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    Understanding of TWI J-R Curves

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    pcastlesmith
    The document discusses fracture toughness testing methods using R-curves. It describes how R-curves can be used to characterize a material's resistance to fracture and whether crack growth is stable or unstable. The document outlines standards for constructing R-curves through multiple specimen or single specimen testing methods. It provides an example of R-curve data from the TWI for different materials and discusses some open questions regarding R-curve interpretation and testing validity.

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    Understanding of TWI J-R Curves

    Uploaded by

    pcastlesmith
    219 views21 pages
    The document discusses fracture toughness testing methods using R-curves. It describes how R-curves can be used to characterize a material's resistance to fracture and whether crack growth is stable or unstable. The document outlines standards for constructing R-curves through multiple specimen or single specimen testing methods. It provides an example of R-curve data from the TWI for different materials and discusses some open questions regarding R-curve interpretation and testing validity.

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    The document discusses fracture toughness testing methods using R-curves. It describes how R-curves can be used to characterize a material's resistance to fracture and whether crack growth is stable or unstable. The document outlines standards for constructing R-curves through multiple specimen or single specimen testing methods. It provides an example of R-curve data from the TWI for different materials and discusses some open questions regarding R-curve interpretation and testing validity.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    219 views21 pages

    Understanding of TWI J-R Curves

    Uploaded by

    pcastlesmith
    The document discusses fracture toughness testing methods using R-curves. It describes how R-curves can be used to characterize a material's resistance to fracture and whether crack growth is stable or unstable. The document outlines standards for constructing R-curves through multiple specimen or single specimen testing methods. It provides an example of R-curve data from the TWI for different materials and discusses some open questions regarding R-curve interpretation and testing validity.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    The document discusses fracture toughness testing and R-curve analysis.

    The two approaches to fracture analysis are the energy criterion approach and the stress intensity approach.

    The different types of fracture mechanics discussed are linear elastic fracture mechanics, elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, dynamic fracture mechanics, and viscoelastic fracture mechanics.

    Understanding of TWI R Curves A method to measure fracture toughness

    Shell contribution, Jan 7, 2009

    Fracture Mechanics vs. Strength


    The strength of materials approach Applied Stress The fracture mechanics approach Applied Stress Yield or Tensile Strength

    Flaw Size

    Fracture Toughness

    Fracture Analysis

    Two alternative approaches


    -

    Energy criterion approach


    Gf = (2EWf/ a ) When Gf GfC, failure occurs

    Stress intensity approach


    KI = (a)1/2 When KI KIC, failure occurs

    The two approaches are essentially equivalent for linear elastic materials

    Materials Fracture Mechanics


    Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics Dynamic Fracture Mechanics Viscoelasti c Fracture Mechanics Vicoplastic Fracture Mechanics Linear TimeIndependent KIC Nonlinear TimeIndependent Critical J/CTOD TimeDependent

    Effect of Material Properties on Fracture

    Material High strength steel Low- and medium-strength steel Austenitic stainless steel Precipitation-hardened aluminum Metals at high temperature Metals at high strain rates

    Typical Fracture Behavior Linear elastic Elastic-plastic/Fully plastic Fully plastic Linear elastic Viscoplastic Dynamic-viscoplastic

    Driving Force Material Resistance Crack grows

    Instability and the R Curve

    R curve
    -

    Material resistance vs. crack extension Flat R curve - Material resistance remains constant Rising R curve - Material resistance varies with crack size Depends on how the driving force and resistance vary with crack size

    Crack growth may be stable or unstable


    -

    R-Curves: Flat vs. Rising Curves


    G, R G2 Unstable R Stable G1 a0 a0 ac G, R Instability Gc Gc

    G4 G3 G2 R

    G1

    Crack size

    Crack size

    R: Resistance;

    G: Driving force

    Conditions for stable crack growth: G=R and dG/da dR/da Conditions for unstable crack growth: dG/da dR/da

    Reasons for the R Curve Shape


    For an ideally brittle material: flat


    -

    Surface energy is an invariant material property A plastic zone at the tip of the crack increases in size as the crack grows The material resistance is provided by the surface energy and local plastic dissipation.

    For a ductile material: rising


    -

    For materials with cleavage fracture: falling


    -

    Industry Standards

    BS 7448: Fracture mechanics toughness tests


    -

    Part 1: Method for determination of KIC, critical CTOD and critical J values Part 4: Method for determination of fracture resistance curves and initiation values for stable crack extension in metallic materials;

    ASTM E 1820: Standard test method for measurement of fracture toughness.

    Construction of R-Curves-Blunting and Exclusion


    lines

    Calculate the crack extension limit amax


    -

    Geometry dependent - amax=0.25(w-a0) for CTOD, or - amax=0.10(w-a0) for J

    Same amax for a given geometry

    Determine the slope of the blunting line


    -

    Material dependent (Yield & Tensile strength) - CTOD = 1.87x (tensile/yield0.2) x a Higher strength Steeper slope for - J = 3.75 x Tensile x a

    Construct crack extension limit exclusion line


    Minimum: 0.1mm - Maximum: parallel to the blunting line at an offset of amax
    -

    Construction of R-Curves-Data Spacing

    Multiple specimen method


    A minimum of 6 specimens - Each crack sector shall contain at least one data point
    -

    Single specimen method


    Unloading compliance technique - Potential drop technique for crack extension monitoring
    -

    400

    350

    Recent TWI testing data


    8630M/ AK10, bevelled (17860-W01) F6NM/ 625, square (Bodycot e)

    300

    250

    200
    410/ 625, square (17860-W02)

    F22V/ 625, square (14403-W04)

    Bodycote data

    F6NM/ 410NiMo, square (18403-W04)

    150
    410/ 625, closure weld (17860-W03)

    100

    F22/ 625, square (14403-W05P) F22/ 625, square (14403-W06) 8630/ 625 BS3, square (Bodycot e) 8630/ 625 BS1, square (Bodycot e)

    50
    4130/ 625, square (14403-W07)

    F22/ 625, square (14403-W05)

    Early TWI testing data


    8630M/ 625, square (14403-W02)

    0 0 0.5 1 1.5 Crack Extension, a, mm 2 2.5 3

    Limits

    TWI R-Curves
    250 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0

    Crack extension, a max CTOD BS7448-4 1.5 1.5 amax to be used

    J 0.6 2??

    Blunting line

    F6NM / 625, square

    J, N/mm

    Predominantly cleavage + tiny patches of blue and green disbonding

    Minimum exclusion line

    8630M / 625, square

    Maximum exclusion line

    0.5

    1.5 Crack extension, Da, mm

    2.5

    So, what do we know?

    Interpretation of R-curves
    Can be used for ranking material resistance to fracture in a given environment - The rising R curve is more ductile than the flat R curve - The higher end R curves are more resistant to fracture than the lower end R curves
    -

    Testing
    TWI has partially followed BS7448 - The crack extension range has been shifted to the left - Bodycote uses a wider crack extension range - Validity??
    -

    So, what do we not know?

    Interpretation of R-curves
    -

    How good is enough? What is the driving force? What is the valid crack extension range? How do we curve fit the data?

    Testing
    -

    Tim-dependent Crack Growth and Damage Tolerance

    Plays a role in life prediction of components


    -

    Fatigue Stress corrosion cracking


    Failure

    Flaw size

    For instance da/dN = C (K)m

    Useful service life

    Time

    Specimen Dimensions Required for a Valid KIC


    Crack length (a) Thickness (B) Uncracked ligament (W-a)

    Each of the above not less than

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