Passive voice

Tense tranformations
Tense
Present Simple Present Continuous Past Simple Past Continuous Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous Future Simple Future Continuous Going to Future Future Perfect Simple Future Perfect Continuous Present Conditional Past Conditional Present Infinitive Perfect Infitive

Transfomation
They deliver letters. Letters are delivered. We are interviewing him at the moment. He is being interviewed. They sent him by train. He was sent by train. I was cleaning my suit at the time. My suit was being cleaning at the time. They have sold all the tickets. All the tickets have been sold. The manager had removed all the papers. All the papers had been removed by the manager. I'll meet you at the station. You'll be met at the station. I'm going to send the letters on time. The letters are going to be sent on time. The critic will have dealt with his poem in his review. The poem will have been dealt with in the critic's review. If we had many cakes we would hide them all from her. If we had many cakes they would all be hidden fron her. They would have laughed at you if you had told them the truth. You would have been laughed at if you had told them the truth. You must write this letter immediately. This letter must be written by you immediately. You ought to have discussed this. This ought to have been discussed.

Note! Infinite without TO is used afters the modals CAN, COULD, WILL, WOULD, SHALL, SHOULD, MAY, MIGHT, MUST. Infinite with TO (long infinite) is used after: HAVE TO, OUGHT TO. There are 3 types of objects in English which become passive subjects of the passive transformation: 1. Direct object eg: The book was given to him.

2. Indirect object eg: He was given the book. 3. Prepositional object eg: You have been laughed at... (They have been laughed at you) Note! Pay attention to the verbs accompanied by mandatory prepositions ( depend on, insist on, listen to, rely on, laugh at, care for, come to (reach a conclusion), sent for, deal with, think of, operate on etc.)

The agent object

It is introduced by the preposition by and depicts who has done the action, suffered by the subject; it is considered the logical subject/real subject of the sentence. It can be omitted: 1. when we don't know the real sujects of the action All villages in Romania are supplied with electricity A doctor has been sent for... 2. when the speaker doesn't want to mention the real subject of the action I'll deal with this topic in the next chapter. This topic will be dealt with in the next chapter. 3. when the real subject of the action can be reduced from context They elected him President. He was elected President Note! There is a certain category of verbs in English which are used with an active value but passive meaning. eg: The cakes sells easily/well.

Causative have/get to have something done

eg: I built a house last year. I had a house built. Form: S + have (all tenses) + pronoun/noun + Verb (IIIrd/ed) Present Simple I have a house built every year. Present Continuous I'm having a house built at the moment. Past Simple I had a house built last year. Past Continuous I was having a house built when she came Present Perfect Simple I have just had a house built. Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Simple I had had a house built before he came Past Perfect Continuous Future Simple I will have a house built tomorrow. Future Continuous Going to Future I'm going to have a house built tomorrow. Future Perfect Simple By the end of the week, I will have had a house built. Future Perfect Continuous Modal I must have a house built.

The difference between causative have and passive voice. 1. We use active voice for actions done by ourselves or by somebody we know. eg: I'm servicing the car. 2. We use passive to say that the job is being done for usbut we don't know or we don't want to say who's doing it. eg: The car is being serviced. 3. We use causative to show the fact that we are ''causing'' someone to do a job for us. eg: I'm having the car serviced. See the difference between: I'm going to cut my hair. I'm going to have my hair cut. Note! We often use the causative with verbs which have to do with services, such as: build, clean, decorate, develop (a film), photocopy, press, print, repair, service. Uses 1. It is used when we make someone do the action for us. eg: I had my hair cut yesterday. 2. It is used when experiencing a situation most likely to be unpleasant. eg: Clara had her credit card stolen yesterday. 3. It is used when showing obligations, duty, or when we need something to be done urgently. eg: I must get my car insurance renewed as it ran out yesterday. 4. It is used when we indicate that something was difficult to fulfil. eg: We finally got the decoration finished, just before we moved in. 5. It is used when depicting an action which has already been planned, and has fulfiled. eg: He got himself elected President. 6. It is used in imperaves eg: Get this room cleaned at once! Special structures with have/make/get 1. make/have + object + verb (1st form) It is used to express that someone causes someone else to do something, but their meaning is slightly different. eg : He make Liz sent a fax. (he insisted that Liz should sent a fax) He had Liz sent a fax. (he ask Liz to sent a fax) 2. get + object + TO infinitive It is used to show that someone persuades someone else to do something. eg: She got her husband to cut the grass.

