he 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations members in 2015,

created 17 world Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). They were created with the aim of
"peace and prosperity for people and the planet..."[1][2][3] – while tackling climate change and
working to preserve oceans and forests. The SDGs emphasize the interconnected
environmental, social and economic aspects of sustainable development by
putting sustainability at their center.[4][5]
The short titles of the 17 SDGs are: No poverty (SDG 1), Zero hunger (SDG 2), Good health and
well-being (SDG 3), Quality education (SDG 4), Gender equality (SDG 5), Clean water and
sanitation (SDG 6), Affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), Decent work and economic growth
(SDG 8), Industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG 9), Reduced inequalities (SDG 10),
Sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11), Responsible consumption and production (SDG
12), Climate action (SDG 13), Life below water (SDG 14), Life on land (SDG 15), Peace, justice,
and strong institutions (SDG 16), and Partnerships for the goals (SDG 17).
Despite the ambitious goals set, reports and outcomes indicate a challenging path. Most, if not
all, of the goals are unlikely to be met by 2030, with rising inequalities, climate change,
and biodiversity loss among the critical concerns threatening progress. The COVID pandemic
exacerbated these challenges. While some regions, such as Asia, have experienced significant
setbacks, the global effort towards the SDGs calls for prioritizing environmental sustainability,
understanding the indivisible nature of the goals, and seeking synergies across sectors.
Political impact assessments of the SDGs suggest they have mainly influenced global and
national debates, leading to discursive effects, but have struggled to achieve transformative
changes in policy and institutional structures. The pandemic impacted all 17 goals, emphasizing
the interconnectedness of global health, economic, social, and environmental challenges. The
uneven prioritization of goals, with a tendency to favor socio-economic objectives over
environmental ones, reflects longstanding national development policies, complicating the global
endeavor towards sustainable development.
Funding remains a critical issue, with significant financial resources required across continents to
achieve the SDGs. While the UN, other international organizations, and national governments
are mobilizing efforts, the role of private investment and need for a shift towards sustainable
financing, are increasingly recognized as essential for realizing the SDGs. Amidst these
challenges, examples of progress from countries demonstrate the potential for achieving
sustainable development through concerted global action.

17 Sustainable Development goals[edit]

Structure of goals, targets and indicators[edit]
The lists of targets and indicators for each of the 17 SDGs was published in a UN resolution in
July 2017.[6] Each goal typically has 8–12 targets, and each target has between one and four
indicators used to measure progress toward reaching the targets, with the average of 1.5
indicators per target.[7] The targets are either outcome targets (circumstances to be attained)
or means of implementation targets.[8] The latter targets were introduced late in the process of
negotiating the SDGs to address the concern of some Member States about how the SDGs were
to be achieved. Goal 17 is wholly about how the SDGs will be achieved.[8]
The numbering system of targets is as follows: Outcome targets use numbers, whereas means
of implementation targets use lower case letters.[8] For example, SDG 6 has a total of 8 targets.
The first six are outcome targets and are labeled Targets 6.1 to 6.6. The final two targets are
means of implementation targets and are labeled as Targets 6.a and 6.b.
The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) website provides a current official indicator list
which includes all updates until the 51st session Statistical Commission in March 2020.[9]
The indicators for the targets have varying levels of methodological development and availability
of data at the global level.[10] Initially, some indicators (called Tier 3 indicators) had no
internationally established methodology or standards. Later, the global indicator framework was
adjusted so that Tier 3 indicators were either abandoned, replaced or refined.[10] As of 17 July
2020, there were 231 unique indicators.[10]
Data or information must address all vulnerable groups such as children, elderly folks, persons
with disabilities, refugees, indigenous peoples, migrants, and internally-displaced persons.[11]
Reviews of indicators[edit]
The indicator framework was comprehensively reviewed at the 51st session of the United
Nations Statistical Commission in 2020. It will be reviewed again in 2025.[12] At the 51st session of
the Statistical Commission (held in New York City from 3–6 March 2020) a total of 36 changes to
the global indicator framework were proposed for the commission's consideration. Some
indicators were replaced, revised or deleted.[12] Between 15 October 2018 and 17 April 2020,
other changes were made to the indicators.[13] Yet their measurement continues to be fraught with
difficulties.[14]
Further information: List of Sustainable Development Goal targets and indicators

