
c. The direct object: I started [E] thinking about Christmas.
d. The subjective complement:
The real problem is [E] getting something done about the cheap imports.
e. The complement of a preposition: I earn my living by [E] teaching.

II.3. Participial non-finite clauses

 -ING clause
a. Adjectival:
There were two cars [E] coming down the road.
b. Adverbial
- The circumstance adjunct:
He stood on the veranda, [E] listening to the wind.
- The adjective complement:
It might be worth [E] giving him a bell to let him know what’s happening.
 -ED clause
a. Nominal
God, you’ve gone mad with the sugar in yours. Do you want it topped up?
b. Adverbial
- The circumstantial adjunct:
When [E] told by the police how badly injured his victims were, he said: “Good, I hope they
die.”
- The adjective complement:
That old man is a bit afraid [E] to go into hospital.
c. Adjectival – Post-nominal modifier
There wasn’t a scrap of evidence to link him with the body [E] found on the Thames at low tide.
d. Verbless clauses
She had also been taught, when in difficulty, to think of a good life to imitate.
Although not a classic, this 90-minute video is worth watching.
 SENTENCES
I. SIMPLE SENTENCE
Tom disappeared.
He crept into a cave.

II. COMPOUND SENTENCE (with coordinating conjunctions)

Karen assembled the new grill and Joe cooked the hot dogs.
She is rich and famous but I don’t find her talented.

III. COMPLEX SENTENCE (with subordinating conjunctions)

III.1. Embedded nominal clauses (EmNCl)
 Subject
- Subject finite clauses:
That the problem are immense is obvious.
That rain may fall in deserts is true.

- “The fact that”

That the problems are immense is obvious.
That rain may fall in deserts is true.

- Subject non-finite clauses

[E] To take such a risk was rather foolish. (to-inf. clause)
Where [E] to leave the dog is the problem. (Wh− + to-inf. clause)

- Anticipatory ‘it’
It surprised nobody that he failed to turn up.
It was practically impossible for everyone to escape.

 Direct object / Predicator complement

- Monotransitive + dO / predC (Finite clause)
Do you understand why I do that?
Have you done what I have told you?

- Monotransitive + dO / predC (non-finite clause = WH-clause)

The class doesn’t know what time [E] to be in school.
Bill discovered who [E] to give the money to.
- Monotransitive + Covert subject + dO/predC (non-finite clause = to-infinitive / -
ing form)
Bill likes ∅ [E] to arrive early for meetings.
The laboratories failed ∅ [E] to produce useful results.
 - Monotransitive + Overt subject + dO/predC non-finite clause (to-infinitive / an -
ing form)
Tony prefers ∅ his wife/her to do the house work.
The boss liked ∅ the staff/them to arrive early for work.

- Monotranstive + Over subject + dO/predC (non-finite clause = bare infinitive / -

ing form)

We watched ∅ the men destroy(ing) the furniture.

The porter heard ∅ someone slam(ming) the door.

- Ditransitive + iO (pronoun / noun phrase) + dO (finite that-clause)

The teacher assured us that she is in no danger.
I bet you that no one will accept the offer.

- Ditransitive + iO (pronoun / noun phrase) + Indirect interrogative (Wh-finite /

non-finite clause)
I’ll ask someone who(m) we can give it to / who(m) to give it to.
∅ Tell me how I can switch it on / how [E] to switch it on.

- Ditransitive + iO + Covert subject + dO (to-infinitve non-finite clause)

Tell the children ∅ [E] to keep quiet!

He urged his friend ∅ [E] to give up drug.

- Ditransitive + iO (to-prepositional phrase) + dO (that-clause, finite / non-finite

Wh-clause / to-infinitive)

He confessed to me that he was extremely alarmed.

I pointed out to John that few people would agree.

- Complex transitive + anticipatory dO + oP/oC (AP) + dO (finite / non-finite

clause)
I find it strange that he refuses to come.
I considers it unlikely that the money will be refunded.
 Indirect object (finite / non-finite clause)
- Finite Wh-clauses
Lend whoever calls the bicycle pump in the shed.
Save whoever comes the trouble of ringing.
- Non-finite -ing clause
I’m giving ∅ [E] reading magazines much less time.
He did not give ∅ [E] finding the cat a second thought.

 Subject(ive) complement (finite / non-finite clause)

That was what I thought too.
She became what she had hoped.

 Object(ive) complement (finite Wh-clause, non-finite bare / to-infinitive clause,

nonfinite -ing / -ed clause)
- Finite Wh-clause
You made me what I am.
They made him what he had always wanted [E] to be.
- Non-finite -ing clause
The driver kept the engine ∅ [E] running.
This remark set everyone ∅ [E] thinking.
- Non-finite bare infinitive clause
His tutor made him ∅ [E] work.
He was made to work (by his tutor).
- Non-finite to-infinitive clause
The situation forced me ∅ [E] to give up.
The reporter pressed her ∅ [E] to answer his questions.

 The complement of a preposition (finite Wh-clause, non-finite to-infinitive clause or

an -ing clause)
Can you see from where you sit?
You must do the best with what you have.

III.2. Subordinate / embedded adjectival clauses

The boy ∅ who was sleeping was dreaming.

III.3. Subordinate/embedded adverbial clauses

If you wash the sweater, it will stretch.
An aquarium is a place in which fish is kept.