Changing from active into passive

1. by-with a) by + agent = used to say who or what did the action. eg: She was knocked down by a car. b) with + instrument/material = used to say what the agent used or after past participle verbs such as: crowded, filled, packed etc eg: She was injured with a hammer. 2. Verbs with two objects: Give, Offer form the passive in 2 ways eg: They offered Ann (C.I.D) a bunch of flowers (C.D.) a) Ann was offered a bunch of flowers. (starting with the person, is more usual than starting with the object). b) A bunch of flowers was given to Ann.

3. Verbs followed by preposition, take it after them when turned into passive. eg: She took down the minutes of the meeting The minutes of the meeting were taken down. 4. Passive questions with who, whom, which, do not omit by eg: Who gave you this information? Who were you given this information by? 5. Verbs such as: help, make, see are followed by a TO INFINITIVE verb in the passive but a PRESENT PARTICIPLE verb in the active. eg: She made me work overtime I was made to work overtime BUT We saw her crying. She was seen crying

Impersonal constructions
They are used with verbs such as: believe, expect, consider, feel, hope, know, report, say, think. Forms: S + passive verb + that clause S + passive verb + TO infinitive construction A. SImultaneity: People believe that Elvis is dead. a) It is believe that Elvis is dead. b) Elvis is believed to be dead. B. Anteriority: They think that Mike was a kidnapper. a) It is tought that Mike was a kidnapper. b) Mike is tought to have been a kidnapper. 1. They say that she has been living here for 10 years. a) It is said that she has been living here for 10 years b) She is said to have been living here for 10 years 2. People believe that eating too fast causes indigestion a) It is believed that eating too fast causes indigestion b) Eating too fast is believed to cause indigestion 3. She said she was wrongly accused a) It was said that she was wrongly accused b) She is said to be wrongly accused 4. They believe she got lost in the forest a) It is believe that she got lost in the forest b) She is believed to have got lost in the forest 5. They report that some papers have been stolen a) It is reported that some papers have been stolen b) SOme papers are reported to have been stolen

LET in passive
Note! Let becomes was/were allowed to in the passive. When the suject of let and the object of the infinitive that follows let are the same, then let, when used in passive voice is followed by a reflexive pronoun + short infinitive. eg: She let me to go out. => I was allowed to go out Don't let him to tease you. => Don't let yourself be teased

Passive infinitive
a) b) Uses: a) after to be, to leave, to remain eg: The glasses were not to be found His letter leaves much to be discovered Much remains to be done passive infinitive is used instead of relative sentence (propozitie atributiva) with a passive meaning where the passive infinitive serves as a shortcut eg: This is a question which must be answered This is a question to be answered Present form: S + V(3rd form/ed) eg: ume fittedher cosThis letter must be written immediately Perfect form: HAVE + BEEN + V(3rd form/ed) eg: This ought to have been discussed.

b)

Rephrase: 1. It is said that this poem was wirtten by T S Elliot a) This poem was written by T.S.Elliot, so it is said. b) T S Elliot is said to have written this poem c) This poem is said to have been written by T S Elliot d) They say that this poem was written by T S Ellliot e) They say that T S Elliot wrote this poem 2. Nothing can be done without this matter a) There is nothing to be done without this matter. b) With regard to this matter there is nothing to be done 3. Someone fitted her new costume. a) Her new costume was fitted b) She was fitted for her new costume c) She had her costume fitted 4. They don't allow speeding in the city a) Speeding isn't allowed in the city b) Speeding is to be forniden in the city 5. I'd love you to take me out I'd love to be taken out (by you) 6. She lets people laugh at her She lets herself be laughed at. 7. Your contrant says that you are to be present by 7 A.M. every day. You are to be present by 7 A.M. every day 8. Her story didn't deceive you I wasn't (taken) in by her story. 9. He wore a hat so that no one would recognize him He wore a hat to avoid beion recognized 10. I love people asking for my autograph a) I love being asked for my autograph b) I love it when people ask for my autograph

11. They couldn't hear him a) He couldn't be heard b) He couldn't make himself heara 12. They saw him enter the building a) He was seen entering the building b) He was seen to enter the nuilding 13. Who made this dress? Who was this dress made by? 14. No actor can be expected to remember all the names of the plays he has acted in No one expect an actor to remember all the names of the plays he has acted in