Goal 1: No poverty[edit]

SDG 1
SDG 1 is to: "End poverty in all its forms everywhere."[15] Achieving SDG 1 would end extreme
poverty globally by 2030. One of its indicators is the proportion of population living below
the poverty line.[15] The data gets analyzed by sex, age, employment status, and geographical
location (urban/rural).
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 1.[edit]
SDG 1 aims to eradicate every form of extreme poverty including the lack of food, clean drinking
water, and sanitation. Achieving this goal includes finding solutions to new threats caused
by climate change and conflict. SDG 1 focuses not just on people living in poverty, but also on
the services people rely on and social policy that either promotes or prevents poverty.[16]
End poverty in all its forms everywhere, by 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people
everywhere, currently measured as people living on less that $1.25 a day. Reduce at least by
half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimension
according to national definition. By 2030, all men and women in particular the poor and the
vulnerable have equal right to economic resources, as well as access to basic services,
ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resource,
appropriate new technology and financial services including microfinance. High fertility rates can
trap countries in poverty large family size and poverty often go hand in hand. People living in
deprived areas are usually not empowered to choose the number of children they have and in
some cases feel the need to have many so they can be provided for in their old age, when
people are poor and have many children which leads to kids not being able to attend school and
girls getting married off as child bride.
Poverty eradication is addressed in chapter II of the Johannesburg plan of implementation
(2002), which stressed that eradicating poverty is the greatest global challenges facing the world
today and indispensable requirement for sustainable development, particular for developing
countries. Priority actions on poverty eradication include:[17]

 Improving access to sustainable live hoods entrepreneurial opportunities and

productive resources
 Providing universal access to basic social services
  progressively developing social protection systems to support those who cannot
support themselves.
 Empowering people living in poverty and their organization
 Addressing the disproportionate impact of poverty on women
 Working with interested donors and recipients to allocate increased shares of ODA to
poverty eradication and
 intensifying international cooperation for poverty eradication
The General Assembly, in its 1997 programme for further implementation of agenda
21( paragraphy27) decided that poverty eradication should be an overriding theme of sustainable
development for the coming years
Goal 2: Zero hunger (No hunger)[edit]

Sufficient and healthy foods should be made available to everyone

SDG 2 is to: "End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable
agriculture."[18] Indicators for this goal are for example the prevalence of undernourishment,
prevalence of severe food insecurity, and prevalence of stunting among children under five years
of age.
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 2.[edit]
SDG 2 has eight targets and 14 indicators to measure progress.[19] The five outcome targets are:
ending hunger and improving access to food; ending all forms of malnutrition; agricultural
productivity; sustainable food production systems and resilient agricultural practices; and genetic
diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals; investments,
research and technology. The three means of implementation targets[20] include: addressing trade
restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets and food commodity markets and their
derivatives.[19][21]
Goal 3: Good health and well-being[edit]
SDG 3 is to: "Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages."[22] Important
indicators here are life expectancy as well as child and maternal mortality. Further indicators are
for example deaths from road traffic injuries, prevalence of current tobacco use, and suicide
mortality rate.[22]
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 3.[edit]
SDG 3 has 13 targets and 28 indicators to measure progress toward targets. The first nine
targets are outcome targets:

 reducing maternal mortality

 ending all preventable deaths under five years of age
 fighting communicable diseases
 reducing mortality from non-communicable diseases and promoting mental health
 preventing and treating substance abuse
 reducing road injuries and deaths
 granting universal access to sexual and reproductive care, family planning and
education
  achieving universal health coverage
 reducing illnesses and deaths from hazardous chemicals and pollution.

 implementing the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

 supporting research, development, and universal access to affordable vaccines and
medicines
 increasing health financing and support the health workforce in developing countries
 improving early warning systems for global health risks.[23]
Goal 4: Quality education[edit]

