International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)

Volume 3, Issue 7 July 2021, pp: 1820-1827 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Analysis of Three-Phase Transmission Line Fault

Using Matlab/Simulink
[1]
Naenwi, Yaabari,[2] Odu, Patrick O. And [3] Ojobe, Obasi-Sam O.
[1]
Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, Cross River Institute of Technology and
Management,Ugep, Cross River State, Nigeria.
[2][3]
Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering, University of Calabar, Calabar.

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Submitted: 01-07-2021 Revised: 10-07-2021 Accepted: 13-07-2021
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ABSTRACT electric current in such power systemcircuit [4, 5].
Faults affect the reliability of the power Typical Faults in an electric Power System circuit
systemnetwork. The frequency and degree of faults is said to take place when conductors or any two
determine the downtime (outage time) of a power transmission lines comes in contact with each other
system network. The more frequent fault occurs, or earth includes; Single -line- ground fault,
the less reliable the power system is. To ensure a Double -line- ground fault, Three -line- ground
high degree of reliability and provide quality fault, and line- to line faults. These faults can are
service at a reduced cost to consumers, protection, also referred to as short circuit faults, which are
and control of fault are required. Successful common to a transmission line. There such power
protection and regulation of faults in the power transmissionsystem must be protected from the
system demand adequate knowledge and analysis flow of heavy short-circuit currents, which can
of faults. This research work deals with the analysis affect the safety of personnel and cause permanent
of faults in transmission lines using damage to major equipment by disconnecting the
MATLAB/SIMULINK. In this research a 300KM faulty section of the system [2,6,7]. The safe
transmission line model was developed, faults disconnection can be guaranteed if the current does
simulated and analyzed such as 1L-G, 2L-G, and not exceed the capacity of the circuit protecting
3L-G faults) during the simulation study of the equipment.
various faults, the FFT tool was used to analyze the Professionally in such situation these
harmonic content of the various faults. The effect abnormal current flows needs to be mathematically
of faults was observed and discussed. A discrete evaluated and its obtained results compared with
powergui with sampling time Ts=5e-05s was used the ratings of the various protective devise such as
for the simulation study under various fault circuit breakers as a routine practice aim at
conditions. enhancing preventive maintenance of the
KEYWORDS: Transmission Line Faults, system.Depending on the location, the nature, the
Matlab/Simulink,FFT Tool. time involve and as well as the system network
condition grounding, short circuits can results to
I. INTRODUCTION: i. Interference of electromagnetic discharge with
Transmission lines conveyed bulk power conductors found within such vicinity.
from the power generating station to consumers ii. Thermal or mechanical stress (that is, damage
through the distribution lines, it does this at a high effect on equipment, personnel danger).
voltage to reduce losses along the transmission The transmission line has resistance R,
line. Transmission lines normally experience inductance L, capacitanceC, and shunt or leakage
various faults abnormalities. conductance G. These parameters along with the
A fault in any power system network load and the transmission line determine the
circuit is any failure that interferes with the proper performance of the power transmission line system.
flow of electric current. This can be unexpected The term performance means the sending-end
creation of conducting path, says short circuit fault voltage, sending-end currents, sending end power
and interruption to the flow of electric current says factor, power loss in the line, efficiency of the
open-circuit fault [1].When faultcurrent flows in a transmission line, regulate and limit of power flow
power system network, the short circuit electric during efficiency and transmission, regulation and
current will become typically high say about six to limits of power during steady-state and transient
ten times more than the proper or standard full load condition [3, 6,7].When a fault occurs in

DOI: 10.35629/5252-030718201827 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1820
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 7 July 2021, pp: 1820-1827 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

transmission lines, it affects the availability and

continuity of operations of the power system. III. METHODOLOGY
This is because when faults occur and it's MATLAB/SIMULINK is a computer
not cleared immediately it causes power outages digital software tool for high-performance
which may result in interruption of service. In computation and visualization. Its analysis
addition, when faultis experienced or takes place, it reliability, capability, flexibilityand powerful
endangers the life of personnel and equipment. graphic makes MATLAB/SIMULINK a highly
This research work is aimed at analysing faults on a acceptable and utilized software package for
power system transmission lines in order to engineers and scientists. MATLAB is an acronym
recommend the proper selection of protective which mean Matrix Laboratory. It's a high-
devices to enable utility companies to provide performance computer package with multiple
services to consumers with the required safety of accurate and reliable in-build mathematical
personnel and equipment at an affordable cost. functions. These functions provide a solution to a
wide range of mathematical problems such as
II. FAULTS IN TRANSMISSION LINE Matrix algebra, Complex arithmetic, Linear
In an electric power system circuit or systems, Differential equations, Signal processing,
network, fault is any abnormal flow of electric Optimization, Son-linear systems, and other
current. E.g., a short circuit fault is a fault in which scientific computations [7].
the current flows throng the wrong path, not In other to analyze the transmission line
originally design for the normalload. Also open- fault, the following model circuit arrangement was
circuit fault takes if an electric circuit is interrupted used as it can be seen in figure (2). Two 200 MVA,
by some failures or mishap [4, 5].In three-phase 11Kv, 50Hz, three Phase sources are connected to a
power system, faults may involve one or more network of 300Km transmission lines. The power
phases and ground or may take place only between transmission line system is split into two, 150Km
phases.In a poly-phase power system circuit, fault each, connected between buses B1, B2, and B3,
may affect all phases throughout and equally which and protected by circuit breakers CB1 and CB2. A
is referred to as symmetrical fault"[4, 5]. In other 150MVA, 11/132Kv transformer feeds an 11Kv,
words If some phases are affected, the resulting 100MW load. Universal transformer blocks are
fault in such a system is known as asymmetrical used to model the two transformers. With the fault
fault, this type of fault is always complicated to tool blocks, the various fault was created at time
analyze or mathematically evaluated. The analysis 0.2 seconds, in which the different fault current and
of these types of faults is often simplified by using voltage waveform results were observed on a scope
methods such as symmetrical components [5]. which is contained in the data acquisition block. A
The commonly known typeof faults in typical discrete powergui with sampling time Ts=5e-05s
electrical power systeminclude,Symmetrical (or was used for the simulation study under various
Balanced Faults) fault and Unsymmetrical faults fault conditions. During the simulation, the Fast
(or unbalanced fault) Fourier Transform (FFT) of the voltage spectrum
2.1. Symmetrical Faults was carried out at different faults study conditions,
These are severe faults that takes place but where various fault harmonic content was
not frequently in the power transmission systems. analyzed. In this research work, the following
These are also known as balanced faults. A faults were considered for the simulation study, 1L-
common example of this type of fault is when all G fault, 2L-G fault, and 3L-G fault.
the three conductors of a typical three-phase power The FFT tool allows the computation of
transmission line are simultaneously brought to an fundamental components of voltage and current
unintentional connection(short-circuit) condition, while the simulation is running, it enables the
which is commonly known as L-L-L-L- Ground observation of harmonic components. FFT tool of
Fault. [6, 12, 13]. powergui displays various levels of the frequency
2.2. Unsymmetrical faults spectrum of voltage and current waveforms. The
These are faults that results to unbalanced signal is stored with time variables generated by
currentswith unequal displacement in the line when the scope block. The signal is then sampled at a
they occurred. There are mainly three types fixed step and consequently satisfies the FFT tool
namely,Line to Ground (L-G), Line to Line (L-L), requirements. Analysis was achieved by setting the
and Double-Line – to - Ground (LL-G) Faults[6, parameters specifying the analyzed signal, the time
12, 13]. window, and the frequency range.