School children in Kakuma refugee camp, Kenya

SDG 4 is to: "Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all."[24] The indicators for this goal are, for example, attendance rates at primary
schools, completion rates of primary school education, participation in tertiary education, and so
forth. In each case, parity indices are looked at to ensure that disadvantaged students do not
miss out (data is collected on "female/male, rural/urban, bottom/top wealth quintile and others
such as disability status, indigenous peoples") . There is also an indicator around the facilities
that the school buildings have (access to electricity, the internet, computers, drinking water,
toilets etc.).[24]
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 4.[edit]
SDG 4 has ten targets which are measured by 11 indicators. The seven outcome targets are:
free primary and secondary education; equal access to quality pre-primary education; affordable
technical, vocational and higher education; increased number of people with relevant skills for
financial success; elimination of all discrimination in education; universal literacy and numeracy;
and education for sustainable development and global citizenship. The three means of
implementation targets[25] are: build and upgrade inclusive and safe schools; expand higher
education scholarships for developing countries; and increase the supply of qualified teachers in
developing countries.
Goal 5: Gender equality[edit]
SDG 5 is to: "Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls."[26] Indicators include,
for example, having suitable legal frameworks and the representation by women in national
parliament or in local deliberative bodies.[27] Numbers on forced marriage and female genital
mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) are also included in another indicator.[28][27]
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 5.[edit]

 ending all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere
 ending violence and exploitation of women and girls
 eliminating harmful practices such as child early and forced marriage and female
genital mutilation
 increasing value of unpaid care and promoting shared domestic responsibilities
 ensuring full participation of women in leadership and decision-making
 ensuring access to universal reproductive rights and health.
The three means of implementation targets[29] are:
  fostering equal rights to economic resources, property ownership, and financial
services for women
 promoting empowerment of women through technology
 adopting and strengthening policies for gender equality, and supporting legislation to
enforce it.[30]
Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation[edit]

Example of sanitation for all: School toilet (IPH school and college, Mohakhali, Dhaka,
Bangladesh)
SDG 6 is to: "Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for
all."[31] The Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) of WHO and UNICEF is responsible for monitoring
progress to achieve the first two targets of this goal. Important indicators for this goal are the
percentages of the population that uses safely managed drinking water, and has access to safely
managed sanitation. The JMP reported in 2017 that 4.5 billion people do not have safely
managed sanitation.[32] Another indicator looks at the proportion of domestic and industrial
wastewater that is safely treated.
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 6.[edit]
The six key outcome targets to be achieved by 2030 include:

1. Achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for
all,
2. Achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and
end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls
and those in vulnerable situations
3. Improve water quality, by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing
release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of
untreated wastewater (wastewater treatment) and substantially increasing
recycling and safe reuse globally
4. Substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure
sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater freshwater to address water
scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water
scarcity
5. Implement integrated water resources management (IWRM), at all levels,
including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
6. protect and restore water-related ecosystems including mountains, forests,
wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy[edit]
SDG 7 is to "Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all."[33] One
of the indicators for this goal is the percentage of population with access to electricity (progress
in expanding access to electricity has been made in several countries,
notably India, Bangladesh, and Kenya[34]). Other indicators look at the renewable energy share
and energy efficiency.
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 7.[edit]
The goal has five targets to be achieved by 2030.[35] Progress towards the targets is measured by
six indicators.[35] Three out of the five targets are outcome targets: Universal access to modern
energy; increase global percentage of renewable energy; double the improvement in energy
efficiency. The remaining two targets are means of implementation targets[36]: to promote access
to research, technology and investments in clean energy; and expand and upgrade energy
services for developing countries. In other words, these targets include access to affordable and
reliable energy while increasing the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix. They
also focus on improving energy efficiency, international cooperation and investment in clean
energy infrastructure.
Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth[edit]
SDG 8 is to: "Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive
employment and decent work for all."[37] Important indicators for this goal include economic
growth in least developed countries and the rate of real GDP per capita. Further examples are
rates of youth unemployment and occupational injuries or the number of women engaged in the
labor force compared to men.[37]
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 8.[edit]
SDG 8 has twelve targets in total to be achieved by 2030. Some targets are for 2030; others are
for 2020. The first ten are outcome targets. These are; "sustainable economic growth; diversify,
innovate and upgrade for economic productivity", "promote policies to support job creation and
growing enterprises", "improve resource efficiency in consumption and production",
'full employment and decent work with equal pay', 'promote youth employment, education and
training', 'end modern slavery, trafficking, and child labour', 'protect labour rights and promote
safe working environments', 'promote beneficial and sustainable tourism', universal access to
banking, insurance and financial services. In addition, there are also two targets for means of
implementation[38], which are: Increase aid for trade support; develop a global youth employment
strategy.
Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure[edit]
SDG 9 is to: "Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization,
and foster innovation."[39] Indicators in this goal include for example, the proportion of people who
are employed in manufacturing activities, are living in areas covered by a mobile network, or who
have access to the internet.[27] An indicator that is connected to climate change is "CO2 emissions
per unit of value added."
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 9.[edit]
SDG 9 has eight targets, and progress is measured by twelve indicators. The first five targets
are outcome targets: develop sustainable, resilient and inclusive infrastructures; promote
inclusive and sustainable industrialization; increase access to financial services and markets;
upgrade all industries and infrastructures for sustainability; enhance research and
upgrade industrial technologies. The remaining three targets are means of
implementation targets[40]: Facilitate sustainable infrastructure development for developing
countries; support domestic technology development and industrial diversification; universal
access to information and communications technology.
Goal 10: Reduced inequality[edit]
SDG 10 is to: "Reduce income inequality within and among countries."[41] Important indicators for
this SDG are: income disparities, aspects of gender and disability, as well as policies for
migration and mobility of people.[42]
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 10.[edit]
The Goal has ten targets to be achieved by 2019. Progress towards targets will be measured by
indicators. The first seven targets are outcome targets: Reduce income inequalities; promote
universal social, economic and political inclusion; ensure equal opportunities and
end discrimination; adopt fiscal and social policies that promotes equality; improved regulation of
global financial markets and institutions; enhanced representation for developing
countries in financial institutions; responsible and well-managed migration policies. The other
three targets are means of implementation targets[43]: Special and differential treatment for
developing countries; encourage development assistance and investment in least developed
countries; reduce transaction costs for migrant remittances.[44]
Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities[edit]
SDG 11 is to: "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and
sustainable."[45] Important indicators for this goal are the number of people living in urban slums,
the proportion of the urban population who has convenient access to public transport, and the
extent of built-up area per person.[27]
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 11.[edit]
SDG 11 has 10 targets to be achieved, and this is being measured with 15 indicators. The
seven outcome targets include safe and affordable housing, affordable and sustainable
transport systems, inclusive and sustainable urbanization,[46] protection of the
world's cultural and natural heritage, reduction of the adverse effects of natural disasters,
reduction of the environmental impacts of cities and to provide access to safe and inclusive
green and public spaces. The three means of implementation targets[47] include strong national
and regional development planning, implementing policies for inclusion, resource efficiency,
and disaster risk reduction in supporting the least developed countries in sustainable and
resilient building.[48][49]
Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production[edit]
SDG 12 is to: "Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns."[50] One of the indicators
is the number of national policy instruments to promote sustainable consumption and production
patterns.[27]: 14 Another one is global fossil fuel subsidies.[27]: 14 An increase in domestic recycling and
a reduced reliance on the global plastic waste trade are other actions that might help meet the
goal.[51]
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 12.[edit]
Sustainable Development Goal 12 has 11 targets. The first 8 are outcome targets, which are:
implement the 10-Year Framework of Programs on Sustainable Consumption and Production
Patterns; achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources; reducing
by half the per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer levels and the reduction of
food losses along production and supply chains, including post-harvest losses; achieving the
environmentally sound management of chemicals and all wastes throughout their life cycle;
reducing waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse; encourage
companies to adopt sustainable practices; promote public procurement practices that are
sustainable; and ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information
and awareness for sustainable development. The three means of implementation targets[52] are:
support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and technological capacity; develop
and implement tools to monitor sustainable development impacts; and remove market
distortions, like fossil fuel subsidies, that encourage wasteful consumption.[53]
Goal 13: Climate action[edit]
SDG 13 is to: "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating
emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy."[54] In 2021 to early 2023,
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published its Sixth Assessment
Report which assesses scientific, technical, and socio-economic information concerning climate
change.[55]
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 13.[edit]
SDG 13 has five targets which are to be achieved by 2030. They cover a wide range of issues
surrounding climate action. The first three targets are outcome targets: Strengthen resilience
and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters; integrate climate change measures into
policies and planning; build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change. The remaining two
targets are means of implementation targets[56]: To implement the UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC), and to promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and
management. Along with each target, there are indicators that provide a method to review the
overall progress of each target. The UNFCCC is the primary international, intergovernmental
forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.
Space4SDG 13[edit]
Space4SDGs refers to the initiative that highlights and promotes the role of space technologies
and applications in supporting the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs). Space technologies can provide critical tools and data that can help achieve SDG
13: climate action, mainly reflected in the following areas.[57]
Climate change monitoring
Space technology plays a key role in climate change monitoring through various programmes
and initiatives. For example, NASA satellite missions, such as the Plankton, Aerosols, Clouds,
Ocean Ecosystems (PACE) satellite, are designed to study the health of the Earth's oceans, air
quality and the effects of climate change, providing valuable data for the benefit of human. At the
same time, the International Space Station (ISS) make a significant contribution to our
understanding of climate change. It is a unique platform which is equipped with Earth observation
instruments.
The European Space Agency (ESA) monitors climate change from space. It provids clear
evidence of global temperature rise and the impacts of climate change, thus supporting the
decision-making process.[58] And the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) aims to enhance
global measurements of atmospheric pollutants critical for trapping heat, in collaboration with
governments and the scientific community.[59]
Those efforts were complemented by the United States Space Priorities Framework and various
national and international collaborations aimed at using space technology to address climate
challenges. Several projects, such as the Climate Change Initiative of the European Space
Agency and the partnership between the United Kingdom and the United Nations on the use of
space technology in climate action, underline the global commitment to the use of space
technology to respond to climate change.[58] These measures highlight the key role of satellites in
monitoring environmental change, greenhouse gas emissions and the implementation of nature-
based climate mitigation and adaptation solutions.[60] And they also emphasise the need for
increased climate finance and targeted policies to meet the huge financing gaps in the
developing regions of Asia and the Pacific.
Disaster management
Space technology greatly enhances disaster management efforts through various programmes
and official plans,[61] and it promotes early warning, damage assessment and recovery processes.
Earth observation satellites, satellite communications and satellite imagery and mapping have
become powerful tools for disaster management. They provide groundbreaking innovations that
can save lives, minimize damage and contribute to a more resilient and sustainable future.
[62]
Satellite communications support real-time communication and coordination in emergencies,
assist in damage assessment and aid in the recovery process. They enable responders to collect
critical data on structural damage and environmental changes.[63]
The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) developed solutions through the
United Nations Platform for Space-based Information (UN-SPIDER) programme (United Nations
Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response) to
address the limited access of developing countries to the expertise necessary for disaster early
warning and management.[64] The Initiative highlighted the importance of space technology in
providing critical information. those information could enhance the preparedness and response
capacity of countries facing natural or man-made disasters.
The national space agencies and international cooperation are actively involved in the use of
space technology for disaster management. For example, the Indian Space Research
Organisation (ISRO) provides satellite-based real-time information support before, during and
after major natural disasters. And it is also involved in capacity-building for the use of space
technology for disaster management support.[65]
Search and rescue operations
Space technology has significantly enhanced search and rescue (SAR) operations through
various programmes and official schemes, and it provides innovative solutions for locating and
saving lives in distress.[66] The Cospas-Sarsat programme is a collaborative effort of 44 member
States and organisations committed to providing satellite-aided distress location services on a
global scale.[67] This international initiative uses satellite technology to rapidly locate distress
signals from emergency beacons to enable timely and efficient rescue operations over the globe.
[67]