DOI: 10.35629/5252-030718201827 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1821
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 7 July 2021, pp: 1820-1827 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

3.1. CONCEPTUAL SIMULATION MODEL

FIGURE 1: One Line Diagram of the Conceptual Transmission Line Model

FIGURE 2.Transmission Line Model for Fault Analysis.

SIMULATION ANALYSIS RESULTS

FIGURE 3: Voltage and Current Waveform when has not occurred on either Phase A, B, or C.

DOI: 10.35629/5252-030718201827 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1822
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 7 July 2021, pp: 1820-1827 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Figure (3) shows the waveform of voltage that fault has not occurred on either phase of the
and current when there is no fault on the transmission line. The magnitude of the voltage
transmission line. It can be observed that the was maintained at approximately 1.2p.u.
voltage waveform maintains a continuous The magnitude of the current was maintained at
sinusoidal signal waveform from time = 0 seconds approximately 10.2p.u from Time = 0 to
to Time = 0.2 seconds without any change in the Time = 0.1 second.
behaviour of the voltage waveform. This indicates

Figure 4: Waveform of Voltage and Current of Phase A, (1L-G) to Ground Fault.

Figure (4) shows the waveform of voltage of the voltage and current, as it can be seenin figure
and current when fault occur between Phase A and 4. The circuit breaker then senses and trip to isolate
the ground at Time = 0 to Time = 0.02 second, A the healthy lines from the faulted line. After the
sinusoidal waveform was observed for both current protective operation by the circuit breaker, the
and voltage, before there was an intercepting fault voltage sinusoidal waveform was then restored
occurrence on phase A, during this period of fault between Time = 0.1 to Time = 0.2 seconds.
occurrence, there was a distortion in the waveform

DOI: 10.35629/5252-030718201827 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1823
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 7 July 2021, pp: 1820-1827 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

FIGURE 5:Waveform of voltage and current of phase A and B. (2L-G) to Ground Fault.

Figure (5) shows the waveform of voltage effect of the resulting fault that occurs on the lines.
and current when there is double-line-to-ground The circuit breaker sense and isolated the healthy
fault occurrence on phase A and B within Time = part of the line from the faulted part of the lines,
0.02 to Time = 0.1 seconds, within this interval of and there was a restored sinusoidal waveform
time there was a distortion in the waveform signal between Time = 0.1 to Time = 0.2 seconds.
on both voltage and current signals, indicating the

DOI: 10.35629/5252-030718201827 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1824
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 7 July 2021, pp: 1820-1827 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Figure 6:Waveform of voltage and current of phase A, B, and C (3L-G) to ground fault.

Figure (6) shows a three (3) phase-to- occurrence on the lines on both the voltage and
ground fault it could be observed that at initial time current waveform signal. The circuit breaker
= 0. To 0.2 seconds, there was a sinusoidal cleared the fault, thereby isolating the faulted lines
waveform, which indicates that no fault has from the healthy parts of the lines, restoring a
occurred yet on the lines. But between Time = 0.20 sinusoidal waveform signal of the line between
to Time = 0.1 seconds, the sinusoidal waveform Time = 0.1 to Time = 0.2 seconds.
was distorted showing that there was fault

3.2.FAST FOURIER TRANSFORM (FFT) ANALYSIS OF THE VOLTAGE SPECTRUM

FIGURE 7: 1L-G Fault Voltage (Va) FFT Analysis.

DOI: 10.35629/5252-030718201827 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1825
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 7 July 2021, pp: 1820-1827 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

FIGURE 8: 2L-G Fault Voltage (Vab) FFT Analysis.

FIGURE 9:3L-G Voltage (Vac) Fault FFT Analysis

DOI: 10.35629/5252-030718201827 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1826
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 7 July 2021, pp: 1820-1827 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

IV. CONCLUSION [4] B. R. Gupta “Power System Analysis and

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DOI: 10.35629/5252-030718201827 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1827