NASA's involvement in search and rescue technology has played an important role. Its
development has helped first responders save hundreds of lives in the United States.
Enhancement of the design and testing of 406 MHz distress beacons through the incorporation
of advanced search and rescue technologies into astronaut missions.[68] NASA has made
significant contributions to the effectiveness of global search and rescue efforts.
The use of unmanned aerial vehicles in search-and-rescue operations marks a significant
progress. They allow for access to inaccessible or dangerous areas, perform challenging
operations, and provide real-time monitoring.[69] They also have significantly increased the
success rate of search and rescue missions, and have demonstrated the critical role of space
technology in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of rescue missions.[69]
Challenges
The current climate change intensification and the relatively slow implementation of policies such
as emissions reduction targets[70] highlight the need for accelerated adaptation and mitigation
strategies and make advancing SDG 13: climate action a major challenge. Although space
technology offers hope for realising SDG 13, there are still the following challenges.
Coordination and collaboration challenges: Effective climate action requires coordinated efforts
involving multiple sectors and disciplines. Achieving the integration between space agencies,
climate scientists, decision makers and other stakeholders[71] bring logistical and bacterial
challenges. This will prevent the implementation of space-based solutions.
Data accessibility and interpretation: Ensuring that the vast amount of data made available by
space technology is accessible, interpretable and actionable[70] for all stakeholders, including
decision makers, scientists and the general public, it remains a challenge nowadays.
Technical and financial barriers: the development, launch and maintenance of satellites and
related technologies require significant investment and technical expertise.[72] That may be an
issue for some countries and organisations.
Integration with ground-based observations: Maximizing the effectiveness of space technology
for climate action requires integration with ground-based observations and local knowledge[73] to
develop comprehensive monitoring and action plans.
Sustainability of space activities: With the increasing use of space, issues such as the
environmental impact of space debris[74] and rocket launches[75] have become challenges that
require attention in order to ensure the sustainability of space activities.
Goal 14: Life below water[edit]
SDG 14 is to: "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development."[76] The current efforts to protect oceans, marine environments and
small-scale fishers are not meeting the need to protect the resources.[27] Increased ocean
temperatures and oxygen loss act concurrently with ocean acidification to constitute the deadly
trio of climate change pressures on the marine environment.[77]
Nusa Lembongan Reef
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 14.[edit]
The first seven targets are outcome targets: Reduce marine pollution; protect and
restore ecosystems; reduce ocean acidification; sustainable fishing; conserve coastal and marine
areas; end subsidies contributing to overfishing; increase the economic benefits from sustainable
use of marine resources. The last three targets are means of implementation targets[78]: To
increase scientific knowledge, research and technology for ocean health; support small scale
fishers; implement and enforce international sea law.[79] One indicator (14.1.1b) under Goal 14
specifically relates to reducing impacts from marine plastic pollution.[80]
Goal 15: Life on land[edit]
SDG 15 is to: "Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and
halt biodiversity loss."[81] The proportion of remaining forest area, desertification and species
extinction risk are example indicators of this goal.[27][82]
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 15.[edit]
The nine outcome targets include: Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems;
end deforestation and restore degraded forests; end desertification and restore degraded land;
ensure conservation of mountain ecosystems, protect biodiversity and natural habitats; protect
access to genetic resources and fair sharing of the benefits; eliminate poaching and trafficking
of protected species; prevent invasive alien species on land and in water ecosystems; and
integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in governmental planning. The three means of
implementation targets[83] include: Increase financial resources to conserve and sustainably use
ecosystem and biodiversity; finance and incentivize sustainable forest management; combat
global poaching and trafficking.

Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions[edit]

SDG 16 is to: "Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide
access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all
levels."[84] Rates of birth registration and prevalence of bribery are two examples of indicators
included in this goal.[85][27]
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 16.[edit]
SDG 16 has ten outcome targets: Reduce violence; protect children from abuse,
exploitation, trafficking and violence; promote the rule of law and ensure equal access to justice;
combat organized crime and illicit financial and arms flows, substantially
reduce corruption and bribery; develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions; ensure
responsive, inclusive and representative decision-making; strengthen the participation in global
governance; provide universal legal identity; ensure public access to information and
protect fundamental freedoms. There are also two means of implementation targets[86]:
Strengthen national institutions to prevent violence and combat crime and terrorism; promote and
enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies.[87]
Goal 17: Strengthen the means of Implementation and revitalize
the global Partnership for sustainable development goals[edit]
SDG 17 is to: "Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for
sustainable development."[88] Increasing international cooperation is seen as vital to achieving
each of the 16 previous goals.[89] Developing multi-stakeholder partnerships to facilitate
knowledge exchange, expertise, technology, and financial resources is recognized as critical to
overall success of the SDGs. The goal includes improving north–south and South-
South cooperation. Public-private partnerships which involve civil societies are specifically
mentioned.[90][91]
This section is an excerpt from Sustainable Development Goal 17.[edit]
SDG 17 is a vision for improved and more equitable trade, as well as coordinated investment
initiatives to promote sustainable development across borders. It is about strengthening and
streamlining cooperation between nation-states, both developed and developing, using the
SDGs as a shared framework and a shared vision for defining that collaborative way forward.[92] It
seeks to promote international trade and an equitable trading system.[93] The Goal has 17 targets
to be achieved by 2030, broken down into five categories: finance, technology, capacity
building, trade and systemic issues. Progress towards targets will be measured by 25 indicators.
[92][94]
All these targets are regarded as means of implementation targets.